cite multiple papers latex

Multiple bibliographies in LaTeX (updated)

2020-06-24 latex etc.

Most manuscripts nowadays (in my field anyway) have separate supplementary information that usually includes some additional references. These may be to support supplementary/online-only methods or explanations about theory, etc. I think I've solved this problem in a few different ways over the years, but I have finally found a solution that I am quite happy with, using the multibib package for BibTeX.

I usually don't split my main and supplementary files in LaTeX. Using one file just makes it easier to deal with figure references. Once I'm finished typesetting everything, I just split it into two separate documents using pdfjam.

In multibib the default behavior is to continue numbering between the bibliographies, which is pretty standard practice in most journals. But the thing that I really find cool about multibib is that there is a mechanism in place to make sure that references only show up in one bibliography. If you cite the same article in the main and supplementary text, it only shows up in the main bibliography, and that number is used also used for the citations in the supplementary information.

Here's a minimal working example for making separate bibliographies for the main text and supplementary information:

In order to typeset your document with the bibliographies, you will have to run the following:

Since it's kind of a pain to write all of these out each time you want to compile your document, here's a little bash function you can add to your .bash_profile:

Then you can just run this with compile_multibib mydoc . And voilà, the result:

Update (1 Aug. 2022):

Apparently multibib does not play well with the cite package. Using the two together will cause the citations that you re-use in your bibliography (which should be numbered as in the main bibliography and not show up in the supplementary bibliography) to also show up in the supplementary bibliography.

If you are currently using cite (for example for ordered numbered citations), you can use natbib instead. Unlike cite , natbib will play nicely with multibib .

LaTeX-Tutorial.com

Bibliography in latex with bibtex/biblatex, learn how to create a bibliography with bibtex and biblatex in a few simple steps. create references / citations and autogenerate footnotes., creating a .bib file, using bibtex.

• Autogenerate footnotes with BibLaTeX
• BibTeX Format

BibTeX Styles

• New Post! Export Bibliographic Database (BibTeX) Entries from Online Databases

We have looked at many features of LaTeX so far and learned that many things are automated by LaTeX. There are functions to add a table of contents, lists of tables and figures and also several packages that allow us to generate a bibliography. I will describe how to use bibtex and biblatex (both external programs) to create the bibliography. At first we have to create a .bib file, which contains our bibliographic information.

A .bib file will contain the bibliographic information of our document. I will only give a simple example, since there are many tools to generate the entries automatically. I will not explain the structure of the file itself at this point, since i suggest using a bibtex generator (choose one from google). Our example will contain a single book and look like this:

If you don’t want to use a BibTeX generator or a reference management tool like Citavi (which generates BibTeX files automatically for you), you can find more examples of BibTeX formats here.

After creating the bibtex file, we have to tell LaTeX where to find our bibliographic database. For BibTeX this is not much different from printing the table of contents. We just need the commands \bibliography  which tells LaTeX the location of our .bib file and \bibliographystyle which selects one of various bibliographic styles.

By using this code, we will obtain something like this:

I named my .bib file lesson7a1.bib, note that I did not enter the .bib extension. For the style, I’ve choosen the ieeetr style, which is very common for my subject, but there are many more styles available. Which will change the way our references look like. The ieeetr style will mark citations with successive numbers such as [1] in this example. If I choose the style to apalike instead, i will get the following result:

Most editors will let you select, to run bibtex automatically on compilation. In TeXworks (MiKTeX) for example, this should be selected by default.

If you use a different editor, it can be necessary to execute the bibtex command manually. In a command prompt/shell simply run:

It is necessary to execute the pdflatex command, before the bibtex command, to tell bibtex what literature we cited in our paper. Afterwards the .bib file will be translated into the proper output for out references section. The next two steps merge the reference section with our LaTeX document and then assign successive numbers in the last step.

Autogenerate footnotes in \(\LaTeX\) using BibLaTeX

The abilities of BibTeX are limited to basic styles as depicted in the examples shown above. Sometimes it is necessary to cite all literature in footnotes and maintaining all of them by hand can be a frustrating task. At this point BibLaTeX kicks in and does the work for us. The syntax varies a bit from the first document. We now have to include the biblatex package and use the \autocite and \printbibliography  command. It is crucial to move the \bibliography{lesson7a1} statement to the preamble of our document:

The \autocite command generates the footnotes and we can enter a page number in the brackets \autocite[1]{DUMMY:1} will generate a footnote like this:

For BibLaTeX we have to choose the citation style on package inclusion with:

The backend=bibtex  part makes sure to use BibTeX instead of Biber as our backend, since Biber fails to work in some editors like TeXworks. It took me a while to figure out how to generate footnotes automatically, because the sources I found on the internet, didn’t mention this at all.

BibTeX Formats

This is not meant to be a comprehensive list of BibTeX formats, but rather give you an idea of how to cite various sources properly. If you’re interested in an extensive overview of all BibTeX formats, I suggest you to check out the resources on Wikibooks.

Inbook (specific pages)

This is a list of the formats that I have most commonly used. If you think some important format is missing here, please let me know.

Here’s a quick overview of some popular styles to use with BibTeX.

I’m trying to keep this list updated with other commonly used styles. If you’re missing something here, please let me know.

• Generate a bibliography with BibTeX and BibLaTeX
• First define a .bib file using: \bibliography{BIB_FILE_NAME} (do not add .bib)
• For BibTeX put the \bibliography statement in your document , for BibLaTeX in the preamble
• BibTeX  uses the \bibliographystyle command to set the citation style
• BibLaTeX chooses the style as an option like:  \usepackage[backend=bibtex, style=verbose-trad2]{biblatex}
• BibTeX uses the \cite command, while BibLaTeX uses the \autocite command
• The \autocite command takes the page number as an option: \autocite[NUM]{}

Next Lesson: 08 Footnotes

• Introduction to BibTex
• Cite References in LaTex
• LaTex Resources
• From Web of Science
• From Scopus
• From Engineering Village
• From MathSciNet
• From Google Scholar
• From ACM Digital Library
• From IEEE Xplore
• BibTex Entries for Books
• Export from EndNote
• Export from Mendeley
• Export from Zotero

BibTex and LaTex: Cite References in LaTex

How to cite references in latex.

Insert the command below to where you want to cite in your LaTex document:

    \cite{BibTexKey}

If you want to create a bibliography of all references, use this command:

    \nocite{*}

How to Create Bibliography in LaTex

The following two commands are used to create bibliography/reference list:

\bibliographystyle{StyleType}

\bibliography{BibTexFileName}

The built-in bibliography styles in LaTex include:

• plain: references listed in alphabetical order and labeled numerically
• unsrt: same as plain except references appear in order of citation
• alpha: same as plain except labeled by entry
• abbrv: same as plain except use abbreviations for first names and journal names
• acm: ACM style
• ieeetr: IEEE style

How to Typeset a LaTex Document

Once you finish writing and citing in Latex, you need to run the following four commands to generate PDF file with bibliography:

Watch the video  on the right to find out how to cite, create bibliography, and typeset LaTex file in TexStudio.

A Sample LaTex File with Citations

In this simple LaTex document, five BibTex entries are cited. The bibliography style used is "plain", and the BibTex entries are from the database "Mybibtex".

\documentclass{article}

\begin{document}

\title{About JabRef} \author{Author Name}

JabRef is an open source reference management software for BibTex \cite{BESIIICollaboration2014}. It has graphic interface, which makes it easy to use \cite{Apalkov2013,Libby2014}. This is why we choose it as our preferred reference management software for BibTex\cite{Silveira2014}. We will explain the features in details in this section \cite{Uematsu2015}.

\bibliographystyle{plain} \bibliography{Mybibtex}

\end{document}

Change Bibliography Style in LaTex

Sometimes, you need to change your bibliography styles in LaTex. This can be completed by changing the style name in the command:

\bibliographystyle{AnotherStyleType}

The video below gives more details on how to change a bibliography style in LaTex. Click the Full Screen button to enlarge the video.

Video: How to Typeset LaTex Document

This video shows you how to cite, create bibliography, and typeset LaTex file in TexStudio. Click the Full Screen button to enlarge the video.

• << Previous: JabRef
• Next: LaTex Resources >>
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Frequently Asked Question List for TeX

Bibliographies

Multiple citations.

A convention sometimes used in physics journals is to “collapse” a group of related citations into a single entry in the bibliography. BibTeX, by default, can’t cope with this arrangement, but the mcite and mciteplus packages deal with the problem.

mcite overloads the \cite command to recognise a * at the start of a key, so that citations of the form

appear in the document as a single citation, and appear arranged appropriately in the bibliography itself. You’re not limited to collapsing just two references. You can mix “collapsed” references with “ordinary” ones, as in

Which will appear in the document as 3 citations “[4,7,11]” (say) — citation “4” will refer to paper 0, “7” will refer to a combined entry for paper 1 and paper 2, and “11” will refer to paper 3.

You need to make a small change to the bibliography style ( bst ) file you use; the mcite package documentation tells you how to do that.

Most recent versions of REVTeX (version 4.1 and later), in conjunction with recent versions of natbib , already contain support for combined citations and so no longer even need mciteplus (but mciteplus is more general and will work with many other class and package combinations).

The mciteplus package addresses many of the infelicites of mcite . Again, “ordinary” bst files will not work with mciteplus , but the package documentation explains how to patch an existing BibTeX style.

The collref package takes a rather different approach to the problem, and will work with most (if not all) BibTeX packages. Collref spots common subsets of the references, so if it sees a sequence

it will collect paper1 and paper2 as a multiple reference.

FAQ ID: Q-mcite Tags:  citations

because LaTeX matters

Natbib: multiple reference citation.

Natbib is a reimplementation of the \cite command, providing both, author-year and numerical citations.You can get the distribution as well as the documentation from CTAN .Apparently, my previous post on this topic was not providing sufficient information in order to automatically create lists for multiple citations, e.g. [1,2,3, 5] -> [1-3, 5].Here is how it definitely works using “natbib”: First you include the package into your document with whatever options you prefer:

Here, “sort&compress” provides the effect we are looking for, i.e. comma separation and hyphenation of multiple citations. By default, natbib uses round parentheses and colons, hence I changed them to square brackets and commas.Use

for textual and

for parenthetical citation, instead of \cite. The following example shows how Natbib replaces more than two consecutive citations by a hypen:

My apologies, I got something wrong here in the first place. Natbib is not a bibliography-style, but a package providing  author-year and numerical citation. Natbib is supported by the following three styles:

which replace the standard bst-files.

(Source: http://merkel.zoneo.net/Latex/natbib.php)

The code above doesn’t seem to work any longer. Here is the same code where natbib was replaced by cite ( package documentation ):

Share this:

38 comments.

25. March 2008 at 21:47

Thanks for the good info, this really helps. One thing that your posting does not cover though, and neither does any other site that I’ve found about natbib, is how to set page numbers for multiple citations.

What I mean is that sometimes it’s needed to have the citation like this: [2, p. 15 ; 4, p 181]

I am not experienced enough with LaTex to provide a work-around for this. If you have a clue on how to do this, please add it to your blog. Appreciate it. Thanks.

26. March 2008 at 20:45

You are right, natbib cannot do it. But you can define your own citation-command as a work-around:

And now you can have multiple citations with page numbers as follows:

27. March 2008 at 18:18

For some reason in my environment the natbib didn’t seem to have a command \citenum. All I got was an undefined control sequence error. But when I downloaded the natbib.sty and included in the directory where my tex files are, it is working.

Thanks for sharing that work-around.

27. March 2008 at 19:16

The problem with \citenum problem is that the version of natbib that came with LaTex is an old version from 2003. The new one I downloaded is from 2007.

16. April 2008 at 12:02

Thanks for your website, it’s very informative.

I needed to download hypernat.sty and use

to get the sort&compress to work.

Apparently there is a conflict between hyperref and natbib, which is solved by using hypernat.

Happy TeX’ing

9. September 2021 at 19:16

it actually works

23. May 2008 at 18:02

I had to spend an hour with Google to find this one trivial command:

which puts a citation in your \bibliography , without showing up in the actual text (good for abstracts)

26. May 2008 at 8:05

Thanks a lot buddy.. How to use “square brackets” in natbib trick worked….

19. June 2008 at 10:25

satsuma: In my own thesis class I have to following to cite two sources with pages:

15. July 2008 at 10:43

Using natbib, for a single citation with page number and the text see e.g. I do

and it generates

(see e.g. Efron and Tibshirani, 1993, p.394)

but I am unable to do the same for the multiple citation with page numbers and the text see e.g. like

(see e.g. Efron and Tibshirani, 1993, p.107; Chernick, 1999, p.84)

17. April 2009 at 6:38

Thanks Tom!! That helped.

3. July 2009 at 18:25

Thank you Louic!

For those using natbib and hyperref, it is required to use

to allow natbib to use sort&compress properly. Finding your post saved me many hours!

5. August 2009 at 15:38

Thanks very much for this!

10. September 2009 at 18:09

I get around that kind of problem with judicious use of \citealp, \citealt, etc. For instance:

There is some evidence of seasonal distribution of goods (\citealp[9]{freddie04transition}, see also \citealt{vicent97island}), as well as a strong suggestion blah blah blah

compiles as:

There is some evidence of seasonal distribution of goods (Freddie 2004:9, see also Vicent 1997), as well as a strong suggestion blah blah blah

30. June 2010 at 19:53

Thank you for this post. I found that after adding \usepackage[square, comma, sort&compress]{natbib}, I got the error “! Package natbib Error: Bibliography not compatible with author-year citations.” After searching on another forum ( http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Comp/comp.text.tex/2009-03/msg00162.html ) I found that the solution is to add the option “numbers” to your \usepackage command above; i.e. \usepackage[square, comma, sort&compress, numbers]{natbib}. Just thought I’d add this in case anyone else is experiencing the same difficulty.

20. March 2011 at 20:38

thanks rachel, it was very helpful

31. March 2011 at 6:07

Thanks Rachel, it helped !

28. July 2011 at 1:34

Thanks Rachel, that’s what I needed.

23. June 2020 at 7:08

Helped me 10 years after you posted the comment!

15. July 2011 at 23:26

\usepackage{cite} …worked for me

8. August 2011 at 18:15

Thanks for the great post! Also, thank you to Rachel – I had the same problem, and that fixed it!

19. April 2012 at 20:54

hi every one I am typing my thesis in latex and i got big problem, I need to seprate my all references with comma , i am using

but i am getting instead of comma semicolon; for separating references {40;59;97} and whenever i am using

i am getting comma but i am having extra [] such as : [2],[3],[41]

My goal is just [2,3,41] how i can get this??? please help, this is so urgent. thanks. Rozita

20. April 2012 at 2:51

Thanks for your comment. It suffices to load the natbib package. Here is a minimal example:

You may also want to view the natbib reference sheet , a very nice collection of options provided by the package.

26. April 2012 at 9:02

Dear Tom, Thanks alot. Best Regards

26. April 2012 at 15:43

You are welcome. Happy to help. Tom.

1. May 2012 at 19:35

Hi Tom, Could you please help me with that??? I want to write three references in the same box? Thanks in advance

2. May 2012 at 16:06

It’s sufficient to use the natbib package with

1. July 2012 at 7:05

dear Tom, how we can cite multiple references like [1-4] instead of [1,2,3,4]?

4. July 2012 at 2:23

Please see my update of the post above where natbib was replaced with cite . That should work.

7. August 2012 at 21:15

Thankyou dear Rachel..I face the same problem as you mention.Now it works…May God Bless you….

1. September 2012 at 10:49

This is a very good tip particularly to those fresh to the blogosphere. Brief but very precise info… Thanks for sharing this one. A must read article!

27. June 2015 at 15:47

I am not using sort and conmpress. how i can define my natbib file. So, please provide natbib with sort and compress file.

Thangapandiyan D.

22. July 2015 at 21:29

I’d strongly suggest to move to the more recent and extremely powerful biblatex package .

Cheers, Tom

7. September 2016 at 23:18

Hello there. Sorry if this post should go in a different section.

I have this problem: I renewed my pc and I installed MikTeX and TexMaker (the same programs I used before). However, when I try to run LaTeX an error message for the bibliography appears: “empty journal” or “empty booktitle” or “empty year” or “empty title”, something that did not happen before when I wrote an article (or any other reference) in the bilbiography without those details. I did not change anything from the previous version of my document.

I am using natbib package. Can you help me please? I have been trying to figure out what is happenning but I haven´t been able to understand the problem. I updated the LaTeX version using MikTex maintenance but nothing works so far.

Thank you very much for this blog.

28. September 2016 at 15:13

Hi Fernando,

These error messages mean that some required field is missing in the bib entry. The error probably also tells you the identifier of the bib entry where the problem was encountered. You can find a list of required fields for the different entry types (article, book, conference, etc.) here .

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• Published: 08 May 2024

Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3

• Josh Abramson   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0000-3496-6952 1   na1 ,
• Jonas Adler   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9928-3407 1   na1 ,
• Jack Dunger 1   na1 ,
• Richard Evans   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4675-8469 1   na1 ,
• Tim Green   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3227-1505 1   na1 ,
• Alexander Pritzel   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4233-9040 1   na1 ,
• Olaf Ronneberger   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4266-1515 1   na1 ,
• Lindsay Willmore   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4314-0778 1   na1 ,
• Andrew J. Ballard   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4956-5304 1 ,
• Joshua Bambrick   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0003-3908-0722 2 ,
• Sebastian W. Bodenstein 1 ,
• David A. Evans 1 ,
• Chia-Chun Hung   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5264-9165 2 ,
• Michael O’Neill 1 ,
• David Reiman   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1605-7197 1 ,
• Kathryn Tunyasuvunakool   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8594-1074 1 ,
• Zachary Wu   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2429-9812 1 ,
• Akvilė Žemgulytė 1 ,
• Eirini Arvaniti 3 ,
• Charles Beattie   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1840-054X 3 ,
• Ottavia Bertolli   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8578-3216 3 ,
• Alex Bridgland 3 ,
• Alexey Cherepanov   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5227-0622 4 ,
• Miles Congreve 4 ,
• Alexander I. Cowen-Rivers 3 ,
• Andrew Cowie   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4491-1434 3 ,
• Michael Figurnov   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1386-8741 3 ,
• Fabian B. Fuchs 3 ,
• Hannah Gladman 3 ,
• Rishub Jain 3 ,
• Yousuf A. Khan   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0201-2796 3 ,
• Caroline M. R. Low 4 ,
• Kuba Perlin 3 ,
• Anna Potapenko 3 ,
• Pascal Savy 4 ,
• Sukhdeep Singh 3 ,
• Adrian Stecula   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6914-6743 4 ,
• Ashok Thillaisundaram 3 ,
• Catherine Tong   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7570-4801 4 ,
• Sergei Yakneen   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7827-9839 4 ,
• Ellen D. Zhong   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6345-1907 3 ,
• Michal Zielinski 3 ,
• Augustin Žídek   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0748-9684 3 ,
• Victor Bapst 1   na2 ,
• Pushmeet Kohli   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7466-7997 1   na2 ,
• Max Jaderberg   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9033-2695 2   na2 ,
• Demis Hassabis   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2812-9917 1 , 2   na2 &
• John M. Jumper   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6169-6580 1   na2  

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• Drug discovery
• Machine learning
• Protein structure predictions
• Structural biology

The introduction of AlphaFold 2 1 has spurred a revolution in modelling the structure of proteins and their interactions, enabling a huge range of applications in protein modelling and design 2–6 . In this paper, we describe our AlphaFold 3 model with a substantially updated diffusion-based architecture, which is capable of joint structure prediction of complexes including proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules, ions, and modified residues. The new AlphaFold model demonstrates significantly improved accuracy over many previous specialised tools: far greater accuracy on protein-ligand interactions than state of the art docking tools, much higher accuracy on protein-nucleic acid interactions than nucleic-acid-specific predictors, and significantly higher antibody-antigen prediction accuracy than AlphaFold-Multimer v2.3 7,8 . Together these results show that high accuracy modelling across biomolecular space is possible within a single unified deep learning framework.

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Author information.

These authors contributed equally: Josh Abramson, Jonas Adler, Jack Dunger, Richard Evans, Tim Green, Alexander Pritzel, Olaf Ronneberger, Lindsay Willmore

These authors jointly supervised this work: Victor Bapst, Pushmeet Kohli, Max Jaderberg, Demis Hassabis, John M. Jumper

Authors and Affiliations

Core Contributor, Google DeepMind, London, UK

Josh Abramson, Jonas Adler, Jack Dunger, Richard Evans, Tim Green, Alexander Pritzel, Olaf Ronneberger, Lindsay Willmore, Andrew J. Ballard, Sebastian W. Bodenstein, David A. Evans, Michael O’Neill, David Reiman, Kathryn Tunyasuvunakool, Zachary Wu, Akvilė Žemgulytė, Victor Bapst, Pushmeet Kohli, Demis Hassabis & John M. Jumper

Core Contributor, Isomorphic Labs, London, UK

Joshua Bambrick, Chia-Chun Hung, Max Jaderberg & Demis Hassabis

Google DeepMind, London, UK

Eirini Arvaniti, Charles Beattie, Ottavia Bertolli, Alex Bridgland, Alexander I. Cowen-Rivers, Andrew Cowie, Michael Figurnov, Fabian B. Fuchs, Hannah Gladman, Rishub Jain, Yousuf A. Khan, Kuba Perlin, Anna Potapenko, Sukhdeep Singh, Ashok Thillaisundaram, Ellen D. Zhong, Michal Zielinski & Augustin Žídek

Isomorphic Labs, London, UK

Alexey Cherepanov, Miles Congreve, Caroline M. R. Low, Pascal Savy, Adrian Stecula, Catherine Tong & Sergei Yakneen

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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Max Jaderberg , Demis Hassabis or John M. Jumper .

Supplementary information

Supplementary information.

This Supplementary Information file contains the following 9 sections: (1) Notation; (2) Data pipeline; (3) Model architecture; (4) Auxiliary heads; (5) Training and inference; (6) Evaluation; (7) Differences to AlphaFold2 and AlphaFold-Multimer; (8) Supplemental Results; and (9) Appendix: CCD Code and PDB ID tables.

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Abramson, J., Adler, J., Dunger, J. et al. Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3. Nature (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07487-w

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Accepted : 29 April 2024

Published : 08 May 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07487-w

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Journal of Materials Chemistry C

Efficient non-doped blue electroluminescence based on phenanthroimidazole–benzoylfluorene hybrid molecules with high spin-orbit coupling and balanced charge mobilities.

Developing non-doped blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with excellent photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), high exciton utilization efficiency (EUE) and balanced carrier mobility is an urgent challenge. Herein, two blue molecules based on hot exciton were reported, namely PPIFB and PPIBF. Using plane-rigid fluorene as the main conjugated π bridge with small torsion angle of PPIFB restricted the rotation and vibrational relaxation of molecules, which makes PPIFB achieved a PLQY as high as 90% in neat film. Moreover, fluorene participates in long-range π stacking, enriching weak intermolecular forces and the introduction of benzoyl fluorene as an acceptor usher in hydrogen bonding interactions, which increase and achieve balanced carrier mobilities, with hole and electron mobilities up to 2 × 10-6 and 7.71 × 10-7 cm2 V-1 s-1 respectively. Also, the introduction of benzoyl fluorene increased the contribution of the n-orbital, resulting in a higher spin-orbit coupling (SOC) up to 14.7 cm-1, which is beneficial for achieving high exciton utilization. The non-doped OLED of PPIFB exhibits maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 9.1% at 459 nm, which is one of the best results for non-doped blue fluorescent OLEDs.

• This article is part of the themed collection: Journal of Materials Chemistry C HOT Papers

Supplementary files

• Supplementary information PDF (2866K)
• Crystal structure data CIF (394K)

Article information

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Y. Zhou, M. Xie, X. Wang, M. Sun, H. Zhou, S. Zhang, W. Yang and S. Xue, J. Mater. Chem. C , 2024, Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.1039/D4TC01166J

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This document is out-of-date, please see the 2023 CfP

Neurips 2022, call for papers .

Abstract submission deadline: Monday, May 16, 2022 01:00 PM PDT

Full paper submission and co-author registration deadline: Thursday, May 19, 2022 01:00 PM PDT

Supplementary materials submission deadline: Thursday, May 26, 2022 01:00 PM PDT 

Author notification: Wednesday, September 14, 2022

Camera-ready, poster, and video submission : Wednesday, October 12, 2022 01:00 PM PDT

Video submissions: Saturday, October 22, 2022 01:00 PM PDT

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Alekh Agarwal, Danielle Belgrave, Kyunghyun Cho, Alice Oh NeurIPS 2022 Program Chairs

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Apple unveils stunning new iPad Pro with the world’s most advanced display, M4 chip, and Apple Pencil Pro

Thinnest Apple Product Ever

World’s Most Advanced Display

Only Possible with M4

Outrageously Powerful Device for AI

Pro Cameras

Pro Connectivity

Apple Pencil Pro

All-New Magic Keyboard and Smart Folio

Powerful iPadOS Features

Logic Pro for iPad 2

Final Cut Pro for iPad 2

iPad Pro and the Environment

• Customers can order the new iPad Pro with M4 starting today, May 7, at apple.com/store , and in the Apple Store app in 29 countries and regions, including the U.S., with availability in stores beginning Wednesday, May 15.
• The new 11-inch and 13-inch iPad Pro will be available in silver and space black finishes in 256GB, 512GB, 1TB, and 2TB configurations.
• The 11-inch iPad Pro starts at  $999  (U.S.) for the Wi-Fi model, and  $1,199  (U.S.) for the Wi-Fi + Cellular model. The 13-inch iPad Pro starts at  $1,299  (U.S.) for the Wi-Fi model, and  $1,499  (U.S.) for the Wi-Fi + Cellular model. Additional technical specifications, including nano-texture glass options, are available at apple.com/store .
• For education, the new 11-inch iPad Pro is available for  $899  (U.S.) and the 13-inch iPad Pro is $1,199 (U.S.). Education pricing is available to current and newly accepted college students and their parents, as well as faculty, staff, and home-school teachers of all grade levels. For more information, visit  apple.com/us-hed/shop .
• The new Apple Pencil Pro is compatible with the new iPad Pro. It is available for $129 (U.S.). For education, Apple Pencil Pro is available for $119 (U.S.).
• Apple Pencil (USB-C) is compatible with the new iPad Pro. It is available for $79 (U.S.) and $69 (U.S.) for education.
• The new Magic Keyboard is compatible with the new iPad Pro. It is available in black and white finishes. The new 11-inch Magic Keyboard is available for $299 (U.S.) and the new 13-inch Magic Keyboard is available for $349 (U.S.), with layouts for over 30 languages. For education, the 11-inch Magic Keyboard is available for $279 (U.S.) and the 13-inch Magic Keyboard is available for $329 (U.S.).
• The new Smart Folio is available for $79 (U.S.) in black, white, and denim finishes for the new 11-inch iPad Pro and $99 (U.S.) for the new 13-inch iPad Pro.
• Logic Pro for iPad 2 is available on May 13 as a free update for existing users, and for new users, it is available on the App Store for $4.99 (U.S.) per month, or $49 (U.S.) per year, with a one-month free trial. Logic Pro for iPad 2 requires iPadOS 17.4 or later. For more information, visit apple.com/logic-pro-for-ipad .
• Final Cut Pro for iPad 2 will be available later this spring on the App Store for $4.99 (U.S.) per month, or $49 (U.S.) per year, with a one-month free trial.
• Apple offers great ways to save on the latest iPad. Customers can trade in their current iPad and get credit toward a new one by visiting the Apple Store online , the Apple Store app, or an Apple Store location. To see what their device is worth, and for terms and conditions, customers can visit apple.com/shop/trade-in .
• Customers in the U.S. who shop at Apple using Apple Card can pay monthly at 0 percent APR when they choose to check out with Apple Card Monthly Installments, and they’ll get 3 percent Daily Cash back — all upfront.

Text of this article

May 7, 2024

PRESS RELEASE

Featuring a new thin and light design, breakthrough Ultra Retina XDR display, and outrageously fast M4 performance with powerful AI capabilities, the new iPad Pro takes a huge leap forward

CUPERTINO, CALIFORNIA Apple today unveiled the groundbreaking new iPad Pro in a stunningly thin and light design, taking portability and performance to the next level. Available in silver and space black finishes, the new iPad Pro comes in two sizes: an expansive 13-inch model and a super-portable 11-inch model. Both sizes feature the world’s most advanced display — a new breakthrough Ultra Retina XDR display with state-of-the-art tandem OLED technology — providing a remarkable visual experience. The new iPad Pro is made possible with the new M4 chip, the next generation of Apple silicon, which delivers a huge leap in performance and capabilities. M4 features an entirely new display engine to enable the precision, color, and brightness of the Ultra Retina XDR display. With a new CPU, a next-generation GPU that builds upon the GPU architecture debuted on M3, and the most powerful Neural Engine yet, the new iPad Pro is an outrageously powerful device for artificial intelligence. The versatility and advanced capabilities of iPad Pro are also enhanced with all-new accessories. Apple Pencil Pro brings powerful new interactions that take the pencil experience even further, and a new thinner, lighter Magic Keyboard is packed with incredible features. The new iPad Pro, Apple Pencil Pro, and Magic Keyboard are available to order starting today, with availability in stores beginning Wednesday, May 15.

“iPad Pro empowers a broad set of pros and is perfect for anyone who wants the ultimate iPad experience — with its combination of the world’s best displays, extraordinary performance of our latest M-series chips, and advanced accessories — all in a portable design. Today, we’re taking it even further with the new, stunningly thin and light iPad Pro, our biggest update ever to iPad Pro,” said John Ternus, Apple’s senior vice president of Hardware Engineering. “With the breakthrough Ultra Retina XDR display, the next-level performance of M4, incredible AI capabilities, and support for the all-new Apple Pencil Pro and Magic Keyboard, there’s no device like the new iPad Pro.”

The new iPad Pro — the thinnest Apple product ever — features a stunningly thin and light design, taking portability to a whole new level. The 11-inch model is just 5.3 mm thin, and the 13-inch model is even thinner at a striking 5.1 mm, while both models are just as strong as the previous design. The 11-inch model weighs less than a pound, and the 13-inch model is nearly a quarter pound lighter than its predecessor — allowing pro users to extend their workflows in new ways and in more places. The new iPad Pro is available in two gorgeous finishes — silver and space black — both with 100 percent recycled aluminum enclosures.

The new iPad Pro debuts the Ultra Retina XDR, the world’s most advanced display, to provide an even more remarkable visual experience. The Ultra Retina XDR display features state-of-the-art tandem OLED technology that uses two OLED panels and combines the light from both to provide phenomenal full-screen brightness. The new iPad Pro supports an incredible 1000 nits of full-screen brightness for SDR and HDR content, and 1600 nits peak for HDR. No other device of its kind delivers this level of extreme dynamic range. Tandem OLED technology enables sub-millisecond control over the color and luminance of each pixel, taking XDR precision further than ever. Specular highlights in photos and video appear even brighter, and there’s more detail in shadows and low light than ever before on iPad — all while delivering even more responsiveness to content in motion. For pro users working in high-end, color-managed workflows or challenging lighting conditions, a new nano-texture glass option comes to iPad Pro for the first time. 1 Nano-texture glass is precisely etched at a nanometer scale, maintaining image quality and contrast while scattering ambient light for reduced glare. With its breakthrough tandem OLED technology, extreme brightness, incredibly precise contrast, brilliant colors, and nano-texture glass option, the new Ultra Retina XDR display is the world’s most advanced display, giving iPad Pro customers an unparalleled viewing experience.

The incredibly thin and light design and game-changing display of the new iPad Pro is only possible with M4, the next generation of Apple silicon that delivers a huge leap in performance. M4 is built on second-generation 3-nanometer technology that’s even more power efficient, which is perfect for the design of the new iPad Pro. With an entirely new display engine, M4 introduces pioneering technology for the stunning precision, color, and brightness of the Ultra Retina XDR display. The new CPU offers up to four performance cores and now six efficiency cores, 2 with next-generation machine learning (ML) accelerators, to deliver up to 1.5x faster CPU performance over M2 in the previous-generation iPad Pro. 3 M4 builds on the GPU architecture of M3 — the 10-core GPU includes powerful features like Dynamic Caching, and hardware-accelerated mesh shading and ray tracing, which come to iPad for the first time. Coupled with higher unified memory bandwidth, pro rendering apps like Octane will see up to 4x faster performance than M2. 3 M4 also delivers tremendous gains and industry-leading performance per watt. Compared to M2, M4 can deliver the same performance using just half the power, and compared to the latest PC chip in a thin and light laptop, M4 can deliver the same performance using just a quarter of the power. 4 A new advanced Media Engine includes support for AV1 decode, providing more power-efficient playback of high-resolution video experiences from streaming services.

The new iPad Pro with M4 features Apple’s most powerful Neural Engine ever, capable of 38 trillion operations per second, which is 60x faster than Apple’s first Neural Engine in the A11 Bionic chip. Combined with next-generation ML accelerators in the CPU, a high-performance GPU, more memory bandwidth, and intelligent features and powerful developer frameworks in iPadOS, the Neural Engine makes the new iPad Pro an outrageously powerful device for AI. With iPad Pro with M4, users can perform AI-enabled tasks even faster, like easily isolate a subject from its background in 4K video with just a tap with Scene Removal Mask in Final Cut Pro. With this advanced level of performance, the Neural Engine in M4 is more powerful than any neural processing unit in any AI PC today.

iPadOS also has advanced frameworks like Core ML that make it easy for developers to tap into the Neural Engine to deliver phenomenal AI features locally, including running powerful diffusion and generative AI models, with great performance on device. iPad Pro also supports cloud-based solutions, enabling users to run powerful productivity and creative apps that tap into the power of AI, such as Copilot for Microsoft 365 and Adobe Firefly.

The updated camera system on the new iPad Pro delivers even more versatility, and with its rich audio from four studio-quality mics, users can shoot, edit, and share all on one device. The 12MP back camera captures vibrant Smart HDR images and video with even better color, improved textures, and detail in low light. It also now features a new adaptive True Tone flash that makes document scanning on the new iPad Pro better than ever. Using AI, the new iPad Pro automatically identifies documents right in the Camera app, and if a shadow is in the way, it instantly takes multiple photos with the new adaptive flash, stitching the scan together for a dramatically better scan.

On the front, the TrueDepth camera system moves to the landscape location on the new iPad Pro. The Ultra Wide 12MP camera with Center Stage makes the experience of video conferencing in landscape orientation even better, especially when iPad is attached to a Magic Keyboard or Smart Folio.

iPad Pro includes a high-performance USB-C connector with support for Thunderbolt 3 and USB 4, delivering fast wired connectivity — up to 40Gb/s. Thunderbolt supports an extensive ecosystem of high-performance accessories, including external displays like the Pro Display XDR at its full 6K resolution, and external storage, all connected using high-performance cables and docks. iPad Pro supports Wi-Fi 6E for super-fast Wi-Fi connections for pro workflows on the go. Wi-Fi + Cellular models with 5G allow users to access their files, communicate with colleagues, and back up their data in a snap while on the go. Cellular models of the new iPad Pro are activated with eSIM, a more secure alternative to a physical SIM card, allowing users to quickly connect and transfer their existing plans digitally, and store multiple cellular plans on a single device. Customers can easily get connected to wireless data plans on the new iPad Pro in over 190 countries and regions around the world without needing to get a physical SIM card from a local carrier.

Apple Pencil Pro features even more magical capabilities and powerful new interactions that take the Apple Pencil experience even further. A new sensor in the barrel can sense a user’s squeeze, bringing up a tool palette to quickly switch tools, line weights, and colors, all without interrupting the creative process. A custom haptic engine delivers a light tap that provides confirmation when users squeeze, use double-tap, or snap to a Smart Shape for a remarkably intuitive experience. A gyroscope allows users to roll Apple Pencil Pro for precise control of the tool they’re using. Rotating the barrel changes the orientation of shaped pen and brush tools, just like pen and paper. And with Apple Pencil hover, users can visualize the exact orientation of a tool before making a mark.

With these advanced features, Apple Pencil Pro allows users to bring their ideas to life in entirely new ways, and developers can also create their own custom interactions. Apple Pencil Pro brings support for Find My for the first time to Apple Pencil, helping users locate Apple Pencil Pro if misplaced. It pairs, charges, and is stored on the side of iPad Pro through a new magnetic interface. iPad Pro also supports Apple Pencil (USB-C), ideal for note taking, sketching, annotating, journaling, and more, at an incredible value.

Designed for the new iPad Pro, an all-new thinner and lighter Magic Keyboard makes it more portable and versatile than ever. The new Magic Keyboard opens to the magical floating design that customers love, and now includes a function row for access to features like screen brightness and volume controls. It also has a gorgeous aluminum palm rest and larger trackpad that’s even more responsive with haptic feedback, so the entire experience feels just like using a MacBook. The new Magic Keyboard attaches magnetically, and the Smart Connector immediately connects power and data without the need for Bluetooth. The machined aluminum hinge also includes a USB-C connector for charging. The new Magic Keyboard comes in two colors that perfectly complement the new iPad Pro: black with a space black aluminum palm rest, and white with a silver aluminum palm rest.

The new Smart Folio for iPad Pro attaches magnetically and now supports multiple viewing angles for greater flexibility. Available in black, white, and denim, it complements the colors of the new iPad Pro.

iPadOS is packed with features that push the boundaries of what’s possible on iPad. With Reference Mode, iPadOS can precisely match color requirements of the Ultra Retina XDR display for tasks in which accurate colors and consistent image quality are critical — including review and approve, color grading, and compositing. Stage Manager enables users to work with multiple overlapping windows in a single view, resize windows, tap to switch between apps, and more. With full external display support of up to 6K, iPad Pro users can also extend their workflow, as well as use the built-in camera on an external display for enhanced video conferencing. Users can take advantage of the powerful AI capabilities in iPad Pro and intelligent features in iPadOS, including Visual Look Up, Subject Lift, Live Text, or Live Captions and Personal Voice for accessibility.

With iPadOS 17 , users can customize the Lock Screen to make it more personal — taking advantage of the larger display on iPad — and interactive widgets take glanceable information further with the ability to get tasks done right in the moment with just a tap. The Notes app gives users new ways to organize, read, annotate, and collaborate on PDFs, and working with PDFs is also easier with AutoFill, which intelligently identifies and fills fields in forms.

Logic Pro for iPad 2 , available starting Monday, May 13, introduces incredible studio assistant features that augment the music-making process and provide artists help right when they need it — all while ensuring they maintain full creative control. These features include Session Players, which expand on popular Drummer capabilities in Logic to include a new Bass Player and Keyboard Player; ChromaGlow, to instantly add warmth to tracks; and Stem Splitter, to extract and work with individual parts of a single audio recording.

Final Cut Pro for iPad 2 , available later this spring, introduces Live Multicam, a new feature that transforms iPad into a mobile production studio, allowing users to view and control up to four connected iPhone and iPad devices wirelessly. 5 To support Live Multicam, an all-new capture app also comes to iPad and iPhone, Final Cut Camera, 6 giving users control over options like white balance, ISO, and shutter speed, along with monitoring tools like overexposure indicators and focus peaking. Final Cut Camera works as a standalone capture app or with Live Multicam. Final Cut Pro for iPad 2 also allows users to create or open projects from external storage, giving editors even more flexibility, and offers new content options. 7

The new iPad Pro is designed with the environment in mind, including 100 percent recycled aluminum in the enclosure, 100 percent recycled rare earth elements in all magnets, and 100 percent recycled gold plating and tin soldering in multiple printed circuit boards. The new iPad Pro meets Apple’s high standards for energy efficiency, and is free of mercury, brominated flame retardants, and PVC. The packaging is 100 percent fiber-based, bringing Apple closer to its goal to remove plastic from all packaging by 2025.

Today, Apple is carbon neutral for global corporate operations, and by 2030, plans to be carbon neutral across the entire manufacturing supply chain and life cycle of every product.

Pricing and Availability

• Nano-texture glass is an option on the 1TB and 2TB configurations of the 11-inch and 13-inch iPad Pro models.
• iPad Pro models with 256GB or 512GB storage feature the Apple M4 chip with a 9‑core CPU. iPad Pro models with 1TB or 2TB storage feature the Apple M4 chip with a 10‑core CPU.
• Testing was conducted by Apple in March and April 2024. See apple.com/ipad-pro for more information.
• Testing was conducted by Apple in March and April 2024 using preproduction 13-inch iPad Pro (M4) units with a 10-core CPU and 16GB of RAM. Performance was measured using select industry‑standard benchmarks. PC laptop chip performance data is from testing ASUS Zenbook 14 OLED (UX3405MA) with Core Ultra 7 155H and 32GB of RAM. Performance tests are conducted using specific computer systems and reflect the approximate performance of iPad Pro.
• Final Cut Pro for iPad 2 is compatible with iPad models with the M1 chip or later, and Logic Pro for iPad 2 will be available on iPad models with the A12 Bionic chip or later.
• Final Cut Camera is compatible with iPhone X S and later with iOS 17.4 or later, and iPad models compatible with iPadOS 17.4 or later.
• External project support requires iPadOS 17.5 or later.

Press Contacts

Tara Courtney

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Apple Media Helpline

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• Natbib citation styles

Natbib uses the citation style associated with the corresponding bibliography style if no specific citation commands are declared. There are some additional commands to control some punctuation parameters. See the example below:

The specific command to format the citation style is:

The parameters, comma-separated, tell L a T e X to use the authoryear citation mode and use double parentheses as opening and closing marks. The various parameters that can be passed to this command are the following:

• Citation mode: authoryear , numbers or super .
• Brackets: round or square . You can manually set any other opening and closing characters with open={char} adn close={char} .
• Citation separator: semicolon , comma .
• Separator between author and year: aysep{char} .
• Separator between years with common author: yysep={char} .
• Text before post-note: notesep={text} .

The are other additional citation commands depending on the citation mode. For instance, in the example above the command \cite[see][chap 2]{latexcompanion} takes two extra parameters; the first optional parameter see is printed before the citation mark and the second optional parameter chap 2 is printed after the citation mark. Below a table describing some additional citation commands:

For more information about the rest of the commands in this example see Bibliography management with natbib

 Open an example of the natbib package in Overleaf

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