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Assignment operators assign values to JavaScript variables.

Shift Assignment Operators

Bitwise assignment operators, logical assignment operators, the = operator.

The Simple Assignment Operator assigns a value to a variable.

Simple Assignment Examples

The += operator.

The Addition Assignment Operator adds a value to a variable.

Addition Assignment Examples

The -= operator.

The Subtraction Assignment Operator subtracts a value from a variable.

Subtraction Assignment Example

The *= operator.

The Multiplication Assignment Operator multiplies a variable.

Multiplication Assignment Example

The **= operator.

The Exponentiation Assignment Operator raises a variable to the power of the operand.

Exponentiation Assignment Example

The /= operator.

The Division Assignment Operator divides a variable.

Division Assignment Example

The %= operator.

The Remainder Assignment Operator assigns a remainder to a variable.

Remainder Assignment Example

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The <<= Operator

The Left Shift Assignment Operator left shifts a variable.

Left Shift Assignment Example

The >>= operator.

The Right Shift Assignment Operator right shifts a variable (signed).

Right Shift Assignment Example

The >>>= operator.

The Unsigned Right Shift Assignment Operator right shifts a variable (unsigned).

Unsigned Right Shift Assignment Example

The &= operator.

The Bitwise AND Assignment Operator does a bitwise AND operation on two operands and assigns the result to the the variable.

Bitwise AND Assignment Example

The |= operator.

The Bitwise OR Assignment Operator does a bitwise OR operation on two operands and assigns the result to the variable.

Bitwise OR Assignment Example

The ^= operator.

The Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator does a bitwise XOR operation on two operands and assigns the result to the variable.

Bitwise XOR Assignment Example

The &&= operator.

The Logical AND assignment operator is used between two values.

If the first value is true, the second value is assigned.

Logical AND Assignment Example

The &&= operator is an ES2020 feature .

The ||= Operator

The Logical OR assignment operator is used between two values.

If the first value is false, the second value is assigned.

Logical OR Assignment Example

The ||= operator is an ES2020 feature .

The ??= Operator

The Nullish coalescing assignment operator is used between two values.

If the first value is undefined or null, the second value is assigned.

Nullish Coalescing Assignment Example

The ??= operator is an ES2020 feature .

Test Yourself With Exercises

Use the correct assignment operator that will result in x being 15 (same as x = x + y ).

Start the Exercise

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• Expressions and operators
• Operator precedence

Left-hand-side expressions

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This chapter describes JavaScript's expressions and operators, including assignment, comparison, arithmetic, bitwise, logical, string, ternary and more.

A complete and detailed list of operators and expressions is also available in the reference .

JavaScript has the following types of operators. This section describes the operators and contains information about operator precedence.

• Assignment operators
• Comparison operators
• Arithmetic operators
• Bitwise operators

Logical operators

String operators, conditional (ternary) operator.

• Comma operator

Unary operators

• Relational operator

JavaScript has both binary and unary operators, and one special ternary operator, the conditional operator. A binary operator requires two operands, one before the operator and one after the operator:

For example, 3+4 or x*y .

A unary operator requires a single operand, either before or after the operator:

For example, x++ or ++x .

An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand. The simple assignment operator is equal ( = ), which assigns the value of its right operand to its left operand. That is, x = y assigns the value of y to x .

There are also compound assignment operators that are shorthand for the operations listed in the following table:

Destructuring

For more complex assignments, the destructuring assignment syntax is a JavaScript expression that makes it possible to extract data from arrays or objects using a syntax that mirrors the construction of array and object literals.

A comparison operator compares its operands and returns a logical value based on whether the comparison is true. The operands can be numerical, string, logical, or object values. Strings are compared based on standard lexicographical ordering, using Unicode values. In most cases, if the two operands are not of the same type, JavaScript attempts to convert them to an appropriate type for the comparison. This behavior generally results in comparing the operands numerically. The sole exceptions to type conversion within comparisons involve the === and !== operators, which perform strict equality and inequality comparisons. These operators do not attempt to convert the operands to compatible types before checking equality. The following table describes the comparison operators in terms of this sample code:

Note:  ( => ) is not an operator, but the notation for Arrow functions .

An arithmetic operator takes numerical values (either literals or variables) as their operands and returns a single numerical value. The standard arithmetic operators are addition ( + ), subtraction ( - ), multiplication ( * ), and division ( / ). These operators work as they do in most other programming languages when used with floating point numbers (in particular, note that division by zero produces Infinity ). For example:

In addition to the standard arithmetic operations (+, -, * /), JavaScript provides the arithmetic operators listed in the following table:

A bitwise operator treats their operands as a set of 32 bits (zeros and ones), rather than as decimal, hexadecimal, or octal numbers. For example, the decimal number nine has a binary representation of 1001. Bitwise operators perform their operations on such binary representations, but they return standard JavaScript numerical values.

The following table summarizes JavaScript's bitwise operators.

Bitwise logical operators

Conceptually, the bitwise logical operators work as follows:

• The operands are converted to thirty-two-bit integers and expressed by a series of bits (zeros and ones). Numbers with more than 32 bits get their most significant bits discarded. For example, the following integer with more than 32 bits will be converted to a 32 bit integer: Before: 11100110111110100000000000000110000000000001 After: 10100000000000000110000000000001
• Each bit in the first operand is paired with the corresponding bit in the second operand: first bit to first bit, second bit to second bit, and so on.
• The operator is applied to each pair of bits, and the result is constructed bitwise.

For example, the binary representation of nine is 1001, and the binary representation of fifteen is 1111. So, when the bitwise operators are applied to these values, the results are as follows:

Note that all 32 bits are inverted using the Bitwise NOT operator, and that values with the most significant (left-most) bit set to 1 represent negative numbers (two's-complement representation).

Bitwise shift operators

The bitwise shift operators take two operands: the first is a quantity to be shifted, and the second specifies the number of bit positions by which the first operand is to be shifted. The direction of the shift operation is controlled by the operator used.

Shift operators convert their operands to thirty-two-bit integers and return a result of the same type as the left operand.

The shift operators are listed in the following table.

Logical operators are typically used with Boolean (logical) values; when they are, they return a Boolean value. However, the && and || operators actually return the value of one of the specified operands, so if these operators are used with non-Boolean values, they may return a non-Boolean value. The logical operators are described in the following table.

Examples of expressions that can be converted to false are those that evaluate to null, 0, NaN, the empty string (""), or undefined.

The following code shows examples of the && (logical AND) operator.

The following code shows examples of the || (logical OR) operator.

The following code shows examples of the ! (logical NOT) operator.

Short-circuit evaluation

As logical expressions are evaluated left to right, they are tested for possible "short-circuit" evaluation using the following rules:

• false && anything is short-circuit evaluated to false.
• true || anything is short-circuit evaluated to true.

The rules of logic guarantee that these evaluations are always correct. Note that the anything part of the above expressions is not evaluated, so any side effects of doing so do not take effect.

In addition to the comparison operators, which can be used on string values, the concatenation operator (+) concatenates two string values together, returning another string that is the union of the two operand strings.

For example,

The shorthand assignment operator += can also be used to concatenate strings.

The conditional operator is the only JavaScript operator that takes three operands. The operator can have one of two values based on a condition. The syntax is:

If condition is true, the operator has the value of val1 . Otherwise it has the value of val2 . You can use the conditional operator anywhere you would use a standard operator.

This statement assigns the value "adult" to the variable status if age is eighteen or more. Otherwise, it assigns the value "minor" to status .

The comma operator ( , ) simply evaluates both of its operands and returns the value of the last operand. This operator is primarily used inside a for loop, to allow multiple variables to be updated each time through the loop.

For example, if a is a 2-dimensional array with 10 elements on a side, the following code uses the comma operator to update two variables at once. The code prints the values of the diagonal elements in the array:

A unary operation is an operation with only one operand.

The delete operator deletes an object, an object's property, or an element at a specified index in an array. The syntax is:

where objectName is the name of an object, property is an existing property, and index is an integer representing the location of an element in an array.

The fourth form is legal only within a with statement, to delete a property from an object.

You can use the delete operator to delete variables declared implicitly but not those declared with the var statement.

If the delete operator succeeds, it sets the property or element to undefined . The delete operator returns true if the operation is possible; it returns false if the operation is not possible.

Deleting array elements

When you delete an array element, the array length is not affected. For example, if you delete a[3] , a[4] is still a[4] and a[3] is undefined.

When the delete operator removes an array element, that element is no longer in the array. In the following example, trees[3] is removed with delete . However, trees[3] is still addressable and returns undefined .

If you want an array element to exist but have an undefined value, use the undefined keyword instead of the delete operator. In the following example, trees[3] is assigned the value undefined , but the array element still exists:

The typeof operator is used in either of the following ways:

The typeof operator returns a string indicating the type of the unevaluated operand. operand is the string, variable, keyword, or object for which the type is to be returned. The parentheses are optional.

Suppose you define the following variables:

The typeof operator returns the following results for these variables:

For the keywords true and null , the typeof operator returns the following results:

For a number or string, the typeof operator returns the following results:

For property values, the typeof operator returns the type of value the property contains:

For methods and functions, the typeof operator returns results as follows:

For predefined objects, the typeof operator returns results as follows:

The void operator is used in either of the following ways:

The void operator specifies an expression to be evaluated without returning a value. expression is a JavaScript expression to evaluate. The parentheses surrounding the expression are optional, but it is good style to use them.

You can use the void operator to specify an expression as a hypertext link. The expression is evaluated but is not loaded in place of the current document.

The following code creates a hypertext link that does nothing when the user clicks it. When the user clicks the link, void(0) evaluates to undefined , which has no effect in JavaScript.

The following code creates a hypertext link that submits a form when the user clicks it.

Relational operators

A relational operator compares its operands and returns a Boolean value based on whether the comparison is true.

The in operator returns true if the specified property is in the specified object. The syntax is:

where propNameOrNumber is a string or numeric expression representing a property name or array index, and objectName is the name of an object.

The following examples show some uses of the in operator.

The instanceof operator returns true if the specified object is of the specified object type. The syntax is:

where objectName is the name of the object to compare to objectType , and objectType is an object type, such as Date or Array .

Use instanceof when you need to confirm the type of an object at runtime. For example, when catching exceptions, you can branch to different exception-handling code depending on the type of exception thrown.

For example, the following code uses instanceof to determine whether theDay is a Date object. Because theDay is a Date object, the statements in the if statement execute.

The precedence of operators determines the order they are applied when evaluating an expression. You can override operator precedence by using parentheses.

The following table describes the precedence of operators, from highest to lowest.

A more detailed version of this table, complete with links to additional details about each operator, may be found in JavaScript Reference .

• Expressions

An expression is any valid unit of code that resolves to a value.

Every syntactically valid expression resolves to some value but conceptually, there are two types of expressions: with side effects (for example: those that assign value to a variable) and those that in some sense evaluates and therefore resolves to value.

The expression x = 7 is an example of the first type. This expression uses the = operator to assign the value seven to the variable x . The expression itself evaluates to seven.

The code 3 + 4 is an example of the second expression type. This expression uses the + operator to add three and four together without assigning the result, seven, to a variable. JavaScript has the following expression categories:

• Arithmetic: evaluates to a number, for example 3.14159. (Generally uses arithmetic operators .)
• String: evaluates to a character string, for example, "Fred" or "234". (Generally uses string operators .)
• Logical: evaluates to true or false. (Often involves logical operators .)
• Primary expressions: Basic keywords and general expressions in JavaScript.
• Left-hand-side expressions: Left values are the destination of an assignment.

Primary expressions

Basic keywords and general expressions in JavaScript.

Use the this keyword to refer to the current object. In general, this refers to the calling object in a method. Use this either with the dot or the bracket notation:

Suppose a function called validate validates an object's value property, given the object and the high and low values:

You could call validate in each form element's onChange event handler, using this to pass it the form element, as in the following example:

• Grouping operator

The grouping operator ( ) controls the precedence of evaluation in expressions. For example, you can override multiplication and division first, then addition and subtraction to evaluate addition first.

Comprehensions

Comprehensions are an experimental JavaScript feature, targeted to be included in a future ECMAScript version. There are two versions of comprehensions:

Comprehensions exist in many programming languages and allow you to quickly assemble a new array based on an existing one, for example.

Left values are the destination of an assignment.

You can use the new operator to create an instance of a user-defined object type or of one of the built-in object types. Use new as follows:

The super keyword is used to call functions on an object's parent. It is useful with classes to call the parent constructor, for example.

Spread operator

The spread operator allows an expression to be expanded in places where multiple arguments (for function calls) or multiple elements (for array literals) are expected.

Example: Today if you have an array and want to create a new array with the existing one being part of it, the array literal syntax is no longer sufficient and you have to fall back to imperative code, using a combination of push , splice , concat , etc. With spread syntax this becomes much more succinct:

Similarly, the spread operator works with function calls:

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Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:

Run example »

Although the + operator is often used to add together two values, like in the example above, it can also be used to add together a variable and a value, or a variable and another variable:

Java divides the operators into the following groups:

• Arithmetic operators
• Assignment operators
• Comparison operators
• Logical operators
• Bitwise operators

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform common mathematical operations.

Java Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

In the example below, we use the assignment operator ( = ) to assign the value 10 to a variable called x :

Try it Yourself »

The addition assignment operator ( += ) adds a value to a variable:

A list of all assignment operators:

Java Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values:

Java Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to determine the logic between variables or values:

Test Yourself With Exercises

Multiply 10 with 5 , and print the result.

Start the Exercise

Java Bitwise Operators

Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements:

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Java Compound Assignment Operators

Java programming tutorial index.

Java provides some special Compound Assignment Operators , also known as Shorthand Assignment Operators . It's called shorthand because it provides a short way to assign an expression to a variable.

This operator can be used to connect Arithmetic operator with an Assignment operator.

For example, you write a statement:

In Java, you can also write the above statement like this:

There are various compound assignment operators used in Java:

While writing a program, Shorthand Operators saves some time by changing the large forms into shorts; Also, these operators are implemented efficiently by Java runtime system compared to their equivalent large forms.

Programs to Show How Assignment Operators Works

Perl - Assignment Operator

Learn Perl Assignment operator with code examples.

This tutorial explains about Perl assignment Operators

Perl assignments operators

Assignment operators perform expression and assign the result to a variable.

• Simple assignment
• Assignment Addition
• Assignment Subtraction
• Assignment Multiplication
• Assignment Division
• Assignment Modulus
• Assignment Exponent

Perl Assignment Operator

For example, We have operand1(op1)=6 and operand2(op2) =2 values.

Here is a Perl Assignment Operator Example

What Assignment operators are used in Perl scripts?

Arithmetic operators with assignments in Perl allow you to do arithmetic calculations on operands, and assign the result to a left operand. Addition(+=),Multiplication(*=),Subtraction(-=), Division(/=), Modulus(%=), Exponent(power (**=)) operators exists for this.

What are Assignment operators in Perl

there are 6 operators in Per for Assignment operators. Addition(+=),Multiplication(*=),Subtraction(-=), Division(/=), Modulus(%=), Exponent(power (**=)) operators exists for this.

• JavaScript Assignment Operators

JavaScript assignment operators are used to assign the values to the operands.

JavaScript Assignment Operators List:

JavaScript Assignment Operators Example:

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• JavaScript credit card validation
• JavaScript IP address validation
• Operator precedence in JavaScript
• Add method to JavaScript object
• abs math JavaScript JS
• JavaScript math acos() method
• JavaScript math asin() method
• JavaScript math atan() method
• JavaScript math cbrt() method
• JavaScript math ceil() method
• JavaScript math cos() method
• JavaScript math cosh() method
• JavaScript math exp() method
• JavaScript math floor() method
• JavaScript math hypot() method
• JavaScript math log() method
• JavaScript Math max() method
• JavaScript math min() method
• JavaScript Math pow()
• Math Random JavaScript JS
• JavaScript math round() method
• JavaScript math sign() method
• JavaScript math sin() method
• JavaScript Math sinh()
• JavaScript math tan() method
• JavaScript math tanh() method
• JavaScript math trunc() method
• JavaScript Number isFinite() method
• JavaScript Number isInteger() method
• JavaScript Number parseFloat() method
• parseInt Number JavaScript JS
• JavaScript Number toExponential() method
• toFixed Number JavaScript JS
• JavaScript Number toPrecision() method
• toString Number JavaScript JS
• JavaScript Number isSafeInteger() method
• JavaScript RegExp tutorial
• JavaScript RegEx exec()
• JavaScript RegEx test() method
• JavaScript RegEx toString()
• Object.assign() JavaScript
• Object.create() JavaScript
• Object.defineProperty() JavaScript
• Object.defineProperties() JavaScript JS
• Object.entries() JavaScript
• Object.freeze() JavaScript
• Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor() JavaScript JS
• Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors() JavaScript JS
• Object.getOwnPropertyNames() JavaScript
• Object.getOwnPropertySymbols() JavaScript JS
• Object.getPrototypeOf() JavaScript
• Object.is() JavaScript JS
• Object.preventExtensions() JavaScript
• Object.seal() JavaScript
• Object.setPrototypeOf() JavaScript JS
• Object.values() JavaScript
• JavaScript Reflect
• Reflect.apply() JavaScript JS
• Reflect.construct() JavaScript
• Reflect.defineProperty() JavaScript
• Reflect.deleteProperty() JavaScript
• Reflect.get() JavaScript JS
• Reflect.getOwnPropertyDescriptor() JavaScript
• Reflect.getPrototypeOf() JavaScript JS
• Reflect.has() JavaScript
• Reflect.isExtensible() JavaScript
• Reflect.ownKeys() JavaScript JS
• Reflect.preventExtensions() JavaScript
• Reflect.set() JavaScript JS
• Reflect.setPrototypeOf() JavaScript
• Set add() JavaScript JS
• Set clear() JavaScript
• Set delete() JavaScript JS
• Set entries() JavaScript
• Set forEach() JavaScript
• Set has() JavaScript
• Set values() JavaScript
• charAt String JavaScript
• JavaScript String charCodeAt() method
• concat() JavaScript JS
• JavaScript String indexOf() method
• JavaScript String lastIndexOf() method
• JavaScript String search() method
• JavaScript String match() method
• JavaScript String replace() method
• JavaScript String substr() method
• JavaScript String substring() method
• JavaScript String slice() method
• JavaScript String toLowerCase() method
• JavaScript String toLocaleLowerCase() method
• JavaScript String toUpperCase() method
• toLocaleUpperCase() String JavaScript JS
• JavaScript String toString()
• JavaScript String valueOf() method
• Symbol function JavaScript
• JavaScript Symbol.for() method
• JavaScript Symbol.keyFor() method
• JavaScript Symbol.toString() method
• Symbol.hasInstance JavaScript
• Symbol.isConcatSpreadable JavaScript
• Symbol.match JavaScript JS
• Symbol.prototype JavaScript
• Symbol.replace JavaScript
• Symbol.search JavaScript
• Symbol.split JavaScript
• Symbol.toStringTag JavaScript
• Symbol.unscopables JavaScript
• TypedArray copyWithin() JavaScript JS
• TypedArray entries() JavaScript
• TypedArray every() JavaScript JS
• TypedArray fill() JavaScript
• TypedArray filter() JavaScript JS
• TypedArray find() JavaScript
• TypedArray findIndex() JavaScript
• TypedArray forEach() JavaScript
• TypedArray includes() JavaScript
• TypedArray indexof() JavaScript
• TypedArray join() JavaScript
• TypedArray Keys() JavaScript
• TypedArray lastIndexof() JavaScript
• TypedArray map() JavaScript
• TypedArray reduce() JavaScript
• TypedArray reduceRight() JavaScript
• TypedArray reverse() JavaScript
• TypedArray set() JavaScript
• TypedArray Slice() JavaScript
• TypedArray some() JavaScript
• TypedArray sort() JavaScript
• TypedArray subarray() JavaScript
• TypedArray values() JavaScript
• TypedArray toLocaleString() JavaScript
• TypedArray toString() JavaScript
• WeakMap delete() JavaScript
• WeakMap get() JavaScript
• WeakMap has() JavaScript JS
• WeakMap set() JavaScript
• WeakSet add() JavaScript JS
• WeakSet delete() JavaScript
• WeakSet has() JavaScript
• JavaScript remove specific character from string

JavaScript Assignment Operators

JavaScript assignment operators are used to assign the values to the operands.

JavaScript Assignment Operators List:

JavaScript Assignment Operators Example: