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essay on disaster management drishti ias

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[Disaster Series] Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

This year, to mark the fifth anniversary of the Sendai Framework, United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction released the first snapshot of the statistics available in the online report, “Monitoring the Implementation of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2020-2030: A Snapshot of Reporting for 2018”. Sendai Framework has proven to be significant in understanding disasters and ensuring international cooperation to reduce their risks to human lives.

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This topic of “[Disaster Series] Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030” is important from the perspective of the UPSC IAS Examination , which falls under General Studies Portion.

What is Sendai Framework for Disaster Reduction 2015-2030?

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 is an international agreement that aims to prevent disaster risks across the globe .
It aims to strengthen social and economic resilience to ease the adverse effects of climate change , manmade disasters and natural hazards.
It was adopted by UN member states between 14 and 18 th March 2015 at the World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction , that was held in Sendai, Japan .
It is a successor agreement to the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015).
It applies to the risk of small-scale and large scale, frequent and infrequent, sudden and slow-onset disasters caused by both natural and manmade disasters.

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What are the priorities for action set by Sendai Framework?

The Sendai Framework sets four priorities for action. They are as follows:

Understanding disaster risk:

Disaster risk management should be based on the understanding of disaster risk in all its dimensions of vulnerability, capacity, exposure of persons and assets, hazard characteristics and the environment.
This knowledge can be used for risk assessment, prevention, mitigation, preparedness and response.

Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk:

It is vital to have strong disaster risk governance at the national, regional and global levels so that the management of disaster risk reduction (DRR) is ensured in all sectors.
It (disaster risk governance) is also necessary for ensuring the consistency of national and local frameworks of laws, regulations and public policies that, by defining goals and responsibilities, will guide and incentivize the public and private sectors to take task action and address disaster risk.

Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience:

It is vital to ensure public and private investment in disaster risk prevention and reduction through structural and non-structural measures.
These investments should be used to enhance the economic, social, health and cultural resilience of persons, communities, countries and their assets as well as the environment.
This will also promote innovation, growth and employment
It is also cost-effective and instrumental to save lives, prevent and reduce losses and ensure effective recovery and rehabilitation.

Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction:

Disaster preparedness must be strengthened for more efficient response and also to ensure the existence of capacities that enable effective recovery at all levels.
The recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction strategy for disaster must be prepared ahead so that there is an opportunity to “build back better” through the integration of disaster risk reduction (DRR) measures.
This strategy must be inclusive, with a higher emphasis on vulnerable communities and their development.

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What are the targets outlined under the Sendai Framework that needs to be achieved between 2015 and 2030?

The targets outlined under the Sendai Framework are as follows:

Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030
Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030
Reduce the direct disaster-related economic losses in relation to GDP by 2030
Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and basic utilities, including healthcare and education facilities , by improving their resilience by 2030
Increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020
Enhance international cooperation to provide adequate and sustainable support for developing nations to enable them to implement disaster prevention framework by 2020
Substantially increase people’s opportunities to access multi-hazard early warning system and disaster risk information and assessments by 2030

What is Sendai Framework Monitor?

The Sendai Framework Monitor, which was launched on 1 st March 2018, is an online tool that aims to collect data on achieving the targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.
It was launched by the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR).
It is based on a set of 38 indicators that will track the progress in implementation of the Sendai Framework’s seven targets and related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) , especially SDG 1 (no poverty ), 11 (sustainable cities and communities) and 13 (climate action).
It will also help countries develop Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) strategies, make policy decisions and allocate resources to prevent new disaster risks.
All countries must use the Framework Monitor to report against the 38 indicators.

What are the major changes made in Sendai Framework?

Some of the major departures in the Sendai Framework are as follows:

For the first time, goals are defined in terms of outcome-based targets instead of focusing on sets of activities and actions.
It places governments at the centre of disaster risk reduction by giving high emphasis to the need for strengthening of disaster risk reduction.
There is a significant shift from the earlier emphasis on disaster management to addressing disaster risk management itself by focusing on the underlying drivers of risks.
It places almost equal importance to all kinds of disasters and not only those arising from natural hazards.
Along with social vulnerability, it also gives high focus to environmental aspects through strong recognition that the implementation of integrated environmental and natural resource management
Disaster risk reduction, more than before, is seen as a policy concern that cuts across many sectors, including health and education.

What was found in the recently released statistics from Sendai Framework Monitor?

Since the launch of Sendai Framework Monitor two years ago, the UN member states have increased their efforts to systematically record their losses in line with Sendai Framework’s seven targets.
This year, the UNDRR had released the first snapshot of the statistics now available in the online report.
It revealed that there is a much greater loss of life from disaster than previous reports as the impact of smaller recurring events that usually not recorded.
In 2018, 82 countries with a total population of 4 billion , including 33 least developed and landlocked developing countries, reported 22,000 deaths and 1,900 missing due to disasters. This is the double of previously published figures.
During the same year, 72 countries with a combined population of 3.7 billion reported that 8 million people (Asia and the Pacific accounting for 69%) had their homes damaged or destroyed and close to 25 million (Asia and the Pacific accounting for 74%) had their livelihood damaged or destroyed.
A sample of 63 countries reporting on their direct economic losses for 2018 recorded losses of $13 billion in agriculture out of the total $17.5 billion .
This number includes 28 least developed or landlocked developing countries and small island developing states. These countries reported the heaviest losses in their agricultural sector, followed by damage to critical infrastructure.
While these are lesser than that of Europe in terms of absolute economic value, they are significant when seen as a percentage of GDP of these countries and have undoubtedly undermined efforts to achieve the SDGs, including the eradication of poverty.
The Sendai Framework Monitor provides an opportunity for these countries to report systematically on their economic losses, which mainly stem from extreme weather events, particularly due to floods , storms and drought .
This helps build the case for climate justice and greater transparency and accountability of those responsible for the continued rise in greenhouse emission.
These are also countries that are most vulnerable to the systematic nature of risk revealed by the spread of COVID-19 , which is disrupting almost all aspects of lives.
Sendai Conference has made a lasting impact as 81 countries are now reporting progress on putting in place national and local strategies for disaster risk reduction aligned with Sendai Framework to meet the 2020 deadline.

What were the initiatives taken by the Indian government post-Sendai Declaration?

In November 2016, India had hosted the Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Reduction (AMCDRR) and had adopted “New Delhi Declaration” and “ Asian Regional Plan for Implementation of the Sendai Framework ”.
The New Delhi Declaration is a political statement spelling out the commitments of participating governments towards preventing and reducing disaster risk and strengthening the resilience of communities and nations in Asia. It recognises the need to accelerate the implementation of global frameworks and commits to a people-centred and whole-of-society approach towards DRR.
The ‘Asian Regional Plan for Implementation of the Sendai Framework’ focuses on how to reduce disaster risk at local and national levels.
At the AMCDRR, Prime Minister Narendra Modi put forth ten-point agenda for the implementation of disaster risk reduction, which is as follows:
Ensure all development projects (schools, airports, roads, canals, hospitals, bridges etc.) are built to appropriate disaster-resilient standards.
Work towards risk coverage for all – starting from poor households to small and medium enterprises to MNCs to nation-states.
Encourage greater involvement and leadership of women in disaster risk management.
Invest in risk mapping globally for all hazards
Leverage technology to enhance the efficiency of disaster risk management efforts.
Develop a network of universities to work on disaster issues
Utilize the opportunities provided by social media and mobile technologies
Build on local capacities and initiatives
Ensure that the opportunity to learn from a disaster is not wasted. Establish a facility for technical support to the post-disaster reconstruction of houses
Bring about greater cohesion in the international response to disasters
The Central Government had issued a priority action to all state governments based on goals, targets and priorities of Sendai Framework
The government is also involved in sharing India’s expertise and helping other countries in disaster response.
It is playing a critical role in promoting regional cooperation by hosting the SAARC Disaster Management Centre, which is involved in reducing disaster risk in the region and promoting knowledge sharing among SAARC nations.
On February this year, India conducted 2 nd BIMSTEC Disaster Management Exercise in Odisha with a high emphasis on how to protect heritage sites during the times of disasters. This exercise allows member states to evaluate their capabilities and share their best emergency response practices.
Recently, it had also proposed COVID-19 emergency fund and had committed $10 million for the same. At the same time, it offered the Integrated Disease Surveillance Portal (IDSP) software, which is currently being used to identify and monitor those with exposure to COVID-19.
The government had also strengthened the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) through improvement in training and technology. It had also approved the creation of the National Disaster Response Reserve (NDRR). NDRR will help NDRF will help maintain a record of inventory of emergency goods and services.
Additionally, Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) also provides early warning to not only India but also 28 countries in the Indian Ocean Rim.
India has released the National Disaster Management Plan based on the Sendai Framework’s four priorities. It has a regional approach that integrated developmental planning with disaster management.

Conclusion:

The end of this decade will reveal how successful or not the Sendai Framework has been in reducing disaster losses, especially losses of life and the number of people affected by disasters. From the recently released report, it is evident that the framework has played a crucial role in the world’s improved understanding of the threat posed by the disasters in human lives. With this knowledge, it is critical to ensure cooperation in reducing the disaster impact, especially in vulnerable nations in Asia and the Pacific.

Practice question for mains:

Critically examine the significance of Sendai Framework. How can the countries use it to reduce their losses due to disasters? (250 words)

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UPSC MAINS TOPIC WISE PAPER : Disaster Management

NEW! UPSC MAINS G.S. SOLVED PAPERS (LAST 15 Years)

Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. (UPSC 2020)
Disaster preparedness is the first step in any disaster management process. Explain how hazard zonation mapping will help in disaster mitigation in the case of landslides. (UPSC 2019)
Vulnerability is an essential element for defining disaster impacts and its threat to people. How and in what ways can vulnerability to disasters be characterized? Discuss different types of vulnerability with reference to disasters. (UPSC 2019)
Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)’. How is this framework different from ‘Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005? (UPSC 2018)
On December 2004, tsunami brought havoc on 14 countries including India. Discuss the factors responsible for occurrence of Tsunami and its effects on life and economy. In the light of guidelines of NDMA (2010) describe the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (UPSC 2017)
The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods. highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (UPSC 2016)
With reference to National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines,discuss the measures to be adopted to mitigate the impact of the recent incidents of cloudbursts in many places of Uttarakhand. (UPSC 2016)
The frequency of earthquakes appears to have increased in the Indian subcontinent. However, India's preparedness for mitigating their impact has significant gaps. Discuss various aspects. (UPSC 2015)
Drought has been recognised as a disaster in view of its party expense, temporal duration, slow onset and lasting effect on various vulnerable sections. With a focus on the September 2010 guidelines from the National disaster management authority, discuss the mechanism for preparedness to deal with the El Nino and La Nina fallouts in India. (UPSC 2014)
How important are vulnerability and risk assessment for pre-disaster management. As an administrator, what are key areas that you would focus in a disaster management. (UPSC 2013)
Composition and functions of the National Executive Comittee of the National Disaster Management Authority (UPSC 2012)

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Disaster management

Disaster management act 2005, 2nd A.R.C recommendations
Coalition for disaster risk reduction, Sendai framework & PM’s 10 point agenda
Role of local bodies in disaster management: role, challenges & suggestions
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Disaster Management For UPSC Exam

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Disaster Management Current Affairs For UPSC

There is a risk that throughout their time as a Civil Services officer, they will have to deal with unforeseen occurrences, such as disasters (Natural or Man-made).

To guarantee that our country’s future administrators are well-versed in disaster management and the proper strategy to dealing with calamities, UPSC has placed a strong emphasis on disaster management in UPSC Mains General Studies Paper 3.

Furthermore, India has experienced and been affected by a number of large-scale natural catastrophes in recent years. Cyclone Amphan, the Locust Attack, the Kerala and Assam Floods, the Assam Oil and Gas Leak, the Uttrakhand Floods, and other natural disasters have wreaked havoc on people’s life.

In addition, a considerable number of questions from this part are asked on the exam. As a result, throughout the UPSC test preparation, it is critical to study disaster and its management in depth.

Before we go into the ideas for disaster preparedness, let’s define disaster and disaster management.

The Disaster Management component of the GS Paper 3 necessitates a strategic approach and a thorough awareness of catastrophic disasters that have occurred in the past. However, for appropriate preparation, you need follow the guidelines given below:

Make sure you know everything there is to know about the National Policy on Disaster Management. This will assist you in crafting your responses with all of the necessary data, facts, and numbers. Identify and research all potential calamities in India, such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, tsunamis, landslides, and so on.
Study man-made disasters include chemical spills, explosions, railroad accidents, dam bursts, and gas leaks, among others.
To make your Mains answers more appealing, refer to the NDMA recommendations for all disasters and try to include them into your answers.
Examine the methods and steps taken by the NDMA and SDMA during recent disasters to gain a better understanding of how these bodies operate.
Keep track of all bilateral and multilateral disaster relief initiatives and include them into your responses. For example, the Sendai Framework and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) were established.

Follow the Legacy IAS’s YouTube Channel for current affairs related events on Disaster Management.

International Conference on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure

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Disaster Management Previous Year Questions (PYQs) | UPSC Mains Examination

On this page you will find all the updates related to the previous year questions of subject Disaster Management for UPSC IAS Mains examination.

Previous Year Disaster Management Questions UPSC Mains Exam: Disaster management is critical in the face of natural calamities such as drought, floods, and earthquakes. As a result, when preparing, the applicant should concentrate on all of the crucial aspects of Disaster Management. The number of questions from the Disaster Management Syllabus is not fixed.

Referring to the disaster management PYQ UPSC will help you understand the pattern and type of questions asked. In the Mains test, candidates can expect 1 to 2 questions from the topic.

Q.1) Dam failures are always catastrophic, especially on the downstream side, resulting in a colossal loss of life and property. Analyse the various causes of dam failures. Give two examples of large dam failures. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2023]

Q.2) Explain the mechanism and occurrence of cloudburst in the context of the Indian subcontinent. Discuss two recent examples. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2022]

Q.3) Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India. What are the available coastal management techniques for combating the hazard? [250 words] [15 Marks] [2022]

Q.4) Describe the various causes and the effects of landslides. Mention components of the important components of National Landslide Risk Management strategy. [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2021]

Q.5) Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2021]

Q.6) Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2020]

Q.7) Vulnerability is an essential element for defining disaster impacts and its threat to people. How and in what ways can vulnerability to disasters be characterized? Discuss different types of vulnerability with reference to disasters. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2019]

Q.8) Disaster preparedness is the first step in any disaster management process. Explain how hazard zonation mapping will help disaster mitigation in the case of landslides. [250 Words] [15 marks] [2019]

Q.9) Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)’. How is this framework different from ‘Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005’? [250 Words] [15 marks] [2018]

Q.10) On December 2004, tsunami brought havoc on 14 countries including India. Discuss the factors responsible for occurrence of Tsunami and its effects on life and economy. In the light of guidelines of NDMA (2010) describe the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. [250 Words] [15 marks] [2017]

Q.11) The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. [200 Words] [12.5 Marks] [2016]

Q.12) With reference to National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines, discuss the measures to be adopted to mitigate the impact of the recent incidents of cloudbursts in many places of Uttarakhand. [200 Words] [12.5 Marks] [2016]

Q.13) The frequency of earthquakes appears to have increased in the Indian subcontinent. However, India’s preparedness for mitigating their impact has significant gaps. Discuss various aspects. [200 Words] [12.5 Marks] [2015]

Q.14) Drought has been recognized as a disaster in view of its spatial expanse, temporal duration, slow onset and lasting effects on vulnerable sections. With a focus on the September 2010 guidelines from the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), discuss the mechanisms for preparedness to deal with likely El Nino and La Nina fall outs in India. [200 Words] [12.5 Marks] [2014]

Q.15) How important are vulnerability and risk assessment for pre-disaster management? As an administrator, what are key areas that you would focus on in a Disaster Management System? [200 Words] [10 Marks] [2013]

Trends of Disaster Management PYQs For UPSC Mains

In 2023, one question was asked on dam failures. In 2022 only one question from the section related to the mechanism of cloudburst and causes and effects of coastal erosion in India was asked. In 2021, two questions were asked from disaster management from National Landslide Risk Management Strategy and earthquake related hazards. In the year 2020 one question was asked on the governmental measures for disaster management . In 2019 two questions were raised from the hazard zonation mapping and vulnerability types related to disasters.

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UPSC Mains Previous Year Questions -Disaster Management

Posted Date March 2, 2023

1. Explain the mechanism and occurrence of cloudburst in the context of the Indian subcontinent. Discuss two recent examples.

1. Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades.

2. Describe the various causes and the effects of landslides. Mention the important components of the National Landslide Risk Management Strategy.

1. Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach.

1. Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-30)’. How is this framework different from ‘Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005’?

1. On December 2004, tsunami brought havoc on fourteen countries including India. Discuss the factors responsible for occurrence of tsunami and its effects on life and economy. In the light of guidelines of NDMA (2010) describe the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events.

1. The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events.

2. With reference to National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines, discuss the measures to be adopted to mitigate the impact of recent incidents of cloudbursts in many places of Uttarakhand.

1. The frequency of earthquakes appears to have increased in the Indian subcontinent. However, India’s preparedness for mitigating their impact has significant gaps. Discuss various aspects.

1. Drought has been recognized as a disaster in view of its spatial expanse, temporal duration, slow onset and lasting effects on vulnerable sections. With a focus on the September 2010 guidelines from the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), discuss the mechanisms for preparedness to deal with likely El Niño and La Niña fallouts in India.

1. How important are vulnerability and risk assessment for pre-disaster management? As an administrator, what are key areas that you would focus on in a Disaster Management System.

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Previous Year Questions on Disaster Management for UPSC Mains GS-3

Disaster Management is an important topic in UPSC Mains GS 3 of the Civil Services Examination (CSE.) This article will provide you with a set of Disaster Management Questions asked in the Mains GS 3 of the IAS Exam over the years.

Candidates can get topic-wise GS 3 questions from the links provided in the table below:

For details of UPSC Mains , check the linked article.

GS 3 Disaster Management Questions (Year-Wise)

The tables below will provide Disaster Management questions for UPSC Mains GS 3 from the year 2013-2021. Candidates can refer to the detailed GS 3 Structure, Syllabus and Strategy in the linked article.

Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades. (Answer in 150 words)
Describe the various causes and the effects of landslides. Mention the important components of the National Landslide Risk Management Strategy. (Answer in 250 words)
Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach.
Vulnerability is an essential element for defining disaster impacts and its threat to people. How and in what ways can vulnerability to disasters be characterized? Discuss different types of vulnerability with reference to disasters.
Disaster preparedness is the first step in any disaster management process. Explain how hazard zonation mapping will help disaster mitigation in the case of landslides.
Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)’. How is this framework different from ‘Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005’? (250 Words, 15 Marks)
In December 2004, a tsunami brought havoc on 14 countries including India. Discuss the factors responsible for the occurrence of Tsunami and its effects on life and economy. In the light of guidelines of NDMA (2010) describe the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events.
With reference to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines, discuss the measures to be adopted to mitigate the impact of recent incidents of cloudbursts in many places of Uttarakhand.
The frequency of earthquakes appears to have increased in the Indian subcontinent. However, India’s preparedness for mitigating their impact has significant gaps. Discuss various aspects.
In 2012, the longitudinal marking of the high-risk areas for piracy was moved from 65° East to 78° east in the Arabian Sea by the International Maritime organisation. What impact does this have on India’s maritime security concerns?
Drought has been recognized as a disaster in view of its party expense, temporal duration, slow onset and lasting effect on various vulnerable sections. With a focus on the September 2010 guidelines from the National disaster management authority, discuss the mechanism for preparedness to deal with the El Nino and La Nina fallouts in India.
How important is vulnerability and risk assessment for pre-disaster management? As an administrator, what are key areas that you would focus on in a Disaster Management System?

Candidates can get UPSC Previous Year Question Papers from the linked article.

Disaster Management Questions for UPSC Mains GS 3:- Download PDF Here

To get the topic-wise GS 3 questions for UPSC Mains and Subject-Wise questions for UPSC Prelims in one place, check the linked articles below:

Topic-wise GS 3 questions for UPSC Mains
Topic Wise UPSC Prelims Questions PDF

GS 3 Disaster Management Related Links:

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Essay on Disaster Management

List of essays on disaster management, essay on disaster management – short essay (essay 1 – 150 words), essay on disaster management in india (essay 2 – 250 words), essay on disaster management – for school students (class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 standard) (essay 3 – 300 words), essay on disaster management (essay 4 – 400 words), essay on disaster management – written in english (essay 5 – 500 words), essay on disaster management (essay 6 – 600 words), essay on disaster management – for college and university students (essay 7 – 750 words), essay on disaster management – long essay for competitive exams like ias, ips, civil services and upsc (essay 8 – 1000 words).

It is important to note that natural disasters can happen at any time and this means that adequate measures and tools must be put in place to help battle or ease the effects and impact of disasters when they happen.

Audience: The below given essays are exclusively written for school students (Class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 standard), college and university students. Furthermore, those students preparing for competitive exams like IAS, IPS, Civil Services and UPSC can also increase their knowledge by reading these essays.

‘Disaster Management’ is a must for every country. No country is immune to disasters.

What is meant by Disaster?

Disaster is something that interrupts the normal functioning of a community; it results in a great loss of life and property that cannot be stopped or sorted out immediately. Two main types of disasters are explained below:-

Natural Disasters – These disasters are caused by nature and they are far beyond human control. Earth quakes, floods, hurricanes, tsunami are few examples.

Man-Made Disasters – These disasters are caused by humans either unknowingly or purposefully. Few examples are Fire accidents, nuclear attacks, wars, conflicts etc.,

The Importance of Disaster Management:

Disaster Management is a system or a well-designed plan by which the hazards of a disaster is reduced. It is the effort that the government takes to tackle any unexpected situation. The world has been a victim of many disasters, still it survives because of the efficient disaster management systems that every country possesses.

Conclusion:

Disasters result in damage. Disasters cannot be stopped but disaster management can be strengthened.

A disaster is an intense troubling disturbance in the working of a country and society as it usually affects a large section of the population and causes massive damage. To deal with such disasters there comes in place disaster management. India is a country prone to disasters such as floods and doubts, earthquakes, Tsunamis and landslides happening every year in different parts of the country. In fact, there is no such nation which is protected from disasters.

Disaster Management in India:

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is the body under the Ministry of Home Affairs which has been set to deal with the disaster management in India. NDMA was formed on 30 May 2005 under the Disaster Management Act. Its duties are to lay down the policies on the steps required to be taken for disaster management and take suitable measures to help people and Government in times of disaster.

Prevention and Control in Times of Disaster:

Various exercises should be performed in case of a disaster. Disaster Management includes the coordination, direction, and full control, quick evaluation of harm, rebuilding of intensity, media transmission and surface transport, the sending of inquiry and save groups, medicals and para-medicinal groups, water for drinking and food material, setting up of transitory asylums, sanitation and cleanliness ID and reserving of assets, last yet not minimal, upkeep of lawfulness is similarly critical.

However, it must be noted that it is not the responsibility of the Government alone to help people in times of disaster. Every single individual must take a functioning part in disaster management in order to decrease the loss of life and resources.

Introduction:

Chaos, mass death of human beings and livestock, increased crime rate are some of the effects of disasters. Disasters are negative occurrences that lead to widespread panic and fear. They also cripple the society’s ability to respond to its causes.

Disasters can be natural or man-made. In both cases, they can lead to great loss of lives and properties. In extreme cases, there can be a combination of man-made and natural disasters. For instance, armed conflicts and scarcity of food. Therefore, disaster management is necessary to curb or stop immense loss and damage.

Disaster management can be in form of disaster prevention, disaster awareness, and preparation. These concepts shall be considered below.

Disaster Prevention:

Countries all over the world have adopted steps to prevent the widespread of diseases or viruses. These steps include funding of researches for the eradication of natural disasters. Other forms of fundings include food provision, provision of health care amenities etc. The latter is usually employed in economically disadvantaged areas in Africa and the Middle East.

Also, Predictions of possible natural disasters have been made possible by improved scientific researches. For instance, equipment has been developed to adequately detect earthquakes and tsunamis. This has led to growing voices for environmental consciousness. Consciousness in this sense translates to the reduction in all forms of environmental pollution.

Disaster Awareness and Preparation:

Disaster awareness is another way of curbing excesses of widespread epidemics. Members of the public need to be sensitized of the need to keep the peace, de-escalate dangerous situations and to have a safety first approach to every potential disaster.

Management of disaster is aimed at reducing death rates and suffering of a human. When successful management of all these can be attained, the impact of disasters can be mitigated. Hence, the importance of the successful management of disaster cannot be overstated.

Disaster management is often the need of the hour and it is something which people truly need to be proficient in. Owing to the inhumane anthropogenic exploitation of mother earth, the occurrence of natural disaster has increased considerably.

Whenever a calamity occur, it is important to be well prepared for it. There is a science called disaster management which helps in both prevention and mitigation of the calamity.

Can you avert disasters?

Those who practise disaster management are of the opinion that by studying the minor signs and keeping a vigilant watch, we can warn about the disaster and thereby take the right actions.

Not only this, if we start undoing the damage and do our bit to preserve the environment, a lot of natural disasters can be avoided. Disaster management specialists are of the opinion that if we regulate the use, we can cut down on disasters like global warming, flash floods, drought and so on.

The Disaster Management Mitigation:

Even the mitigation steps are taught in thorough details to those who learn the dynamics of disaster management. When you are well versed in this science, you will be equipped with the different ways by which you can handle the mitigation.

Suppose a flood has occurred, knowing how to let the water recede and to keep an eye on the changing climate so as to offer alerts for any repeat floods could be a significant help. Along with this, there are several other ways by which we can negate the effect of a disaster.

Preparedness Factor:

The best use of disaster management has to be the fact that it can help you be prepared for it. Often the finest experts would launch a warning signal and thereby guide people about the right measures to be taken.

However for this to work, it is important to be watchful and vigilant. Sometimes, the calamities can strike without much of a forewarning and this in turn can create even more havoc.

The bottom line as stated by most disaster management experts is to start taking care of the environment which is the key reason for our survival. When you are doing your bit, you will find that nature will take care of its own as well. Of course, some calamities may strike from time to time but we can definitely cut down their instances significantly by nurturing and protecting this unique environment.

The world is faced by disaster, some are severe while some are manageable. Disasters are abrupt accidents that cause massive destruction of life and property including natural calamities. Disasters can either be natural or man-made. These disaster need emergency management to rehabilitate the damage caused. The management is done to contain the damage and to control the hazards of the disaster through a process of disaster management. The process is aimed at preventing disaster and mitigating the inevitable disasters. India is vulnerable to disaster like floods, droughts, landslide and earthquake. The disaster management efforts by Indian government have greatly improved over the years.

The Process of Disaster Management:

The process is divided into four phases of disaster management. The first phase is mitigation whereby the occurrence possibility of a disaster or the adverse effects need to be minimized. The actions include public education on the nature of the disaster and how they can prepare to protect themselves and the structural construction projects. These projects are aimed at minimizing loss of lives and destruction of property by the anticipated disaster.

Preparedness is the second phase of disaster management where the goal is to strengthen readiness to handle emergencies through programs by government. The preparedness is mostly directed towards lifesaving activities. Preparedness involves drafting of plans, developing communication systems, public education and exercises. The third phase is response where the disaster management team enacts the plans to maintain lives and reduce the numbers of affected population. The response is done by providing transport, shelter and food to the affected population. The damage is contained by repairs and temporary solutions are sought e.g., temporary residence for the affected population.

The final phase of disaster management is recovery. This is usually after the disaster has settled and damage has already been done. In recovery, the team tries to restore the livelihood of people and the infrastructure. Recovery is done either short term or long term. The aim is to restore a normal or better livelihood for the affected population. Health safety is emphasized during public education. Recovery phase enables the disaster management to transition into long-term solutions.

Challenges in Disaster Management:

The management of disaster is a challenging process and some deficiencies are encountered. In some countries, the specific hazards and disasters are not clear and so the government is unable to deploy disaster management in an unknown disaster. There is also the aspect of inadequacies when it comes to the technical and framework capability of a nation. Disaster management frameworks require support from the government. Although disaster management process involves public education, there is no aspect of psychological counselling for individuals because of the high population. People tend to suffer post-traumatic stress and psychiatric diseases.

Disaster management is an important activity and it should be adopted by countries in order to prevent the inevitable disasters and reduce the adverse effects of disasters. However, there are limitations of disaster management that reduce the capability of successful implementation of the strategies.

Disaster management is an important issue for modern life in the many populated cities of the world. Discovering the importance of proper disaster management is beneficial for all students who want to major in some aspect of urban planning or public health. The precise protocol for disaster management depends on the source of the disaster and everything you plan and do also depends on this factor.

Disaster Management for Natural Disasters:

One of the most predominant sources of potentially hazardous situations for human life and living are natural disasters, however, most people living in areas that are at risk know the proper disaster management for such situations. Natural disasters can be caused by any natural factor like the rain, or drought and they usually require from the community to prepare in advance for the disaster management. Sometimes no one can prepare for a surprise attack from nature and then the affected people need to improvise in their disaster management, this approach is avoided in all situations except in those that could not be avoided.

Disaster Management for Environmental Emergencies:

Disaster management in environmental emergencies is somewhat different than the previous one. First, of all, because these emergencies are caused by human factors like problems in the industry and transport so the designed disaster management has to be adapted for those situations. The additional factor is the fact that this type of disaster management usually requires the use and disposal of dangerous and poisonous chemicals.

Disaster Management for Complex Emergencies:

Disaster management in complex emergencies often requires the authorities to resolve social issues because of a break down in social order. Such situations can be dangerous for people’s lives because a general state of anarchy could break out and disaster management can become a bloody and vicious affair. Recently disaster management in complex political and social situations strives towards the implementation of weapons and tools that can do less physical harm when they are used and instead cause pain for the recipient.

Disaster Management for Pandemic:

Pandemics create a need for a special type of disaster management because of the presence of virulent microorganisms. Usually, pandemics cause health issues for the general public and they are addressed through medical means and with the aid of doctors. Disaster management in a pandemic should abide by strict protocol because there can be many sources of infection and the entire process would be additionally complicated if the medical workers get infected as well.

Disaster Management for Emergency Management:

All of the above-mentioned situations where disaster management is needed can be resolved by following four simple steps. So, even if we are not trained for a certain type of disaster, we can still get a good idea of what we have to do if such a situation does happen.

The first step is mitigation that is to get rid of the source of the disaster or reduce its impact. Preparedness is the best way and if you know a certain situation could come up make sure you have all that you need to get out of it. One more benefit is to train yourself with the right response for the emergency you are in. Finally, you have to think about recovery and finding ways to help people who might be in a worst position than you.

Disaster management is a complex process and sometimes it needs a lot of preparation, therefore everyone who knows they can end up in such an emergency position better do the smart thing and prepare in advance. The best thing is not to be surprised and to know the right things to do, however sometimes we can end up in a situation that we were not prepared for, that is when we need to keep a cool head, analyze the type of the disaster and follow these simple steps and we can make it out with the least amount of stress.

Disaster management has become very important and necessary in the world we live in today. A disaster can simply be said to be the extreme disruption of the functioning and workings of a habitat which causes varying degrees of environmental, material or human losses that are way more than the capacity and capability of the population that is affected to cope with employing its very own resources. Earthquakes, landslides, cyclones, tsunamis, floods and droughts are all some of the many examples of the disruptions know as disasters.

The disaster management is a discipline through which human beings do their very best to limit the feel of the damage caused by disasters. A disaster can sometimes be said to mean a situation that is very catastrophic where the usual pattern in life and the ecosystem is disturbed and there is a need for an emergency intervention to preserve and save lives or the environment. It is important to note that natural disasters can happen at any time and this means that adequate measures and tools must be put in place to help battle or ease the effects and impact of disasters when they happen.

Types of Disasters:

Basically, disasters are widely divided into two types namely:

1. Natural disasters

2. Manmade disasters

1. Natural Disaster:

This is a natural occurrence or a process that leads to the loss of many lives, causes injuries and other forms of health hazards, leads to the damage and loss of properties, loss of means of livelihood, causes a great damage to the environment and causes serious disruption to economic and social activities. Natural disasters include landslides, earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, blizzards, floods, cyclones and tsunamis.

2. Manmade Disaster:

Another name for the manmade disaster is complex emergency and it is as a result of major events like oil spills, fires, looting, transport accidents, nuclear radiations or explosions, terrorist attacks wars and so many more. Manmade disasters are sometimes the outcome of various technological hazards.

Effects of Disasters:

The indirect or direct impact or effect of disasters is always very dangerous, damaging and destructive. Human lives are lost, infrastructures that are in place are either damaged or destroyed, livestock and plants that are sources of food are destroyed during disasters. The losses and impacts of disasters can be felt for a lot of years and it might take a long period of time to move on from a particular disaster.

The Impacts of the Activities of Human Beings on Disasters (Natural Disasters):

Scientists and researchers have discovered and put forward that urbanisation, industrialisation and modernisation are negatively affecting the environment. As a result of the exploitation of the environment (nature), a lot of natural disasters like landslides and earthquakes are being created and their levels are being increased to a stage where they cause a large amount of loss of properties, animals and most importantly human life. Due to this, we need to take care our environment and take measures to battle global warming and climate change which are primary causes of some natural disasters like flooding and drought.

Disaster Management:

This is a non-stop act of trying to reduce the effect of disasters. Disaster management needs coordinated and collective efforts as just one person can’t do it. Some of the steps that should be taken when a disaster occurs include control and command, coordination, power restoration, quick assessment of the perceived damage, surface transport and telecommunication, the deployment of teams for search and rescue, availability of Para-medical and medical team, provision of food material and good drinking water, making temporary shelters available, hygiene and sanitation identification and the setting aside of resources, most importantly is the total maintenance of the given laws and also order.

The group of people most affected by and most susceptible to disaster are those that are poor. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to always be prepared for disasters and swiftly move into action any time they happen because it is necessary that we give rescue operations and immediate relief that can go a long way in saving a number of human beings and stop further damages to lives and properties as a result of the disaster.

Disaster management has become most of the most important things today as it enables us handle and curtail unforeseen situations effectively and efficiently. We must be ready and well equipped with all of the latest technologies and developments. Even though disaster management and all of its steps and processes can’t help prevent a disaster, they can go a long way to ensure that the effect and impacts of the disaster are not really felt.

Disaster management is the applied science or field of planning proper strategies to minimize the risk of future disasters while making ways to effectively deal with the damages caused by the occurred disasters.

The type of disaster management put into effect largely depends on the type of disaster. Disaster management also varies on other factors, such as direct and indirect impacts of any disaster.

Disaster management covers both natural and man-made disasters. Needless to say, most of the natural disasters occurring today are also an indirect result of human activities.

The natural disasters can be listed as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, cyclones, lightning, drought, floods, and forest fires, etc. The man-made disasters are any electrical, fire, road, or oil-spilling accident that cause demolition. The nuclear explosion, global warming, chemical warfare, etc., also fall under the category of man-made disasters.

Need for Disaster Management:

The disaster management is not just to handle the consequences of a calamity. In fact, disaster management is equally about the prevention of future catastrophe. That is why it becomes essential to first understand the root cause of the problem.

According to the disaster management data, the biggest cause for natural calamities such as the earthquake, floods, cyclones, etc., is deforestation. When trees are cut, the soil is devoid of their roots which are responsible for holding the soil together. The loose soil is less capable of absorbing water and the situation ends up with frequent cases of drought.

Cutting of forests also increases earth’s temperature which leads to global warming. Loose soil is more likely to break down and get washed away by the river waters. Consequently, it gives rise to floods and earthquake, another high priority situation for disaster management.

Man-made disasters are truly a sign of selfishness and instant gratification. Deforestation for the purpose of creating homes and industries reflects the short-sightedness of human race. It is the central point for all the disasters and something that has generated loads of work to do for the disaster management.

Impacts of Disasters on Earth:

Whether natural or man-made, disasters don’t take sides when it comes to destruction. In spite of the desperate efforts by the disaster management organizations, millions of people all over the world, die every year due to one or other calamity.

Thanks to the man-made adversities, the pollution levels of air, water, and soil have reached a whole new level. The humongous natural disasters result in the loss of countless lives. Nations suffer the damages of property, food resources, and falling economies due to various natural disasters.

Apart from the deaths of human beings, forest fires, and cyclones, etc., disasters also cause the killings and extinction of many animal and plant species. Another great factor that leads to extinction of precious fauna is the human activity of poaching and hunting.

In the olden times, the man used to hunt animals for food and protection from heat. But now, it has turned into a selfish, dark business. From whales to elephants, rhinos, and turtles, all kinds of animal species are facing the blow and their numbers are decreasing in a sharp way.

The corals and sea phytoplanktons which play a great role in the air purification of the whole planet are bleaching and shrinking down due to the polluting activities of human beings.

Role of Disaster Management:

Disaster management is specialized in dealing with all sorts of damages. If we look at the past incidents, disaster management has been an indispensable factor in tackling with the detrimental effects of Hiroshima Nagasaki bomb blasts. The 1986 Chernobyl accident in Russia is still under the disaster management process.

In India, disaster management got into action on multiple occasions. Whether it was an earthquake in Gujarat, the cyclone in Orissa, the floods in Maharashtra, Bhopal gas tragedy, and several other incidents as we recall, time and again, we have relied on the workings and aids of disaster management to overcome the wounding situations.

Indian Agencies for Disaster Management:

In India, on 23 December 2005, the Rajya Sabha passed the Disaster Management Act, 2005. The same Disaster Management act was approved and passed on 12 December 2005 by the Lok Sabha. Not much later, i.e., on 9 January 2006, the Disaster Management Act, 2005, got the permission of The President of India and became valid all over the country.

In addition to that, we also have a National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in India. National Disaster Management Authority is an agency of the Ministry of Home Affairs. Its main objective is to regulate the actions and aids to natural or man-made disasters. The same agency also works for the capacity-building in disaster resiliency and tackling of the crisis.

National Disaster Framework, in India, is another approach to effective disaster management. Its function is to incorporate institutional mechanisms, disaster prevention plan, an early warning system, readiness and response, and human resource development.

The other disaster management agencies in India are National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), and Central Water Commission (CWC), etc. We also have an exclusive funding system called the National Disaster Management Fund (NDMF) for the disaster mitigation purpose.

Our Individual Role in Disaster Management:

Contribution toward disaster management is every individual’s responsibility. It is not a mere task and business of an agency. Disasters happen to leave an impact on our daily lives and turn it upside down. It is just a pity excuse to say that we as individuals have whatsoever no reason to be concerned with the disaster management.

On the surface, it looks quite insignificant but every little step of a person, such as planting trees, living a healthy life, and making the earth greener, can prove to be really helpful in disaster management.

After all, it is we together that have caused the various calamities. For most parts, even natural disasters are the results of man-made activities which give rise to the need for disaster management.

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[Disaster Series] Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

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