creative writing assignment rubric

Scoring Creativity: Decoding the Rubric for Creative Writing

My name is Debbie, and I am passionate about developing a love for the written word and planting a seed that will grow into a powerful voice that can inspire many.

Picture this: a blank page, waiting eagerly for you to fill it with words, with ideas, with a world of your very own creation. Whether you’re a seasoned wordsmith or just beginning to dip your toes into the vast ocean of creative writing, there’s no denying the thrill and challenge that comes with transforming a nebulous concept into a tangible piece of art. But how do we measure this artistry? How can we capture the essence of creativity and quantify it in a way that not only recognizes talent but also provides valuable feedback for improvement? Enter the rubric for creative writing – a powerful tool that unlocks the secrets to scoring creativity. In this article, we will embark on a journey to decode this mysterious rubric, demystifying its components and shedding light on how it can elevate your writing to new heights. So, grab your favorite pen and get ready to uncover the hidden treasures within the intricate world of scoring creativity.

Key Elements of a Rubric for Creative Writing

Understanding the purpose and structure of the rubric, evaluating creativity and originality, exploring language use and style, assessing organization and structure, analyzing grammar and mechanics in creative writing, providing constructive feedback to foster growth and improvement, frequently asked questions, to conclude.

When assessing creative writing assignments, it is important to have a rubric that emphasizes the unique aspects of this genre. A well-structured rubric not only helps evaluate students’ work objectively but also provides clear guidelines for improvement. Here are the key elements to consider when creating an effective rubric for creative writing:

• Originality: Successful creative writing demonstrates a unique and imaginative approach. A rubric should prioritize originality, encouraging students to think outside the box and avoid clichés or common themes.
• Engagement: A captivating story or piece of creative writing should engage the reader from beginning to end. Assessing how well a piece holds the reader’s interest, creates emotional connections, or sparks curiosity is crucial in evaluating a student’s work.
• Structure and Organization: Despite its imaginative nature, creative writing should still exhibit a well-structured and organized composition. A rubric should consider the coherence of ideas, logical progression, and the use of literary devices to enhance the overall structure.

Moreover, a rubric for creative writing should not only focus on the final product but also evaluate the writing process. By considering these key elements, educators can provide meaningful feedback and empower students to develop their creativity and refine their writing skills. Remember that a well-crafted rubric not only provides a clear assessment framework but also encourages students to unleash their creativity and storytelling abilities, fostering growth and improvement.

The rubric is a valuable tool that helps teachers assess student work based on specific criteria. It provides a clear outline of expectations, allowing both teachers and students to understand the purpose and structure of the assessment. By breaking down the assignment into different categories and levels of achievement, the rubric ensures fairness and consistency in evaluating student performance.

The structure of a rubric typically includes criteria, descriptors, and levels of achievement. The criteria outline the specific skills, knowledge, or qualities that students are expected to demonstrate in their work. Descriptors provide detailed explanations or examples of what each level represents, helping students understand what is required to achieve a certain grade. These levels of achievement can be presented in different ways, such as a numerical scale, a letter grade, or even descriptive phrases.

• A rubric allows teachers to provide constructive feedback in a clear and organized manner. Students can easily identify areas where they excel and areas that need improvement, enabling them to focus on specific skills and make progress.
• By , students can effectively plan and organize their work. They can align their efforts with the criteria outlined in the rubric, ensuring that they address all the required components and meet the expectations set by the teacher.
• Rubrics promote transparency in assessment as the criteria and expectations are clearly communicated to both teachers and students. This transparency fosters trust and facilitates meaningful discussions about student performance and progress.

Overall, the rubric serves as a valuable tool for guiding and evaluating student work. Understanding its purpose and structure enhances communication, supports effective teaching, and empowers students to take ownership of their learning.

When it comes to , it’s essential to approach the process with an open mind and a willingness to explore new perspectives. In today’s fast-paced world , where innovation is key, acknowledging and celebrating these qualities can lead to breakthrough ideas and solutions in various fields. So, how can we effectively assess creativity and originality? Let’s dive in:

• Embrace diverse thinking: Creativity is not limited to a specific domain or a particular way of thinking. Encouraging diverse perspectives and welcoming ideas from various backgrounds fosters a rich and fertile ground for innovative thinking. By giving space for unconventional thoughts and perspectives, we can unearth hidden gems of creativity.
• Value experimentation: Creativity often thrives through experimentation. Encouraging individuals to try new approaches, take calculated risks, and test unconventional ideas can yield unexpected and groundbreaking results. Acknowledging the value of experimentation creates an environment that supports and nurtures creativity and originality.
• Promote a learning mindset: Creativity flourishes when individuals have a growth mindset and embrace continuous learning. Providing opportunities for personal and professional development, promoting curiosity, and supporting ongoing education empowers individuals to expand their horizons and think creatively in their respective fields.

Creativity and originality are invaluable assets in our ever-evolving world. By adopting an inclusive and open-minded approach, embracing experimentation, and promoting a culture of ongoing learning, we can create an environment that nurtures and celebrates innovative thinking. Let’s remember, true creativity knows no boundaries!

Language use and style are essential aspects of effective communication. They play a vital role in conveying meaning, eliciting emotions, and engaging the audience. By exploring different language use and styles, we can enhance our writing, speaking, and overall communication skills.

One fascinating aspect of language use is the choice of words and phrases. The words we select can shape the tone and mood of our message. For instance, using vibrant and descriptive language can paint a vivid picture in the reader’s mind, while using technical jargon may be more suitable for specialized audiences. It’s important to consider the impact of our word choices to ensure clarity and precision.

• Metaphors and Similes: These literary devices can add depth and creativity to our language use. They help us explain complex concepts by drawing comparisons to more familiar objects or actions.
• Analogies: Analogies are useful for making abstract ideas more tangible and relatable. By likening a new concept to something familiar, we help our audience better grasp the subject matter.
• Rhetorical Devices: Rhetorical devices, such as alliteration, repetition, and parallelism, add rhythm and emphasis to our writing. They can make our message more memorable and persuasive.

Additionally, understanding different writing and speaking styles allows us to adapt our communication to different contexts and audiences. From formal and academic writing to casual and conversational tones, each style serves its purpose. Adapting our style based on the audience’s expectations can build rapport and improve their overall experience with our message.

By continually , we can cultivate our communication skills and become more effective storytellers. Experimenting with different techniques and styles helps us discover our unique voice and develop a versatile approach to communication.

When evaluating an organization’s effectiveness, one key aspect to consider is its organization and structure. A well-organized and efficiently structured organization can greatly contribute to its overall success and productivity. Here are some factors to assess when evaluating an organization’s organization and structure:

• Clarity of Roles: It is crucial for all team members to have a clear understanding of their roles and responsibilities within the organization. This ensures that tasks are properly allocated and promotes accountability.
• Communication Channels: A strong organization fosters effective communication channels, both vertically and horizontally. Transparent and open lines of communication facilitate the flow of information, enhance collaboration, and minimize misunderstandings.
• Efficiency of Workflow: A well-structured organization streamlines workflow processes, reducing unnecessary delays and optimizing efficiency. Assessing how tasks are assigned and how information flows within the organization can help identify areas for improvement.

Furthermore, a clear hierarchy within an organization ensures that individuals and teams know whom to report to and seek guidance from. Roles such as managers, supervisors, and team leaders establish an accountability structure that promotes effective decision-making and problem-solving. Additionally, an organization’s structure should allow for flexibility and adaptability to meet changing business needs and respond to unforeseen challenges.

Understanding and perfecting grammar and mechanics in creative writing can greatly enhance the overall quality of your work. While creative writing is often seen as free-flowing and expressive, paying attention to the technical aspects can make a huge difference in how your message is conveyed.

To start analyzing grammar and mechanics in your creative writing, consider the following tips:

• Grammar Mastery: Develop a strong foundation in grammar rules, including verb tense, subject-verb agreement , and punctuation. This ensures that your writing flows smoothly and is easily understood by your readers.
• Consistent Voice: Maintain a consistent narrative voice throughout your piece. Whether it’s first-person, third-person limited, or omniscient, clarity in voicing will prevent confusion and keep your readers engaged.

Furthermore, it’s important to recognize the power of effective mechanics in creative writing. Here are some key aspects to consider:

• Punctuation and Sentence Structure: Experiment with different sentence lengths and punctuation marks to create a rhythmic flow in your writing. This can add variety and help maintain the reader’s interest.
• Word Choice: Be conscious of the words you use and their impact on the overall tone and mood of your writing. Employing descriptive and vibrant vocabulary can bring your story to life and captivate your audience.

By paying attention to grammar and mechanics in creative writing, you can effectively convey your message while showcasing your artistry and maintaining the reader’s attention. Embrace these techniques and watch your writing soar to new heights!

Constructive feedback plays a critical role in helping individuals and teams reach their full potential. However, giving feedback in a manner that encourages growth and improvement can be challenging. By following a few key principles, you can provide feedback that is both effective and supportive.

• Focus on specific behaviors: When offering feedback, it is important to pinpoint the specific behaviors or actions that need improvement. By being specific, you can help the recipient understand exactly what they can do differently.
• Use the sandwich technique: One way to make feedback more constructive is to employ the sandwich technique. Begin with positive reinforcement, then offer areas for improvement, and finally end on a positive note. This approach helps maintain a healthy balance and ensures that the feedback is not overly critical.
• Be objective and avoid personal attacks: Feedback should always be objective and focused on the task or behavior at hand. Avoid making it personal or attacking the individual’s character. By staying objective, you can keep the conversation focused on growth and improvement.

Moreover, when providing feedback, it is essential to be empathetic and understanding. Put yourself in the recipient’s shoes and try to see things from their perspective. This will help you deliver feedback with empathy, making it easier for the recipient to accept and act upon.

Q: What is creative writing?

A: Creative writing is a form of artistic expression that involves crafting original stories, poems, plays, and other literary works. It allows writers to explore their imagination and unique perspectives through compelling narratives or evocative language.

Q: Why is creative writing important and worth assessing?

A: Creative writing enhances critical thinking, communication skills, and imagination. Assessing creative writing helps recognize and develop the writer’s ability to effectively express ideas, emotions, and experiences. It also promotes individuality, literary analysis, and cultural exchange.

Q: What is a rubric for creative writing?

A: A rubric for creative writing is a scoring tool used to assess and evaluate written works based on specific criteria. It outlines the expectations and benchmarks for various aspects of the writing, such as plot development, characterization, language use, and overall impact. A rubric provides a standardized and transparent evaluation process.

Q: What are the main components of a rubric for creative writing?

A: The components may vary depending on the purpose and level of assessment, but common elements include plot and structure, character development, language and style, creativity, originality, and overall impact. Each component is further divided into specific criteria and assigned different levels of proficiency, usually represented by descriptive statements and corresponding scores.

Q: How does a rubric help both teachers and students in evaluating creative writing?

A: Rubrics provide clear expectations and guidelines for both teachers and students. For teachers, it offers a systematic and consistent method of evaluation, reducing potential bias. Students benefit from the rubric by understanding the grading criteria in advance, which enables them to focus on specific areas of improvement and self-assessment. It promotes a fair and transparent assessment process.

Q: How can a rubric be used to provide constructive feedback?

A: A rubric allows teachers to provide specific feedback based on established criteria, highlighting both strengths and areas for improvement. By referring to the rubric, teachers can offer targeted suggestions to enhance plot development, character portrayal, language use, or creativity in the student’s writing. This feedback helps students understand their progress and areas where they need more practice, leading to growth as writers.

Q: Can a rubric be adjusted or personalized for specific writing assignments or student needs?

A: Yes, rubrics can be modified based on the specific assignment requirements, classroom objectives, or individual student needs. Teachers may adapt the rubric to address unique elements or emphasize particular writing skills relevant to the assignment or curriculum. Personalization enables a more tailored, meaningful assessment and supports the diverse needs and strengths of students.

Q: How can students use rubrics to improve their creative writing skills?

A: Students can refer to the rubric before, during, and after writing to ensure their work meets specific criteria and expectations. By analyzing the rubric, they can identify areas that need improvement and focus their efforts accordingly. Frequent self-assessment using the rubric can ultimately help students achieve a higher level of proficiency in creative writing and guide their growth as competent writers.

Q: Are rubrics the only way to evaluate creative writing?

A: While rubrics provide a structured and objective evaluation method, they are not the only way to assess creative writing. Other assessment tools, such as teacher feedback, conferences, peer reviews, and portfolio assessments, can also complement rubrics and provide a more holistic evaluation of a student’s writing skills. It is crucial to employ multiple evaluation methods to obtain a comprehensive view of a writer’s abilities.

In conclusion, understanding the rubric for creative writing can help writers enhance their skills and meet the criteria for scoring creativity.

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Rubric Best Practices, Examples, and Templates

A rubric is a scoring tool that identifies the different criteria relevant to an assignment, assessment, or learning outcome and states the possible levels of achievement in a specific, clear, and objective way. Use rubrics to assess project-based student work including essays, group projects, creative endeavors, and oral presentations.

Rubrics can help instructors communicate expectations to students and assess student work fairly, consistently and efficiently. Rubrics can provide students with informative feedback on their strengths and weaknesses so that they can reflect on their performance and work on areas that need improvement.

How to Get Started

Best practices, moodle how-to guides.

• Workshop Recording (Fall 2022)
• Workshop Registration

Step 1: Analyze the assignment

The first step in the rubric creation process is to analyze the assignment or assessment for which you are creating a rubric. To do this, consider the following questions:

• What is the purpose of the assignment and your feedback? What do you want students to demonstrate through the completion of this assignment (i.e. what are the learning objectives measured by it)? Is it a summative assessment, or will students use the feedback to create an improved product?
• Does the assignment break down into different or smaller tasks? Are these tasks equally important as the main assignment?
• What would an “excellent” assignment look like? An “acceptable” assignment? One that still needs major work?
• How detailed do you want the feedback you give students to be? Do you want/need to give them a grade?

Step 2: Decide what kind of rubric you will use

Types of rubrics: holistic, analytic/descriptive, single-point

Holistic Rubric. A holistic rubric includes all the criteria (such as clarity, organization, mechanics, etc.) to be considered together and included in a single evaluation. With a holistic rubric, the rater or grader assigns a single score based on an overall judgment of the student’s work, using descriptions of each performance level to assign the score.

Advantages of holistic rubrics:

• Can p lace an emphasis on what learners can demonstrate rather than what they cannot
• Save grader time by minimizing the number of evaluations to be made for each student
• Can be used consistently across raters, provided they have all been trained

Disadvantages of holistic rubrics:

• Provide less specific feedback than analytic/descriptive rubrics
• Can be difficult to choose a score when a student’s work is at varying levels across the criteria
• Any weighting of c riteria cannot be indicated in the rubric

Analytic/Descriptive Rubric . An analytic or descriptive rubric often takes the form of a table with the criteria listed in the left column and with levels of performance listed across the top row. Each cell contains a description of what the specified criterion looks like at a given level of performance. Each of the criteria is scored individually.

Advantages of analytic rubrics:

• Provide detailed feedback on areas of strength or weakness
• Each criterion can be weighted to reflect its relative importance

Disadvantages of analytic rubrics:

• More time-consuming to create and use than a holistic rubric
• May not be used consistently across raters unless the cells are well defined
• May result in giving less personalized feedback

Single-Point Rubric . A single-point rubric is breaks down the components of an assignment into different criteria, but instead of describing different levels of performance, only the “proficient” level is described. Feedback space is provided for instructors to give individualized comments to help students improve and/or show where they excelled beyond the proficiency descriptors.

Advantages of single-point rubrics:

• Easier to create than an analytic/descriptive rubric
• Perhaps more likely that students will read the descriptors
• Areas of concern and excellence are open-ended
• May removes a focus on the grade/points
• May increase student creativity in project-based assignments

Disadvantage of analytic rubrics: Requires more work for instructors writing feedback

Step 3 (Optional): Look for templates and examples.

You might Google, “Rubric for persuasive essay at the college level” and see if there are any publicly available examples to start from. Ask your colleagues if they have used a rubric for a similar assignment. Some examples are also available at the end of this article. These rubrics can be a great starting point for you, but consider steps 3, 4, and 5 below to ensure that the rubric matches your assignment description, learning objectives and expectations.

Step 4: Define the assignment criteria

Make a list of the knowledge and skills are you measuring with the assignment/assessment Refer to your stated learning objectives, the assignment instructions, past examples of student work, etc. for help.

  Helpful strategies for defining grading criteria:

• Collaborate with co-instructors, teaching assistants, and other colleagues
• Brainstorm and discuss with students
• Can they be observed and measured?
• Are they important and essential?
• Are they distinct from other criteria?
• Are they phrased in precise, unambiguous language?
• Revise the criteria as needed
• Consider whether some are more important than others, and how you will weight them.

Step 5: Design the rating scale

Most ratings scales include between 3 and 5 levels. Consider the following questions when designing your rating scale:

• Given what students are able to demonstrate in this assignment/assessment, what are the possible levels of achievement?
• How many levels would you like to include (more levels means more detailed descriptions)
• Will you use numbers and/or descriptive labels for each level of performance? (for example 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 and/or Exceeds expectations, Accomplished, Proficient, Developing, Beginning, etc.)
• Don’t use too many columns, and recognize that some criteria can have more columns that others . The rubric needs to be comprehensible and organized. Pick the right amount of columns so that the criteria flow logically and naturally across levels.

Step 6: Write descriptions for each level of the rating scale

Artificial Intelligence tools like Chat GPT have proven to be useful tools for creating a rubric. You will want to engineer your prompt that you provide the AI assistant to ensure you get what you want. For example, you might provide the assignment description, the criteria you feel are important, and the number of levels of performance you want in your prompt. Use the results as a starting point, and adjust the descriptions as needed.

Building a rubric from scratch

For a single-point rubric , describe what would be considered “proficient,” i.e. B-level work, and provide that description. You might also include suggestions for students outside of the actual rubric about how they might surpass proficient-level work.

For analytic and holistic rubrics , c reate statements of expected performance at each level of the rubric.

• Consider what descriptor is appropriate for each criteria, e.g., presence vs absence, complete vs incomplete, many vs none, major vs minor, consistent vs inconsistent, always vs never. If you have an indicator described in one level, it will need to be described in each level.
• You might start with the top/exemplary level. What does it look like when a student has achieved excellence for each/every criterion? Then, look at the “bottom” level. What does it look like when a student has not achieved the learning goals in any way? Then, complete the in-between levels.
• For an analytic rubric , do this for each particular criterion of the rubric so that every cell in the table is filled. These descriptions help students understand your expectations and their performance in regard to those expectations.

Well-written descriptions:

• Describe observable and measurable behavior
• Use parallel language across the scale
• Indicate the degree to which the standards are met

Step 7: Create your rubric

Create your rubric in a table or spreadsheet in Word, Google Docs, Sheets, etc., and then transfer it by typing it into Moodle. You can also use online tools to create the rubric, but you will still have to type the criteria, indicators, levels, etc., into Moodle. Rubric creators: Rubistar , iRubric

Step 8: Pilot-test your rubric

Prior to implementing your rubric on a live course, obtain feedback from:

• Teacher assistants

Try out your new rubric on a sample of student work. After you pilot-test your rubric, analyze the results to consider its effectiveness and revise accordingly.

• Limit the rubric to a single page for reading and grading ease
• Use parallel language . Use similar language and syntax/wording from column to column. Make sure that the rubric can be easily read from left to right or vice versa.
• Use student-friendly language . Make sure the language is learning-level appropriate. If you use academic language or concepts, you will need to teach those concepts.
• Share and discuss the rubric with your students . Students should understand that the rubric is there to help them learn, reflect, and self-assess. If students use a rubric, they will understand the expectations and their relevance to learning.
• Consider scalability and reusability of rubrics. Create rubric templates that you can alter as needed for multiple assignments.
• Maximize the descriptiveness of your language. Avoid words like “good” and “excellent.” For example, instead of saying, “uses excellent sources,” you might describe what makes a resource excellent so that students will know. You might also consider reducing the reliance on quantity, such as a number of allowable misspelled words. Focus instead, for example, on how distracting any spelling errors are.

Example of an analytic rubric for a final paper

Example of a holistic rubric for a final paper, single-point rubric, more examples:.

• Single Point Rubric Template ( variation )
• Analytic Rubric Template make a copy to edit
• A Rubric for Rubrics
• Bank of Online Discussion Rubrics in different formats
• Mathematical Presentations Descriptive Rubric
• Math Proof Assessment Rubric
• Kansas State Sample Rubrics
• Design Single Point Rubric

Technology Tools: Rubrics in Moodle

• Moodle Docs: Rubrics
• Moodle Docs: Grading Guide (use for single-point rubrics)

Tools with rubrics (other than Moodle)

• Google Assignments
• Turnitin Assignments: Rubric or Grading Form

Other resources

• DePaul University (n.d.). Rubrics .
• Gonzalez, J. (2014). Know your terms: Holistic, Analytic, and Single-Point Rubrics . Cult of Pedagogy.
• Goodrich, H. (1996). Understanding rubrics . Teaching for Authentic Student Performance, 54 (4), 14-17. Retrieved from   
• Miller, A. (2012). Tame the beast: tips for designing and using rubrics.
• Ragupathi, K., Lee, A. (2020). Beyond Fairness and Consistency in Grading: The Role of Rubrics in Higher Education. In: Sanger, C., Gleason, N. (eds) Diversity and Inclusion in Global Higher Education. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore.

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Creating and using rubrics.

A rubric describes the criteria that will be used to evaluate a specific task, such as a student writing assignment, poster, oral presentation, or other project. Rubrics allow instructors to communicate expectations to students, allow students to check in on their progress mid-assignment, and can increase the reliability of scores. Research suggests that when rubrics are used on an instructional basis (for instance, included with an assignment prompt for reference), students tend to utilize and appreciate them (Reddy and Andrade, 2010).

Rubrics generally exist in tabular form and are composed of:

• A description of the task that is being evaluated,
• The criteria that is being evaluated (row headings),
• A rating scale that demonstrates different levels of performance (column headings), and
• A description of each level of performance for each criterion (within each box of the table).

When multiple individuals are grading, rubrics also help improve the consistency of scoring across all graders. Instructors should insure that the structure, presentation, consistency, and use of their rubrics pass rigorous standards of validity , reliability , and fairness (Andrade, 2005).

Major Types of Rubrics

There are two major categories of rubrics:

• Holistic : In this type of rubric, a single score is provided based on raters’ overall perception of the quality of the performance. Holistic rubrics are useful when only one attribute is being evaluated, as they detail different levels of performance within a single attribute. This category of rubric is designed for quick scoring but does not provide detailed feedback. For these rubrics, the criteria may be the same as the description of the task.
• Analytic : In this type of rubric, scores are provided for several different criteria that are being evaluated. Analytic rubrics provide more detailed feedback to students and instructors about their performance. Scoring is usually more consistent across students and graders with analytic rubrics.

Rubrics utilize a scale that denotes level of success with a particular assignment, usually a 3-, 4-, or 5- category grid:

Figure 1: Grading Rubrics: Sample Scales (Brown Sheridan Center)

Sample Rubrics

Instructors can consider a sample holistic rubric developed for an English Writing Seminar course at Yale.

The Association of American Colleges and Universities also has a number of free (non-invasive free account required) analytic rubrics that can be downloaded and modified by instructors. These 16 VALUE rubrics enable instructors to measure items such as inquiry and analysis, critical thinking, written communication, oral communication, quantitative literacy, teamwork, problem-solving, and more.

Recommendations

The following provides a procedure for developing a rubric, adapted from Brown’s Sheridan Center for Teaching and Learning :

• Define the goal and purpose of the task that is being evaluated - Before constructing a rubric, instructors should review their learning outcomes associated with a given assignment. Are skills, content, and deeper conceptual knowledge clearly defined in the syllabus , and do class activities and assignments work towards intended outcomes? The rubric can only function effectively if goals are clear and student work progresses towards them.
• Decide what kind of rubric to use - The kind of rubric used may depend on the nature of the assignment, intended learning outcomes (for instance, does the task require the demonstration of several different skills?), and the amount and kind of feedback students will receive (for instance, is the task a formative or a summative assessment ?). Instructors can read the above, or consider “Additional Resources” for kinds of rubrics.
• Define the criteria - Instructors can review their learning outcomes and assessment parameters to determine specific criteria for the rubric to cover. Instructors should consider what knowledge and skills are required for successful completion, and create a list of criteria that assess outcomes across different vectors (comprehensiveness, maturity of thought, revisions, presentation, timeliness, etc). Criteria should be distinct and clearly described, and ideally, not surpass seven in number.
• Define the rating scale to measure levels of performance - Whatever rating scale instructors choose, they should insure that it is clear, and review it in-class to field student question and concerns. Instructors can consider if the scale will include descriptors or only be numerical, and might include prompts on the rubric for achieving higher achievement levels. Rubrics typically include 3-5 levels in their rating scales (see Figure 1 above).
• Write descriptions for each performance level of the rating scale - Each level should be accompanied by a descriptive paragraph that outlines ideals for each level, lists or names all performance expectations within the level, and if possible, provides a detail or example of ideal performance within each level. Across the rubric, descriptions should be parallel, observable, and measurable.
• Test and revise the rubric - The rubric can be tested before implementation, by arranging for writing or testing conditions with several graders or TFs who can use the rubric together. After grading with the rubric, graders might grade a similar set of materials without the rubric to assure consistency. Instructors can consider discrepancies, share the rubric and results with faculty colleagues for further opinions, and revise the rubric for use in class. Instructors might also seek out colleagues’ rubrics as well, for comparison. Regarding course implementation, instructors might consider passing rubrics out during the first class, in order to make grading expectations clear as early as possible. Rubrics should fit on one page, so that descriptions and criteria are viewable quickly and simultaneously. During and after a class or course, instructors can collect feedback on the rubric’s clarity and effectiveness from TFs and even students through anonymous surveys. Comparing scores and quality of assignments with parallel or previous assignments that did not include a rubric can reveal effectiveness as well. Instructors should feel free to revise a rubric following a course too, based on student performance and areas of confusion.

Additional Resources

Cox, G. C., Brathwaite, B. H., & Morrison, J. (2015). The Rubric: An assessment tool to guide students and markers. Advances in Higher Education, 149-163.

Creating and Using Rubrics - Carnegie Mellon Eberly Center for Teaching Excellence and & Educational Innovation

Creating a Rubric - UC Denver Center for Faculty Development

Grading Rubric Design - Brown University Sheridan Center for Teaching and Learning

Moskal, B. M. (2000). Scoring rubrics: What, when and how? Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation 7(3).

Quinlan A. M., (2011) A Complete Guide to Rubrics: Assessment Made Easy for Teachers of K-college 2nd edition, Rowman & Littlefield Education.

Andrade, H. (2005). Teaching with Rubrics: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. College Teaching 53(1):27-30.

Reddy, Y. M., & Andrade, H. (2010). A review of rubric use in higher education. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 35(4), 435-448.

Sheridan Center for Teaching and Learning , Brown University

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Rubric Design

Main navigation, articulating your assessment values.

Reading, commenting on, and then assigning a grade to a piece of student writing requires intense attention and difficult judgment calls. Some faculty dread “the stack.” Students may share the faculty’s dim view of writing assessment, perceiving it as highly subjective. They wonder why one faculty member values evidence and correctness before all else, while another seeks a vaguely defined originality.

Writing rubrics can help address the concerns of both faculty and students by making writing assessment more efficient, consistent, and public. Whether it is called a grading rubric, a grading sheet, or a scoring guide, a writing assignment rubric lists criteria by which the writing is graded.

Why create a writing rubric?

• It makes your tacit rhetorical knowledge explicit
• It articulates community- and discipline-specific standards of excellence
• It links the grade you give the assignment to the criteria
• It can make your grading more efficient, consistent, and fair as you can read and comment with your criteria in mind
• It can help you reverse engineer your course: once you have the rubrics created, you can align your readings, activities, and lectures with the rubrics to set your students up for success
• It can help your students produce writing that you look forward to reading

How to create a writing rubric

Create a rubric at the same time you create the assignment. It will help you explain to the students what your goals are for the assignment.

• Consider your purpose: do you need a rubric that addresses the standards for all the writing in the course? Or do you need to address the writing requirements and standards for just one assignment?  Task-specific rubrics are written to help teachers assess individual assignments or genres, whereas generic rubrics are written to help teachers assess multiple assignments.
• Begin by listing the important qualities of the writing that will be produced in response to a particular assignment. It may be helpful to have several examples of excellent versions of the assignment in front of you: what writing elements do they all have in common? Among other things, these may include features of the argument, such as a main claim or thesis; use and presentation of sources, including visuals; and formatting guidelines such as the requirement of a works cited.
• Then consider how the criteria will be weighted in grading. Perhaps all criteria are equally important, or perhaps there are two or three that all students must achieve to earn a passing grade. Decide what best fits the class and requirements of the assignment.

Consider involving students in Steps 2 and 3. A class session devoted to developing a rubric can provoke many important discussions about the ways the features of the language serve the purpose of the writing. And when students themselves work to describe the writing they are expected to produce, they are more likely to achieve it.

At this point, you will need to decide if you want to create a holistic or an analytic rubric. There is much debate about these two approaches to assessment.

Comparing Holistic and Analytic Rubrics

Holistic scoring .

Holistic scoring aims to rate overall proficiency in a given student writing sample. It is often used in large-scale writing program assessment and impromptu classroom writing for diagnostic purposes.

General tenets to holistic scoring:

• Responding to drafts is part of evaluation
• Responses do not focus on grammar and mechanics during drafting and there is little correction
• Marginal comments are kept to 2-3 per page with summative comments at end
• End commentary attends to students’ overall performance across learning objectives as articulated in the assignment
• Response language aims to foster students’ self-assessment

Holistic rubrics emphasize what students do well and generally increase efficiency; they may also be more valid because scoring includes authentic, personal reaction of the reader. But holistic sores won’t tell a student how they’ve progressed relative to previous assignments and may be rater-dependent, reducing reliability. (For a summary of advantages and disadvantages of holistic scoring, see Becker, 2011, p. 116.)

Here is an example of a partial holistic rubric:

Summary meets all the criteria. The writer understands the article thoroughly. The main points in the article appear in the summary with all main points proportionately developed. The summary should be as comprehensive as possible and should be as comprehensive as possible and should read smoothly, with appropriate transitions between ideas. Sentences should be clear, without vagueness or ambiguity and without grammatical or mechanical errors.

A complete holistic rubric for a research paper (authored by Jonah Willihnganz) can be  downloaded here.

Analytic Scoring

Analytic scoring makes explicit the contribution to the final grade of each element of writing. For example, an instructor may choose to give 30 points for an essay whose ideas are sufficiently complex, that marshals good reasons in support of a thesis, and whose argument is logical; and 20 points for well-constructed sentences and careful copy editing.

General tenets to analytic scoring:

• Reflect emphases in your teaching and communicate the learning goals for the course
• Emphasize student performance across criterion, which are established as central to the assignment in advance, usually on an assignment sheet
• Typically take a quantitative approach, providing a scaled set of points for each criterion
• Make the analytic framework available to students before they write  

Advantages of an analytic rubric include ease of training raters and improved reliability. Meanwhile, writers often can more easily diagnose the strengths and weaknesses of their work. But analytic rubrics can be time-consuming to produce, and raters may judge the writing holistically anyway. Moreover, many readers believe that writing traits cannot be separated. (For a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of analytic scoring, see Becker, 2011, p. 115.)

For example, a partial analytic rubric for a single trait, “addresses a significant issue”:

• Excellent: Elegantly establishes the current problem, why it matters, to whom
• Above Average: Identifies the problem; explains why it matters and to whom
• Competent: Describes topic but relevance unclear or cursory
• Developing: Unclear issue and relevance

A  complete analytic rubric for a research paper can be downloaded here.  In WIM courses, this language should be revised to name specific disciplinary conventions.

Whichever type of rubric you write, your goal is to avoid pushing students into prescriptive formulas and limiting thinking (e.g., “each paragraph has five sentences”). By carefully describing the writing you want to read, you give students a clear target, and, as Ed White puts it, “describe the ongoing work of the class” (75).

Writing rubrics contribute meaningfully to the teaching of writing. Think of them as a coaching aide. In class and in conferences, you can use the language of the rubric to help you move past generic statements about what makes good writing good to statements about what constitutes success on the assignment and in the genre or discourse community. The rubric articulates what you are asking students to produce on the page; once that work is accomplished, you can turn your attention to explaining how students can achieve it.

Works Cited

Becker, Anthony.  “Examining Rubrics Used to Measure Writing Performance in U.S. Intensive English Programs.”   The CATESOL Journal  22.1 (2010/2011):113-30. Web.

White, Edward M.  Teaching and Assessing Writing . Proquest Info and Learning, 1985. Print.

Further Resources

CCCC Committee on Assessment. “Writing Assessment: A Position Statement.” November 2006 (Revised March 2009). Conference on College Composition and Communication. Web.

Gallagher, Chris W. “Assess Locally, Validate Globally: Heuristics for Validating Local Writing Assessments.” Writing Program Administration 34.1 (2010): 10-32. Web.

Huot, Brian.  (Re)Articulating Writing Assessment for Teaching and Learning.  Logan: Utah State UP, 2002. Print.

Kelly-Reilly, Diane, and Peggy O’Neil, eds. Journal of Writing Assessment. Web.

McKee, Heidi A., and Dànielle Nicole DeVoss DeVoss, Eds. Digital Writing Assessment & Evaluation. Logan, UT: Computers and Composition Digital Press/Utah State University Press, 2013. Web.

O’Neill, Peggy, Cindy Moore, and Brian Huot.  A Guide to College Writing Assessment . Logan: Utah State UP, 2009. Print.

Sommers, Nancy.  Responding to Student Writers . Macmillan Higher Education, 2013.

Straub, Richard. “Responding, Really Responding to Other Students’ Writing.” The Subject is Writing: Essays by Teachers and Students. Ed. Wendy Bishop. Boynton/Cook, 1999. Web.

White, Edward M., and Cassie A. Wright.  Assigning, Responding, Evaluating: A Writing Teacher’s Guide . 5th ed. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2015. Print.

Eberly Center

Teaching excellence & educational innovation, grading and performance rubrics, what are rubrics.

A rubric is a scoring tool that explicitly represents the performance expectations for an assignment or piece of work. A rubric divides the assigned work into component parts and provides clear descriptions of the characteristics of the work associated with each component, at varying levels of mastery. Rubrics can be used for a wide array of assignments: papers, projects, oral presentations, artistic performances, group projects, etc. Rubrics can be used as scoring or grading guides, to provide formative feedback to support and guide ongoing learning efforts, or both.

Advantages of Using Rubrics

Using a rubric provides several advantages to both instructors and students. Grading according to an explicit and descriptive set of criteria that is designed to reflect the weighted importance of the objectives of the assignment helps ensure that the instructor’s grading standards don’t change over time. Grading consistency is difficult to maintain over time because of fatigue, shifting standards based on prior experience, or intrusion of other criteria. Furthermore, rubrics can reduce the time spent grading by reducing uncertainty and by allowing instructors to refer to the rubric description associated with a score rather than having to write long comments. Finally, grading rubrics are invaluable in large courses that have multiple graders (other instructors, teaching assistants, etc.) because they can help ensure consistency across graders and reduce the systematic bias that can be introduced between graders.

Used more formatively, rubrics can help instructors get a clearer picture of the strengths and weaknesses of their class. By recording the component scores and tallying up the number of students scoring below an acceptable level on each component, instructors can identify those skills or concepts that need more instructional time and student effort.

Grading rubrics are also valuable to students. A rubric can help instructors communicate to students the specific requirements and acceptable performance standards of an assignment. When rubrics are given to students with the assignment description, they can help students monitor and assess their progress as they work toward clearly indicated goals. When assignments are scored and returned with the rubric, students can more easily recognize the strengths and weaknesses of their work and direct their efforts accordingly.

Examples of Rubrics

Here are links to a diverse set of rubrics designed by Carnegie Mellon faculty and faculty at other institutions. Although your particular field of study and type of assessment activity may not be represented currently, viewing a rubric that is designed for a similar activity may provide you with ideas on how to divide your task into components and how to describe the varying levels of mastery.

Paper Assignments

• Example 1: Philosophy Paper This rubric was designed for student papers in a range of philosophy courses, CMU.
• Example 2: Psychology Assignment Short, concept application homework assignment in cognitive psychology, CMU.
• Example 3: Anthropology Writing Assignments This rubric was designed for a series of short writing assignments in anthropology, CMU.
• Example 4: History Research Paper . This rubric was designed for essays and research papers in history, CMU.
• Example 1: Capstone Project in Design This rubric describes the components and standard of performance from the research phase to the final presentation for a senior capstone project in the School of Design, CMU.
• Example 2: Engineering Design Project This rubric describes performance standards on three aspects of a team project: Research and Design, Communication, and Team Work.

Oral Presentations

• Example 1: Oral Exam This rubric describes a set of components and standards for assessing performance on an oral exam in an upper-division history course, CMU.
• Example 2: Oral Communication
• Example 3: Group Presentations This rubric describes a set of components and standards for assessing group presentations in a history course, CMU.

Class Participation/Contributions

• Example 1: Discussion Class This rubric assesses the quality of student contributions to class discussions. This is appropriate for an undergraduate-level course, CMU.
• Example 2: Advanced Seminar This rubric is designed for assessing discussion performance in an advanced undergraduate or graduate seminar. 

Writing Rubrics

Samples of Basic, Expository, and Narrative Rubrics

• Grading Students for Assessment
• Lesson Plans
• Becoming A Teacher
• Assessments & Tests
• Elementary Education
• Special Education
• Homeschooling

Rubric Basics

How to score a rubric, basic writing rubric, narrative writing rubric, expository writing rubric.

• M.S., Education, Buffalo State College
• B.S., Education, Buffalo State College

An easy way to evaluate student writing is to create a rubric . A rubric is a scoring guide that helps teachers evaluate student performance as well as a student product or project. A writing rubric allows you, as a teacher, to help students improve their writing skills by determining what areas they need help in.

To get started in creating a rubric, you must:

• Read through the students' writing assignment completely.
• Read each criterion on the rubric and then reread the assignment, this time focusing on each feature of the rubric .
• Circle the appropriate section for each criterion listed. This will help you score the assignment at the end.
• Give the writing assignment a final score.

To learn how to turn a four-point rubric into a letter grade, use the basic writing rubric below as an example. The four-point rubric uses four potential points the student can earn for each area, such as 1) strong, 2) developing, 3) emerging, and 4) beginning. To turn your rubric score into a letter grade, divide the points earned by the points possible.

Example: The student earns 18 out of 20 points. 18/20 = 90 percent; 90 percent = A

Suggested Point Scale :

88-100 = A 75-87 = B 62-74 = C 50-61 = D 0-50 = F

• Sample Essay Rubric for Elementary Teachers
• Scoring Rubric for Students
• How to Make a Rubric for Differentiation
• Rubrics - Quick Guide for all Content Areas
• Tips to Cut Writing Assignment Grading Time
• Create Rubrics for Student Assessment - Step by Step
• Assignment Biography: Student Criteria and Rubric for Writing
• What Is a Rubric?
• ESL Essay Writing Rubric
• How to Create a Rubric in 6 Steps
• Rubric Template Samples for Teachers
• Grading for Proficiency in the World of 4.0 GPAs
• A Simple Guide to Grading Elementary Students
• How to Calculate a Percentage and Letter Grade
• How Dyslexia Impacts Writing Skills
• How Scaffolding Instruction Can Improve Comprehension

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