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Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics

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Introductory Questions

Click on the question to reveal the answer.

Twenty-one cats were given 300g of tuna each. The time in seconds was measured until they had eaten all of the tuna:

16, 18, 18, 22, 22, 23, 23, 24, 26, 29, 32, 34, 34, 36, 36, 42, 43, 46, 46, 49, 57

• Compute the median.
• Compute the lower quartile.
• Compute the upper quartile.
• Compute the interquartile range.  

Answer choices

• 32 seconds        
• 22.5 seconds     
• 42.5 seconds     

Answer: 32 seconds

An experimenter measured 30 children’s IQ. He then rank-ordered the children and assigned them a score from 30 (most intelligent) to 1 (least intelligent) to create a new variable. Does this new variable consist of: 

• Nominal data    
• Interval data      
• Ordinal data

Answer: Ordinal data

When items on a questionnaire appear to correspond to the construct that the questionnaire claims to measure it is said to have:

• Factorial validity              
• Ecological validity
• Content validity
• Criterion validity

Answer: Content validity

Variation due to some genuine effect is known as:

Answer choices      

• Unsystematic variation  
• Systematic variation
• Homogeneous variance
• Residual variance

Answer: Systematic variation

The degree to which a statistical model represents the data collected is known as the:

• Fit          
• Homogeneity    
• Reliability           

Answer: Fit

Ordinal level data are characterized by:

• Equal intervals between each adjacent score.     
• A fixed zero.      
• Data that can be meaningfully arranged by order of magnitude.
• None of the above. 

Answer: Data that can be meaningfully arranged by order of magnitude

For what is the ‘variable view’ in IBM SPSS’s data editor used?

• Entering data.   
• Writing syntax.
• Viewing output from data analysis.
• Defining characteristics of variables.

Answer: Defining characteristics of variables

Which of the following is the least affected by outliers?

Answer choices     

• The standard deviation

Answer: The median

What symbol represents the test statistic for the Mann–Whitney test?

The covariance is:

• All of these.
• A measure of the strength of relationship between two variables.
• Dependent on the units of measurement of the variables.
• An unstandardized version of the correlation coefficient.

Answer: All of these

R2 is known as the:

• Coefficient of determination.
• Multiple correlation coefficient.
• Partial correlation coefficient.
• Semi-partial correlation coefficient.

Answer: Coefficient of determination

• Used to correct for unmeasured variables that could affect the outcome variable.
• Is a method of portioning the results of ANOVAs to investigate where differences between independent variables lie.
• Is a robust version of ANOVA.
• An extension of ANOVA that partials out the effect of other measured variables.

Answer: An extension of ANOVA that partials out the effect of other measured variables

How many dependent variables does a two-way ANOVA have?

Answer: One

A researcher measured the same group of people’s physiological reactions while watching horror films and compared them to when watching comedy films, and a documentary about wildlife. The resulting data were normally distributed. What test should be used to analyse the data?

• Independent analysis of variance
• Repeated-measures analysis of variance
• Kruskal–Wallis test
• Friedman’s ANOVA

Answer: Repeated-measures analysis of variance

Which of the following statements about MANOVA is correct?

• MANOVA is appropriate for data that have one or more dependent variables and more than two independent variables.
• MANOVA is appropriate for data with two or more dependent variables and one or more independent variables.
• MANOVA is appropriate for data with two or more dependent variables and only one independent variable.
• MANOVA is appropriate for data with only one dependent variable and more than three independent variables.

Answer: MANOVA is appropriate for data with two or more dependent variables and one or more independent variables. 

A Cronbach’s alpha value of .85 for a questionnaire means that:

• The questionnaire is valid.
• The questionnaire has good reliability.
• The questionnaire has too few items.

The questionnaire would produce different scores if used on the same people at two different points in time.

Answer: The questionnaire has good reliability.

A researcher asked 933 people what their favourite type of TV programme was: news, documentary, soap or sports. They could only choose one answer. As such, the researcher had the number of people who chose each category of programme. How should she analyse these data?

• One-way analysis of variance
• Chi-square test

Answer: Chi-square test

Chi-square is used to analyse:

• Frequencies
• Any of these

Answer: Frequencies

Using a goodness-of-fit test, we can assess whether a set of obtained frequencies differ from a set of _______ frequencies:

Answer: Expected

Logistic regression is used when you want to:

• Predict a dichotomous variable from continuous or dichotomous variables.
• Predict a continuous variable from dichotomous variables.
• Predict any categorical variable from several other categorical variables.
• Predict a continuous variable from dichotomous or continuous variables.

Answer: Predict a dichotomous variable from continuous or dichotomous variables

In binary logistic regression:

• The dependent variable is continuous.
• The dependent variable is divided into two equal subcategories.
• The dependent variable consists of two categories.
• There is no dependent variable.

Answer: The dependent variable consists of two categories. 

Snapsolve any problem by taking a picture. Try it in the Numerade app?

A Researcher Asked 933 People Which Type of Programme They

Question 17

A researcher asked 933 people which type of programme they prefer to watch on television. Results are below.  News   Dexumentaries   Soaps   Sport   Total   Women  108 123 187 62 480  Men  130 123 68 132 453  Total  238 246 255 194 933 \begin{array} { | l | l | l | l | l | l | } \hline & \text { News } & \text { Dexumentaries } & \text { Soaps } & \text { Sport } & \text { Total } \\\hline \text { Women } & 108 & 123 & 187 & 62 & 480 \\\hline \text { Men } & 130 & 123 & 68 & 132 & 453 \\\hline \text { Total } & 238 & 246 & 255 & 194 & 933 \\\hline\end{array}  Women   Men   Total  ​  News  108 130 238 ​  Dexumentaries  123 123 246 ​  Soaps  187 68 255 ​  Sport  62 132 194 ​  Total  480 453 933 ​ ​ A chi-square test produced the SPSS output below. What can we conclude from this output? \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad Chi-Square Tests \text {Chi-Square Tests} Chi-Square Tests  Value   df   Asymp. Sig.  ( 2 -sided)    Pearson Chi-Square  82.11 2 a 3 . 000  Likelihood Ratio  84.840 3 . 000  Linear-by-Linear  . 105 1 . 746  Association   Nof Valid Cases  933 \begin{array}{|l|r|r|r|} \hline & {\text { Value }} & {\text { df }} & {\begin{array}{c}\text { Asymp. Sig. } \\(2 \text {-sided) }\end{array}} \\\hline \text { Pearson Chi-Square } & 82.112^{a} & 3 & .000 \\\text { Likelihood Ratio } & 84.840 & 3 & .000 \\\text { Linear-by-Linear } & .105 & 1 & .746 \\\text { Association } \\\text { Nof Valid Cases }& 933 & &\\ \hline \end{array}  Pearson Chi-Square   Likelihood Ratio   Linear-by-Linear   Association   Nof Valid Cases  ​  Value  82.11 2 a 84.840 .105 933 ​  df  3 3 1 ​  Asymp. Sig.  ( 2 -sided)   ​ .000 .000 .746 ​ ​ a. 0 cells ( 0 % ) (0 \%) ( 0% ) have expected count less than 5 . The minimum expected count is 94.19 .

A) The profile of programmes watched was significantly different between men and women. B) Women watched significantly more programmes than men. C) Significantly more soap operas were watched. D) Men and women watch similar types of programmes.

Correct Answer:

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Q9: How are the degrees of freedom calculated

Q10: Imagine you conducted a study to look

Q11: Recent research has shown that women who

Q12: Which of the following statements about loglinear

Q13: Which of the following statements about the

Q14: Which of the hypotheses below would be

Q15: What does Fisher's exact probability show? A)It is

Q16: If the assumption of expected frequencies is

Q18: Imagine that you are conducting a one-variable

Q19: In loglinear analysis, the saturated model: A)All of

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Elektrostal

Elektrostal Localisation : Country Russia , Oblast Moscow Oblast . Available Information : Geographical coordinates , Population, Area, Altitude, Weather and Hotel . Nearby cities and villages : Noginsk , Pavlovsky Posad and Staraya Kupavna .

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Us marine pilot arrested in australia worked with chinese hacker, lawyer says.

A former U.S. Marine pilot fighting extradition from Australia on U.S. charges of training Chinese military pilots to land on aircraft carriers, unknowingly worked with a Chinese hacker, his lawyer said.

ASU scholar put on leave after video of him confronting woman wearing hijab goes viral

An Arizona State University scholar is on leave after a video of him screaming profanities into the face of a woman wearing a hijab went viral.

Jonathan Yudelman , a postdoctoral research scholar at the university, was put on leave the school said in a statement sent to USA TODAY.

"ASU is aware of the allegations against Jonathan Yudelman and is investigating them," said a university spokesperson. Yudelman will remain on leave pending the outcome of the investigation.

USA TODAY asked if the leave was paid or unpaid and has yet to hear back from the university.

Live updates on protests: Police break up demonstration at UChicago; NYU students protest outside trustees' homes

Warning: Video contains explicit language

What happened at asu protest.

At the start of the video, Yudelman is seen moving towards a woman wearing a hijab. She is backing up and trying to get away from him as he follows here on a sidewalk.

"You're literally-" the woman said before Yudelman started mimicking her.

"I'm literally in your face, that's right," said Yudelman.

The video was recorded outside of the ASU campus on Sunday during a pro-Israel rally, reports NBC News.

Another man seen with Yudelman at the start of the video is heard speaking over the two.

"If you don't like it, go back to Jihad," he said to the woman.

USA TODAY asked the spokesperson if the man had any ties to ASU, but has not received a response yet. The man is still unidentified.

Yudelman and the other man then back the woman into a tree that is next to the street.

"You're disrespecting my religious boundaries," said the woman.

"You disrespect my sense of humanity, [expletive,]" replied Yudelman as he moved closer to the woman, who had her back to the street now.

The men stopped following the woman when another person could be heard screaming at them to leave her alone. A woman begins to scream "Hate crime!" and the woman who was being followed grabs a bike that was thrown on the sidewalk.

The men return and begin asking the person recording about their opinion on the Hamas attack that occurred on October 7, 2023.

It is unknown what happened before the recording started, but at the end of the video, the woman in the hijab can be heard saying that they were "literally just standing here."

Julia is a trending reporter for USA TODAY. She has covered various topics, from local businesses and government in her hometown, Miami, to tech and pop culture.   You can follow her on  X, formerly known as Twitter ,  Instagram  and  TikTok : @juliamariegz

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Since Bumble’s initial public offering in 2021, the company’s stock price has dropped 86 percent . Bumble isn’t alone in this decline ; Match Group’s stock price has also suffered in the same time period.

“There are currently so many dating apps,” Kathryn D. Coduto, an assistant professor of media science at Boston University, said. The feeling, she said, among people with whom she has spoken in her research is: “Which of these apps can fulfill what users are looking for? Maybe none of them.”

Ms. Jones countered that millions of people around the world continue to rely on dating apps. In 2023, Bumble had 42 million active monthly users across its brands.

Half of U.S. adults under 30 have tried out a dating app or website , according to Pew — but those users are rarely impressed by what they find. An Axios/Generation Lab survey of nearly 1,000 college and graduate students found that most of the respondents rarely opened their dating apps.

In recent years, competitors have also been turning up the heat on mainstream players like Bumble. A crop of new apps use machine learning to help people start and continue conversations with potential dates. At least one dating app goes even further, promising to conduct initial conversations on behalf of its users, via chatbots .

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Ms. Wolfe Herd said that she envisioned a tool in which A.I. functions as something of a personal assistant. “Your A.I. bot goes out, interfaces with thousands of profiles, comes back with 30 that it thinks are right for you,” she said. Then, she added, the bot could hold basic conversations on your behalf and could filter out responses that are rude or not aligned with your values.

In contrast, however, some online dating companies are fighting app fatigue by trying to get people off their phones, through dinners with strangers , connections forged over favorite local spots , and chaotic singles parties where guests bring a match from Tinder as a plus one.

“People are craving the sense of a spontaneous connection,” Ms. Wolfe Herd said. But, she doesn’t see this desire as the end of dating apps, she said: “The reality is, technology is just too good, and it’s too convenient, and it’s too helpful.”

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Geographic coordinates of Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast, Russia

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Coordinates of Elektrostal in decimal degrees

Coordinates of elektrostal in degrees and decimal minutes, utm coordinates of elektrostal, geographic coordinate systems.

WGS 84 coordinate reference system is the latest revision of the World Geodetic System, which is used in mapping and navigation, including GPS satellite navigation system (the Global Positioning System).

Geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) define a position on the Earth’s surface. Coordinates are angular units. The canonical form of latitude and longitude representation uses degrees (°), minutes (′), and seconds (″). GPS systems widely use coordinates in degrees and decimal minutes, or in decimal degrees.

Latitude varies from −90° to 90°. The latitude of the Equator is 0°; the latitude of the South Pole is −90°; the latitude of the North Pole is 90°. Positive latitude values correspond to the geographic locations north of the Equator (abbrev. N). Negative latitude values correspond to the geographic locations south of the Equator (abbrev. S).

Longitude is counted from the prime meridian ( IERS Reference Meridian for WGS 84) and varies from −180° to 180°. Positive longitude values correspond to the geographic locations east of the prime meridian (abbrev. E). Negative longitude values correspond to the geographic locations west of the prime meridian (abbrev. W).

UTM or Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system divides the Earth’s surface into 60 longitudinal zones. The coordinates of a location within each zone are defined as a planar coordinate pair related to the intersection of the equator and the zone’s central meridian, and measured in meters.

Elevation above sea level is a measure of a geographic location’s height. We are using the global digital elevation model GTOPO30 .

Elektrostal , Moscow Oblast, Russia

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