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Chicago Style Format for Papers | Requirements & Examples

Published on September 25, 2019 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 5, 2022.

The information in this article is largely drawn from Turabian style —a version of Chicago style aimed at students and researchers. When writing a paper in Chicago style, these are the guidelines to follow; for the sake of simplicity, the term “Chicago” is used here.

Chicago Reference Generator

To apply Chicago format:

• Use a standard font like 12 pt. Times New Roman.
• Double-space the text.
• Use 1 inch margins or larger.
• Indent new paragraphs by ½ inch.
• Place page numbers in the top right or bottom center.

Note that any specific formatting advice from your instructor or faculty overrules these guidelines. Template documents set up in Chicago style are available to download below. Just select the one with the citation style you’re following.

Author-date Notes and bibliography

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Table of contents

General formatting, block quotes, numbers and acronyms, in-text citations and notes, bibliography or reference list, frequently asked questions about chicago format.

Chicago doesn’t require a specific font or font size, but recommends using something simple and readable (e.g., 12 pt. Times New Roman). Use margins of at least 1 inch on all sides of the page.

The main text should be double-spaced, and each new paragraph should begin with a ½ inch indent. Text should be left-aligned and not “justified” (meaning that the right margin should look ragged).

Page numbers can be placed either in the top right or the bottom center of the page—one or the other, not both.

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A Chicago title page isn’t required—often it’s sufficient to just include your title at the top of the first page—but if you’re asked to include one, Turabian provides guidelines for how to present it.

All text on the title page should be center-aligned and double-spaced, and written in the same font as the rest of your text. The title should appear about ⅓ of the way down the page, in headline capitalization and in bold.

If you have a subtitle, the main title ends with a colon and the subtitle appears on the following line, also in bold and the same size as the main title.

About ⅔ of the way down the page, add any information your instructor requests you to include—your name, student code, the course name and code, the date, etc. Each new piece of information appears on a new line.

The title page should not have a page number, but should be included in the page count—in other words, the page numbering starts on page 2.

Headings should use headline capitalization:

• Summary of results
• Summary of Results

If you use different levels of heading (e.g., chapters, sections, subheadings), make sure your presentation makes clear which type of heading each one is.

All headings of one level should be presented the same way, and higher-level headings should stand out more from the text. For example, you might use a larger font for chapter headings, bold for section headings, and italics for subheadings:

Prose quotations of five or more lines (or more than 100 words), as well as poetry quotations of two or more lines, are presented as block quotes .

Block quotes do not use quotation marks . Instead, a blank line separates them from the surrounding text on both sides and they are indented by an additional ½ inch. Unlike the rest of the text, they are not double-spaced.

Chicago recommends using words, not numerals, for numbers lower than 100. For example, you would write “ninety-five,” not “95.” But numerals should still be used when you’re referring to a specific measurement (e.g., “15 cm”) and when using decimals (e.g., “1.5”).

Acronyms should be introduced the first time you refer to the thing they stand for:

After this point, you can use the acronym alone.

Neither numerals nor acronyms should be used at the beginning of a sentence. Either rewrite the sentence so that the numeral or acronym appears elsewhere, or write out the full phrase or number:

• 100 people responded to the survey.
• One hundred people responded to the survey.
• The survey received 100 responses.

Chicago provides guidelines for not one but two citation styles : author-date and notes and bibliography.

In author-date style , citations are placed directly in the text in parentheses . In this style, you have some flexibility about how exactly to integrate the citation:

In notes and bibliography style, citations appear in Chicago footnotes or endnotes (the format is identical either way), and the reader is referred to them by superscript numbers in the text.

Footnote and endnote numbers appear at the end of the relevant clause or sentence, after any punctuation except a dash .

Endnotes appear on their own page just before the bibliography ; footnotes appear at the bottom of each page. Footnotes should be separated from the text by a short rule and be presented in the same font size as the main text, or smaller. Word’s footnote function automatically creates footnotes like this:

At the end of your paper, you’ll likely include a bibliography (for notes and bibliography style) or a reference list (for author-date).

Bibliographies and reference lists are not double-spaced, but leave a blank line between entries.

If an entry extends onto a second line, a ½ inch indent should be applied to all but the first line of the entry.

If you have to create a Chicago style annotated bibliography , follow the same format as a normal bibliography, but indent and double-space the annotations under each source reference.

Turabian style is a version of Chicago style designed specifically for students and researchers. It follows most Chicago conventions, but also adds extra guidelines for formatting research papers , theses and dissertations .

More information can be found in A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations by Kate L. Turabian, now in its ninth edition.

• A reference list is used with Chicago author-date citations .
• A bibliography is used with Chicago footnote citations .

Both present the exact same information; the only difference is the placement of the year in source citations:

• In a reference list entry, the publication year appears directly after the author’s name.
• In a bibliography entry, the year appears near the end of the entry (the exact placement depends on the source type).

There are also other types of bibliography that work as stand-alone texts, such as a Chicago annotated bibliography .

In Chicago author-date style , your text must include a reference list . It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.

In notes and bibliography style, you use Chicago style footnotes to cite sources; a bibliography is optional but recommended. If you don’t include one, be sure to use a full note for the first citation of each source.

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the relevant page.  Endnotes appear in a list at the end of the text, just before the reference list or bibliography. Don’t mix footnotes and endnotes in the same document: choose one or the other and use them consistently.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , you can use either footnotes or endnotes, and citations follow the same format in either case.

In APA and MLA style , footnotes or endnotes are not used for citations, but they can be used to provide additional information.

Chicago format doesn’t require you to use any specific font, as long as you choose something readable. A good standard choice is 12 pt Times New Roman.

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

This section contains information on The Chicago Manual of Style  (CMOS) method of document formatting and citation. These resources follow the seventeenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style (17t h e dition), which was issued in 2017.

Please note that although these resources reflect the most recent updates in the The Chicago Manual of Style  (17 th  edition) concerning documentation practices, you can review a full list of updates concerning usage, technology, professional practice, etc. at  The Chicago Manual of Style Online .

Introduction

The Chicago Manual of Style  (CMOS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation, and as such, it has been lovingly dubbed the “editor's bible.”

The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the two CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB) , which is used by those working in literature, history, and the arts. The other documentation style, the Author-Date System, is nearly identical in content but slightly different in form and is preferred by those working in the social sciences.

Though the two systems both convey all of the important information about each source, they differ not only in terms of the way they direct readers to these sources, but also in terms of their formatting (e.g., the position of dates in citation entries). For examples of how these citation styles work in research papers, consult our sample papers: 

Author-Date Sample Paper

NB Sample Paper

In addition to consulting  The Chicago Manual of Style  (17th edition) for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. Turabian's  Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations  (8th edition). This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMOS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts.

Notes and Bibliography (NB) in Chicago style

The Chicago Notes and Bibliography (NB) system is often used in the humanities to provide writers with a system for referencing their sources through the use of footnotes, endnotes, and through the use of a bibliography. This offers writers a flexible option for citation and provides   an outlet for commenting on those sources, if needed. Proper use of the Notes and Bibliography system builds a writer’s credibility by demonstrating their accountability to source material. In addition, it can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental uncredited use of source material created by others.

Introduction to Notes

In the Notes and Bibliography system, you should include a note (endnote or footnote) each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary. Footnotes are added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, while endnotes are compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document.

In either case, a superscript number corresponding to a note, along with the bibliographic information for that source, should be placed in the text following the end of the sentence or clause in which the source is referenced.

If a work includes a bibliography, which is typically preferred, then it is not necessary to provide full publication details in notes. However, if a bibliography is not included with a work, the first note for each source should include  all  relevant information about the source: author’s full name, source title, and facts of publication. If you cite the same source again, or if a bibliography is included in the work, the note only needs to include the surname of the author, a shortened form of the title (if more than four words), and the page number(s). However, in a work that does not include a bibliography, it is recommended that the full citation be repeated when it is first used in a new chapter.

In contrast to earlier editions of CMOS, if you cite the same source two or more times consecutively, CMOS recommends using shortened citations. In a work with a bibliography, the first reference should use a shortened citation which includes the author’s name, the source title, and the page number(s), and consecutive references to the same work may omit the source title and simply include the author and page number. Although discouraged by CMOS, if you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, it is also possible to utilize the word “Ibid.,” ( from the Latin ibidem, which means “in the same place,”) as the corresponding note. If you use the same source but a draw from different new page, the corresponding note should use “Ibid.” followed by a comma and the new page number(s).

In the NB system, the footnote or endnote itself begins with the appropriate full-sized number, followed by a period and then a space.

Introduction to Bibliographies

In the NB system, the bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given work. This page, most often titled Bibliography, is usually placed at the end of the work preceding the index. It should include all sources cited within the work and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited but provide further reading.

Although bibliographic entries for various sources may be formatted differently, all included sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) are arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. If no author or editor is listed, the title or, as a last resort, a descriptive phrase may be used.

Though useful, a bibliography is not required in works that provide full bibliographic information in the notes.

Common Elements

All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title, and publication information.

Author Names

The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name first and separating the last name and first name with a comma; for example, John Smith becomes Smith, John.

Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation marks .

Publication Information

The year of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name .

Punctuation

In a bibliography, all major elements are separated by periods.

For more information and specific examples, see the sections on  Books  and  Periodicals .

Please note that this OWL resource provides basic information regarding the formatting of entries used in the bibliography. For more information about Selected Bibliographies, Annotated Bibliographies, and Bibliographic Essays, please consult Chapter 14.61 of  The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition).

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• Writing Tips

How to Write and Format a Chicago Style Paper [With Examples]

3-minute read

• 18th August 2023

Are you working on a Chicago style project but struggling with the question, “just what is it?!”

Fear not, this post will walk you through Chicago style basics.

What Is Chicago Style?

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMoS) is a comprehensive style guide primarily used by professional writers, publishers, and researchers. It covers various forms of writing, including books, journals, magazines, and other publications. It’s often the go-to style for publishers and editors. CMoS is also known for its emphasis on scholarly writing and is suitable for a wide range of disciplines, including history, literature, the arts, and social sciences.

However, there’s an important distinction between Chicago style and Turabian style , which is essentially a simplified version of CMoS used in scholarly writing. Turabian omits some of the complexities and focuses on the needs of academic writers, especially those in the humanities and social sciences.

With either style, it’s essential to consult the relevant edition of the style guide specified by your institution or publication: either The Chicago Manual of Style or A Manual for Writers by Kate L. Turabian (currently in its ninth edition).

How Are Chicago Style Citations Formatted?

CMoS emphasizes two primary documentation systems : the notes and bibliography system (often used in the humanities) and the author–date system (preferred in the sciences and social sciences). When formatting a CMoS/Turabian paper, you’ll need to adhere to the guidelines associated with your chosen documentation system.

Notes and Bibliography System:

●  In this system, you’ll use footnotes or endnotes to cite sources within the text.

●  A corresponding bibliography is included at the end of the paper, listing all sources in alphabetical order.

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●  Citations typically include author names, titles, publication details, and page numbers.

Author–Date System:

●  In the author–date system, you’ll incorporate in-text citations within parentheses.

●  A reference list is included at the end of the document, providing full details for each cited source.

●  Citations include author’s last names, publication year, and page numbers (if applicable).

What Does Turabian Style Formatting Look Like?

A well-structured Turabian Style paper should adhere to the following formatting guidelines :

•   Title page : Include the title of your paper, your name, the course name/number, instructor’s name, and the date on a separate page, starting a third of the page down. Alternatively, write the title on the first page.
•   Margins : Apply one-inch margins on all sides.
• Indentation and spacing : Indent paragraphs and double-space the main text.
• Font : Use a legible 12-point font (e.g., Times New Roman).
• Page numbers : Number all pages consecutively in the top right corner, starting with the first page. Alternatively, page numbers may be placed at the bottom center of the page.
• Headings and subheadings : Use headline-style capitalization for headings and subheadings, with different levels distinguished.
• Footnotes or in-text citations: Implement your chosen citation system consistently throughout the paper.
• Bibliography or reference list : Include a comprehensive list of all sources used, following Chicago style citation guidelines for your chosen system.

How Should I Choose Which Chicago Style Documentation to Use?

It’s crucial to find out which specific CMoS system is preferred by your institution, publisher, or field of study. Always consult your assignment guidelines or style manual to determine whether you should use the notes and bibliography system or the author–date system. This choice will significantly impact how you format your citations and references.

Remember that mastering CMoS takes practice. By following these guidelines, you’ll be well on your way to crafting polished, professionally formatted papers that meet the expectations of your academic or professional audience.

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Chicago Style Guide - 17th Edition

• Chicago Style
• Title Page and Pagination
• Quotations and Signal Phrases
• Bibliography
• Chicago's Citation Parts
• Articles - Online
• Articles - Print
• Blogs and Social Media
• Government Publications
• Elders & Knowledge Keepers
• Other Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Generative AI Tools (e.g., ChatGPT, DALL·E 2)
• Author/Date (Scientific) System
• Need More Help?

Useful Links

• Chicago Manual of Style Online - Quick Guide
• Douglas College Library - Chicago Style Guide (PDF)
• Purdue OWL - Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.)
• SFU Library - Chicago/Turabian (17th ed.) Citation Guide

Avoid Plagiarism

• Camosun Academic Integrity Guide
• Camosun Plagiarism Guide
• Douglas College Learning Centre - Paraphrasing Without Plagiarizing
• Purdue OWL - Avoiding Plagiarism
• SFU Library - Plagiarism Tutorial

Chicago Style Sample Research Paper

Formatting and Sample Paper

The formatting guidelines listed on this page, provide general best practices for formatting your work using the Chicago style. Detailed information about formatting your title page , using quotes and signal phrases , and creating a bibliography , can be found by navigating to various sub-pages of this "Formatting Your Paper" page.

Learning how to correctly format your research paper into Chicago style can seem overwhelming, especially if the style is new to you. One of the best ways to help visualize what your paper needs to look like is by checking out an example of a paper that has already been formatted correctly.

View this  sample Chicago style research paper   ( notes and bibliography/humanities system ) from Purdue OWL for examples on how to format:

• A title page
• Headers and page numbers
• A bibliography

For a sample paper in the Chicago author/date style , visit the "Author/Date (Scientific) System" page in this guide.

Paragraphs and Spacing

The first line of all new paragraphs should begin with an indent . You can use either the tab key or your word processor's indentation tool to make your indentations–just be sure to be consistent and use the same process throughout your paper.

Your paper should be double spaced throughout its main body , with the following exceptions: 

• Block quotations , table titles , and figure captions should be single-spaced . 
• ​An extra line of space should be inserted both before and after a block quotation. 

Entries in the bibliography and footnotes/ endnotes are single spaced within entries , but double-spaced between entries (unless your instructor prefers double-spacing throughout).​

Footnotes and Endnotes

• Notes can be either  footnotes   (placed at the  foot   (bottom) of the same page  as the referenced text) or  endnotes   (listed on a  separate sheet at the end  of the essay, before the bibliography).
• Other than placement in your document, footnotes and endnotes are  structured in exactly the same way .
• Notes are  numbered consecutively  throughout the paper. Most word processing programs (such as MS Word) handle footnotes automatically.
• Follow your instructors’ directions when deciding whether to use footnotes or endnotes.

To insert a footnote in a Microsoft Word document:

• Place the cursor after the text you want to cite.
• Click on the " References "   tab.
• In the " Footnotes " section , click on the " In sert Footnote " button.
• A superscript number 1 will appear after the text you want to cite.
• A superscript number 1 will also appear at the bottom of page.
• At the bottom of the page next to the superscript number, enter the citation information for your resource (see the citation examples in this guide for how to create footnotes).
• Repeat these steps to insert and consecutively number your footnotes.

Some instructors may ask you to use endnotes, instead of footnotes. For information on inserting endnotes, see the  Microsoft Office Tutorial .

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• Last Updated: Mar 28, 2024 3:32 PM
• URL: https://camosun.libguides.com/Chicago-17thEd

Module 9: Chicago/Turabian Citations

Chicago/turabian: structure and formatting of specific elements, chicago/turabian: title page.

A paper in Chicago/Turabian style has a title page that follows specific formatting rules.

Key Takeaways

• Your title page should include the title of your paper, your name, the name of your course, and the date the paper is due.
• All the information on your title page should be centered horizontally.
• The title of your paper should be written in all capital letters.
• dissertation : a formal research paper that students write in order to complete the requirements for a doctoral degree.

The following information should be centered horizontally on the title page:

• a third of the way down the page, the title of your paper in all capital letters;
• on the next line, the subtitle of your paper (if you have one);
• two-thirds of the way down the page, your name;
• on the next line, the name of your course; and
• on the next line, the due date of the paper.

These elements should not be bolded, underlined, or italicized. Note that the requirements may be different for doctoral theses or dissertations.

Chicago-style title page : A title page introduces the title of your paper—and you, its author!

Chicago/Turabian: Headings

• In Chicago style, headings are used to organize your writing and give it a hierarchical organization.
• There can be up to five levels of headings in your paper. Some use title case; some use sentence case.
• hierarchical : Arranged according to importance.

In Chicago style, headings are used to organize your writing and give it a hierarchical organization. Chicago style has specific rules for formatting headings (up to five levels) within your paper:

If a heading is said to be in title case, that means you should format it as though it were the title of a book, with the first letters of most major words capitalized (e.g., A Study of Color-Blindness in Dogs).

If a heading is said to be in sentence case, that means you should format it as though it were a normal sentence, with only the first letter of the first word (and of any proper nouns) capitalized (e.g., A study of color-blindness in dogs).

You should always use heading levels in this order, beginning with Level 1. So, if you have a paper with two levels of headings, you would use Level 1 formatting for the higher level and Level 2 formatting for the lower level. Similarly, if you have a paper with five levels of headings, you would use Level 1 formatting for the highest level and Level 5 formatting for the lowest level.

Chicago/Turabian: Block Quotations In Chicago style, format quotations of more than five lines as block quotations. Key Takeaways A typical quotation is part of a sentence within a paragraph in your paper; however, for longer quotations (more than five lines), format the excerpt as a block quotation. A block quotation begins on its own line, is not enclosed in quotation marks, and has its in-text citation after the final punctuation. Block quotations are not double-spaced, unlike the rest of your Chicago style paper. When to Use a Block Quotation

A typical quotation is enclosed in double quotation marks and is part of a sentence within a paragraph of your paper. However, if a quotation takes up more than five lines in your paper, you should format it as a block quotation rather than as a regular quotation within the text of a paragraph. Most of the standard rules for quotations still apply, with the following exceptions: a block quotation will begin on its own line (skip a line before and after the block quotation), it will not be enclosed in quotation marks, and its in-text citation will come after the ending punctuation, not before it.

For example, if you wanted to quote the first two sentences of Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense,” you would begin that quotation on its own line, indent every line, and format it as follows:

Perhaps the sentiments contained in the following pages, are not YET sufficiently fashionable to procure them general favour; a long habit of not thinking a thing wrong, gives it a superficial appearance of being right, and raises at first a formidable outcry in defense of custom. But the tumult soon subsides.

The full reference for this source would then be included in your References section at the end of your paper.

Spacing and Alignment

Each line of the block quotation should be indented from the left margin the same distance as the first lines of your regular body paragraphs. Unlike the rest of your paper, it should be single-spaced. And as with series and lists, to better visually distinguish a block quotation from the surrounding text, be sure to leave an extra (blank) line between the last line of the block quotation and the first line of the following paragraph.

Block quotations : This block quotation is correctly formatted according to Chicago/Turabian style.

Chicago/Turabian: Tables and Figures

Chicago/Turabian style has specific rules for formatting tables and figures.

• Chicago/Turabian specifies two methods for presenting information visually: tables and figures.
• A table is a chart that presents numerical information in a grid format.
• A figure, by the Chicago/Turabian definition, is any visual that is not a table.
• Using a table or a figure as a visual aid can help you strengthen a claim you’re making.

When you need to summarize quantitative data, words can only go so far. Sometimes, using a chart, graph, or other visual representation can be useful in proving your point. However, it’s important to make sure you incorporate this extra information in a way that is easy to understand and in line with the conventions set forth in Chicago/Turabian style.

Chicago/Turabian specifies two methods for representing information visually: tables and figures.

A table is a chart that presents numerical information in a grid format. In Chicago/Turabian style, you must present a table immediately following the paragraph in which you mentioned it. When you mention a table in the text of your paper, make sure you refer to it by its number (e.g., “Table 1”) rather than with a phrase like “the table below” or “this table.”

Format your tables as simply as possible. Do not use bold or italicized text, and do not overuse borders. Generally, you should have only three horizontal lines in your table: one immediately above and one immediately below the column headings, and one at the bottom of the table, to help separate it from the surrounding text. However, Chicago style does allow two exceptions: you may use an additional horizontal line if (1) you need to separate added numbers from their total, or (2) if you have multiple levels of column headings within a table.

Title and Source

Every table should appear flush with the left margin. Immediately above the table, provide its number, followed by a colon, followed by a short but descriptive title:

• Table 1: Frog populations in the Willamette River from 2009-2014

Immediately below the table, write the word “Source” (or or “Sources”) in italics, followed by a colon, and then provide the source(s) of the information in the table. Include the same information, with the same formatting, as in a parenthetical citation —i.e., the author ‘s last name and the page number. End this line with a period:

• Source : Rottweiler 67.

Be sure to also include the full citation for this source in your References or Bibliography section. Neither the title nor the source line should be double-spaced.

Sample table : This table is formatted correctly according to Chicago/Turabian formatting rules.

Treat a figure much as you would treat a table, with two exceptions: (1) you should present a figure immediately after you have referenced it in the text, and (2) all information about the figure, including its number (“Figure 1”) and title (“Frogs in the Willamette River, 2012”) should appear on the line immediately below the figure. The source information should appear on the next line.

Sample figure : This figure is formatted correctly according to Chicago/Turabian formatting rules.

• Curation and Revision. Provided by : Boundless.com. License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
• dissertation. Provided by : Wiktionary. Located at : https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dissertation . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
• Original figure by Eva Petzinger. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. Provided by : Eva Petzinger. License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
• Common Sense by Thomas Paine. Provided by : USHistory.org. Located at : http://www.ushistory.org/paine/commonsense/singlehtml.htm . License : Public Domain: No Known Copyright

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College-wide Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition

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CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE 17TH Ed, Research Paper

The Chicago Style offers two types of citations: bibliography style and reference list style. This guide assists with the bibliography style. Please consider your instructor's assignment requirements.

Your Chicago-style research paper should have the following components:

1. Chicago-style title page

2. The body of the paper with correct margins, in-text citations, etc.

3. Endnotes or footnotes

4. Bibliography 

Paper-Formatting Tip Sheets   (Margins, Title page, Citations, Crafting a paper & more)

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"College-wide Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition" by Marian Smith.  CC by 4.0 .

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• Last Updated: Jan 11, 2024 11:15 AM
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Citing Sources: Formatting your paper in Chicago (Notes-Bibliography)

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Formatting papers: Notes-Bibliography System

Papers written in Chicago Style have the following recommended features:

NOTE: Always check with your instructor about specific requirements he or she may have regarding formatting.

GENERAL FORMATTING

• Margins should be no less than 1", no more than 1.5".
• Font should be Times Roman or Palatino and preferably 12-pt, but no less than 10-pt.  Notes are preferably in 10-pt.
• In Microsoft Word:  Select all text > click Home tab > in Paragraph box, click Line Spacing icon > select 2.0.
• One space (instead of two) after each period.
• The first line of each new paragraph is indented by .5" from the left of the page, or 5 spaces.

FOOTNOTES AND ENDNOTES

• Include a note each time you use a source.
• Check with your instructor and ask if they would like footnotes or endnotes. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, endnotes are compiled at the end of the paper, or at the end of a chapter.
• A superscript number should be placed at the end of the information you are citing.  It will correspond to a footnote or endnote note with the bibliographic information for that source.
• The first note for each source should include all relevant information about the source: author’s full name, source title, and facts of publication. If you cite the same source again, the note need only include the surname of the author, a shortened form of the title (if more than four words), and page number(s).
• If you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, the corresponding note should use the word “Ibid.,”  an abbreviated form of the Latin ibidem ,  which means “in the same place.” If you use the same source but a different page number, the corresponding note should use “Ibid.” followed by a comma and the new page number(s)

                                                Example:

                                                      15. Gundle, Glamour , 55.

                                                      16. Ibid., 67.

BLOCK QUOTATIONS

• A quotation of more than five lines should be blocked.
• A block quotation does not need quotation marks.
• Block quotations should be indented .5" from the left of the page and are single spaced.

HEADING AND TITLE

• For papers less than five pages, no separate title page is necessary.
• Short papers have a heading which includes your name, instructor's name, course number, and date near the top left of the first page; double-spaced and on separate lines.  The heading is above the title.
• For short papers, center the title.  Do not italicize, underline, or bold the title.  Do not use all capital letters for the title.
• For long papers, use a title page with the title centered (and double spaced if more than one line) approximately 1/3 the way down the page.
• On the title page, center your name approximately midway down the page.
• Near the bottom of the title page, center your course number, instructor's name and date, each on separate lines and double-spaced.

PAGE NUMBERS

• In Microsoft Word, go to Insert > Page Number (in Header & Footer) > Top of page > select top right corner.
• Double-click on the page number to insert your last name before the number.  This automatically adds it to all the pages throughout your paper.
• If you have a title page, you will want your page numbers to start on the first page of text. Follow the instructions above, then tick "Different First Page" from the Page Number Design Tab.  This will start the numbering on the first page of text, but will have it numbered as Page 2.  To make the first page of text Page 1, next select the "Page Number" option to the left of the Page Number Design Tab, then "Format Page Numbers".  Specify "Start At: 0".

TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS

• Add tables and illustrations as close as possible to the part of your paper where you discuss them.
• Each table must have a label above the table, beginning with the table number (followed by a period) and describing the contents. (e.g. Table 1. Description of the Table Here ).  It should be in the same font size of the text of the document, may be in bold, single spaced and flush left.
• Information about the  source of the table goes below the table, flush left, ending with a period (e.g. Source : Source in Chicago Style Format.).  Also include full bilbiographical information about the table source in your Bibliography.
• Images, maps, drawings, graphs, and charts should be labeled "Figure" below the image, flush left (e.g. Figure 1. Caption and source of figure here.) Include full information about the item in your Bibliography.

Example of Chicago format (short paper):

• Sample Chicago Notes-Bibliography paper
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How to Format Your Research Paper

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Writing Your Paper: Chicago

Chicago style papers.

• Hanging Indents
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Chicago Style Resources

• How Do I Format My Class Paper in Chicago Style? If your instructor has specific requirements for the format of your research paper, check with them before preparing your final draft. The most common formatting is presented here.

Things to know before you begin:

• Font:  Times New Roman  
• Font Size:  12 point
• Margins:  1 inch
• Paragraphs: All paragraphs should be indented.
• Spacing: All of the text in the body of your paper should be double-spaced.

Typical Chicago style papers have three sections:

• Bibliography

See the tabs below for a breakdown of how each portion should be formatted.

• Sample Papers

Below you will find an example of an accurately formatted CMOS paper. 

• Sample Paper Chicago Style - PDF Click here to see a sample of an accurately formatted CMOS paper.
• Sample Paper Chicago Style - Word Click here to see a sample of an accurately formatted CMOS paper.

• Your title should be centered and place a third of the way down the page. Use Times New Roman 12-point font.
• Capitalize all the words in your title. If there is a subtitle, place it on the second line.
• Place your course name first, then your name, then the due date of the paper. This should be double-spaced and placed in the bottom third of your paper. 

• Start the body of your paper on the first line of a new page.
• Insert the page number in the top right corner of the page using the header function.
• CMS uses footnotes. Place the footnote after any punctuation. Each number must have an entry at the bottom of the page.

• Center the word "Bibliography" on the first line of a new page.
• Your citations should be alphabetical.
• Each entry is single-spaced with one blank line separating entries.
• Be sure to use a hanging indent for any citations that require more than one line.

Need help formatting your Chicago/Turabian style citations using the 17th edition of the  Chicago Manual of Style ? Click the image or link below to go to the citation guide.

• Chicago Style Citations

Need help learning what hanging indents are and how to create them using Google Docs or Microsoft Word? 

• Hanging Indents This page gives a brief description of what they are, where to find information on when and how to properly use them, and also video tutorials on how to create them.

Need help learning what footnotes are and  how to create them  using Google Docs or Microsoft Word? 

• Footnotes This page gives a brief description of what they are, where to find information on when and how to properly use them, and also video tutorials on how to create them.
• << Previous: MLA Paper Format
• Next: Footnotes >>
• Last Updated: Mar 29, 2024 2:49 PM
• URL: https://necc.mass.libguides.com/formatting

To cite this LibGuide use the following templates:

APA : Northern Essex Community College Library. (Date updated). Title of page . Title of LibGuide. URL

MLA : Northern Essex Community College Library. "Title of Page." Title of LibGuide, Date updated, URL.

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Chicago Style Title Page – Format with Examples

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Title pages serve as the frontispiece to academic works, offering an organized introduction to papers, essays, and dissertations. Adhering to a specific formatting style, like the Chicago style , ensures uniformity and professionalism. This guide is designed to provide a comprehensive overview of crafting a Chicago style title page. By following these guidelines, you’ll ensure your work aligns with established academic standards and presents a polished first impression to readers.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1 Chicago Style Title Page – In a Nutshell
• 2 Definition: Chicago style title page
• 3 General format of a Chicago style title page
• 4 The title of a Chicago style title page
• 5 Other information of a Chicago style title page
• 6 Chicago style title page example

Chicago Style Title Page – In a Nutshell

In this article you will find:

• What’s a Chicago style title page and where it’s placed in academic writing .
• The main formatting rules to create a Chicago style title page.
• Examples of how to correctly produce a title page as per Chicago style guidelines.

Definition: Chicago style title page

A title page is the first page in a research paper , thesis or dissertation . There are specific Chicago style guidelines that you will need to follow to ensure your title page has the correct format.

Note: Key points to remember include:

• Use a readable font.
• Use double spacing.
• Place the title one third down the page, not right at the top.
• Include other information below the title and subtitle, if applicable.

General format of a Chicago style title page

• A Chicago style title page is placed at the front or top of an academic paper. It should be the first thing the reader sees.
• In a Chicago style title page, you must make sure you use a consistent font format. This means you shouldn’t mix font types or sizes.
• Please note that in Chicago style, the title page does not have a page number.

The title of a Chicago style title page

The first element in a Chicago style title page is the title. Make sure you follow these formatting guidelines:

• Place the title one third down the page, ensuring it’s centered, in bold, and double spaced.
• There’s no mandatory font you must use, but ease of readability is a requirement.
• Use the same font as in the rest of the paper.
• Recommended font size is 12pt.
• Use title case or headline capitalization: only capitalize nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives and pronouns.

If your paper title includes a subtitle, you must end the title with a colon and place the subtitle on a new line below. Keep the text double spaced and use bold font for the subtitle too.

✘ Women’s literature in 17th century Australia

✓ Women’s Literature in 17th Century Australia

✘ Satire through the centuries: from the Middle Ages to contemporary literature

✓ Satire Through the Centuries: From the Middle Ages to Contemporary Literature

Other information of a Chicago style title page

The title page can also include other information, as requested by your instructor:

• Your name and student number.
• The course name and code.
• Submission date.
• The instructor’s name.

If you’re asked to include these items in a Chicago style title page, place them two thirds down the page, each on a new line.

Chicago style title page example

What font is used in chicago style.

The guidelines don’t require a specific font, but Times New Roman, Calibri or Arial are acceptable choices.

Can I use capital letters for the title in a title page?

No, only headline capitalization or title case is allowed.

Do I need to include a page number?

No, but if you use a title page, you must start page numbering at “2”.

Must I include a subtitle?

This isn’t mandatory, but if you do, end the title with a colon and place the subtitle on a new line below the title.

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• A Research Guide
• Research Paper Guide

How to Write a Chicago Style Research Paper

• Chicago Manual of Style edition

General formatting rules

• Title page and page layout
• Structuring the main body
• Headings and subheadings
• Tables, figures, and appendices
• in-text citations and bibliography

Let’s break down the rules of the Chicago format to guide your success among your peers!

Understanding the basics of Chicago style

Unlike the other styles ( MLA , APA , etc.), Chicago style papers have specific requirements for formatting and citing sources in specific fields.

You need to choose the Chicago style for writing papers when using abundant footnotes or endnotes. This style is useful for college writers who cite multiple sources in the same line or sentence.

Choosing the appropriate Chicago Manual of Style edition

Chicago style paper template comes in two formats:

• The Notes and Bibliography style is preferred by associates in humanitarian subjects, including history, literature, and the arts.
• The Author-Date style (the “Reference List” style) is recommended for the physical, natural, and social sciences.

Based on the Chicago Manual of Style, or CMOS, Chicago style is the preferred format for citing sources related to history and historical topics. It is known for its comprehensive system of footnotes and endnotes.

Chicago research paper format , also known as the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS), is a widely used citation and formatting style in academic writing.

Here are the basics of Chicago style:

• Citations: Chicago style uses two citation systems: the author-date system and the notes and bibliography system. The author-date system uses in-text citations with parentheses, including the author’s last name, publication year, and page number.
• Formatting: Use a standard font (e.g., Times New Roman, 12 pt) and double-spacing throughout the paper. Include one-inch margins on all sides. Indent the first line of each paragraph by 0.5 inches.
• Quotations: For shorter quotes, enclose the text within double quotation marks within the main text. For longer quotes (block quotes), indent the entire quote as a separate paragraph and do not use quotation marks. In either case, provide the necessary citation information within or after the quote.
• Page Numbers: Number all pages of your paper, including the title page, but exclude the page number on the title page itself. Place the page number on the top right corner of each page.

For more information and specified instructions, refer to the Chicago Manual of style guidelines (CMOS).

Formatting the title page and page layout

Although CMOS doesn’t specify a required font or font size, it does advise adopting a readable and straightforward font, such as Times New Roman 12 point. Use page margins that are at least 1 inch wide on all sides.

To write a paper in Chicago style, you need to start with an appropriate title . Here’s the list of key requirements:

• The title and subtitle appear ⅓ of the way down the page.
• Other information (e.g., your name, the date, class information) appears ⅔ down the page.
• All text is center-aligned and double-spaced.
• No page number is included on the title page.

Each new paragraph should begin with a 12-inch indent, and the main content should be double-spaced. Text in Chicago style should be left-aligned rather than “justified,” which causes the right margin to appear uneven.

Structuring the main body of the research paper

Structuring the main body of a Chicago style research paper involves organizing your content into logical sections and effectively presenting your arguments, analysis, and evidence. Here’s a guide on how to structure the main body of a research paper in Chicago style:

• Introduction : Begin with an introductory paragraph that provides background information on your research topic and its significance. Clearly state your research question or thesis statement to guide the reader.
• Literature Review : In this section of a Chicago style research paper, review relevant literature and sources related to your research topic. Summarize and critically analyze the existing knowledge, identifying gaps or controversies in the field.
• Methodology : Describe your research methods and techniques to gather data or conduct your study. Explain the rationale behind your chosen methods and discuss any limitations or ethical considerations.

Remember to cite your sources accurately using the Chicago style paper template throughout the main body of your research paper. Use either footnotes or endnotes for in-text citations, and provide a corresponding bibliography at the end of your paper listing all the sources you cited.

Writing and formatting headings and subheadings

In Chicago style, formatting headings and subheadings is important for organizing and structuring your research paper. The following guidelines outline how to format headings and subheadings in Chicago style research paper example:

• Main headings are used to divide major sections of your paper.
• They should be centered and in headline-style capitalization.
• Start each main heading on a new line, and consider using a larger font size or bold formatting to distinguish them from the rest of the text.

MAIN HEADING

• Writers use subheadings in Chicago style to divide sections within the main headings further.
• They provide additional structure and hierarchy to your paper.
• Subheadings should be left-aligned and in sentence-style capitalization, where only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized.

Including tables, figures, and appendices

To write a Chicago style paper, you may use tables, figures, and appendices to provide additional information. Here’s a brief overview of how to include tables, figures, and appendices in Chicago style:

Tables present organized data in a structured format. When including a table, assign a number (e.g., Table 1, Table 2) and provide a concise and descriptive title. Place the table as close as possible to its first mention in the text.

Table 1: Summary of Data

Figures refer to visual representations such as graphs, charts, diagrams, or images. Assign a number (e.g., Figure 1, Figure 2) and provide a descriptive caption that explains the content of the figure. Place the figure as close as possible to its first mention in the text.

Figure 1: Pie Chart of Survey Responses

According to CMOS, the appendices in Chicago style contain supplementary information that is not essential to the main body of your research paper but provides additional details or supporting material.

Each appendix should have a clear title (e.g., Appendix A, Appendix B) that reflects its content.

Appendix A: Survey Questions

It’s important to consult the official CMOS or a reliable style guide for comprehensive instructions and specific formatting requirements for tables, figures, and appendices.

Formatting in-text citations and bibliography

Formatting in-text citations and the bibliography in Chicago style writing format is crucial for acknowledging and documenting the sources you have used in your research paper. Here’s a brief overview of how to format in-text citations and the bibliography in Chicago style:

In-Text Citations

Author-Date System: In the author-date system, in-text citations include the author’s last name, publication year, and page number (if applicable), enclosed in parentheses and placed within the text.

(Smith 2019, 45)

Notes and Bibliography System: In the notes and bibliography system, in-text citations are indicated using superscript numbers corresponding to footnotes or endnotes. The first citation should include the full reference.

According to Smith, the data supports this claim.^1

Bibliography

The bibliography is a separate page(s) that lists all the sources you have cited or consulted in your paper. The entries are arranged alphabetically by the author’s last name or the title (if no author is provided).

• The bibliographic entry for a book typically includes the author’s name, the book’s title (in italics or underlined), the place of publication, the publisher, and the year of publication.
• The bibliographic entry for a journal article generally includes the author’s name, the title of the article (in quotation marks), the title of the journal (in italics or underlined), volume number, issue number (if applicable), publication year, and page range.
• The bibliographic entry for a website usually includes the author’s name (if available), the title of the web page or article (in quotation marks), the title of the website (in italics or underlined), the date of publication or update (if available), URL, and access date.

It’s essential to consult the official CMOS or a reliable style guide for comprehensive instructions and specific variations that may apply to your particular discipline or publication.

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