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Ways to give, apa scholarships, foundation donors, urban farm business plan: handbook, september 2011, https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-10/documents/1.urban_farm_business_plan_handbook_091511_508.pdf, food systems | urban agriculture.

This guide provides information for developing business plans intended to support the start-up and operations of urban farms. It outlines the type of information to be collected, assessed, and presented in each of the sections of a business plan. Each section references worksheets that support preparing the plan.

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Urban Farm Business Plan Handbook

The Urban Farm Business Plan Handbook (this document) provides guidance for developing a business plan for the startup and operation of an urban farm. It focuses on food and non-food related cultivated agriculture. The information provided is applicable regardless of whether the farm is to be operated as a non-profit or for-profit business.

Urban Farm Business Plan Handbook (PDF) (77 pp, 2 MB)

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#34 Business Planning

Back to the Guide to Urban Farming Table of Contents>>

What is a Business Plan?

A business plan is a document that summarizes the operational and financial objectives of a business and contains the detailed plans and budgets showing how the objectives are to be realized. Developing a business plan is essential to begin to analyze if your idea for a farm is realistic, achievable and in what time frame. Additionally, a business plan is often required to receive bank loans to start your business or convince private investors to invest in your farm. Whether you plan to setting up a not-for-profit or for-profit urban farm, a business plan is essential in planning the organization and laying our a strategic approach to getting started. A good business plan contains the following:

Resumé or brief explanation of your background and relevant experience
Information on your legal structure and management team
Current balance sheet
Your business vision, mission statement, key values, and goals
Production plans
Marketing plans
Estimated start-up costs
A projected income statement with a written explanation of your budget assumptions
A projected balance sheet with a written explanation of your budget assumptions
A sensitivity analysis showing the business’s break-even point
A one-to-two-page executive summary if your business plan is long (more than 10 pages)

Helpful Publications for Writing a Business Plan

The NY FarmLink’s publication, Starting an Agricultural Business? , is a pre-planning guide to help beginning farmers focus their thoughts before writing a business plan and is available online at https://dyson.cornell.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2022/04/Cornell_StartingAgBizPrePlanning2021_e-VD-2.pdf or by calling (800) 547-3276. The Sustainable Agriculture Research Education (SARE) publication, Building a Sustainable Business: A Guide to Developing a Business Plan for Farms and Rural Businesses , includes sample worksheets and exercises to help beginning farmers develop a business plan and is available for free download or for purchase online at http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-a-Sustainable-Business .

Getting Help Writing a Business Plan

Cornell Cooperative Extension offices often staff a farm management or small business development educator who can help you develop a business plan. The type of programming in each county is unique, however, and you should contact your local office, which can be found online at https://smallfarms.cornell.edu/contact/local-contacts/ . NY FarmNet ( www.nyfarmnet.org ) has business plan writing publications in addition to several farm counselors throughout the state who offer free and confidential help on any topic of concern, including finances, farm changes, farm transfer, natural disaster, personal stress, family communication, and marital conflict. The New York State Small Business Development Center ( www.nyssbdc.org ) is a network of 23 regional centers delivering business counseling and training free of charge to New Yorkers who want to start a business or improve the performance of an existing business. The New York State License Center Business Wizard website ( https://www.its.ny.gov/nys-license-center-business-wizard ) will help you find the New York State business permits you may need. The Empire State Development’s Entrepreneurial Assistance Program ( https://esd.ny.gov/entrepreneurship-assistance-centers ) is part of New York State’s economic development agency and has 9 centers across the state to provide specialized help to women, minority group members and persons with disabilities who are starting or operating an early stage business. The Federal Small Business Association ( https://www.sba.gov/offices/district/ny/new-york ) is a federal agency with offices throughout the state providing counseling services and loan guarantees. They have a special emphasis area to work with women, minorities, veterans, and businesses involved in international trade. SCORE ( www.score.org ) is a non-profit organization offering free advice and training using experienced volunteers. Check their website for chapters in your area. The Groundswell Center for Local Food and Farming , based in Ithaca, NY, offers an eight-session Farm Business Planning Course, in collaboration with Cornell Cooperative Extension of Tompkins County and Alternatives Federal Credit Union’s Business CENTS (Community Enterprise Network and Training Services). This course covers assessing resources, enterprise planning basics, financial planning and marketing. Visit http://www.groundswellcenter.org/ or contact [email protected] or (607) 319-5095 for more information. Cornell Small Farms offers 5-7 week long interactive, online business planning courses for farmers on topics such as marketing, financial planning and general business planning. Visit https://smallfarms.cornell.edu/online-courses/ The Greenhorn’s Guide is a unique resource for young, beginning farmers – not specific to urban farming. The goal of the publication is to help young people make the transition into a career of farming. It is a compilation of references about farming, including where to find an apprenticeship to how to preserve food and repair a tractor. An important aspect of the guide is that it seeks to forge a connection between young farmers and older farmers who are more experienced and can act as mentors. www.thegreenhorns.net. Business Planning Resources for Urban Farmers For urban-specific business planning information, “The Urban Farm Business Plan Handbook” from the Partnership for Sustainable Communities provides a framework for developing an urban farm on cleaned brownfields or vacant sites, and includes guidance on marketing, operating, and financial strategies. This handbook and affiliated worksheets are available for free download at https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/resources-about-brownfields-and-urban-agriculture . Various urban farming educational programs such as Just Food’s Farm School NYC (see Factsheet #50, General Resources) also provide information on urban farm business planning. Contact individual organizations for details.

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Urban Farm Business Plan Handbook

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Land use changes in the environs of Moscow

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Exploring the Role and Impacts of Digital Technology on Human Trafficking

In today’s rapidly evolving world, technology is often a double-edged sword. While technology has provided innovative solutions to preventing and addressing human trafficking, it has also prompted complex ethical questions and created new opportunities for criminals, including human traffickers, to be increasingly sophisticated in exploiting individuals for profit. Traffickers use technology to recruit, control, market and exploit vulnerable individuals while also evading detection. Traffickers do this, for example, by using the Internet to advertise and sell children online for sex, advertise false jobs on social media platforms that are actually human trafficking schemes, transfer cryptocurrency to other traffickers, and perpetuate online scam operations. At the same time, anti-trafficking stakeholders are using technological innovations to prevent human trafficking, protect victims, and prosecute traffickers. The 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP Report) introduction explores the challenges associated with digital technology in the fight against human trafficking and highlights how it can be used effectively by the anti-trafficking community.

Defining “Digital Technology”

Digital technology refers to an ever-expanding set of electronic systems and resources that facilitate learning, communication, entertainment, and more. Examples include hardware, such as computers, smartphones and mobile devices, and robotics; software, including mobile applications, geolocation, online games, financial databases, web-based and cloud-based systems, and artificial intelligence (AI); and other online services, such as websites, video streaming, blogs, and social media. For the purposes of this report, digital technologies are explored through their use by traffickers as well as by key anti-trafficking stakeholders and beneficiaries.

The Intersection between Digital Technology and Human Trafficking

One way digital technology and human trafficking can intersect occurs when traffickers use online platforms to exploit victims. While not a novel phenomenon, renewed attention was brought to the issue because many people shifted their daily activities online at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Reports from several countries demonstrated drastic increases in online commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking, including online sexual exploitation of children (OSEC), and demand for and distribution of child sexual abuse material (CSAM). Traffickers have continued to advance schemes to exploit individuals using digital tools to groom, deceive, control, and exploit victims. Some of these schemes lure individuals hundreds of miles away, including across borders, while others do not require them to leave their homes. Increasingly, victims and survivors of human trafficking have shared that they first connected with their traffickers online. While traffickers continue to refine and advance their use of digital technologies, governments and other anti-trafficking stakeholders must do the same to combat human trafficking.

How Traffickers Use Technology to Facilitate Trafficking

Human traffickers use a wide range of tactics to manipulate and exploit victims—using technology at every stage of their criminal activities, from the initial planning and execution of the scheme to the way in which they coerce, monitor, and maintain individuals to further their exploitative purpose and increase their profits.

Traffickers use the Internet to facilitate the identification and grooming of potential victims. Traffickers often target and victimize individuals in vulnerable situations such as those experiencing conflict, natural disasters, poverty, challenging home lives, systemic oppression, or a combination of hardships. The UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) identified “hunting” and “fishing” as two common strategies perpetrators use to deceive and recruit victims. According to UNODC, online platforms help traffickers search proactively and anonymously for a specific type of individual who they believe is particularly susceptible to further their scheme (the hunting process), or passively attract potential victims by posting online and waiting for a response (the fishing process). Perpetrators may use social media, online advertisements, websites, dating apps, and gaming platforms – or fraudulent or deceptive duplications of such tools – to hide their true identity through fake accounts and profiles while interacting with potential victims. Once potential victims are identified and contact is established, communication through the Internet serves as a powerful tool to deceive individuals with false promises of education, employment, housing, or romantic relationships only to lure them into labor and sex trafficking situations. For example, a trafficker may create an online business website, perhaps posing as a talent recruiter, on which they often include realistic photos to gain a victim’s trust and make them believe the opportunity is authentic and will help advance their career or improve their life. In these cases, traffickers trick the victim into believing they can legitimately earn income not only for themselves, but for their families as well. As trust is established, the trafficker manipulates and traps the individual in an exploitative situation through force, fraud, or coercion. Tactics such as threatening physical abuse or harm to an individual, their reputation, future employment, financial prospects, or their loved ones, are used by traffickers to foster fear. The internet can also serve as a platform to escalate the exploitative scheme further, including via sextortion.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines sextortion as a serious crime that occurs when a perpetrator threatens to distribute private and sensitive material if the victim does not provide images of a sexual nature, sexual favors, or money. The perpetrator, who often poses as a love interest, entices individuals to send sensitive images, which the victim believes are being shared privately, but the perpetrator then uses the images to control and coerce their victims to produce more images, perform sexual favors, or give money in cases involving sex trafficking or forced labor. In addition to blackmailing the victims for large sums of money, traffickers may also use the content to generate additional revenue by selling the sensitive material on illicit platforms.

Additionally, traffickers can use the Internet to facilitate forced criminality, an increasingly common mechanism involving traffickers coercing their victims to engage in or support criminal activities ranging from working as part of online scam operations to commercial sex. In online scam operations, traffickers largely recruit victims through deceitful job listings online, confine them in gated compounds, and force them to engage in online criminal activity under threat of serious harm. Online scam operations include illegal online gambling, cryptocurrency investment schemes, and romance scams, all of which involve the victim of trafficking forming relationships with individuals in order to defraud them of significant sums. Some traffickers compel victims to continue to work by threatening that if they seek help, they will be prosecuted for the unlawful acts committed as a direct result of being trafficked; while others are simply unaware that they are trafficking victims.

In sum, traffickers use digital tools like the Internet to amplify the reach, scale, and speed of their trafficking operations. While the methods and means may have evolved with technological developments, the exploitation at the heart of trafficking persists, underscoring the urgent need for comprehensive and innovative approaches to investigate and combat this crime.

Challenges and Risks Technology Presents for the Anti-trafficking Community

Digital technology has broadened the scope and scale of operations for traffickers as it allows the flexibility to target and exploit victims across the world while remaining hidden and more difficult to trace. Traffickers adapt their schemes to take advantage of the obscurity available with new online tools, such as hiding behind anonymization tools or software, and benefiting from loose regulations of online platforms. These challenges make it increasingly difficult for law enforcement and anti-trafficking stakeholders to identify and implement coordinated solutions fast enough to effectively combat technology-facilitated human trafficking. Constant evolution in digital technology and the ways in which it is being used also makes it difficult to concentrate efforts or decipher trafficking indicators on a given platform, because law enforcement agencies must continuously adapt their tactics, develop technical expertise, and collaborate with technology companies to effectively combat trafficking. Additionally, NGOs and service providers with data relevant to the field may struggle with how to effectively share information while considering data ownership and ensuring privacy is being maintained and protected.

Cross-Sector Coordination Challenges

Traffickers have widened their reach by communicating with and recruiting victims globally, which has created a need for greater global coordination among anti-trafficking stakeholders and technology experts. These stakeholders face several challenges to coordinating a global response, including navigating diverse legal frameworks to address technology-facilitated human trafficking that transcends borders. It is often difficult to determine which jurisdiction has authority to investigate and prosecute perpetrators and coordinate international investigation efforts involving multiple countries. Even when the jurisdiction is established, the necessary evidence gathering and coordination often results in lengthier processes, causing further strain on law enforcement agencies. Traffickers also take advantage of and operate with impunity due to gaps, inadequacies, or loopholes in laws and regulations to address technology-facilitated trafficking and associated activities.

The lack of sufficient funding for research and training on traffickers’ exploitation of digital tools can leave the anti-trafficking field responding reactively rather than proactively. Capacity and resources are particularly acute challenges for law enforcement in regions with limited access to advanced technology. Several technology-based anti-trafficking tools exist for data mining; however, many regions are unable to take advantage of these resources due to a lack of technological infrastructure and digital literacy. Victims may also find themselves isolated and unable to easily seek help in geographical areas with limited technological capabilities, and poor internet connectivity or coverage may affect their ability to receive information and services from anti-trafficking NGOs in a timely manner.

Data Privacy, Protection, and Access

Data protection, data analysis, and data sharing are crucial methods of using digital technologies to prevent, identify, and reduce instances of human trafficking, but practitioners must consider potential negative effects on the safety and well-being of victims and survivors. Collecting and sharing data on human trafficking cases, including victims’ personally identifiable information (PII) can be essential for law enforcement and victim support efforts, but could raise serious data privacy concerns for victims and survivors should their information be inadvertently released to the public through data breaches, which has become a common issue with digital technology in general. NGOs and technology companies often use data mining techniques to support law enforcement in investigating offenses but may lack appropriate security protocols to properly safeguard the data and protect victims’ PII from bad actors. Different standards for ensuring data privacy and protections across countries and concerns around national security hinder effective information sharing between governments. Frameworks for data collection, storage, and sharing of personal data are often different, complicating international cooperation. Governments should consider strengthening digital literacy and infrastructure, where possible, to improve data security standards and procedures, while listening to the recommendations from anti-trafficking stakeholders, including those with lived experiences of trafficking, to assess the best mechanisms for gathering, analyzing, and sharing data related to victims and survivors.

Encryption & Anonymity

Encryption systems are one way to safeguard data in digital interactions including in web browsing, messaging apps, and financial transactions. Such systems prevent third parties from accessing data by turning readable data into a scrambled code that can only be recovered by the receiver’s system, ensuring that only authorized parties can access the original data. Anonymizing technology provides a high level of privacy and obscures the connection between an individual’s online activity and their real identity. Encryption systems found in many online platforms are designed to protect the privacy and security of all online users; however, these systems and anonymizing technologies such as virtual private networks (VPNs), can also offer protection to bad actors, allowing them to avoid detection and accountability.

As with any crime, heightened anonymity may pose a major challenge for law enforcement and anti-trafficking stakeholders in identifying traffickers and their co-conspirators, whether it is the creator of a fraudulent social media account or author of an online advertisement scam. Traffickers increasingly benefit from and rely on the protection that digital tools offer as it amplifies an offender’s ability to anonymize themselves through the entire transactional process – from the recruitment and the solicitation to the management of the transactions and relationships to the payment. Virtual currency has even enabled a distance between those making and receiving payments and the movement of the money. Traffickers may also hide their IP addresses and encrypt their communications, such as emails, chat messages, and file transfers. Together this allows greater physical separation between the offender and the offense, impacting the crime itself and law enforcement’s ability to intercede.

Media or Misinformation

The proliferation of social media and online forums have increased the potential for false narratives and misinformation about human trafficking to circulate online and skew public perceptions of the crime. Even accurate reporting on human trafficking cases and issues may unintentionally minimize the wide range of potential trafficking experiences. Unfortunately, the most sensationalized and misleading stories tend to attract the most attention and mispresent what human trafficking is while also shifting focus away from more prevalent forms of trafficking and from marginalized populations whose exploitation may not receive the same coverage. Such reports may also create a singular or limited perception within communities of what human trafficking looks like, perpetuating stereotypes and interfering with prevention efforts or victims’ ability to self-identify.

The Promise of Technology in Monitoring and Combating Human Trafficking

Technology also plays an important role in investigating and countering human trafficking. Digital technology, including mobile applications, social media campaigns, and online hubs, can be used to further share information, resources, and training on human trafficking. It can also be used to improve access to online support services for victims, survivors, and vulnerable populations. Organizations are using data analytic tools to help identify current trends in fraudulent recruitment, map complex supply chains for links to forced labor, and detect emerging human trafficking schemes. These tools help support information sharing used to bolster identification, investigation, and prosecution efforts by providing means to integrate and analyze data from multiple sources.

Enhancing Education and Outreach Efforts

Digital technology and literacy expand the reach of prevention efforts to raise awareness and educate the public on human trafficking globally. Given the increase in online activity among children, governments and parents should even further prioritize education around online safety for children and youth, and could take advantage of online tools to inform children of the risks related to the internet. Fortunately, there are already a number of beneficial training tools for young people using social media and mobile applications, as well as for parents and guardians, that help support early interventions to prevent technology-facilitated trafficking of youth. One example of how technology is being used for public awareness is through online campaigns including the Can You See Me? campaign administered by A21, a global anti-trafficking organization in the United States, aimed at informing the general public on how to spot signs of human trafficking and where to report it.

Technology is also being used to improve awareness and outreach efforts to support worker engagement and empowerment. Commonly used messaging apps and social media platforms, as well as specially designed worker engagement and empowerment platforms, are used to educate workers on their labor rights, including the right to organize; access legal and social services; and connect with legitimate employers and jobs. Some tools also offer responsible employment training for managers, provide secure grievance mechanisms for workers, aggregate worker survey responses, and provide feedback opportunities, allowing workers to share information about their recruitment and work experiences. One promising example comes from Polaris, an NGO based in the United States. Through its Nonechka project, Polaris collaborated with technology partner Ulula on a platform that allows farmworkers in Mexico and now in the United States to share their experiences, including information on risky recruitment and employment processes. This information also helps Polaris formulate prevention strategies, as well as inform workers about their rights, wages, and working conditions and how to access general services locally including emergency, transitional, or long-term services.

Victim Services

Digital technology tools can aid victims during the exit and recovery phases of a human trafficking experience. Technology can play a pivotal role in victim identification, employing various methods and platforms for finding victims online and allowing for self-reporting exploitation. For example, the Canadian NGO Center for Child Protection (C3P) operates Project Arachnid , a web crawler that searches for known CSAM. When such material is detected, C3P sends a notice to the provider asking that the material be removed. The NGO Thorn also has an AI-powered tool that detects CSAM and tools that aid law enforcement in child sex trafficking investigations. While digital investigative techniques, including those that make use of AI, can assist in trafficking detection, investigation, and successful prosecutions, basic communication tools such as messaging apps, SMS and text, and phone channels also offer lower-tech and straightforward avenues for victims to communicate with service providers in real time. Successful tools to advance victim services include those that facilitate and increase access to victim resource hotlines, virtual peer community spaces, and financial inclusion resources. There are also online tools to bolster training and technical assistance for professionals who wish to support victims and survivors during the aftermath of victimization and to navigate the criminal justice system. Most of these tools are mobile applications and leverage web- and cloud-based solutions for victim services. The GraceCity App, for example, developed by anti-trafficking advocates in Sacramento, California, is a mobile application that offers victims and survivors details on the community resources in their area. The app can canvass thousands of first responders and provide users with useful resources including nearby NGOs, medical professionals, social workers, and therapists. Technologically enhanced interventions can be instrumental in overcoming challenges to victim identification, outreach, and intervention, providing real-time communication channels that are accessible, secure, and more efficient in providing immediate assistance tailored to the individual’s situation and unique needs.

Data Collection and Sharing Efforts

As mentioned earlier, data collection, data analysis, and data sharing are crucial components of using digital technologies to prevent, identify, and reduce instances of human trafficking. Anti-trafficking stakeholders have created tools and established new initiatives to improve their data collection and sharing to support investigation and prosecution efforts. For example, social media and communication platforms are rich sources of information for law enforcement investigations, but combing through large-scale datasets can be time consuming and labor intensive. A diverse group of stakeholders, including governments, international organizations, civil society organizations, private sector businesses, and information technology professionals developed technology tools to assist in anti-trafficking efforts. These tools help anti-trafficking stakeholders collect and analyze vast amounts of qualitative and quantitative data through techniques such as data mining, machine learning, and natural language processing. These digital tools not only enhance the utility and speed of traditional data collection methods used for case management and investigative purposes, but also make it easier for anti-trafficking actors to analyze the data to share real-time insights that better equip the field to address and combat trafficking. Despite this potential, reports show that NGOs have traditionally underutilized such tools due to lack of knowledge, access, expertise, and funding, and more information is needed to better understand barriers to use.

Anti-trafficking applications can help investigators perform pattern analyses from big-data searches encompassing structured and unstructured data from sources including social media. These analyses allow investigators to understand traffickers’ online activities as well as their most frequently used platforms and profiles used to target and mislead victims. For example, the Counter Trafficking Data Collaborative (CTDC), developed by the International Organization for Migration, brings together anti-trafficking organizations from around the world to make human trafficking data publicly available in a central, accessible online platform. The goal of CTDC is to break down information sharing barriers and equip the anti-trafficking community with reliable data. CTDC offers primary, individual-level data scrubbed of personally identifiable information on victims of human trafficking that can be used to track human trafficking trends globally.

From identifying trafficking patterns to increasing accountability within supply chains to prevent forced labor, the multifaceted nature of data collection and sharing requires multidisciplinary partnerships for the benefits of data-related solutions to fully materialize. Data collection and sharing among several anti-trafficking stakeholders is key to effectively developing anti-trafficking policies, identifying victims, prosecuting the perpetrators, and mapping where and how traffickers and transnational criminal networks operate. Collaboration on data collection and sharing should particularly be encouraged between sectors and stakeholders equipped with capabilities to collect data and gather intelligence and insights. Such stakeholders should include NGOs, survivor-led organizations, individuals with lived experience of human trafficking, and intelligence or investigative agencies. The Traffik Analysis Hub is another example of a global solution that supports joint analysis of large AI-generated data sets, providing partners with the ability to pool data assets to generate new insights into patterns and hotspots of trafficking incidents. Information from the Traffik Analysis Hub, which was developed with the support of IBM, is also shared with law enforcement so actions can be taken to disrupt trafficking operations. The ability to use large quantities of data and data analytics also helps to minimize the use of individual victim information and victim testimony to support trafficking prosecutions.

However, the collection and analysis of large data sets present several significant risks and challenges including privacy and data security concerns, misuse of data, and bias and inaccuracies that could result from reliance on large data collections. To mitigate these risks, it is crucial to implement data protection measures to ensure ethical data collection practices and protect individual’s right to privacy.

Lessons Learned and Looking Ahead

The Role of Government

Governments have the responsibility to regulate the use of technology, including in anti-trafficking efforts, such as disincentivizing the abuse of online resources for trafficking. Efforts to legislate and regulate tech companies to better prevent and address human trafficking will have broader impacts in areas such as privacy, security, and innovation, so careful consideration with a wide range of stakeholders will be needed.

Right now, government approaches to addressing emerging issues in the digital era continue to be fragmented, in part due to the scale and speed at which digital technology evolves. Inconsistent policies make it difficult to combat tech-facilitated crimes due to their transnational and multi-jurisdictional elements. Some governments are recognizing the importance of regulating digital platforms to protect and further national security, economic development, and human rights priorities and many have begun developing policies around the production, deployment, and use of digital technologies. Collaboration and coordination at the international and national level will make it harder for perpetrators to continue their illicit activities.

Globally, government investment in digital technologies for anti-trafficking efforts remains low, despite significant potential. Private sector and civil society stakeholders, including those with lived experience, will be critical to identifying additional government-funded research and development necessary to channel the positive aspects of technology and protect those who use it. An OSCE and Tech Against Trafficking analysis found that out of 305 technology tools readily available to combat human trafficking, only 9 percent were developed through government investments. Consideration should also be given as to how best to develop and share existing tech tools in regions of the world that lack such tools.

The Role of Law Enforcement

Law enforcement agencies are tasked with combating technology-facilitated human trafficking by monitoring online platforms, investigating suspicious activity, and prosecuting perpetrators. Law enforcement agencies can continuously look for new ways to proactively investigate trafficking cases by harnessing technological innovations to collect evidentiary material. For proactive investigations, agencies can focus on increasing internal capacity to integrate data analytics and artificial intelligence tools into casework, as well as collaborate and coordinate with NGOs and technology companies in tool development, training, and information sharing – with due regard to privacy safeguards.

Law enforcement agencies have found ways to leverage technology to help identify, track, and monitor illicit activity by following its digital footprint. A digital footprint could include online activity, from websites visited to social media posts published, and can help paint a clearer picture of a trafficker’s identity, location, and criminal activity. Such publicly available digital evidence is often helpful in building a trafficking case.

Examples of law enforcement leveraging online data to support criminal investigations include:

In September 2023, The Netherlands, supported by EUROPOL, coordinated a 3-day investigation targeting online criminal activities that enable human trafficking. Law enforcement from 26 countries alongside representatives from European Labor Authority, European Police College (CEPOL), INTERPOL, OSCE, and International Justice Mission, focused on identifying online platforms and social media to recruit victims for sexual and labor exploitation. This led to identifying 11 suspected human traffickers and 45 potential victims.
In 2023, Operation Synergia led by INTERPOL, targeted human trafficking rings linked to cyber scam centers. Partnering with a leading creator of cybersecurity technology, Group-IB’s Threat Intelligence and High-Tech Crime Investigation teams collected and shared information with INTERPOL and other law enforcement agencies to locate over 2,400 IP addresses associated with cybercrime, leading to the removal of the servers. Over 60 law enforcement agencies from 50 countries participated in the search and seizure of 1,300 malicious servers and electronic devices, shutting down 70 percent of identified cybercrime command servers while the remaining 30 percent are under investigation.

Law enforcement agencies must be better resourced to combat technology-facilitated human trafficking or use technology for human trafficking investigations. This can be achieved through greater investment in staff, training, and software. Law enforcement officers must be trained on monitoring and evaluating online platforms and developing technical knowledge. Law enforcement agencies can deepen their capabilities by establishing cybercrime units tasked with data analysis and decryption technology. Cooperation protocols with NGO and private sector partners will further data sharing and the design and deployment of new tools that are victim-centric and trauma- and survivor-informed. Multilateral knowledge exchange should also be considered when developing technology tools to prevent traffickers from exploiting the gaps in capacity and legislation between law enforcement agencies. Governments should also focus on implementation of the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children to address legislation gaps. Lastly, law enforcement agencies with access to victims’ personal data must have protection standards in place on the collection and storage of such personal data.

The Role of the Financial Sector

The financial sector also plays a vital role in combating human trafficking. According to the International Labour Organization, human trafficking is responsible for an estimated $236 billion in illicit profits annually. All forms of currency, including both traditional and digital assets (e.g. cryptocurrency), can be laundered, requiring a multidimensional approach involving legislative measures, collaboration between justice and financial sectors, technological innovations, and ethical considerations to detect their use in criminal enterprises. The financial sector’s role extends beyond upholding regulatory frameworks, often guided by promising practices in the area of corporate responsibility. As illicit proceeds from human trafficking can intersect with formal financial systems at any stage of a human trafficking crime, it is essential that financial institutions proactively manage the risk of technology-facilitated human trafficking and train staff on the financial indicators and techniques used by human traffickers to launder money. Coordination in this area should also include financial institutions working with law enforcement, technology companies, and survivors to inform their efforts, including on the development of training programs to enhance the ability of frontline staff and other industry professionals to detect transactions connected to human trafficking, how and when to intervene, and how to determine when a third party is benefitting from the exploitation of another.

Globally, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is the standard-setting body for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism and weapons proliferation. More than 200 countries have agreed to implement FATF recommendations, which provide guidance for member countries to identify, assess, and understand money laundering and illicit finance risks and to mitigate those risks. Since 2019, the FATF has included guidance on how to assess and mitigate risks associated with digital assets and digital asset service providers, including recommendations on how member jurisdictions should regulate cryptocurrency transactions. Countries are encouraged to adapt FATF recommendations to their specific context to establish or enhance efforts to tackle illicit financial transactions.

Following digital financial transactions human traffickers leave behind can identify broader criminal networks and make it more difficult to profit from human trafficking. For this reason, responsible innovation in technology and proactive partnerships between governments, financial institutions, law enforcement, and civil society experts, including those with lived experiences are an important part of identifying illicit financial activity associated with human trafficking and safeguarding financial systems against human trafficking, money laundering, terrorist financing, and other serious financial crimes.

The Role of NGOs

NGOs are one of the primary users and drivers of the development of anti-trafficking technological tools, algorithms, and programs and use digital technology to provide survivors easier access to resources and support services such as online counseling and helplines. NGOs are also well-positioned to build strong partnerships with and bridge the gap between technology companies, governments, survivors, and community organizations to enhance the creation and broaden the use of essential anti-trafficking application services. NGOs can use these relationships to advocate for and consult on the creation of standardized response frameworks, data privacy for victims when using anti-trafficking technology tools, and solutions to other emerging concerns around technology.

A result of a partnership between NGOs and international organizations (IOs) to advance work under the UN’s Global Compact on Decent Work in Global Supply Chains, the Interactive Map for Businesses of Anti-Human Trafficking Organizations was developed to be a user-friendly repository database that tracks global and local initiatives and organizations that businesses can partner with on anti-trafficking efforts. The map provides NGOs an opportunity to optimize coordination, research, awareness, and prevention efforts through the ability to identify specific industry initiatives to combat human trafficking via a filter tool that organizes data based on industry, geography, or issue, among others.

The Role of the Technology Industry

The technology industry, while providing many benefits can also inadvertently create environments that facilitate trafficking and other crimes, including by creating a space that facilitates unsupervised access to children. Many companies acknowledge that the popularity and simplicity of user-friendly application services contribute to unsafe environments by providing traffickers with easy access to communicate, advertise, and coordinate illicit activity. Some technology companies have taken steps to address these challenges, but ongoing efforts are needed to enhance security measures, improve content moderation, and collaborate with law enforcement to prevent technology from being used by bad actors for illicit activities. Technology can play several roles to include using data and algorithm tools to detect human trafficking patterns, identify suspicious and illicit activity, and report such activity to law enforcement. Technology companies play a pivotal role in protecting victims and vulnerable individuals from being exploited through the use of their online platforms and must be part of the solution to combat human trafficking.

Some technology companies are increasingly investing in better language models and machine learning to allow computers to learn from and make predictions based on data trends. These tools are a useful resource as they may provide law enforcement agencies with powerful tools to more efficiently target illicit activity and possible cases for investigation, but they are not required. Language models can detect, translate, and categorize key words used by traffickers to identify trafficking communication patterns. It can be used to aid international investigations and target traffickers since they often recruit individuals in different countries primarily communicating through technology and internet platforms in the victims’ native language. Alongside language models, other machine learning tools have the ability to cross reference various data sets, such as combining law enforcement data and transit trends, to help stakeholders formulate specific algorithms that can trace traffickers’ patterns. These tools can enhance collaboration between law enforcement agencies and other stakeholders, as well as quickly close the gap for countries that may not have established effective tools to track or investigate human trafficking. As developers continue to build and enhance anti-trafficking applications for protection, prevention, or prosecution functions, they must be designed to tackle the unique challenges and scenarios that arise in the context of human trafficking.

Regardless of the progress provided by technology tools, it is crucial that anti-trafficking stakeholders be cautious of becoming overly reliant on using AI and facial recognition technology to identify victims of human trafficking and the traffickers. These tools should enhance, not replace, existing methods. Developers, policymakers, and anti-trafficking leaders seeking to improve anti-trafficking efforts with AI and facial recognition tools should prioritize establishing data privacy rights and ensuring individuals’ information is protected throughout data-sharing processes.

Taking Action: Considerations for Anti-Trafficking Stakeholders

Harnessing technology to advance the shared goal of governments, law enforcement actors, technology companies, and civil society to eliminate human trafficking will require proactive efforts by all actors to resolve the complex, often contradictory byproducts of technological progress. Governments can adopt policies and legislation that recognize human traffickers’ use of technology and incentivize the positive use of technology tools to investigate and counter human trafficking, and must coordinate implementation of these policies through collaboration with the technology sector, the financial sector, anti-trafficking NGOs, and lived experience experts who can help build capacity to monitor online spaces, train staff, develop technology tools, and cultivate technical expertise. Law enforcement entities can use technology to conduct data analytics on traffickers, their connections, and their modus operandi to inform human trafficking investigations and related money laundering activities, bolster the identification of victims online, and enhance safety nets. Governments can also strengthen data security from unauthorized access to better protect victims and investigations and find technology-based solutions that further privacy, safety, and trust. Multilateral forums offer important venues for governments to share best practices and develop new policies and standards that uphold current international frameworks but are also tailored to regional and local trafficking situations and existing technological capabilities.

NGOs can advocate for policies and tech solutions that empower vulnerable individuals, strengthen access to services, advance digital learning, and further privacy protections. Local communities, NGOs, and those with lived experience know current trafficking trends and how technology is being used to facilitate crimes, and thus can recommend ways to enhance trauma-informed and victim-centric tech solutions and ways to get tech tools in the hands of those who most need them. The technology sector should work to ensure their online platforms are being used for legitimate purposes and ensure privacy and safety for users. The technology sector can also invest in new technologies that include detecting and countering child sexual abuse material, livestreaming trafficking offenses, and fraudulent cyber scams or job offers among other crimes occurring on their platforms. Governments, anti-trafficking NGOs, companies, and innovators can also employ routine audits of technology tools as digital technologies evolve to limit negative consequences and better guarantee efficient, sustainable means to address human trafficking.

Collaborative efforts allow all relevant parties to inform and promote best practices for the responsible and safe use of technology by a variety of actors, including individuals vulnerable to technology-facilitated trafficking. The challenge is immense, but political will, resource investments, innovation, and partnerships will help prevent traffickers’ use of technology for exploitation, and instead amplify and scale the best applications that assist all anti-trafficking stakeholders in meeting our obligations to combat the newest continuously evolving aspects of this pernicious crime.

Understanding Human Trafficking

“Trafficking in persons” and “human trafficking” are umbrella terms—often used interchangeably—to refer to a crime whereby traffickers exploit and profit at the expense of adults or children by compelling them to perform labor or engage in commercial sex. When a person younger than 18 is used to perform a commercial sex act, it is a crime regardless of whether there is any force, fraud, or coercion involved.

The United States recognizes two primary forms of trafficking in persons: forced labor and sex trafficking. The basic meaning of these forms of human trafficking and some unique characteristics of each are set forth below, followed by several key principles and concepts that relate to all forms of human trafficking.

More than 180 nations have ratified or acceded to the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons (the UN TIP Protocol), which defines trafficking in persons and contains obligations to prevent and combat the crime.

The United States’ TVPA and the UN TIP Protocol contain similar definitions of human trafficking. The elements of both definitions can be described using a three-element framework focused on the trafficker’s 1) acts; 2) means; and 3) purpose. All three elements are essential to form a human trafficking violation.

Forced Labor

Forced Labor, sometimes also referred to as labor trafficking, encompasses the range of activities involved when a person uses force, fraud, or coercion to exploit the labor or services of another person.

The “acts” element of forced labor is met when the trafficker recruits, harbors, transports, provides, or obtains a person for labor or services.

The “means” element of forced labor includes a trafficker’s use of force, fraud, or coercion. The coercive scheme can include threats of force, debt manipulation, withholding of pay, confiscation of identity documents, psychological coercion, reputational harm, manipulation of the use of addictive substances, threats to other people, or other forms of coercion.

The “purpose” element focuses on the perpetrator’s goal to exploit a person’s labor or services. There is no limit on the location or type of industry. Traffickers can commit this crime in any sector or setting, whether legal or illicit, including but not limited to agricultural fields, factories, restaurants, hotels, massage parlors, retail stores, fishing vessels, mines, private homes, or drug trafficking operations.

All three elements are essential to constitute the crime of forced labor.

There are certain types of forced labor that are frequently distinguished for emphasis or because they are widespread:

Domestic Servitude

“Domestic servitude” is a form of forced labor in which the trafficker requires a victim to perform work in a private residence. Such circumstances create unique vulnerabilities. Domestic workers are often isolated and may work alone in a house. Their employer often controls their access to food, transportation, and housing. What happens in a private residence is hidden from the world – including from law enforcement and labor inspectors – resulting in barriers to victim identification. Foreign domestic workers are particularly vulnerable to abuse due to language and cultural barriers, as well as a lack of community ties. Some perpetrators use these types of conditions as part of their coercive schemes to compel the labor of domestic workers with little risk of detection.

Forced Child Labor

The term “forced child labor” describes forced labor schemes in which traffickers compel children to work. Traffickers often target children because they are more vulnerable. Although some children may legally engage in certain forms of work, forcing or coercing children to work remains illegal. Forms of slavery or slavery-like practices – including the sale of children, forced or compulsory child labor, and debt bondage and serfdom of children – continue to exist, despite legal prohibitions and widespread condemnation. Some indicators of forced labor of a child include situations in which the child appears to be in the custody of a non-family member and the child’s work financially benefits someone outside the child’s family; or the denial of food, rest, or schooling to a child who is working.

Sex Trafficking

Sex trafficking encompasses the range of activities involved when a trafficker uses force, fraud, or coercion to compel another person to engage in a commercial sex act or causes a child to engage in a commercial sex act.

The crime of sex trafficking is also understood through the “acts,” “means,” and “purpose” framework. All three elements are required to establish a sex trafficking crime (except in the case of child sex trafficking where the means are irrelevant).

The “acts” element of sex trafficking is met when a trafficker recruits, harbors, transports, provides, obtains, patronizes, or solicits another person to engage in commercial sex.

The “means” element of sex trafficking occurs when a trafficker uses force, fraud, or coercion. Coercion in the case of sex trafficking includes the broad array of means included in the forced labor definition. These can include threats of serious harm, psychological harm, reputational harm, threats to others, and debt manipulation.

The “purpose” element is a commercial sex act. Sex trafficking can take place in private homes, massage parlors, hotels, or brothels, among other locations, as well as on the internet.

Child Sex Trafficking

In cases where an individual engages in any of the specified “acts” with a child (under the age of 18), the means element is irrelevant regardless of whether evidence of force, fraud, or coercion exists. The use of children in commercial sex is prohibited by law in the United States and most countries around the world.

Key Principles and Concepts

These key principles and concepts relate to all forms of trafficking in persons, including forced labor and sex trafficking.

Human trafficking can take place even if the victim initially consented to providing labor, services, or commercial sex acts. The analysis is primarily focused on the trafficker’s conduct and not that of the victim. A trafficker can target a victim after a victim applies for a job or migrates to earn a living. The trafficker’s exploitative scheme is what matters, not a victim’s prior consent or ability to meaningfully consent thereafter. Likewise, in a sex trafficking case, an adult victim’s initial willingness to engage in commercial sex acts is not relevant where a perpetrator subsequently uses force, fraud, or coercion to exploit the victim and cause them to continue engaging in the same acts. In the case of child sex trafficking, the consent of the victim is never relevant as a child cannot legally consent to commercial sex.

Neither U.S. law nor international law requires that a trafficker or victim move across a border for a human trafficking offense to take place. Trafficking in persons is a crime of exploitation and coercion, and not movement. Traffickers can use schemes that take victims hundreds of miles away from their homes or exploit them in the same neighborhoods where they were born.

Debt Bondage

“Debt bondage” is focused on human trafficking crimes in which the trafficker’s primary means of coercion is debt manipulation. U.S. law prohibits perpetrators from using debts as part of their scheme, plan, or pattern to compel a person to work or engage in commercial sex. Traffickers target some individuals with an initial debt assumed willingly as a condition of future employment, while in certain countries traffickers tell individuals they “inherited” the debt from relatives. Traffickers can also manipulate debts after the economic relationship begins by withholding earnings or forcing the victim to assume debts for expenses like food, housing, or transportation. They can also manipulate debts a victim owes to other people. When traffickers use debts as a means to compel labor or commercial sex, they have committed a crime.

The Non-Punishment Principle

A victim-centered and trauma-informed approach is key to successful anti-trafficking efforts. A central tenet of such an approach is that victims of trafficking should not be inappropriately penalized solely for unlawful acts they committed as a direct result of being trafficked. Effective implementation of the “non-punishment principle,” as it is increasingly referred to, not only requires recognizing and embracing the principle in regional and national laws, but also increasing proactive victim identification.

State-Sponsored Human Trafficking

While the TVPA and UN TIP Protocol call on governments to proactively address trafficking crimes, some governments are part of the problem, directly compelling their citizens into sexual slavery or forced labor schemes. From forced labor in local or national public work projects, military operations, and economically important sectors, or as part of government-funded projects or missions abroad, officials use their power to exploit their nationals. To extract this work, governments coerce by threatening the withdrawal of public benefits, withholding salaries, failing to adhere to limits on national service, manipulating the lack of legal status of stateless individuals and members of minority groups, threatening to punish family members, or conditioning services or freedom of movement on labor or sex. In 2019, Congress amended the TVPA to acknowledge that governments can also act as traffickers, referring specifically to a “government policy or pattern” of human trafficking, trafficking in government-funded programs, forced labor in government-affiliated medical services or other sectors, sexual slavery in government camps, or the employment or recruitment of child soldiers.

Unlawful Recruitment or Use of Child Soldiers

Another manifestation of human trafficking occurs when government forces or any non-state armed group unlawfully recruits or uses children – through force, fraud, or coercion – as soldiers or for labor or services in conflict situations. Children are also used as sex slaves. Sexual slavery, as referred to here, occurs when armed groups force or coerce children to “marry” or be raped by commanders or combatants. Both male and female children are often sexually abused or exploited by members of armed groups and suffer the same types of devastating physical and psychological consequences associated with sex trafficking.

Accountability in Supply Chains

Forced labor is well documented in the private economy, particularly in agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, construction, and domestic work; but no sector is immune. Sex trafficking occurs in several industries as well. Most well-known is the hospitality industry, but the crime also occurs in connection with extractive industries where activities are often remote and lack meaningful government presence. Governments should hold all entities, including businesses, accountable for human trafficking. In some countries, the law provides for corporate accountability in both the civil and criminal justice systems. U.S. law provides such liability for any legal person, including a business that benefits financially from its involvement in a human trafficking scheme, provided that the business knew or should have known of the scheme.

Topics of Special Interest

Trafficking in Persons for the Purpose of Organ Removal

Trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal is one of the least reported and least understood forms of trafficking – but one that experts believe may be growing. Like sex trafficking and labor trafficking, it is ultimately a crime that exploits human beings for economic profit. Trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal is “a form of trafficking in which an individual is exploited for their organ, including by coercion, deception and abuse of a position of vulnerability.” The crime is sometimes confused with organ trafficking; however, organ trafficking refers more broadly to the illicit trade or exchange of organs for financial or other material gain. In organ trafficking, the focus is on the organ itself; conversely, with trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal, the focus is on the individual. The key global anti-trafficking instrument, the Palermo Protocol, defines exploitation to include at a minimum “the removal of organs,” alongside sexual exploitation, forced labor, and slavery or slavery-like practices.

Often, in cases of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal, would-be donors are tricked into organ donation. Common deceptions include being told human beings have three kidneys or that kidneys regenerate after being removed, or being falsely told they will experience no negative side effects from a kidney removal (in fact, kidney donors may face serious lifelong medical challenges and be unable to work). Although kidneys are the most common organ involved, other organs and tissues, such as livers, corneas, or skin, are also sought, although notably the Palermo Protocol’s definition covers only exploitation for the removal of organs, not of tissues or cells. Victims may not be paid at all, or they may receive some payment; importantly, an individual can still be a victim of trafficking in persons or other human rights abuses even if they received some form of payment.

The 2022 UNODC Global Report on Trafficking in Persons noted trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal constituted only 0.2 percent of detected victims of trafficking compared to the much higher numbers for sex trafficking and forced labor. UNODC has warned “existing barriers to reporting suggest that the full scale of this phenomenon is not yet known.” The report also noted an uptick in cases (from 25 in 2017 to 40 in 2018), though the overall numbers are small. Between 2008 and 2022, UNODC reported 700 victims of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal while noting “the scale of the problem is likely to be much larger.”

Trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal is difficult to detect for several reasons. Data-collection efforts are scarce, and some instances of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal may be mistakenly classified or prosecuted as organ trafficking. Moreover, unlike sex trafficking and labor trafficking, which can take place over months or years, trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal usually involves a brief, often one-time, interaction. Like other forms of trafficking, transactions have increasingly shifted online and become more sophisticated, facilitating the emergence of smaller networks, and even independent brokers and suppliers, which may be more difficult to track.

Both the 2020 and 2022 UNODC Global Report on Trafficking in Persons and a 2021 INTERPOL report suggest North Africa and the Middle East have the highest share of detected victims, in part due to the prevalence of large vulnerable communities, limited access to medical care, and corruption. The media and some NGOs have also reported instances of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal for ritual purposes. However, instances of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal can occur worldwide. In a case recently prosecuted in the United Kingdom, the victim was recruited in Nigeria and brought to London, where the organ removal was to take place (see inset box for additional information). In another case reported by the BBC in late 2023, revealing the connection between organ trafficking and trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal, Pakistani police arrested eight members of an organ-trafficking ring that “lure[d] vulnerable patients from hospitals” and conducted transplants “often without the patient knowing;” several people died from these procedures.

The government of the People’s Republic of China, in particular, has been accused of systematically forcibly removing organs from political prisoners. For example, a group of UN human rights experts noted in 2021:

Forced organ harvesting in China appears to be targeting specific ethnic, linguistic, or religious minorities held in detention, often without being explained the reasons for arrest or given arrest warrants, at different locations. We are deeply concerned by reports of discriminatory treatment of the prisoners or detainees based on their ethnicity and religion or belief.

(Note: forced organ harvesting is not a term defined in the Palermo Protocol, but the phrase is commonly used to describe trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal.)

While there is a need for additional studies and reporting to thoroughly assess the geographic and numeric scope of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal, stakeholders are taking steps to attempt to address the issue. A number of regional instruments, including the Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs, the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, and the ASEAN Convention against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, recognize organ removal as a form of trafficking-related exploitation.

Experts have also proposed ideas to increase the supply of legally donated organs, with the intention of making trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and organ trafficking less lucrative. These ideas include transitioning deceased organ donation from an opt-in to an opt-out system; implementing paired exchanges matching donors and patients; creating awareness campaigns targeted at potential donors, including addressing barriers to altruistic organ donation and providing guidance on how to prevent trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal; building the capacity of law enforcement to detect and investigate these cases; and improving transparency and reporting around transplantation.

Twenty-one-year-old “Daniel” (not his real name) scraped out a living selling mobile-phone accessories at an outdoor street market in Lagos, Nigeria, but he thought his luck took a turn when he was offered a “life-changing opportunity” to work in the United Kingdom. The people he believed were his employers instructed him to take a blood test, which he thought was required to secure a visa. The people he had been working with put him on a flight and confiscated his passport. Within days of arriving in London, Daniel was taken to the Royal Free Hospital, where doctors discussed the risks of the upcoming “operation” – something Daniel knew nothing about. Seeing his confusion, the doctors sent Daniel away – but did not notify authorities. Later, Daniel overheard a conversation among those who had brought Daniel to the UK speaking about sending him back to Nigeria to remove his kidney. Scared, Daniel escaped, sleeping on the streets for several days until walking into a police station and telling his story. Daniel’s bravery eventually led to the UK’s first prosecution of – and convictions for – human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal. A prominent Nigerian politician and his wife who had arranged the trafficking scheme to provide their daughter with a kidney transplant, as well as a Nigerian doctor, were convicted in 2023.

This story was published by the BBC, Organ Harvesting: Trafficked for His Kidney and Now Forced into Hiding , June 26, 2023 ( https://www.bbc.com/news/65960515 ); for additional details, see the Crown Prosecution Service, Updated with Sentence: Senior Nigerian Politician Jailed Over Illegal UK Organ-Harvesting Plot , May 5, 2023 ( https://www.cps.gov.uk/cps/news/updated-sentence-senior-nigerian-politician-jailed-over-illegal-uk-organ-harvesting-plot ).

Connecting the Dots: Preventing Forced Labor by Empowering Workers

Forced labor, a form of human trafficking, is universally condemned yet prevalent in nearly every industry globally. The International Labour Organization (ILO) reports forced labor has grown in recent years – with no region of the world or private sector industry spared – and the majority of forced labor takes place in the private economy, meaning forced labor is connected to global supply chains. These facts demand a re-examination of current efforts to prevent and address forced labor, including the need to elevate the voice and agency of workers and place them at the center of prevention efforts through strategic partnerships. In addition, particular focus should be placed on vulnerable populations, such as migrant workers. ILO research shows the rates of forced labor among migrant workers are higher if migration is irregular or poorly governed, or where recruitment practices are unfair or unethical.

Although prosecuting specific traffickers and assisting individual victims are critical for governments combating forced labor, successful interventions to prevent forced labor require a range of stakeholders willing to visualize and address broader systemic issues centered on worker’s labor rights, including those of migrant workers, as well as supply chain power imbalances. For governments, this may require additional resources and oversight of workplaces, especially in key sectors where forced labor is often present; better monitoring of the labor recruitment industry; increased outreach to and protections for migrant workers; and improved screening measures by well-trained officials targeting populations at greater risk of exploitation. For the private sector, it will mean proactively supporting workers and their ability to advocate for themselves, setting clear expectations of suppliers, and rooting out practices that create environments ripe for exploitation.

Worker-led Approaches to Prevent Forced Labor

Over time, policymakers, academics, and other stakeholders have expanded their thinking to encompass worker-led approaches to address the vulnerabilities of workers and prevent forced labor. Such approaches include advancing labor rights and standards – including freedom of association, collective bargaining, and the remediation of labor rights abuses – as well as worker-driven approaches that include migrants. Research has demonstrated workers are most vulnerable to forced labor if they do not know their rights, are excluded from labor protection laws, and lack access to grievance mechanisms. Workers in the informal sector and women and girls, who often face gender-based violence and harassment in the workplace, can be particularly vulnerable. One of the most effective ways to prevent worker exploitation is to guarantee workers’ full rights to freedom of association and collective bargaining. Independent and democratic labor unions, led by workers, are best able to represent workers’ collective interests at multiple levels, including at the national, subnational, regional, and international levels. Collaborating with local workers, regional international organizations, and global union federations, these unions can reach the most vulnerable workers, organize across a labor sector, and advocate for key policy changes, including responsible migration management. As a result, they are well positioned to engage powerful transnational companies to address forced labor in their supply chains.

According to ILO’s Director of the Bureau for Workers’ Activities, there have been positive developments over time with unions reaching outside of their traditional base to include the unionization of self-employed workers. Many unions have also expanded to include more informal economy, migrant, and domestic workers, which is key as many of these workers are governed by a variety of working arrangements, including fixed-term and temporary contracts.

This diversification of representation is important as unions allow workers to negotiate for better working conditions, influence the laws and policies that impact them, and remediate labor rights abuses. Unions play a pivotal role in securing legislated labor protections and rights, such as legally entitled wages and benefits, occupational safety and health protections, overtime pay, and medical leave. Union-led efforts help raise the wages for the lowest paid and least skilled workers and lead to fewer hours of unpaid overtime work. Unions play crucial roles in identifying labor rights abuses and enforcing rights on the job. One of the most effective ways to prevent the exploitation of migrant workers is by guaranteeing their right to join unions in destination countries. The multiplier impact is notable, as industries with strong union representation tend to have lower levels of labor rights abuse, the worst forms of child labor, and forced labor.

Where there is an absence of unions, there at least should be effective, secure mechanisms for worker communication and grievances. Governments should strongly encourage employers to provide mechanisms so workers can advocate for their rights, discuss workplace issues of concern and interest, and communicate grievances, even if that takes place outside a formal union mechanism. Such mechanisms are essential to preventing forced labor, as they position workers, including migrant workers, to better protect themselves against coercion, deception, discrimination, and other forms of exploitation.

Promising Practices in Improving Labor Conditions

Several examples stand out as raising labor conditions for workers.

Dindigul Agreement, India

Indian women and the Dalit-worker led union Tamil Nadu Textile and Common Labor Union (TTCU) signed in April 2022 a historic agreement with clothing and textile manufacturers and major fashion companies to end gender-based violence and harassment at factories in the southern state of Tamil Nadu. This enforceable brand agreement resulted in multinational companies committing to support a worker- or union-led program at certain factories or worksites. An assessment a year later by the multi-stakeholder oversight committee found that the workers are now effectively able to detect, remediate, and prevent gender-based violence and harassment. In addition, the TTCU has conducted peer education training of more than 2,000 workers and management, held more than 30 meetings with management to resolve grievances, and recruited 58 workers as monitors to help remediate gender-based violence and harassment throughout the factory units.

Freedom of Association for Garment Workers, Honduras

In the decade that has followed Honduran workers signing an agreement with major brand Fruit of the Loom, close to 50 percent of all Honduran garment workers are now employed at a factory where an independent union represents the workforce. As a result of this signed collective bargaining agreement, workers have won increased wages and benefits and witnessed a reduction in verbal harassment and gender-based violence.

While unionization rates vary considerably across the globe, the ILO notes other encouraging examples. In Uzbekistan, trade unions have organized seasonal workers and facilitated dual affiliation to different unions in other countries. In Moldova, unions have begun to establish agreements with unions in destination countries so that migrants have protection when working abroad . In Benin, Botswana, and Mauritius, trade unions have set up Joint Trade Union Councils, which have drawn up joint declarations, charters, and protocols on the modalities of working together in national social dialogue fora. In Lithuania and Ukraine, unions have established structures of cross-border collaboration to improve the recruitment and representation of truck drivers in both countries.

Overall, research has also shown that unionization has spillover effects that extend beyond union workers. Competition means workers at nonunionized firms also often see increased wages and improved workplace safety norms. Union members improve communities through heightened civic engagement and increased voter rates. Unions can also boost business’ productivity by giving experienced workers more input into decisions that design better, more cost-effective workplace procedures.

Milestones, Momentum, and Motivation

Over the last several years, government and private sector attention has become focused on resilient supply chains, and there are increasing supply chain transparency and due diligence policies, regulations, and laws globally. In addition, various initiatives have been developed to raise the importance of workers’ agency. It is notable that flower-sector leader Bloomia’s entire cut-flower supply chain, which encompasses farms in the United States, Chile, and South Africa, will now be certified for human rights protections by the Fair Food Program, pioneers in the worker-driven social responsibility model with its partnerships among retailers, growers, and workers. Combined, the Partnership for Workers‘ Rights, launched by the United States and Brazil at the 2023 UN General Assembly; the Multilateral Partnership for Worker Organizing, Empowerment, and Rights (M-POWER), which is part of the U.S. Presidential Initiative for Democratic Renewal; and the 2023 U.S. Presidential Memorandum on Advancing Worker Empowerment, Rights, and High Labor Standards present a unique opportunity to proactively advance worker empowerment in the short and long term while simultaneously preventing labor rights violations and abuses, especially forced labor. The independent UN Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery made a key theme for 2024 the role of trade unions and worker organizations in preventing contemporary forms of slavery.

The timing is ideal for all stakeholders committed to preventing forced labor to fully embrace the importance of supporting, elevating, and improving labor standards, bringing workers’ voices to the policy formulation and decision-making table, and working to help the public and private sector enforce rules against unfair labor practices. Governments should take every step to use a whole-of-government approach to advance worker rights and address gaps in labor rights protection and compliance, including for migrant workers; the private sector should see free and fair unions as critical partners in competing in the global economy while protecting workers; and other civil society stakeholders should ensure that workers’ voices are incorporated early and often, especially when their equities are at stake.

Human Trafficking in Cuba’s Labor Export Program

Each year, the Cuban government sends tens of thousands of workers around the globe under multi-year cooperation agreements negotiated with receiving countries. While medical missions remain the most prevalent, the Cuban government also profited from other similarly coercive labor export programs, including those involving teachers, artists, athletes and coaches, engineers, forestry technicians, and nearly 7,000 merchant mariners worldwide. According to a report published by the Cuban government, by the end of 2023, there were more than 22,000 government-affiliated Cuban workers in over 53 countries, and medical professionals composed 75 percent of its exported workforce. The COVID-19 pandemic increased the need for medical workers in many places around the world, and the Cuban government used the opportunity to expand its reach by increasing the number of its medical personnel abroad through the Henry Reeve Brigades, which Cuba first initiated in 2005 to respond to natural disasters and epidemics. Experts estimate the Cuban government collects $6 billion to $8 billion annually from its export of services, which includes the medical missions. The labor export program remains the largest foreign revenue source for the Cuban government.

There are serious concerns with Cuba’s recruitment and retention practices surrounding the labor export program. While the conditions of each international labor mission vary from country to country, the Cuban government subjects all government-affiliated workers to the same coercive laws. Cuba has a government policy or pattern to profit from forced labor in the labor export program, which includes foreign medical missions. The Cuban government labels workers who leave the program without completing it as “deserters,” a category that under Cuban immigration law deems them as “undesirable.” The government bans workers labeled as “deserters” and “undesirables” from returning to Cuba for eight years, preventing them from visiting their families in Cuba. It categorizes Cuban nationals who do not return to the country within 24 months as having “emigrated.” Individuals who emigrate lose all their citizen protections, rights under Cuban law, and any property they left behind. These government policies and legal provisions, taken together, coerce workers and punish those seeking to exercise freedom of movement. According to credible sources, by 2021, the Cuban government had sanctioned 40,000 professionals under these provisions, and by 2022, there were approximately 5,000 children forcibly separated from their parents due to the government’s policies surrounding the program.

Complaints filed with the International Criminal Court and the UN indicate most workers did not volunteer for the program, some never saw a contract or knew their destination, many had their passports confiscated by Cuban officials once they arrived at their destination, and almost all had “minders” or overseers. According to the complaints and survivors, Cuban heads of mission in the country subjected workers to surveillance, prevented them from freely associating with locals, and imposed a strict curfew. Cuba also confiscated between 75 and 90 percent of each worker’s salary. As a result of the well-founded complaints and information about the exploitative nature of Cuba’s labor export program, at the end of 2023, the UN Special Rapporteur for Contemporary Forms of Slavery filed a new communication outlining the persistent concerns with the program, particularly for Cuban workers in Italy, Qatar, and Spain.

While exploitation, including forced labor, of workers remains the primary concern with the program, Cuba’s practices can also negatively impact a host country’s healthcare system. Survivors of the program have reported being forced by the Cuban in-country mission director to falsify medical records and misrepresent critical information to justify their presence and need to local authorities. Some individuals reported discarding medications, fabricating names, and documenting medical procedures that never occurred. When medical workers refused to comply with the demands of the Cuban in-country mission director, they faced punishment and retaliation. While the Cuban government promotes workers as highly skilled medical professionals and specialists, these workers often lack adequate medical training to treat complex conditions. These practices are unethical, negligent, exploitative, and risk the lives of those they serve.

Governments should make efforts to combat human trafficking, and this includes not purchasing goods or services made or provided with forced labor. Governments that utilize Cuba’s labor export programs despite the serious concerns with the program should at a minimum conduct frequent and unannounced labor inspections to screen these workers for trafficking indicators and employ victim-centered interviewing techniques. These host governments should ensure all Cuban workers are subject to the same laws, regulations, and protections as for other migrant workers and that they are not brought via a negotiated agreement with the Government of Cuba that limits these protections or exempts Cuban workers from Wage Protections Systems or other tools designed to strengthen transparency. Officials should ensure workers maintain complete control of their passports and medical certifications and can provide proof of full salary payment to bank accounts under the workers’ control. They should scrutinize medical reports produced by these workers, offer protection for those who face retaliation and punishment for terminating their employment, and raise awareness of trafficking risks for all foreign workers, including government-affiliated Cuban workers.

Nothing About Us Without Us: Human Trafficking and Persons with Disabilities

Human traffickers often take advantage of persons in vulnerable situations including individuals who lack access to services and programs or rely on the assistance of others. Among this group of potential targets are persons with disabilities, who represent about 16 percent of the world’s population, or 1.3 billion people, according to the World Health Organization.

Of course, these 1.3 billion people are not monolithic. Some people have a disability from birth; others experience disability later in their lifetime. Some disabilities are life-long, and others may be temporary. A disability can be visible, such as a physical disability, or non-apparent, such as an intellectual or psychosocial disability. People with disabilities are of every age, race, sex and sex characteristics, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, economic status, and nationality.

Professors Andrea Nichols and Erin Heil have noted the “heightened risk as well as heightened prevalence” of human trafficking involving persons with disabilities, although the authors acknowledged the paucity of existing research. Even when research about persons with disabilities is conducted, it rarely addresses additional intersecting identities, such as race, ethnicity, age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, or migratory status, that can exacerbate marginalization.

The intersection between disability and human trafficking can be cyclical. On the one hand, persons with disabilities are more likely to be targeted by traffickers; on the other hand, the experience of being trafficked can lead to or exacerbate existing disabilities through physical injuries or emotional trauma that in turn could heighten vulnerability.

Even with access to support, persons with disabilities face increased risk of exploitation. A caregiver may exploit their position to victimize the person they are assisting. Persons with disabilities who receive financial assistance may be exploited for those benefits. As the Human Trafficking Legal Center has explained with respect to the situation in the United States: “While persons with disabilities may be trafficked into sex or labor, many cases include one additional element: the theft of Social Security or disability benefits. The opportunity to steal government benefits provides an added incentive for traffickers to target persons with disabilities.” Persons with disabilities across the globe who receive benefits face similar challenges.

In light of this situation, it is perhaps not surprising that the centerpiece of the United States’ statutory framework to combat trafficking, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA), was promulgated in part as a reaction to the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Kozminski , 487 U.S. 931 (1988), a case involving two men with intellectual disabilities held in what justices referred to as “slave-like” conditions on a farm. In the case, the Court held that the law banning “involuntary servitude” was limited to circumstances involving “the compulsion of services by the use or threatened use of physical or legal coercion.” However, Congress subsequently passed the TVPA, which recognized that psychological coercion and threats of nonviolent coercion can be every bit as powerful as physical force in overcoming the will of targeted individuals.

In 2009, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission brought a case involving Henry’s Turkey Service, which exploited 32 intellectually disabled men at a farm in Atalissa, Iowa. For more than 30 years, the men endured physical and mental abuse and received virtually no pay. The jury awarded the men what at the time was the largest-ever award in an employment-discrimination case – $240 million – although it was later reduced to $1.6 million due to a federal cap in the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Not only did the TVPA arise in part from trafficking crimes involving persons with disabilities, one of the first major trafficking prosecutions in the United States involved persons with disabilities. In that case, dozens of immigrants with hearing disabilities, including young children, were forced to work 18-hour days as trinket vendors in New York City. Traffickers targeted persons with disabilities who were also young migrants and did not speak English, exemplifying how disability can intersect with other forms of vulnerability. Sadly, this form of exploitation of persons with disabilities continues to this day.

The TIP Report enhanced its coverage of the intersection of disability and trafficking, with the 2023 TIP Report referencing persons with disabilities in 65 country narratives, up from about 50 in the 2022 TIP Report. These references also highlighted the existence or lack of specialized services for persons with disabilities who are victims of trafficking, and the particular challenges faced by persons with physical or intellectual disabilities.

The U.S. Department of State’s disability rights work is led by Special Advisor on International Disability Rights Sara Minkara. In this appointed position, Ms. Minkara leads the comprehensive strategy to promote and protect the rights of persons with disabilities across U.S. foreign policy. Special Advisor Minkara embodies the slogan “nothing about us without us,” which is often used by disability rights advocates to insist that persons with disabilities participate fully in policies affecting them. The role of Special Advisor on International Disability Rights was first held by Judy Heumann, who served in the position from 2010 to 2017 and is widely regarded as the “mother of the disability rights movement.” Sadly, Ms. Heumann passed away in March 2023, leaving behind an indelible legacy of disability advocacy in the United States and around the world.

From left: Former Special Advisor on International Disability Rights (SAIDR) Judy Heumann, SAIDR Sara Minkara, and Special Assistant to the Special Advisor Hanah Nasri attend a celebration of the anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act at the official residence of the Vice President of the United States in July 2022. Photo courtesy of Hanah Nasri. (Photo was published in State Magazine in March 2023: https://statemag.state.gov/2023/05/0523office/ ) .

Key Trafficking Issues in the Western Hemisphere Region

Human trafficking manifests itself differently around the world. In the Western Hemisphere – North, Central, and South America and the Caribbean – there are broad commonalities in trafficking trends countries face and how their governments and authorities approach the crime. Below is an overview of shared issues in the region to illustrate the overall situation and coordinate the anti-trafficking efforts of governments and other stakeholders . These regional issues are extrapolated from the individual narratives for the countries in the region, including the United States.

Unprecedented irregular migration in the region affects all Western Hemisphere countries. Migrants and asylum seekers are especially vulnerable to sex trafficking and forced labor, including by large and small organized criminal groups. Migrants who rely on migrant smugglers are at particularly high risk of exploitation as many assume debt to pay migrant smugglers. Irregular migration may also include individuals already exploited by traffickers, as victims may be motivated to migrate and seek protection elsewhere. While some countries enacted policies aimed at reducing migrants’ vulnerability to trafficking by providing temporary residency and access to formal employment, education, healthcare, and other services, we encourage all countries faced with irregular migration challenges to prevent trafficking and prioritize screening among migrants.

Countries across the region generally have a good understanding of and response to sex trafficking, especially in identification of women who are victims. Governments also undertake and emphasize the importance of law enforcement and criminal justice approaches to address trafficking, even if implementation is uneven. Many governments seek to tackle both internal and transnational human trafficking. In broad terms, there is political will in many countries to address human trafficking, particularly sex trafficking.

Weak efforts targeting forced labor remain a concern in the Western Hemisphere. Governments generally focus on addressing sex trafficking and have weaker, poorly enumerated procedures to prosecute labor traffickers and protect victims of forced labor. Labor inspectorates are underfunded and understaffed and typically have limited or no authority to inspect informal sector worksites where many victims are exploited, especially along changing migration routes. Governments’ lack of attention to labor trafficking leaves victims unprotected in multiple sectors, including agriculture , mining , logging, maritime, and service .

Traffickers also exploit many victims in forced criminality . Organized crime groups, including gangs and illegal armed groups, exploit girls in child sex trafficking, force children into street begging, forcibly recruit or use child soldiers, and coerce and threaten young men and women to transport drugs, commit extortion, act as lookouts, or commit acts of violence, including murder. Organized crime groups target groups of migrants unable to enter a country due to border restrictions or awaiting asylum decisions, including at the U.S.-Mexico border. State-sponsored forced labor is also a concern, specifically Cuba’s labor export program, including its medical missions – which the Cuban government continues to profit from by subjecting workers to forced labor and exploitation.

Gaps in trafficking victim protection are another broad concern in the Western Hemisphere. For years governments have lacked (or failed to provide the necessary) financial and human resources to screen for and identify trafficking victims and provide them trauma-informed services. Some governments have developed policies and protocols for screening victims and referring them to care, but implementation has been inconsistent or ineffective. In addition, governmental interagency coordination is weak, with working groups often disjointed and disempowered, which is particularly detrimental to the cross-sectoral collaboration needed for victim protection efforts. These problems are particularly notable among migrants, whom governments rarely screen for trafficking indicators.

Furthermore, governments make weak screening and identification efforts even with underserved populations and marginalized groups recognized as at high risk to trafficking, including Afro-descendant, Indigenous, and LGBTQI+ persons, as well as members of other ethnic and linguistic minorities, migrants, refugees, and displaced persons. These populations also frequently experience discrimination from authorities, often making them fearful to report crimes or access care and justice. Finally, there are insufficient trafficking-specific services for victims, particularly for men and boys, in most countries across the region. Governments refer identified trafficking victims to support systems designed to serve other populations, such as migrants, individuals experiencing homelessness, or victims of gender-based violence, which do not meet the specific needs of trafficking victims. Similarly, access to justice and services is concentrated in large urban areas, while the most vulnerable individuals frequently live in rural areas with limited government presence. Lack of victim-centered and trauma-informed services can hinder victim identification, prevent healing, increase risk of re-trafficking, and fuel impunity by making survivors less likely to participate in the case against their traffickers.

Criminal justice responses and definitions of trafficking are concerning across the region. Many governments have weaknesses in their legal systems and uneven judicial application of trafficking laws, including levying fines in lieu of imprisonment for trafficking crimes, imposing penalties not commensurate with those for other crimes, and failing to criminalize all forms of child sex trafficking. Judges, in particular, may lack adequate training in applying trafficking laws and coercive methods traffickers use, which impacts their decisions and sentences. Impunity for trafficking crimes fosters misperceptions about trafficking among both policymakers and the public. Inadequate law enforcement efforts and insufficient capacity-building for law enforcement and other first responders hinders or impacts efforts in low-capacity countries , especially in the Caribbean. Governments with limited resources often do not recognize or implement low-cost/high-impact anti-trafficking policies. Official complicity within law enforcement, the prison system, and local government facilitates trafficking crimes across some governments, but criminal prosecution of complicit officials lags behind the already low number of convictions of other traffickers. Child sex trafficking and extraterritorial commercial child sexual exploitation and abuse are also pervasive concerns, particularly due to the increased use of social media and online platforms to recruit victims. Many officials conflate human trafficking with other crimes, including migrant smuggling, child labor, sexual violence against children, illegal commercial sex, and illegal adoption. Because of this confusion, governments may misidentify trafficking victims, fail to give them adequate support, and therefore underreport trafficking crimes. These problems lead to inadequate data collection and reporting on human trafficking and, therefore, an incomplete understanding of the extent of the crime in the hemisphere.

A Framework for Balancing Prosecution, Prevention, and Victim Protection Priorities in Criminal Justice Systems

Holding human traffickers accountable is an essential component of the Palermo Protocol’s “3P” paradigm of prosecuting traffickers, protecting victims, and preventing the crime. Prosecutions make powerful statements that human trafficking will not be tolerated, and perpetrators will be held accountable, and because it is important to recognize that prosecution, protection, and prevention efforts are all inextricably intertwined. Victims are better able to assist in investigations and prosecutions when they have access to robust protections, and successful prosecutions protect individual victims from revictimization in addition to preventing the convicted trafficker from exploiting others.

Supporting victims throughout the criminal justice process is critical. Cases often move slowly, leaving victims anxious about the uncertainty of the outcome, fearful of retaliation, re-traumatized by having to recount traumatic events, frustrated by proceedings that can disrupt their lives, and embarrassed, ashamed, or ostracized when information about their victimization becomes public. These feelings of anxiety, uncertainty, trauma, frustration, and fear can be further intensified by the distrust of authorities that traffickers often instill and manipulate to compel victims’ silence and their compliance with the traffickers’ commands. Victims often experience conflicting pressures from authorities encouraging them to cooperate, traffickers seeking to silence them, and their own efforts to put traumatic events behind them. For some survivors, the opportunity to speak out, be believed, and play an active role in bringing traffickers to justice can be empowering and vindicating. Yet for many, the process can be harrowing, especially when they do not receive sufficient services and support.

The difficulties victims often experience during investigations and prosecutions can further intensify the challenges authorities face when seeking to hold perpetrators accountable, protect their communities, and prevent traffickers from harming others. In striving to bring traffickers to justice without unduly burdening, re-traumatizing, or endangering victims, prosecutors continually balance the interests of justice, public safety, and protection of the community with the rights and interests of individual victims. Successful strategies for navigating these challenges will inevitably vary to some extent according to the relevant laws and criminal justice systems across various jurisdictions but the promising practices highlighted below can aid in effectively balancing these complex considerations in a wide range of contexts. The end goal is to enhance support for victims and decrease the burdens they experience during the criminal justice process regardless of whether they are testifying — while also strengthening investigations and prosecutions to increase accountability for traffickers.

Vigorous Victim Protections at All Stages of the Criminal Justice Process

The best way for authorities to support human trafficking survivors is to ensure the provision and continuity of comprehensive services at all stages of the criminal justice process, including in coordination with civil society organizations who specialize in victim services. Children survivors require specialized care and interventions. Robust victim protections, including comprehensive victim-centered, trauma-informed services, are essential to support victims in rebuilding their lives, providing the security and stability they need to safely participate in the criminal justice process, and enabling them to recall and recount their experience. Such services should include access to identity documents, mental health and medical services, housing, and other forms of relief to support physical and mental healing. In addition, survivors should have access to legal support and services, ideally through an independent legal advocate. This support should be tailored to assist the survivor with a range of legal needs, whether related to navigating the investigation and prosecution of the criminal case against the trafficker, to immigration relief, or other legal matters.

Investigators, prosecutors, and victim service providers should collaborate closely to ensure that the victim is stabilized and supported before expecting meaningful participation in the criminal justice process. Trauma can impede a victim’s ability to recall and recount relevant events, so investigators and prosecutors should develop advanced expertise in victim-centered, trauma-informed, culturally appropriate methods for stabilizing survivors, building rapport, and conducting effective interviews. Effective interviewing may entail consistent use of professional interpreters to ensure clarity of communication and often benefits from the use of specialized techniques that incorporate the expertise of survivor leaders. These practices can make the victim’s participation in the process less burdensome and traumatic. They can also strengthen prosecutions by eliciting more accurate statements, minimizing discrepancies that could later be used to attack the victim’s credibility, and enabling the victim to provide more detailed information that could lead to other sources of evidence.

Protection and services for trafficking victims should not be conditioned on whether the trafficker is charged or convicted. In cases where a foreign victim chooses to return to their home country, relocation assistance should be provided and authorities should proceed with prosecutions involving repatriated victims when possible, by having them present evidence virtually where authorized by law or by funding their return travel for court proceedings as necessary. Access to comprehensive support is not only in the best interest of survivors- it also increases the likelihood they will feel sufficiently safe and empowered to assist in the investigation and prosecution. Whether survivors testify against the trafficker or provide more limited assistance to law enforcement, support for their long-term well-being should be a priority even after the case is closed.

Developing Evidence to Decrease Reliance on Victim Testimony

Another best practice in prosecuting trafficking cases is the use of strategic investigative processes to develop evidence that supports the statements or testimony of trafficking survivors. In human trafficking prosecutions, every piece of evidence counts because each piece of corroborating evidence is important to reduce reliance on victim testimony, preventing undue credibility attacks, and to increase the likelihood of conviction.

All human trafficking victims who provide statements, declarations, or testimony are inevitably subjected to credibility challenges, whether by jurists in inquisitorial systems that decide whether the victim’s statements are sufficiently reliable or by the defense in adversarial systems. Victims’ credibility is often scrutinized based on issues such as delays in reporting their victimization, trauma-related inconsistencies in recalling and recounting certain details, or involvement in unlawful acts related to their victimization. Corroborating evidence can be essential to countering such credibility attacks, increasing the likelihood of the victim’s statements or testimony being believed, and leading to higher rates of convictions. Investigators and prosecutors should engage in early and continuous collaboration to assess ways to pursue other sources of evidence beyond victim testimony and to corroborate available statements and evidence through sources such as electronic records, physical evidence, and other potential witnesses.

In some cases, other admissible evidence uncovered during a thorough investigation may minimize the need for victim testimony and can become essential to enabling a prosecution to proceed even if the victim is not able to participate in the trial. Even evidence that provides only limited circumstantial corroboration of one small aspect of a trafficker’s conduct can, when combined with other evidence, provide significant substantiation of a survivor’s account. Investigators and prosecutors should clearly communicate to survivors that they are not “responsible” for the successful investigation and prosecution, that services and protections are not dependent on the outcome of the criminal case, and that authorities are responsible for gathering relevant evidence from all available sources. Such evidence can also significantly reduce the burdens felt by the victim and the risks of re-traumatization associated with participating as a witness.

Victim-Centered, Trauma-Informed Charging and Prosecution Practices

One of a prosecutor’s most serious responsibilities is to utilize all available avenues to protect the victim and prevent witness intimidation efforts that could compromise both the victim’s sense of safety and the integrity of the investigation. Such avenues include seeking court orders, including restraining orders, orders of protection, and no-contact orders to prohibit the defendant from attempting to contact the victim either directly or indirectly. They also include working with law enforcement and victim advocates to prepare a safety plan and document any attempted contact. Prosecutors should encourage survivors to seek help from a trusted point of contact with the police or other authorities and to immediately disclose to the prosecutor or advocate any attempt by the traffickers to contact them. Documented attempts to contact or intimidate the victim should be used in appropriate instances to bring additional obstruction-of-justice or witness tampering charges and may be relevant to explain a victim’s reluctance to cooperate as a witness or recant earlier statements. Proof of the trafficker’s efforts to contact the victim may also allow the prosecutor to introduce otherwise inadmissible evidence.

Even if the survivor is able and willing to testify, the prosecutor should introduce corroborating evidence to bolster and support their testimony, which is especially important when a survivor’s trauma has caused inconsistency in their statements or memory. Prosecutors may also consider using expert testimony in appropriate instances to explain the impacts of trauma on memory and recall. Admissible evidence may include the survivor’s medical records, testimony from first responders or other witnesses to relevant incidents, certain statements made by the accused, electronic messages, physical evidence recovered from relevant locations, and video recordings. Additional evidence gathered using well-designed and implemented strategic investigative processes can in some instances serve, when possible, as a substitute for the victim’s critical testimony, either completely or on select issues, if the victim becomes unavailable or has difficulty testifying effectively.

Unfortunately, despite all efforts to develop other evidence, some cases of the underlying trafficking offenses cannot proceed without the testimony of the victim. In those instances, certain practices can be used to pursue prosecutions and accountability while minimizing undue burdens and adverse impacts on survivors. Prosecutors can strategically focus charges on the most readily provable aspects of the criminal conduct such as assaults, threats, financial crimes, possession of illicit images, or witness tampering, which may be less reliant on victim testimony but may still provide significant opportunities to hold offenders accountable. Prosecutors can also seek to resolve cases through guilty pleas in appropriate instances to secure substantial justice without the need for victim testimony at trial.

When a victim does need to testify, prosecutors should file all applicable motions to limit the scope of their testimony to relevant facts and preclude inappropriate cross-examination about the victim’s prior bad acts or sexual history. When allowed by law, prosecutors should consider seeking the court’s permission to present the victim’s testimony virtually or in any other manner that preserves the defendant’s right to confront the accuser while physically separating the victim from the defendant. Victim services and security should be provided throughout all stages of trial preparation, trial, and sentencing.

Human trafficking survivors with lived experience are uniquely positioned to provide insight, guidance, and expertise on establishing appropriate support systems, strategic investigative processes, and prosecutorial practices that allow victims to be heard and supported at all stages of investigations and prosecutions. Incorporating survivor-informed expertise is essential to providing the security, stability, and support survivors need to participate safely and effectively as witnesses, while reducing the burdens and risks of re-traumatization often associated with the criminal justice process and strengthening efforts to hold traffickers accountable.

The Intersection of Forced Marriage and Human Trafficking

The question of whether forced marriage constitutes a human trafficking crime is complex, and the answer can vary depending on the circumstances of the forced marriage and the applicable national laws.

Governments around the world have taken different approaches to the issue, both in terms of the laws they have enacted and of the way those laws are implemented in practice. While the governing international law on trafficking in persons, the UN TIP Protocol, allows for flexibility in how State Parties criminalize human trafficking under domestic legislation, establishing exploitative intent is critical to considering whether the conduct constitutes trafficking in persons.

What is forced marriage?

The 2022 update to the U.S. Strategy to Prevent and Respond to Gender-Based Violence Globally defines forced marriage as a marriage at any age that occurs without the free and full consent of both parties, including anyone under the age of 18 who is not able to give full consent. Forced marriage may occur when family members or others use physical or emotional abuse, threats, fraud, or deception to obtain an individual’s agreement. In such cases, an individual cannot be considered to have consented to the marriage. The terms “early marriage” and “child marriage” are often used interchangeably to refer to any marriage in which at least one of the parties has not attained the age of 18. There is overwhelming evidence that child, early, and forced marriages can increase individuals’ vulnerability to future exploitation and abuse – with long-term consequences for their health, wellbeing, safety, and opportunities.

Is Forced Marriage a Form of Trafficking under International Law?

Article 3 of the UN TIP Protocol defines “trafficking in persons” to require three essential elements—an act, conducted using one or more means, for an exploitative purpose. Article 3 does not list forced marriage explicitly as a form of exploitation; instead, it provides that “exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.” Accordingly, when a forced marriage involves any of the acts, means, and purposes of exploitation listed in Article 3, it would be considered trafficking under the UN TIP Protocol. For example, forced marriages that also involve forced labor or services, or slavery or practices similar to slavery would also be trafficking in persons if the relevant acts and means are present. However, the non-exhaustive list of forms of exploitation in Article 3 allows State Parties to decide to expand the list of forms of exploitation within their own domestic definition of trafficking in line with the purpose and scope.

While the UN TIP Protocol does not explicitly include forced marriage within the definition of trafficking, many stakeholders argue that if all the elements of trafficking are present (i.e., there is an act, a prohibited means, done for the purpose of exploiting another person), it should not matter that the exploitation takes the form of a forced marriage. These stakeholders point to the identical practices used by unscrupulous recruiters who are paid by business owners or prospective husbands to deceive and obtain the consent of individuals to marry “loving wealthy husbands” or accept “lucrative job offers,” in both instances only to leave victims trapped and exploited.

Countries that have chosen to include forced marriage within their domestic definitions of trafficking, either explicitly or implicitly, have taken three common approaches:

Forced Marriage Included as a Form of Exploitation

By leaving the list of forms of exploitation under Article 3 open-ended, the UN TIP Protocol allows State Parties to choose to expand the list of forms of exploitation included under domestic anti-trafficking laws. As such, some countries have chosen to include forced marriage as an exploitative purpose under their respective anti-trafficking laws. Several countries have taken this approach, including, but not limited to: Argentina, Australia, Botswana, Cambodia, Chad, Costa Rica, Croatia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Haiti, Kenya, Lithuania, Nicaragua, North Macedonia, Seychelles, and Uganda.

“Practices Similar to Slavery” Interpreted to Include Some Forms of Forced Marriage

Other countries interpret the inclusion of “practices similar to slavery” within Article 3 of the UN TIP Protocol to include certain forms of forced marriage. “Practices similar to slavery” is defined in the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery. Under Article 1(c) of this convention, “practices similar to slavery” refers to, inter alia, “Any institution or practice whereby: (i) A woman, without the right to refuse, is promised or given in marriage on payment of a consideration in money or in kind to her parents, guardian, family or any other person or group; or (ii) The husband of a woman, his family, or his clan, has the right to transfer her to another person for value received or otherwise; or (iii) A woman on the death of her husband is liable to be inherited by another person …” For countries that use this definition of “practices similar to slavery” to interpret the scope of the definition of trafficking in persons under the UN TIP Protocol, some, but not all, forms of forced marriage could constitute trafficking in persons.

Forced Marriage and Trafficking in Persons as Distinct Crimes .

It is also worth mentioning that there are many countries that choose to address forced marriage and trafficking in persons as separate offenses. In its 2020 Issue Paper “Interlinkages Between Trafficking in Persons and Marriage,” the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) acknowledges the viability of these different approaches and explains that there is “no one-size-fits-all approach to most effectively counter cases involving interlinkages between trafficking in persons and marriage.”

Establishing Exploitative Intent is Critical in All Approaches

At the heart of the question of whether a forced marriage constitutes a human trafficking crime is the question of whether the intention was to exploit a person or persons through the marriage. Recently, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union recognized the gravity of and increasing linkages between forced marriages and human trafficking. They formally adopted a directive noting that the exploitation of forced marriages “fall[s] within the scope of offenses concerning trafficking in human beings…to the extent that all the criteria constituting those offenses are fulfilled.”

While States that choose explicitly to include forced marriage within their definition of exploitation, or implicitly, through the inclusion of “practices similar to slavery,” consider “forced marriage as inherently exploitative,” such an interpretation is neither required nor shared by all States. As UNODC explains,

…cultural and national contexts are relevant in determining exploitation, especially in relation to forced and servile marriage. Cultural and other context-specific factors can play a role in shaping perception of what constitutes exploitative conduct for the purposes of establishing that trafficking has occurred.

Marriages generally involve domestic work and sexual relations between spouses, neither of which is generally understood to constitute abuse or exploitation. However, there are circumstances in which individuals may be exploited in connection with each of these under the guise of marital obligations. Taking into consideration the cultural and national contexts in which marriages transpire is a complex but necessary task when determining whether all three elements of a human trafficking offense are present in a case involving forced marriage.

While it is understood forced marriage is inherently harmful, rooted in gender inequality, and can often dramatically increase the risks of individuals to trafficking in persons, gender-based violence (GBV), and other abuses or crimes, it is important to acknowledge there may be circumstances in which a forced marriage has occurred, but the offense of human trafficking has not, because the purpose of the marriage was not to exploit another individual. For example, in some communities, even an untruthful allegation of sexual indiscretion or promiscuity can irreparably damage a girl’s prospects of marriage or place her in physical danger. Parents in these communities may attempt to protect their daughters by marrying them at a young age to avoid such allegations and safeguard their reputations. Similarly, families who live in refugee camps or other unstable situations where there is high prevalence of multiple forms of violence, including GVB, may view marriage as a protective mechanism that will prevent their daughters from being victims of physical or sexual violence or offer them greater economic security. In these instances, such marriages commonly occur without an individual giving their full, free, and informed agreement to marry. By definition, such an arrangement would constitute a forced marriage and depending on the country, potentially a violation of domestic criminal laws. However, if no one involved in arranging the marriage (not the spouse, parents, matchmaker, etc.) is participating for the purpose of exploiting the individual , then the necessary elements of trafficking in persons are not met. Other crimes or human rights abuses may have occurred and should be addressed, but the specific crime of human trafficking has not occurred because the marriage was not for the purpose of exploitation. To the contrary, taking into account the relevant cultural and social norms, these actors may believe they are acting in the best interest of the individual. As in all criminal cases, the knowledge and intent of the individual matters and therefore, in the case of forced marriages as a potential trafficking crime, one must consider if an individual intended to exploit someone, or whether they intended, even misguidedly and mistakenly, to do what was believed to be in the individual’s best interest. These complicated dynamics must be determined in other trafficking contexts as well.

Therefore, when allegations of forced marriage are presented, they must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis to determine whether they constitute trafficking in persons. Such an assessment neither legitimizes forced marriage nor detracts from serious concerns around such practices. Rather, it simply ensures the appropriate criminal prosecution, protection, and prevention responses are utilized to address the conduct in question because, as UNODC explains, “….qualifying a particular type of conduct as trafficking in persons has extensive consequences for both the alleged perpetrators and victims of the crime.”

* NOTE: U.S. law does not explicitly recognize forced marriage as a “severe form of trafficking in persons” or reference it in criminal trafficking laws. Therefore, forced marriage, per se, is not automatically considered a form of trafficking in persons under U.S. law. The facts and circumstances of the forced marriage must be considered to determine whether the conduct falls under a relevant definition or legal provision. Generally, if the person forced to marry is also compelled to work or to engage in commercial sex, then the forced marriage would likely fall within the definition of trafficking in persons and be a crime under U.S. law. Because the definition of “severe forms of trafficking in persons” established under the Trafficking Victims Protection Act governs the Department’s minimum standard assessments for the purposes of the TIP Report, the Department accordingly includes governments’ efforts to combat forced marriage if there is credible evidence that those efforts address forced marriage in which the objective of the marriage was to exploit another person for labor or services or commercial sex.

An Example of When a Forced Marriage Involved Human Trafficking: United States of America v. Zahida Aman, et al.

In United States of America v. Zahida Aman, et al., the United States successfully prosecuted and convicted three individuals for trafficking crimes relating to a forced marriage. On January 24, 2023, the traffickers were sentenced to five, ten, and 12 years of imprisonment, respectively, and ordered to pay restitution to the victim. The case serves as an example of how forced marriage and human trafficking can intersect and result in complex and devastating exploitation of vulnerable individuals, as abuse often goes undetected for long periods of time due to its hidden nature within the confines of familial relationships.

A federal jury sitting in Richmond, Virginia, found defendants Zahida Aman, Mohammad Nauman Chaudhri, and Mohammad Rehan Chaudhri guilty of conspiracy to commit forced labor for compelling the domestic labor of a Pakistani woman for 12 years. The jury further found defendant Aman guilty of forced labor and document servitude, and defendant Rehan Chaudhri guilty of forced labor.

According to the evidence presented in court, defendant Zahida Aman arranged for her son’s marriage to the victim in 2001. The victim moved to the United States and lived in a house in Midlothian, Virginia, with her husband and the three defendants (the husband’s mother and his two brothers). The defendants compelled the victim to serve the family as a domestic servant, using physical and verbal abuse, restricting communication with her family in Pakistan, confiscating her immigration documentation and money, and eventually threatening to separate her from her children by deporting her to Pakistan.

The defendants slapped, kicked, and pushed the victim, even beat her with wooden boards, and on one occasion hog-tied her hands and feet and dragged her down the stairs in front of her children. Even after the victim’s husband moved away, the defendants kept the victim in their Virginia home, often forcing her to perform increasingly laborious tasks…

The evidence further showed that the defendants required the victim to work every day, beginning early each morning. They restricted her food, forbade her from learning to drive or speaking to anyone except the defendants’ family members and prohibited her from calling her family in Pakistan.

Press Release, U.S. Department of Justice

2024 TIP REPORT HEROES

This year marks a major milestone—the 20th anniversary of the TIP Report Heroes awards program. Each year, the Department of State honors individuals around the world who have devoted their lives to the fight against human trafficking. These individuals include NGO workers, lawmakers, government officials, survivors of human trafficking, and concerned citizens. They are recognized for their tireless efforts—despite some working in challenging environments where human trafficking concerns remain pervasive and facing resistance, opposition, or threats to their lives—to protect victims, punish offenders, and mitigate the underlying factors that cause vulnerabilities traffickers often target.

For more information about current and past TIP Report Heroes, please visit the TIP Report Heroes Global Network at www.tipheroes.org .

Al Amin Noyon Manager BRAC Migration Centre

Md. Al-Amin, or Noyon, is a welcoming first face to trafficking survivors and migrants as they return to Bangladesh. As a fellow trafficking survivor, Noyon is uniquely qualified and motivated to help them rebuild their lives. In his capacity as manager of the BRAC Migration Welfare Centre onsite at the Dhaka airport, Noyon has supported more than 34,000 Bangladeshi trafficking survivors and migrants over the last 15 years.

Born to a family of modest means, Noyon’s dream of a better life turned into a nightmare when he was exploited in trafficking in Malaysia in 2007, beaten, tortured, and held captive in the jungle. But as the 41-year-old now shares, that is not how his story ends. His motivation to support fellow survivors has long motivated him to serve as a member of ANIRBAN (‘the flame that will not fade ‘ ), a trafficking support platform made up of survivors who raise awareness about human trafficking and advocate for survivors and their rights.

Noyon believes education is one of the best ways to insulate Bangladesh’s next generation from the perils of human trafficking. He assists with safe migration campaigns at schools across Bangladesh and has supported thousands of students whose families are migrants or trafficking survivors secure academic scholarships.

Known by anti-trafficking stakeholders in the Bangladesh government, multilateral organizations, and likeminded partners, Noyon steadfastly supports others despite very real risks to his own safety.

Marcela Martinez Activist/Lawyer

Ms. Martinez is an accomplished Bolivian lawyer from La Paz and a leading anti-trafficking activist, who has demonstrably changed the direction of Bolivian and regional efforts to combat trafficking in persons, providing hope for families affected by human trafficking in Bolivia.

In 2017, Ms. Martinez formed the Social Responsibility Area of her law firm, from which the #RedAlertTempranaZar 🦋 hashtag operates. This hashtag is modeled after the Amber Alert system in the United States to help activate searches for victims in Bolivia. They also provide training, talks, workshops, and prevention webinars to schools, universities, neighborhood associations, and other civil society organizations. To date, more than 18,000 volunteers participate in the network and have helped authorities locate more than 150 victims.

Ms. Martinez’s work has been instrumental in the prosecution of traffickers, protection of survivors, and prevention of victims. She helped draft and lobbied for the passage of the first comprehensive Bolivian national law that gives law enforcement and prosecutors new tools and resources to combat trafficking in persons. She also created the National Trafficking in Persons Council to coordinate all Bolivian government efforts to fight human trafficking.

She was part of the NinaSonko Heart of Fire Women’s Circle, which provides support and holistic and business coaching to survivors of trafficking and violence and supports social reintegration. She has also served as a trainer through UNODC, training judges, prosecutors, and police officers on victim care at the national level. Through her tireless efforts, Ms. Martinez has reduced human trafficking in Bolivia.

Maria Werlau Founder/Executive Director Free Society Project

Maria Werlau is co-founder and Executive Director of Free Society Project, also known as Cuba Archive, a non-profit think tank that defends human rights through information. She began in 2009 researching, documenting, and denouncing exploitation and forced labor in Cuba’s labor export program and advocating for its victims and survivors. In 2010, she published her first academic work on the issue and authored an opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal denouncing the labor export program as a trafficking scheme benefiting the Cuban government. At the time, Cuba’s “internationalism” was mostly known from the slanted narrative of altruistic solidarity.

Since then, Maria has interviewed dozens of Cuban workers, mostly doctors coerced to work across the globe. Through her work at Cuba Archive, she has exposed the dark aspects of Cuba’s medical missions, emphasizing the abuses faced by the workers: violence, sexual harassment, family separation, exploitation, forced labor, wage confiscation, restriction of movement, passport retention, repression, forced exile, psychological trauma, loss of life, and more. She has also documented and exposed the labor export program’s lesser-known impact on the public health systems of Cuba and host countries, as well as its economic, political, and geostrategic value to the Cuban regime.

Maria has authored numerous works on Cuba in English and Spanish, including on healthcare, and provided expert testimony on Cuban labor trafficking to the U.S. Congress and at the OAS and the European Parliament.

Mustafa Ridha Mustafa al-Yasiri Director – Anti-Human Trafficking Directorate Ministry of Interior

Brigadier General Mustafa Ridha Mustafa al-Yasiri has courageously worked in Iraq’s Ministry of Interior (MOI) to combat trafficking in persons throughout a career dedicated to defending Iraq’s most vulnerable. Brigadier General Mustafa vastly improved the Government of Iraq’s efforts to combat trafficking in persons and enhanced services for women trafficking victims, only months after being appointed in March 2023 as the Director of MOI’s Anti-Human Trafficking Directorate. With support from the Minister of Interior, Brigadier General Mustafa immediately increased government resources dedicated to fighting trafficking in persons; appointed women Trafficking in Persons officers and employees to better assist trafficking victims; and appointed new investigative officers and officials knowledgeable on trafficking in persons, victim identification, and violence against women. Together with the Iraqi judiciary, Mustafa established a strategy to identify victims more accurately and better address sexual exploitation and other forms of trafficking.

In addition, Brigadier General Mustafa worked with hiring companies to ensure they publish and display signs detailing Iraqi workers’ rights and the MOI’s Trafficking in Persons hotline. On a weekly basis, he visited shelters to speak with victims, compile lists of needed food and hygienic and medical supplies, and help victims make calls to their families. He also personally accompanied trafficking victims to court to help with their hearings and legal procedures. Every day, motivated by personal conviction, Brigadier General Mustafa is realizing a professional goal to serve and protect many of the most vulnerable citizens of Iraq.

Edith Murogo Founder/Chief Executive Officer Centre for Domestic Training and Development

Edith Murogo is a beacon of hope on the frontlines of the fight against human trafficking and labor exploitation. When Edith started training domestic workers more than two decades ago, she met victims of human trafficking and gender-based violence. This experience prompted her to pioneer initiatives that transformed anti-trafficking efforts in Kenya.

After establishing the Centre for Domestic Training and Development (CDTD) in 2001, Edith became a leading advocate for domestic workers’ rights and lobbied the government for strengthened protections of migrant workers. Edith initiated training to professionalize domestic workers and convinced the government to develop the curriculum and establish a certificate program for domestic workers seeking employment abroad. Since opening, CDTD has assisted over 50,000 domestic workers with advocacy, skills, and knowledge to prevent them from becoming victims of trafficking.

In 2012, Edith opened the Talia Agler Girls Shelter (TAGS) – a safe house providing comprehensive assistance to girls and young women, especially for survivors of sexual and gender-based violence exploited in human trafficking. TAGS has assisted over 1,000 girls with removal from trafficking situations, recovery, and reintegration support services as well as education, mentorship, and leadership opportunities.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Edith established Kenya’s National Shelters Network to coordinate shelter services across Kenya and ensure all survivors receive crucial protection services. Edith is a tireless advocate working with government and civil society to strengthen anti-trafficking laws and responses. The Department of Labor and BBC have highlighted her work in several documentaries about human trafficking.

Oumou Elkhairou Niaré Samaké Coordinator National Integrated Program for the Fight Against Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime; National Committee for the Fight Against Trafficking in Persons and Similar Practices

Oumou Elkhairou Niaré Samaké (Oumou), a well-known Malian magistrate, currently serves as the coordinator of Mali’s National Integrated Program for the Fight against Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime and as Coordinator of the National Committee for the Fight Against Trafficking in Persons and Similar Practices. Oumou is a fierce advocate for human rights, gender-based violence, and trafficking in persons issues. She has spearheaded Mali’s recent adoption of a new Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Persons; championed the development of Mali’s new draft penal code to criminalize trafficking in persons; and fought to increase prosecutions over the past year of hereditary slavery cases.

In 2020 and 2021, the Trafficking in Persons Committee became relatively inactive. However, upon her appointment in 2022, Oumou reinvigorated Mali’s anti-trafficking efforts. First, she reestablished regular coordination meetings and published the Trafficking in Persons Committee’s overdue 2021 and 2022 annual reports. Next, she spearheaded the development, drafting, and adoption of Mali’s new National Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in persons, launched in October 2023. She has maintained high level standard of contacts with partners, donors, and national and international stakeholders in the fight against trafficking in persons and hereditary slavery.

Samson Inocencio Jr. Vice President International Justice Mission Philippines Program Against Online Sexual Exploitation of Children

Samson “Sam” Inocencio has dedicated over 20 years to combating trafficking in persons through his work with the International Justice Mission (IJM) Philippines. He has contributed to 147 convictions for commercial sexual exploitation and 220 for online sexual exploitation (OSEC) crimes since 2005. After becoming National Director of IJM in 2016, Sam assisted in the removal of 544 children from situations of commercial sexual exploitation and 1,237 children who were at risk of OSEC.

Sam led IJM’s efforts under the U.S.-Philippine Child Protection Compact (CPC) Partnership to combat OSEC crimes and advocated for a 347 percent budget increase for the Philippine National Police – Women and Children Protection Center. As IJM’s representative to the Government of the Philippines’ Interagency Council Against Trafficking, Sam has assisted the Philippines in its efforts to combat the commercial sexual exploitation of children and OSEC related crimes, to hold offenders accountable in courts of law, and to safeguard Filipino children.

He collaborated with the Government of the Philippines in 2016 to develop a “roadmap to Tier 1” in the U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report. The Philippines has been ranked Tier 1 for eight years due to the merits of its efforts. Sam’s leadership and dedicated service have strengthened the government and civil society’s response to trafficking and protected thousands, especially children, from exploitation.

Marijana Savić Founder/Director Atina

Marijana Savić, the founder and director of NGO Atina, is an activist dedicated to advancing women’s and girls’ rights. For over two decades, she has provided vital support and recovery programs for survivors of trafficking and gender-based violence in Serbia. Her efforts have led to important progress in policy reform to combat human trafficking and support women and girls, who were victims of commercial sexual exploitation.

Under Marijana’s guidance, Atina has become a pivotal organization in Serbia’s anti-trafficking sector. Marijana also actively contributes by helping integrates survivor experiences into law and human rights policies, in Serbia and abroad. Her commitment extends to economic empowerment through the social enterprise Bagel Bejgl, which she founded in 2015. This initiative – which provides employment to trafficking survivors – supports Atina’s sustainability by directing its profits to anti-trafficking programming.

Marijana works with international bodies, including the Council of Europe, as an expert in combating trafficking, especially labor exploitation. An alumnus of the Human Rights Advocates Program at Columbia University, Marijana is also involved in global advocacy as a member of the Global Fund for Children’s board, Canada’s Equality Fund Investment Advisory Council, and the UN Voluntary Trust Fund for Victims of Human Trafficking board.

Marijana’s relentless activism and leadership have earned widespread acclaim and numerous awards for Atina, highlighting her role in shaping a safer, more equitable society for women and girls across Serbia and globally. Her work exemplifies a profound commitment to human rights and the empowerment of the most vulnerable groups.

Rosa Cendón Advisor – Human Trafficking and Gender-based Violence Catalonia Regional Ministry for Equality and Feminism

Rosa Cendón has devoted her life to assisting victims, raising awareness, and combating human trafficking in Spain.

As a social worker and educator based in Barcelona, Rosa has led advocacy and institutional relations for SICARcat, the largest anti-trafficking NGO in the Catalonia region, for 20 years. SICARcat offers assistance to women and children survivors of trafficking by providing them with shelter and legal, psychological, medical, and social support. Since 2022, Rosa has served as an expert advisor for combating human trafficking and gender-based violence at the Catalonia regional Ministry of Equality and Feminism. She continues to promote change by raising awareness of human trafficking and designing public policy.

Rosa is at the forefront of anti-trafficking efforts in Catalonia. Her victim-centered approach has influenced regional and national anti-trafficking and victim protection policies. She contributed to designing the regional Catalonian and Barcelona city protocols for victim protection. Under her leadership, SICARcat developed tools for the detection and intervention of human trafficking cases working closely with law enforcement agencies. She regularly conducts specialized training for key actors.

During the height of the European migration crisis, Rosa helped found the ASIL.CAT network of human rights NGOs that coordinated shelter, protection, and services for the influx of refugees. She worked to ensure that anti-trafficking efforts were included in the asylum reception system. As a result of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Spain has received over 200,000 Ukrainian refugees and Rosa has been at the forefront in providing support to the refugees arriving to Barcelona.

Letitia Pinas Inspector of Police – Head of the Trafficking in Persons Unit Suriname Police Force

Inspector Letitia Pinas launched her career with the Suriname Police Force in 1998. After serving in the Youth Affairs Department and the Public Relations Department, she was assigned the role of Acting Head of the 14-person Trafficking in Persons Unit in November 2020, to determine its continued usefulness. Inspector Pinas overhauled the underperforming unit by drafting a strategic plan that improved the unit’s ability to investigate suspects and identify and serve victims, its presence in and outreach to the community, and the public’s trust in it.

With no NGOs working on human trafficking, Inspector Pinas assumed a disproportionate burden not only to investigate cases properly and effectively but also ensured efforts continued in the areas of protection and prevention, including expanded awareness. Despite the government facing a multi-year financial crisis, she successfully lobbied for funds from the police to establish an emergency shelter within her office to house victims in the initial stages of an investigation. She closely collaborated with the Prosecutors’ Office for funding to create a long-term shelter for both male and female victims. Through improved collaboration with the Maritime Police and the Military Police, the Trafficking in Persons Unit actively participates in inspections of incoming vessels, while also checking for potential victims amongst incoming travelers at the airport. These efforts have led to increased numbers of identified victims, including many who have trusted the police enough to self-report. Her collaboration with senior police officials resulted in the development of a website that raises awareness on human trafficking and provides society with a tool to anonymously report suspected cases of trafficking.

Child Soldiers Prevention Act List

Section 402 of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act, as amended (CSPA) requires publication in the annual TIP Report of a list of foreign governments identified during the previous year as having governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces, or government-supported armed groups that recruit or use child soldiers, as defined in the CSPA. These determinations cover the reporting period beginning April 1, 2023 and ending March 31, 2024.

For the purpose of the CSPA, and generally consistent with the provisions of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, the term “child soldier” means:

any person under 18 years of age who takes a direct part in hostilities as a member of governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces;
any person under 18 years of age who has been compulsorily recruited into governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces;
any person under 15 years of age who has been voluntarily recruited into governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces; or
any person under 18 years of age who has been recruited or used in hostilities by armed forces distinct from the armed forces of a state.

The term “child soldier” includes any person described in clauses (ii), (iii), or (iv) who is serving in any capacity, including in a support role, such as a “cook, porter, messenger, medic, guard, or sex slave.”

Governments identified on the list are subject to restrictions, in the following fiscal year, on certain security assistance and commercial licensing of military equipment. The CSPA prohibits assistance to governments that are identified in the list under the following authorities: International Military Education and Training, Foreign Military Financing, Excess Defense Articles, and Peacekeeping Operations, with exceptions for some programs undertaken pursuant to the Peacekeeping Operations authority. The CSPA also prohibits the issuance of licenses for direct commercial sales of military equipment to such governments. Beginning October 1, 2024, and effective throughout Fiscal Year 2025, these restrictions will apply to the listed countries, absent a presidential waiver, applicable exception, or reinstatement of assistance pursuant to the terms of the CSPA. The determination to include a government in the CSPA list is informed by a range of sources, including first-hand observation by U.S. government personnel and research and credible reporting from various UN entities, international organizations, local and international NGOs, and international and domestic media outlets.

The 2024 CSPA List includes governments of the following countries: Afghanistan, Burma, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iran, Libya, Mali, Russia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Türkiye, Venezuela, and Yemen.

When the Government is the Trafficker: State-Sponsored Trafficking in Persons

While the TVPA Minimum Standards for the Elimination of Trafficking In Persons and the UN TIP Protocol call on governments proactively to address trafficking crimes, some governments are part of the problem, directly compelling their citizens or other individuals into sex trafficking or forced labor. Some governments exploit individuals in forced labor in local or national public works projects, military operations, economically important sectors, as part of government-funded projects or missions abroad, or in sexual slavery on government compounds. Governments extract this work or service by threatening the withdrawal of public benefits; withholding salaries; intentionally failing to adhere to limits on national service; manipulating the lack of legal status of stateless individuals and other minority groups; threatening to punish family members; or conditioning services, food, or freedom of movement on labor or sex.

In 2019, Congress amended the TVPA to acknowledge that governments can also act as traffickers, referring specifically to a “government policy or pattern” of human trafficking; human trafficking in government-funded programs; forced labor (in government-affiliated medical services, agriculture, forestry, mining, construction, or other sectors); sexual slavery in government camps, compounds, or outposts; or employing or recruiting child soldiers. While the TVPA already directs the Secretary to consider the extent to which “officials or employees of the government have participated in, facilitated, condoned, or were otherwise complicit in” trafficking when determining whether the government is making significant efforts to meet the minimum standards, this section directly links a government’s “policy or pattern” of trafficking to a Tier 3 ranking.

The 2024 TIP Report includes the following 13 countries with a documented “policy or pattern” of human trafficking, trafficking in government-funded programs, forced labor in government-affiliated medical services or other sectors, sexual slavery in government camps, or the employment or recruitment of child soldiers:

Afghanistan*
China, People’s Republic of
Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of
South Sudan
Turkmenistan

* The TIP Report describes the state of human trafficking within a country and with respect to Afghanistan, assesses the actions of Afghan ministries, as well as the Taliban, without implying recognition of the Taliban or another entity as the government of Afghanistan.

Methodology

The Department of State prepared this report using information from U.S. embassies, government officials, nongovernmental and international organizations, published reports, news articles, academic studies, consultations with authorities and organizations in every region of the world, and information submitted to [email protected] . This email address provides a means by which organizations and individuals can share information with the Department of State throughout the year on government progress in addressing human trafficking.

U.S. diplomatic posts and domestic agencies reported on the human trafficking situation and governmental action to fight trafficking based on thorough research that included meetings with a wide variety of government officials, local and international NGO representatives, officials of international organizations, journalists, academics, and survivors. U.S. missions overseas are dedicated to covering human trafficking issues year-round. The 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report covers government efforts undertaken from April 1, 2023 through March 31, 2024, to the extent concurrent reporting data is available.

Tier Placement

The Department places each country in this report onto one of four categories. This placement is based not on the size of a country’s problem but on the extent of government efforts to meet the Trafficking Victims Protection Act’s (TVPA) minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking (see page XX), which are generally consistent with the Palermo Protocol.

While Tier 1 is the highest ranking, it does not mean that a country has no human trafficking problem or that it is doing enough to address the crime. Rather, a Tier 1 ranking indicates that a government has made efforts to address the problem that meet the TVPA’s minimum standards. To maintain a Tier 1 ranking, governments need to demonstrate appreciable progress each year in combating trafficking. Tier 1 represents a responsibility rather than a reprieve.

Tier rankings and narratives in the 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report reflect an assessment of the following:

enactment of laws prohibiting severe forms of trafficking in persons, as defined by the TVPA, and provision of criminal punishments for trafficking crimes;
criminal penalties prescribed for human trafficking crimes which are sufficiently stringent and commensurate with those prescribed for other grave crimes;
implementation of human trafficking laws through vigorous prosecution of the prevalent forms of trafficking in the country and adequate sentencing of traffickers;
proactive victim identification measures with systematic procedures to guide law enforcement and other government-supported front-line responders in the process of victim identification;
government funding and partnerships with NGOs to provide victims with access to primary health care, counseling, and shelter, allowing them to recount their trafficking experiences to trained counselors and law enforcement in an environment of minimal pressure;
victim protection efforts that include access to services and shelter without detention and with legal alternatives to removal to countries in which victims would face retribution or hardship;
the extent to which a government ensures victims are provided with legal and other assistance and that, consistent with domestic law, proceedings are not prejudicial to victims’ rights, dignity, or psychological well-being;
the extent to which a government ensures the safe, humane, and, to the extent possible, voluntary repatriation and reintegration of victims;
governmental measures to prevent human trafficking, including efforts to curb practices identified as contributing factors to human trafficking, such as employers’ confiscation of foreign workers’ passports and allowing labor recruiters to charge fees to prospective migrants; and
governmental efforts to reduce the demand for commercial sex acts and extraterritorial sexual exploitation and abuse.

Tier rankings and narratives are NOT affected by the following:

efforts, however laudable, undertaken exclusively by nongovernmental actors in the country;
general public awareness events—government-sponsored or otherwise—lacking concrete ties to the prosecution of traffickers, protection of victims, or prevention of trafficking; and
broad-based law enforcement or developmental initiatives.

A Guide to the Tiers

Countries whose governments fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking.

Countries whose governments do not fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards.

Tier 2 Watch List

Countries whose governments do not fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards, and for which:

the estimated number of victims of severe forms of trafficking is very significant or is significantly increasing and the country is not taking proportional concrete actions;
there is a failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons from the previous year, including increased investigations, prosecutions, and convictions of trafficking crimes, increased assistance to victims, and decreasing evidence of complicity in severe forms of trafficking by government officials.

Countries whose governments do not fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so.

The TVPA, as amended, lists additional factors to determine whether a country should be on Tier 2 (or Tier 2 Watch List) versus Tier 3:

the extent to which the country is a country of origin, transit, or destination for severe forms of trafficking;
the extent to which the country’s government does not meet the TVPA’s minimum standards and, in particular, the extent to which officials or government employees have been complicit in severe forms of trafficking;
reasonable measures that the government would need to undertake to be in compliance with the minimum standards in light of the government’s resources and capabilities to address and eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons;
the extent to which the government is devoting sufficient budgetary resources to investigate and prosecute human trafficking, convict and sentence traffickers; and obtain restitution for victims of human trafficking; and
the extent to which the government is devoting sufficient budgetary resources to protect victims and prevent the crime from occurring.

In addition, the TVPA directs the Secretary of State to consider, as proof of a country’s failure to make significant efforts to fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards, a government policy or pattern of: human trafficking; human trafficking in government-funded programs; forced labor (in government-affiliated medical services, agriculture, forestry, mining, construction, or other sectors); sexual slavery in government camps, compounds, or outposts; or employing or recruiting child soldiers.

The TVPA also provides that any country that has been ranked Tier 2 Watch List for two consecutive years and that would otherwise be ranked Tier 2 Watch List for the next year will instead be ranked Tier 3 in that third year. The Secretary of State is authorized to waive the automatic downgrade only once, in that third year, based on credible evidence that a waiver is justified because the government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute making significant efforts to meet the TVPA’s minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is devoting sufficient resources to implement the plan. The following year, a country must either go up to Tier 2 or down to Tier 3. Additionally, the TVPA limits a country to one year on Tier 2 Watch List after that country received a waiver to stay on Tier 2 Watch List and was subsequently downgraded to Tier 3.

Funding Restrictions for Tier 3 Countries

Pursuant to the TVPA, governments on Tier 3 may be subject to certain restrictions on foreign assistance, whereby the President may determine not to provide U.S. government nonhumanitarian, nontrade-related foreign assistance as defined in the TVPA. In addition, the President may determine to withhold funding for government official or employee participation in educational and cultural exchange programs in the case of certain Tier 3 countries. Consistent with the TVPA, the President may also determine to instruct the U.S. Executive Director of each multilateral development bank and the International Monetary Fund to vote against and use their best efforts to deny any loans or other uses of the institutions’ funds to a designated Tier 3 country for most purposes (except for humanitarian, trade-related, and certain development-related assistance). Alternatively, the President may waive application of the foregoing restrictions upon a determination that the provision to a Tier 3 country of such assistance would promote the purposes of the TVPA or is otherwise in the national interest of the United States. The TVPA also authorizes the President to waive these restrictions if necessary to avoid significant adverse effects on vulnerable populations, including women and children.

Applicable assistance restrictions apply for the next Fiscal Year, which begins October 1, 2024.

TVPA Minimum Standards for the Elimination of Trafficking in Persons

Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, Div. A of Pub. L. No. 106-386, § 108, as amended.

(1) The government of the country should prohibit severe forms of trafficking in persons and punish acts of such trafficking.

(2) For the knowing commission of any act of sex trafficking involving force, fraud, coercion, or in which the victim of sex trafficking is a child incapable of giving meaningful consent, or of trafficking which includes rape or kidnapping or which causes a death, the government of the country should prescribe punishment commensurate with that for grave crimes, such as forcible sexual assault.

(3) For the knowing commission of any act of a severe form of trafficking in persons, the government of the country should prescribe punishment that is sufficiently stringent to deter and that adequately reflects the heinous nature of the offense.

(4) The government of the country should make serious and sustained efforts to eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons.

Indicia of “Serious and Sustained Efforts”

1. Whether the government of the country vigorously investigates and prosecutes acts of severe forms of trafficking in persons, and convicts and sentences persons responsible for such acts, that take place wholly or partly within the territory of the country, including, as appropriate, requiring incarceration of individuals convicted of such acts. For purposes of the preceding sentence, suspended or significantly reduced sentences for convictions of principal actors in cases of severe forms of trafficking in persons shall be considered, on a case-by-case basis, whether to be considered an indicator of serious and sustained efforts to eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons. After reasonable requests from the Department of State for data regarding investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and sentences, a government which does not provide such data, consistent with a demonstrably increasing capacity of such government to obtain such data, shall be presumed not to have vigorously investigated, prosecuted, convicted or sentenced such acts.

2. Whether the government of the country protects victims of severe forms of trafficking in persons and encourages their assistance in the investigation and prosecution of such trafficking, including provisions for legal alternatives to their removal to countries in which they would face retribution or hardship, and ensures that victims are not inappropriately incarcerated, fined, or otherwise penalized solely for un-lawful acts as a direct result of being trafficked, including by providing training to law enforcement and immigration officials regarding the identification and treatment of trafficking victims using approaches that focus on the needs of the victims.

3. Whether the government of the country has adopted measures to prevent severe forms of trafficking in persons, such as measures to inform and educate the public, including potential victims, about the causes and consequences of severe forms of trafficking in persons, measures to establish the identity of local populations, including birth registration, citizenship, and nationality, measures to ensure that its nationals who are deployed abroad as part of a diplomatic, peacekeeping, or other similar mission do not engage in or facilitate severe forms of trafficking in persons or exploit victims of such trafficking, a transparent system for remediating or punishing such public officials as a deterrent, measures to pre-vent the use of forced labor or child labor in violation of international standards, effective bilateral, multilateral, or regional information sharing and cooperation arrangements with other countries, and effective policies or laws regulating foreign labor recruiters and holding them civilly and criminally liable for fraudulent recruiting.

4. Whether the government of the country cooperates with other governments in the investigation and prosecution of severe forms of trafficking in persons and has entered into bilateral, multilateral, or regional law enforcement cooperation and coordination arrangements with other countries.

5. Whether the government of the country extradites persons charged with acts of severe forms of trafficking in persons on substantially the same terms and to substantially the same extent as persons charged with other serious crimes (or, to the extent such extradition would be inconsistent with the laws of such country or with international agreements to which the country is a party, whether the government is taking all appropriate measures to modify or replace such laws and treaties so as to permit such extradition).

6. Whether the government of the country monitors immigration and emigration patterns for evidence of severe forms of trafficking in persons and whether law enforcement agencies of the country respond to any such evidence in a manner that is consistent with the vigorous investigation and prosecution of acts of such trafficking, as well as with the protection of human rights of victims and the internationally recognized human right to leave any country, including one’s own, and to return to one’s own country.

7. Whether the government of the country vigorously investigates, prosecutes, convicts, and sentences public officials, including diplomats and soldiers, who participate in or facilitate severe forms of trafficking in persons, including nationals of the country who are deployed abroad as part of a diplomatic, peacekeeping, or other similar mission who engage in or facilitate severe forms of trafficking in persons or exploit victims of such trafficking, and takes all appropriate measures against officials who condone or enable such trafficking. A government’s failure to appropriately address public allegations against such public officials, especially once such officials have returned to their home countries, shall be considered inaction under these criteria. After reasonable requests from the Department of State for data regarding such investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and sentences, a government which does not provide such data, consistent with a demonstrably increasing capacity of such government to obtain such data, shall be presumed not to have vigorously investigated, prosecuted, convicted, or sentenced such acts.

8. Whether the percentage of victims of severe forms of trafficking in the country that are non-citizens of such countries is insignificant.

9. Whether the government has entered into effective, transparent partnerships, cooperative arrangements, or agreements that have resulted in concrete and measurable outcomes with –

a. domestic civil society organizations, private sector entities, or international nongovernmental organizations, or into multilateral or regional arrangements or agreements, to assist the government’s efforts to prevent trafficking, protect victims, and punish traffickers; or

b. the United States toward agreed goals and objectives in the collective fight against trafficking.

10. Whether the government of the country, consistent with the capacity of such government, systematically monitors its efforts to satisfy the criteria described in paragraphs (1) through (8) and makes available publicly a periodic assessment of such efforts.

11. Whether the government of the country achieves appreciable progress in eliminating severe forms of trafficking when compared to the assessment in the previous year.

12. Whether the government of the country has made serious and sustained efforts to reduce the demand for –

a. commercial sex acts; and

b. participation in international sex tourism by nationals of the country.

Countries in the 2024 TIP Report that are not Party to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking In Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
Congo, Republic of the
Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of the
Marshall Islands
Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands

Between April 2023 and March 2024, Uganda became a State Party to the Protocol.

Global Law Enforcement Data

The 2003 reauthorization of the TVPA added to the original law a new requirement that foreign governments provide the Department of State with data on trafficking investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and sentences in order to fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking (Tier 1). The 2004 TIP Report collected this data for the first time. The 2007 TIP Report showed for the first time a breakout of the number of total prosecutions and convictions that related to labor trafficking, placed in parentheses.

YEAR	PROSECUTIONS	Prosecutions – Labor Only	CONVICTIONS	Convictions – Labor Only	VICTIMS IDENTIFIED	Victims Identified – Labor Only	LEGISLATION
2017	17,471	869	7,135	332	96,960	23,906	5
2018	11,096	457	7,481	259	85,613	11,009	5
2019	11,841	1,024	9,548	498	118,932	13,875	7
2020	9,876	1,115	5,011	337	109,216	14,448	16
2021	10,572	1,379	5,260	374	90,354	21,219	15
2022	15,159	2,670	5,577	528	115,324	24,340	27
2023	18,774	3,684	7,115	1,256	133,943	42,098	14

The above statistics are estimates derived from data provided by foreign governments and other sources and reviewed by the Department of State. Aggregate data fluctuates from one year to the next due to the hidden nature of trafficking crimes, dynamic global events, shifts in government efforts, and a lack of uniformity in national reporting structures.

“As we work to help people disproportionately affected by human trafficking, including members of racial and ethnic minorities, women and girls, the LGBTQI+ community, and migrants, we remain committed to learning from and partnering with survivors to support their recoveries and to recruit their help in better spotting and preventing these too often overlooked crimes.”

President Joseph R. Biden Jr. President

“I believe history will show that this was the moment when we had the opportunity to lay the groundwork for the future of AI.  And the urgency of this moment must then compel us to create a collective vision of what this future must be.  A future where AI is used to advance the public interest.”

Vice President Kamala Harris, United States

“Combating trafficking requires a strong coalition of local and global partners to share resources and information, better equip front-line workers, and track and respond to evolving trafficking trends.”

Antony Blinken, Secretary of State

“The Intelligence Community in close partnership with law enforcement has been improving its production of detailed data analysis and reporting to better discern patterns and trends in human trafficking of migrants.  And with the help of new tools for conducting such analysis, we’re investing in these efforts, we think to good effect, as we also work to continually improve our connection to both local and federal law enforcement as well as the Department of Homeland Security to assist them in their work to countering the problem.”

Avril Haines, Director of National Intelligence 

“Survivors are the real experts. Their experiences and their perspectives can help inform and motivate our policies so that we will do more, not less, and accelerate our efforts to combat this heinous cruelty.”

U.S. Representative Chris Smith (R-NJ)

“Yet traffickers continue to operate with impunity. Their crimes are receiving not nearly enough attention. This must change. We must invest much more in detection and protection. We must strengthen law enforcement to bring criminals that commodify human beings to justice. And we must do more to help survivors rebuild their lives.”

A ntonio Guterres, UN Secretary-General

“We need to step up our efforts to reach every trafficking victim, by strengthening detection, investigating cases, and prosecuting the criminals involved. We also need to proactively identify, assist, and support survivors of this crime to truly leave no one behind. This requires support from all sectors of society, from healthcare to social services to law enforcement.”

Ghada Waly, Executive Director of UNODC

“The scourge of human trafficking continues to evolve. Civil unrest and war across the globe, natural disasters, climate change, and the advent and increasing reach of social media all pose significant challenges.”

Sameer Jain, Member of U.S. Advisory Council on Human Trafficking

“If we are to ever defeat trafficking, and this undoubtedly must be our shared ambition, effective approaches to prevention must be the bedrock upon which our anti-trafficking efforts are built. Preventing trafficking in human beings from taking place is the best way to truly protect vulnerable groups and deprive traffickers of the illicit proceeds the crime generates.”

OSCE Secretary General Helga Maria Schmid

“Traffickers prey on the marginalized and most vulnerable. But we are witnessing an emerging trend where the demographic profile of trafficking victims is also expanding, at pace with the digital developments in which we are living.”

Dr. Kari Johnstone , OSCE Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Human Trafficking

“We have to talk about those things that make us uncomfortable, especially if we want to work for an end to human trafficking. Part of that is acknowledging that when we say nothing and do nothing in the face of many of these issues we are perpetuating the same violence that was done to us.”

Rafael Bautista, Member of the U.S. Advisory Council on Human Trafficking

“Building consensus around an affirmative vision is the first line of our tech diplomacy. But the rules, the standards, the norms that societies follow are going to determine whether this technology is used for good or whether it’s used for ill.”

Tier Placements List


Argentina	Estonia	Poland
Australia	Finland	Seychelles
Austria	France	Singapore
The Bahamas	Georgia	Spain
Bahrain	Germany	Suriname
Belgium	Guyana	Sweden
Canada	Iceland	Taiwan
Chile	Korea, Republic of	United Kingdom
Colombia	Lithuania	United States of America
Cyprus	Luxembourg
Czech Republic	The Netherlands
Denmark	Philippines


Albania	Honduras	Pakistan
Angola	Hungary	Palau
Antigua & Barbuda	India	Panama
Armenia	Indonesia	Paraguay
Aruba	Iraq	Peru
Azerbaijan	Ireland	Portugal
Bangladesh	Israel	Qatar
Barbados	Italy	Romania
Belize	Jamaica	Saudi Arabia
Bhutan	Japan	Senegal
Bolivia	Jordan	Sierra Leone
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Kazakhstan	Slovakia
Botswana	Kenya	Slovenia
Brazil	Kosovo	South Africa
Bulgaria	Latvia	Sri Lanka
Burundi	Lesotho	St. Lucia
Cabo Verde	Malawi	St. Vincent and Grenadines
Cameroon	Malaysia	Switzerland
Comoros	Mauritania	Tanzania
Costa Rica	Mauritius	Thailand
Congo, Democratic Republic of	Mexico	Timor-Leste
Cote d’Ivoire	Micronesia	Togo
Croatia	Moldova	Tonga
Ecuador	Mongolia	Trinidad and Tobago
Egypt	Montenegro	Tunisia
El Salvador	Morocco	Türkiye
Eswatini	Mozambique	Uganda
Ethiopia	Namibia	Ukraine
The Gambia	New Zealand	United Arab Emirates
Ghana	Nigeria	Uzbekistan
Greece	North Macedonia	Vietnam
Guatemala	Norway	Zambia
Guinea	Oman


Algeria	Guinea Bissau	Marshall Islands
Benin	Hong Kong	Nepal
Burkina Faso	Kuwait	Niger
Central African Republic	Kyrgyz Republic	Rwanda
Chad	Laos	Serbia
Congo, Republic of	Lebanon	Solomon Islands
Curacao	Liberia	Tajikistan
Dominican Republic	Madagascar	Uruguay
Equatorial Guinea	Maldives	Vanuatu
Fiji	Mali	Zimbabwe
Gabon	Malta


Afghanistan	Djibouti	Russia
Belarus	Eritrea	Sint Maarten
Brunei	Iran	South Sudan
Burma	Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of	Sudan
Cambodia	Macau	Syria
China, People’s Republic of	Nicaragua	Turkmenistan
Cuba	Papua New Guinea	Venezuela


Haiti
Libya
Somalia
Yemen

A note on Kiribati: Reports during the 2024 reporting period indicated human trafficking crimes may have occurred in Kiribati. However, information on anti-trafficking efforts from the Government of Kiribati and the nature and scope of trafficking in persons in Kiribati were insufficient to undertake a full assessment for the 2024 Report. The Department of State will continue gathering information in the coming year and assess appropriate reporting for the 2025 TIP Report.

Regional Maps

The Regional Maps will be included in the PDF accessible online version. Below includes the region-specific Global Law Enforcement Data.

Africa
YEAR	PROSECUTIONS	Prosecutions – Labor Only	CONVICTIONS	Convictions – Labor Only	VICTIMS IDENTIFIED	Victims Identified – Labor Only	LEGISLATION
2017	1,325	98	551	34	26,517	5,902	2
2018	1,253	37	1,190	29	24,407	3,749	2
2019	955	71	2,122	32	42,517	1,284	2
2020	1,493	251	382	107	28,538	6,947	8
2021	1,686	265	659	68	11,450	3,643	3
2022	2,477	388	904	139	21,790	5,436	5
2023	2,551	460	758	200	21,877	8,148	2

East Asia & Pacific
YEAR	PROSECUTIONS	Prosecutions – Labor Only	CONVICTIONS	Convictions – Labor Only	VICTIMS IDENTIFIED	Victims Identified – Labor Only	LEGISLATION
2017	2,949	77	3,227	72	4,915	669	0
2018	2,351	63	1,275	16	5,466	291	1
2019	3,276	86	3,662	20	14,132	7,687	2
2020	1,838	70	1,502	12	2,884	691	1
2021	1,440	73	1,066	60	3,348	859	0
2022	4,570	708	1,607	63	4,635	2,037	3
2023	3,390	398	1,802	97	6,543	1,161	2

Europe
YEAR	PROSECUTIONS	Prosecutions – Labor Only	CONVICTIONS	Convictions – Labor Only	VICTIMS IDENTIFIED	Victims Identified – Labor Only	LEGISLATION
2017	2,548	179	1,257	53	12,750	3,330	0
2018	2,394	234	1,379	80	16,838	2,675	1
2019	2,896	106	1,346	41	17,383	1,369	2
2020	2,355	101	1,291	33	18,173	1,082	2
2021	3,285	86	1,905	92	21,347	2,124	5
2022	2,932	169	1,668	67	24,528	2,497	6
2023	3,147	201	1,667	93	32,996	4,448	4

Near East
YEAR	PROSECUTIONS	Prosecutions – Labor Only	CONVICTIONS	Convictions – Labor Only	VICTIMS IDENTIFIED	Victims Identified – Labor Only	LEGISLATION
2017	974	112	104	11	1,834	53	0
2018	738	10	155	7	2,675	83	0
2019	788	44	419	22	3,619	35	0
2020	533	106	414	84	3,461	1,827	0
2021	869	356	353	88	3,440	1,127	1
2022	644	173	545	85	2,980	1,790	0
2023	2,258	1,344	770	390	3,450	1,596	2

South & Central Asia
YEAR	PROSECUTIONS	Prosecutions – Labor Only	CONVICTIONS	Convictions – Labor Only	VICTIMS IDENTIFIED	Victims Identified – Labor Only	LEGISLATION
2017	8,105	264	1,063	48	40,857	11,813	2
2018	3,102	41	2,465	9	24,544	1,841	1
2019	2,602	616	1,156	349	28,929	3,227	1
2020	2,747	532	834	74	45,060	3,275	3
2021	1,910	479	438	17	38,426	12,426	2
2022	3,304	1,118	597	104	49,715	11,161	1
2023	6,041	1,101	1,245	368	50,815	23,089	0

Western Hemisphere
YEAR	PROSECUTIONS	Prosecutions – Labor Only	CONVICTIONS	Convictions – Labor Only	VICTIMS IDENTIFIED	Victims Identified – Labor Only	LEGISLATION
2017	1,571	139	969	114	10,011	2,139	1
2018	1,252	72	1,017	177	11,683	2,370	0
2019	1,324	101	843	34	12,352	273	0
2020	910	55	588	27	11,100	626	2
2021	1,382	120	794	49	12,343	1,040	4
2022	1,232	114	256	70	11,676	1,419	12
2023	1,387	180	873	108	18,292	3,656	4

Stopping Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) by International Peacekeepers and Civilian Personnel

This section summarizes actions taken by the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) to prevent trafficking in persons or the exploitation of victims of trafficking during calendar year 2023.


Total Number of Peacekeeping and Support Personnel	63,170	2,264	4,477
Total Number of Missions	11	14	2
Prevention Policy	“Special Measures for Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse” (2003)	“Code of Conduct for Staff and Mission Members” “Staff Instruction No. 33/2023: Whistleblowing and Protection against Retaliation” (adopted 3 October 2023) “Staff Instructions No. 0032/2022: Prevention of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse” (adopted 20 June 2022) “Staff Instruction No. 11/2004: Preventing the Promotion/Facilitation of Trafficking in Human Beings” (adopted 22 January 2004)	Human Security Unit (political) International Military Staff – Gender Advisor (Military Advice) Heads of NATO Military Bodies (e.g. SACEUR, SACT)
Lead Office Responsible for Implementation	The Conduct and Discipline Service (CDS) The Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS)	Secretary General Department of Human Resources Office of Internal Oversight	For preventing human trafficking, conflict-related sexual violence and SEA, training is done via pre-deployment and during any missions or operations.  Nations are responsible for the provision of pre-deployment training of their personnel in accordance with NATO standards. Heads of NATO Bodies are responsible for providing training to their personnel.
Prevention Training	Pre-deployment and at mission, including an e-learning program	Pre-deployment OSCE Prevention of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (PSEA) mandatory online training launched in October 2023. Introductory workshop for the PSEA Focal Points held on 15 September 2023.	None reported
Number of Allegations in 2023	101 allegations were made against military, police, and civilian personnel. Ninety percent of the allegations were in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic. This is only the second time in the past 10 years that 100 or more allegations were recorded in one year. 22 of the allegations affected children.	The OSCE Department for Human Resources had no record of any reported allegations of sexual exploitation or sexual abuse in 2023. The OSCE Office of Internal Oversight did not receive any allegations of SEA in 2023.	No reported allegations – NATO relies on contributing countries to report allegations.
New Initiatives	UNHCR is piloting its participation in the Misconduct Disclosure Scheme (MDS), which facilitates the sharing of misconduct data between employers and prevents the rehiring of perpetrators across NGOs and other participating agencies. UNHCR uses MDS as a complement to its use of ClearCheck. UNOPS planned to pilot its participation in MDS in early 2024. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 77/278, the Secretariat is exploring “whether ClearCheck database and the Misconduct Disclosure Scheme can complement each other.” The World Food Program (WFP) and IOM are developing a multilingual multimedia package of accessible information on protection from SEA for beneficiaries. In 2023, the UN Secretariat piloted a reinforcement training package for uniformed commanders, in cooperation with Member States. It provides targeted training support for commanders on conduct and discipline, with a focus on the prohibition of SEA. The package will be rolled out in 2024.	The OSCE appointed PSEA focal points in April 2023 to raise awareness of Staff Instruction 32 and provide guidance on how to prevent and respond to incidents. In May 2023, the OSCE revised its contractual arrangements with external providers, including the General Conditions of Contract for both goods and services, as well as the standard Implementing Partner Agreement. These revisions now incorporate clauses mandating contractors to implement suitable measures for preventing and addressing SEA by their employees or any individuals engaged in providing services to the OSCE.	In July 2023, NATO adopted its new policy on combating trafficking in human beings. The aim of this new policy was to provide a coherent, consistent, and integrated political framework for NATO’s role in combating trafficking in human beings. This policy applies to all NATO personnel in all Alliance operations, missions, and activities, wherever NATO operates, from peacetime to crisis and conflict, including stabilization and post-conflict, and should be considered within the broader framework policies and guidance within NATO, including the wider Human Security Approach and Guiding Principles. This Security Approach allows for a more comprehensive view of the human environment, consequently enhancing operational effectiveness and contributing to lasting peace and security.
Links for Additional Information

Relevant International Conventions

The chart below shows the Ratification, Accession (a), or Acceptance (A) of relevant international conventions for those countries that have ratified, acceded to, or accepted any such conventions between April 2023 and March 2024. A complete list that includes the status of all of the countries covered by the Trafficking in Persons Report is available at: https://www.state.gov/international-conventions-relevant-to-combating-trafficking-in-persons/

Country	UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons (2000)	Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (2000)	Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (2000)	ILO Convention 29, Forced Labour (1930)	ILO Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention	ILO Convention 105, Abolition of Forced Labour (1957)	ILO Convention 182, Elimination of Worst Forms of Child Labour (1999)	ILO Convention 189, Domestic Workers (2011)
Brunei-Darussalam	2020 (a)	2006	2016	2024	_	_	2008	_
Mexico	2003	2002	2002	1934	2024	1959	2000	2020
Seychelles	2004	2012	2010	1978	_	1978	1999	2024
Uganda	2024	2001	2002	1963	_	1963	2001	_

International, Regional, and Sub-Regional Organizations Combating Trafficking in Persons

For the 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report, the Framework Documents and other Relevant Guidance section has been consolidated to show only documents published during the reporting year: April 1, 2023 – March 31, 2024. If you would like to review documents from previous years, please refer to the 2023 Trafficking in Persons Report .


	(2023) UN General Assembly Resolution on Improving the coordination of efforts against trafficking in persons (A/RES/78/228) (2023) (A/78/119) (2023) HRC Resolution on Trafficking in Persons, especially women and children (A/HRC/RES/53/9) (2023) (2023) (2023) (2024)	UN Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children UN Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery UN Special Rapporteur on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography
https://www.ilo.org	(2023) (2023) (2024) (2024) (2024) (2024)
	(2023)
(EU/Horn of Africa Migration Route Initiative)	(2023) (2024)
	(2023) (2023) (2023) (2023) (2024)	ASEAN Senior Officials Meeting on Transnational Crime
	(2023) (2023) (2023) (2023)	Bali Process Working Group on Trafficking in Persons
	No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.
(in Russian only)	No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.
	No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.	United Nations Action for Cooperation against Trafficking in Persons Regional COMMIT Task Force
	(2023) (2023) (2024) (2024)	Task Force against Trafficking in Human Beings Expert Group on Children at Risk Task Force Against Trafficking in Human Beings
	(2023) (2023) (2023) (2024) (2024) (2024) (2024)	Group of Experts on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings
	(2023) (2023) (2023)	The ECOWAS Regional Network of National Focal Institutions Against Trafficking in Persons Plus Anti-Trafficking Unit
	(2024) (2024)	EU Anti-Trafficking Coordinator EU Network of National Rapporteurs and Equivalent Mechanisms EU Civil Society Platform against Trafficking in Human Beings Coordination Group of the EU agencies working against trafficking in human beings
	(updated in 2023) (2024) (2024)
	No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.
	(2023) (2023) (2024) (2024)	Department of Public Security and Department against Transnational Organized Crime
	(2023) (2024) (2024)	OECD Task Force on Countering Illicit Trade
	No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.
	(2023) (2023) (2023) (2023) (2023) (2023) (2024) (2024) (2024) (2024)	Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights International Survivors of Trafficking Advisory Council
	No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.	The Liaison Officers Network to Combat Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons
	(2023) (2023)

(2023)

UN General Assembly Resolution on Improving the coordination of efforts against trafficking in persons (A/RES/78/228) (2023)

(A/78/119) (2023)

HRC Resolution on Trafficking in Persons, especially women and children (A/HRC/RES/53/9) (2023)

(2023)

(2024)

UN Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children

UN Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery

UN Special Rapporteur on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography

https://www.ilo.org

(2023)

(2024)

(2023)

(EU/Horn of Africa Migration Route Initiative)

(2023)

(2024)

(2023)

(2024)

ASEAN Senior Officials Meeting on Transnational Crime

(2023)

Bali Process Working Group on Trafficking in Persons

No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.

(in Russian only)

No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.

United Nations Action for Cooperation against Trafficking in Persons

Regional COMMIT Task Force

(2023)

(2024)

Task Force against Trafficking in Human Beings

Expert Group on Children at Risk

Task Force Against Trafficking in Human Beings

(2023)

(2024)

Group of Experts on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings

(2023)

The ECOWAS Regional Network of National Focal Institutions Against Trafficking in Persons Plus

Anti-Trafficking Unit

(2024)

EU Anti-Trafficking Coordinator

EU Network of National Rapporteurs and Equivalent Mechanisms

EU Civil Society Platform against Trafficking in Human Beings

Coordination Group of the EU agencies working against trafficking in human beings

(updated in 2023)

(2024)

No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.

(2023)

(2024)

Department of Public Security and Department against Transnational Organized Crime

(2023)

(2024)

OECD Task Force on Countering Illicit Trade

No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.

(2023)

(2024)

Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings

Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights

International Survivors of Trafficking Advisory Council

No relevant Framework Documents or other Relevant Guidance were published during the reporting period.

The Liaison Officers Network to Combat Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons

(2023)

Annual Report to Congress on the Use of Child Soldiers under Section 405(c) of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008

This report is submitted in accordance with section 405(c) of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008 (22 U.S.C. 2370c-2(c)) (CSPA). Section 1 lists the countries identified as being in violation of the standards under the CSPA in 2023. Section 2 provides a description and the amounts of assistance withheld pursuant to section 404(a) of the CSPA. Section 3 provides a list of waivers or exceptions exercised under the CSPA. Section 4 contains the justifications for such waivers. Section 5 provides a description and the amounts of assistance provided to countries pursuant to such waivers.

Section 1. Countries in Violation of the Standards Under the CSPA in 2023.

The Secretary of State identified the following countries as having governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces or government-supported armed groups that recruited or used child soldiers within the meaning of section 404(a) of the CSPA during the reporting period of April 1, 2022 – March 31, 2023: Afghanistan, Burma, Central African Republic (CAR), Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Egypt, Eritrea, Iran, Libya, Mali, Russia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria, Türkiye, Venezuela, and Yemen.

Section 2. Description and Amount of Assistance Withheld Pursuant to Section 404(a).

No security assistance subject to section 404(a) of the CSPA was planned to be provided to Afghanistan, Burma, Eritrea, Iran, Mali, Russia, Rwanda, South Sudan, Syria, or Venezuela in fiscal year (FY) 2024.

Section 3. List of Waivers or Exceptions Exercised under Section 404(a).

On September 15, 2023, the President determined that it is in the national interest of the United States to waive the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Egypt; to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Türkiye for International Military Education and Training (IMET) and Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) assistance, issuance of direct commercial sales (DCS) licenses, and support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 331 and 10 U.S.C. 333, to the extent that the CSPA would restrict such assistance or support; to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Libya and Somalia to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance, and support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 331 and 10 U.S.C. 333, to the extent that the CSPA would restrict such assistance or support; to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to the Democratic Republic of the Congo to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance and issuance of DCS licenses in connection with the reexport of transport aircraft, to the extent that the CSPA would restrict such assistance; to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to the Central African Republic and Yemen to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance, to the extent that the CSPA would restrict such assistance; and to waive the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA to allow for the issuance of DCS licenses related to other U.S. government assistance for the above countries and, with respect to the Russian Federation, solely for the issuance of DCS licenses in connection with the International Space Station (ISS). The President has further certified that the governments of the above countries are taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

Section 4. Justifications for Waivers and Exceptions.

Pursuant to section 404(c) of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008 (CSPA) (22 U.S.C. 2370c-1(c)), the President has determined that it is in the national interest of the United States to waive the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Egypt; to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition with respect to the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Libya, Somalia, Türkiye, and Yemen, including to allow for the issuance of direct commercial sales (DCS) licenses related to other U.S. government assistance for these countries that is not subject to the prohibition in section 404(a); and, with respect to Russia, to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition solely for DCS licenses in connection with the International Space Station. The President has further certified that the governments of the above countries are taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers. The justification for this determination and certification with respect to each country is set forth in this Memorandum.

The Central African Republic (CAR)

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United States to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to CAR to allow for the provision of International Military Education and Training (IMET) and Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) assistance and has certified that the CAR Government (CARG) is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

Armed groups in CAR continue to threaten civilians and pose a longstanding risk to stability. The waiver for PKO and IMET assistance for CAR will support the professionalization of the military to better provide security to the people of CAR while respecting human rights and international humanitarian law (IHL). Additionally, IMET programming allows the United States to invest in CAR military officers to promote professional military education and foster relationships with foreign military personnel rooted in democratic values.

The CARG is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers through meaningful engagement with U.S. and UN officials in seeking assistance to eradicate trafficking in persons, including the recruitment or use of child soldiers by CAR security forces and armed groups. Recent efforts have included the adoption of a national plan to counter trafficking in children, government directives prohibiting the presence of children around military bases, and collaboration with the UN and implementing partners to reintegrate children affected by conflict.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United States to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to DRC to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance and issuance of licenses for DCS in connection with the reexport of transport aircraft and has certified that the Government of the DRC (GDRC) is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

The proliferation of armed groups amidst ongoing conflict in eastern DRC continues to threaten security and stability for the people of the DRC. IMET and PKO assistance for the DRC enables the United States to continue professionalization efforts of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC) by enhancing its capacity to provide security within its territory while respecting human rights and IHL. IMET and PKO assistance provide mechanisms to support security sector governance reforms and training in areas such as military justice, civil-military relations, respect for human rights and IHL, military engineering, and resource management and logistics, which enhance security and help make the FARDC a more transparent, accountable institution.

The GDRC is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers through sustained commitment to implement its 2012 Action Plan to end and prevent the recruitment and use of child soldiers in partnership with the UN. Additionally, in 2022 the GDRC adopted a national strategy for the implementation of the Demobilization, Disarmament, Community Recovery and Stabilization Program, which signals an important step in prioritizing children affected by armed conflict, particularly in eastern DRC.

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United State to waive, in full, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Egypt and has certified that the Government of Egypt is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

Egypt is an important U.S. partner in counterterrorism, anti-trafficking, and regional security operations, which advance both U.S. and Egyptian security. The decades-long defense partnership is a pillar for regional stability and key to securing peace with Israel, supporting the Multinational Force and Observers missions, and enhancing security of the Suez Canal. Since 1978, the United States has provided more than $54 billion in military assistance for Egypt, which has contributed to Egypt’s capabilities to protect and defend its land, air, and maritime borders and to confront an evolving terrorist threat, including in the Sinai Peninsula.

The Government of Egypt is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers, even as the scope and intensity of the counterterrorism fight in the Sinai continues to see a significant downturn; 2023 is on track to report the lowest levels of violence in the Sinai since the conflict began in 2011. The U.S. government is not aware of the Egyptian military, police, or other security forces recruiting or using child soldiers. Consistent with Egypt’s domestic laws and its obligations under the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, the Egyptian government effectively prohibits persons under the age of 18 from being forcibly recruited into the armed forces. The Government of Egypt provides critical influence in addressing the recruitment or use of child soldiers by tribal militias, and the U.S. government will continue to engage the Egyptian government regarding reports of recruitment of child soldiers by government-supported Sinai tribal forces.

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United States to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Libya to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance and DoD support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 331 and 10 U.S.C. 333 and has certified that the Government of National Unity (GNU) in Libya is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

The U.S. government selected Libya as a priority country for implementation of the U.S. Strategy to Prevent Conflict and Promote Stability. The Department of State further assesses that in Libya the most durable solution to the unlawful recruitment of child soldiers, including by GNU-aligned units and the self-styled Libyan National Army, is a negotiated political settlement that ends Libya’s instability and the cycles of conflict. IMET assistance will facilitate English language proficiency to improve interoperability and promote civil-military relations, including civilian control of a unified military. PKO assistance will build upon the October 2020 ceasefire and support U.N. efforts to advance Libya’s transition to a unified, democratically elected, and inclusive political system based on respect for human rights. PKO provides the U.S. government a tool to support UNSMIL in its ceasefire monitoring function. Department of Defense support will build the capacity of Libyan military institutions in support of progress towards civilian-controlled, accountable, defense institutions that uphold human rights, combat terrorism, and address security challenges.

The GNU is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers through engagement with the UN and the U.S. government in the context of our recurring bilateral Security Dialogue. Through cooperation with UNSMIL, representatives of the Libyan 5+5 Joint Military Commission, comprised of senior military officers from both the east and west, engage with UNICEF on preventing child soldier recruitment. The U.S. government is not aware of the GNU’s military, police, or other governmental security forces recruiting or using child soldiers. Further, GNU security sector leaders provide critical influence to prevent and end the recruitment or use of child soldiers by armed groups in Libya and mitigate the reliance on external forces or groups for internal security.

Russian Federation

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United State to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to the Russian Federation to allow for issuance of licenses for DCS solely in connection with the International Space Station (ISS) and has certified that the Government of the Russian Federation is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

It is in the U.S. national interest to work with Russia to maintain the safety of ISS operations. Maintaining longstanding U.S.-Russia ISS operations requires the ability to issue DCS licenses for defense articles and defense services in support of the ISS until the planned termination of its operation, which the National Aeronautics and Space Administration estimates will be in 2030. This waiver will allow such activities to continue and will enable the issuance of licenses necessary to support the safe operation of the ISS, U.S.-Russia integrated crew missions to the ISS, and the safety of U.S. and other personnel onboard the ISS.

The Russian Federation is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers. In accordance with the Russian Federation’s Law on the Ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict of 2008, the Government of the Russian Federation effectively prohibits persons under the age of 18 from being forcibly recruited into the armed forces.

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United States to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Somalia to allow for the provision of IMET and PKO assistance, and DoD support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 331 and 10 U.S.C. 333 and has certified that the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

Foreign terrorist organizations including al-Shabaab continue to threaten security and stability for the people of Somalia. The waiver for IMET and PKO assistance for Somalia enables the United States to continue professionalization efforts of the Somali National Army (SNA) by enhancing their capacity to provide security within their territory while respecting human rights and IHL. Further, a waiver for support provided by the Department of Defense pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 331 and 10 U.S.C. 333 will allow for U.S. government assistance to build the Somali military’s capacity to conduct effective, sustained counterterrorism operations against al-Shabaab and help reinforce U.S. values, including those related to preventing and ending the unlawful recruitment or use of child soldiers.

The FGS is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers through sustained commitment to implement its 2019 “road map” to accelerate progress on its 2012 Action Plan on ending the recruitment and use of children by the Somali National Armed Forces in partnership with the UN. The SNA’s Child Protection Unit continued to make progress in implementing screening procedures, training, and disseminating media to prevent the recruitment and use of child soldiers. The FGS also continued implementation of standard operating procedures for the handover of children allegedly associated with armed groups.

The President has determined it is in the national interest of the United States to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Türkiye for IMET and PKO assistance, issuance of DCS licenses, and DoD support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 331 and 10 U.S.C. 333 and has certified that the Government of Türkiye is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

Türkiye has been an important U.S. security partner and valued NATO Ally since 1952, regulating passage, in accordance with international law, through the straits of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, which link the Black Sea with the Mediterranean. Further, Türkiye’s military capability and geographic location are vital to the United States’ integrated deterrence strategy and ability to respond to regional events including with respect to counterterrorism, humanitarian assistance, and disaster relief operations. Türkiye’s support, including defense and security cooperation, to NATO Allies and partners deters malign influence in the region. This waiver will assist in maintaining NATO cohesion and continued interoperability, bolster regional security, and advance bilateral cooperation.

The Government of Türkiye is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers, including those present in elements of the Syrian National Army receiving support from the Government of Türkiye. The United States is not aware of the Turkish military, police, or other security forces recruiting or using child soldiers. Consistent with Türkiye’s domestic laws and its obligations under the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, the Turkish military effectively prohibits persons under the age of 18 from being forcibly recruited into the armed forces. Further, the Government of Türkiye provides critical influence in addressing the problem of child soldiers with respect to the Syrian National Army.

The President has determined that it is in the national interest of the United States to waive, in part, the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Yemen to allow for provision of IMET and PKO assistance and has certified that the Government of the Republic of Yemen (ROYG) is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers.

It is in the U.S. national interest to support UN-led efforts to achieve an inclusive negotiated political resolution to the conflict in Yemen. The waiver for IMET assistance for Yemen enables the United States to continue to support professionalization and interoperability efforts of the Yemeni Armed Forces (YAF) by enhancing their capacity to provide inclusive security within their territory while respecting human rights and IHL. Further, this waiver will improve the YAF’s capacity to conduct effective, sustained counterterrorism operations, ensuring freedom of navigation through the Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, and securing the space for restoring effective governance institutions.

The ROYG is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers through sustained commitment to implement its 2018 “road map” to accelerate progress on its 2014 Action Plan to end and prevent the recruitment of children by Yemeni Armed Forces in partnership with the UN. The ROYG established child protection units within all military regions, issued directives banning child recruitment, and conducted numerous senior government field visits to monitor the implementation of screening procedures to prevent child recruitment and remove children from military units.

Section 5. Description and Amount of Assistance Provided Pursuant to a Waiver.

The information provided below only includes assistance obligated as of April 20, 2024. Additional assistance will be obligated during FY 2024.

Central African Republic

International Military Education Training $101,124

As of April 20, 2024, IMET funding was obligated for the following activity: professional military education and training.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

International Military Education Training $177,238

International Military Education Training $1,352,782

International Military Education Training $31,284

Peacekeeping Operations $31,917,530.44

As of April 20, 2024, PKO funding was obligated for Somali National Army and Somali Ministry of Defense for the following activities:

logistical support; advisory support; equipment; and program oversight.

10 U.S.C. 333 $4 ,668,640.56

As of April 20, 2024, 333 funding was obligated for the following activities: training and equipment.

International Military Education Training $182,098

International Military Education Training $339,662

As of April 20, 20, 2024, IMET funding was obligated for the following activity: professional military education and training.

GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS

ASEAN	Association of Southeast Asian Nations
GBV	Gender-based Violence
ECOWAS	Economic Community of West African States
EU	European Union
EUROPOL	European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation
FARC	Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
GRETA	Council of Europe’s Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings
IDP	Internally displaced person
ILO	International Labour Organization
INTERPOL	International Criminal Police Organization
IOM	International Organization for Migration
ISIS	Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
IUU	Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated
LGBTQI+	Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Intersex
MOU	Memorandum of Understanding
NAP	National Action Plan
NGO	Nongovernmental organization
NRM	National Referral Mechanism
SOPs	Standard Operating Procedures
OAS	Organization of American States
OSCE	Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
UN	United Nations
UNHCR	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF	United Nations Children’s Fund
UNODC	United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
UN TIP Protocol (Palermo Protocol)	Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime

Notes: Local currencies have been converted to U.S. dollars ($) using the currency exchange rates reported by the U.S. Department of the Treasury on December 31, 2023.

Acknowledgments

The Staff of the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons Is:

Mekhribon Abdullaeva

Sylvia Amegashie

Katrina Askew-Alston

Andrea Balint Garza

Shonnie R. Ball

Suzanne Balson

Matt Becker

Getoria Berry

Brooke Beyer

Caris Boegl

Michelle C. Bloom

Alexandria Boling

Katherine Borgen

Gregory Borgstede

Kelsey Brennan

Joshua Bull

Carla M. Bury

Renée Callender

Jessica Cisneros

Kate Cooper

Camila Crowley

Reena Dalwadi

Sarah Davis

Steven Davis

Anca DiGiacomo

Daniel Evensen

Anna Fraser

Lauren Frey

Mark Forstrom

Lucia Gallegos

Beatriz Garcia Velazquez

Brianna Gehring

Chauna Gibson

Natasha Greenberg

Andrew Grimmer

Takiyah Golden

Denise Harrison

Jocelyn Harrison

Emmanuel Hector

Caitlin B. Heidenreich

Ashley Hernandez

J. Brett Hernandez

Matthew Hickey

Crystal Hill

Megan Hjelle-Lantsman

Jennifer M. Ho

Marta Hoilman

Ariana Holly

Moira Honohan

Renee Huffman

Veronica Jablonski

Harold Jahnsen

Sarah Jennings

Devin Johnson

Maurice W. Johnson

Kari A. Johnstone

Chelsea Kaser

Patrick Kelly

Emily Korenak

Kendra L. Kreider

Mary Lagdameo

Valery Lavigne

James Lensen-Callas

Rebecca Lesnak

Abigail Long

Samantha Lord

Jean McAnerney

Cameron Malcom

Bryan Marcus

LaTina Marsh

Sunny Massa

Kerry McBride

Rendi McCoy

Tamara McCoy

Maura K. McManus

Leah F. Meyer

Rebecca Morgan

Ericka Moten

Ryan Mulvenna

Dan Muncaster

Cristina Narvaez

Amy O’Neill Richard

Zury Palencia

Lauren Parnell

Ashlei Perry

Marissa Pietrobono

Sanjana Polapragada

Justin D. Pollard

David Rabinovich

Patrick Read

Andrea E. Reed

Casey Risko

Angie Rivas

Amy Rustan Haslett

Manith Sarik

Aram Schvey

Tori Jamese Scott-Senghor

Adrienne Sgarlato

Jessica Singh

Stephen Shade

Kaela Shear

Soumya Silver

Cornelius Slayton

Susan Snyder

Megan Stalder

Latoshae Summers

Desirée Suo Weymont

Jamie Sutter

Francesca J. Tadle

Atsuki Takahashi

James Taylor

Anna Thiessen

Cecilia Thompson

Juan Jose Tierjo

Wanda Toney

Andrea Ugolini

Melissa Verlaque

Matthew Villemain

Myrna E. Walch

Frances Wallman

Bianca Washington

Pauline Werner

Danielle (Nikki) Wetsel

Terry Whenry

Sharifa White

Joshua Williams

Willow Williamson

Joshua Youle

Salia Zouande

Special thanks to Brian Piaquadio, Julia Maruszewski, LeGrand Latney, Kimberly Ross, and the creative services team at Global Publishing Solutions. Special thanks also to the ECA Bureau and technical project managers Tasha Wilkinson and Ed Williams.

Special thanks to Bukola Oriola, Dawn Schiller, Christine Cesa, Jeri Moomaw, Harold D’Souza, Jessa Crisp, Jill Brogdon, Megan Lundstrom, Rafael Bautista, Tanya Gould, and other subject matter experts with lived experience of human trafficking from the Department of State’s Human Trafficking Expert Consultant Network for their contributions to the TIP Report.

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Increased Amounts of Credit or Deduction for Satisfying Certain Prevailing Wage and Registered Apprenticeship Requirements

A Rule by the Internal Revenue Service on 06/25/2024

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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Supplementary information:, i. overview, ii. pwa provisions, a. in general, b. prevailing wage requirements, c. correction and penalty related to failure to satisfy prevailing wage requirements, d. apprenticeship requirements, 1. labor hours requirement, 2. ratio requirement, 3. participation requirement, e. exceptions to apprenticeship requirements, 1. in general, 2. good faith effort exception, 3. apprenticeship cure provision, iii. other increased credit amount provisions, a. beginning of construction exception, b. one megawatt exception, iv. prior guidance, summary of comments and explanation of revisions, i. pre-filing activities.

A. Applicability of the Davis-Bacon Act in General 9

B. Specific Pre-Filing Activities Required Under the DBA

1. certified payroll records, other compliance reporting, and government review of this reporting, 2. mandatory incorporation of dba contract requirements and posting of applicable prevailing wage determinations, c. including other conditions as a prerequisite for claiming the increased amount of credit, d. other comments regarding pre-filing activities and irs enforcement procedures, 1. organizational changes to the irs and general tax administration, 2. requests for private letter rulings, 3. complaint procedures for underpayment of applicable prevailing wage rates and the failure to hire qualified apprentices, ii. pwa transition rule, iii. beginning of construction, a. beginning of construction under the irs notices, b. beginning of construction and the boc exception under notice 2022-61 and the proposed regulations, c. comments on determining the beginning of construction for pwa purposes, d. beginning of construction for purposes of the boc exception and the pwa requirements in general, iv. one megawatt exception, v. application to the taxpayer, a. definition of taxpayer, contractor, and subcontractor, b. transferability pursuant to section 6418, c. application to indian tribal governments and the tennessee valley authority, 1. indian tribal governments, a. prevailing wage requirements and indian tribal governments, b. apprenticeship requirements and indian tribal governments, 2. tennessee valley authority, d. project labor agreements, vi. applicable scope of the pwa requirements, vii. prevailing wage requirements, b. determining the applicable prevailing wage rate, 1. general wage determinations, 2. applicable prevailing wage rate for general wage determinations, 3. supplemental wage determinations and rates for additional classification requests, 4. applicable prevailing wage rate for apprentices, c. definitions, 1. laborer and mechanic, 2. employed, 3. construction, alteration, or repair, 4. maintenance, d. correction and penalty procedures, 2. laborers or mechanics who cannot be located, 3. intentional disregard, 4. penalty waiver, viii. apprenticeship requirements, 2. labor hours requirement, 3. ratio requirement, 4. participation requirement, 5. other general apprenticeship issues, b. exceptions to the apprenticeship requirements, 1. good faith effort exception, a. content and scope of a request, b. required format of a request, c. required recipients of a request, d. timing of a request, e. definition of a response, f. denial of a request, g. other good faith effort exception issues, 2. apprenticeship cure provision, a. general procedures, b. intentional disregard, ix. applying the pwa provisions for increased amounts of credit and deduction under other code sections, a. section 30c, b. section 45l, c. section 45q, d. section 45u, e. section 45v, f. section 45y, g. section 45z, h. section 48c, i. section 179d, x. recordkeeping and reporting requirements, b. recordkeeping for credits transferred pursuant to section 6418, xi. applicability date, xii. severability, applicability dates, effect on other documents, special analyses, i. regulatory planning and review, ii. paperwork reduction act, iii. regulatory flexibility act, a. need for and objectives of the rule, b. significant issues raised by public comments in response to the initial regulatory flexibility analysis, c. affected small entities, d. impact of the rules, e. alternatives considered, f. duplicative, overlapping, or conflicting federal rules, iv. unfunded mandates reform act, v. executive order 13132 : federalism, vi. executive order 13175 : consultation and coordination with indian tribal governments, vii. congressional review act, statement of availability of irs documents, drafting information, list of subjects in 26 cfr part 1, adoption of amendments to the regulations, part 1—income taxes, enhanced content - submit public comment.

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Final rule.

This document sets forth final regulations regarding the increased credit amounts or the increased deduction amount available for taxpayers satisfying prevailing wage and registered apprenticeship (collectively, PWA) requirements established by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. These final regulations affect taxpayers intending to satisfy the PWA requirements to be eligible for increased amounts of Federal income tax credits or an increased deduction, including those intending to make elective payment elections for available credit amounts, and those intending to transfer increased credit amounts. These final regulations also affect taxpayers intending to satisfy the prevailing wage requirements to be eligible for increased amounts of those Federal income tax credits that do not have associated apprenticeship requirements. Additionally, these final regulations affect taxpayers who initially fail to satisfy the PWA requirements (or prevailing wage requirements, as applicable) and subsequently comply with the correction and penalty procedures in order to be deemed to satisfy the PWA requirements (or prevailing wage requirements, as applicable). Finally, these final regulations address specific PWA and prevailing wage recordkeeping and reporting requirements.

Effective date: These regulations are effective August 26, 2024.

Applicability date: For date of applicability, see §§ 1.30C-3(c), 1.45-6(d), 1.45-7(e), 1.45-8(h), 1.45-12(f), 1.45L-3(c), 1.45Q-6(c), 1.45U-3(c), 1.45V-3(c), 1.45Y-3(c), 1.45Z-3(c), 1.48C-3(b), 1.179D-3(c).

The Office of Associate Chief Counsel (Passthroughs & Special Industries) at (202) 317-6853 (not a toll-free number).

This document contains final regulations that amend the Income Tax Regulations ( 26 CFR part 1 ) under sections 30C, 45, 45L, 45Q, 45U, 45V, 45Y, 45Z, 48C, and 179D of the Internal Revenue Code (Code), as enacted or amended by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA), Public Law 117-169 , 136 Stat. 1818 (August 16, 2022).

The IRA amended sections 30C, 45, 45L, 45Q, 48, 48C, and 179D to provide increased amounts of credits or an increased deduction, as applicable, for taxpayers who satisfy certain requirements and added sections 45U, 45V, 45Y, 45Z, and 48E to the Code to provide new credits, which also contain provisions for increased credit amounts for taxpayers who satisfy certain requirements. Increased credit amounts are available under sections 30C, 45, 45Q, 45V, 45Y, 45Z, 48, 48C, and 48E, and an increased deduction is available under section 179D for taxpayers satisfying certain PWA requirements. Increased credit amounts are available under sections 45L and 45U for taxpayers satisfying certain prevailing wage requirements. [ 1 ] The IRA includes correction and penalty provisions available in certain situations for taxpayers that have initially failed to satisfy the PWA requirements and are not otherwise eligible for the increased amount of credit or deduction because they do not qualify for an exception.

Increased amounts of credits or an increased deduction are generally available under sections 30C, 45, 45Q, 45V, 45Y, 48, 48E and 179D with respect to certain facilities, properties, projects, technologies, or equipment if beginning of construction (or beginning of installation for section 179D) of the facility, property, project, technology, or equipment, as applicable, occurs before January 29, 2023 (BOC Exception). Additionally, the increased credit amounts generally are available under sections 45, 45Y, 48, and 48E with respect to certain facilities, projects, and technologies, as applicable, with a maximum net output (or capacity for energy storage technology under section 48E) of less than one megawatt (One Megawatt Exception). Generally, if a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements, meets the BOC Exception, or meets the One Megawatt Exception, the amount of credit or deduction determined is equal to the otherwise determined amount of the underlying credit or deduction multiplied by five.

The principal PWA requirements are set forth in section 45(b)(6), (7), and (8). In general, section 45(b)(6) provides the increased credit amount for taxpayers satisfying the PWA requirements or meeting one of the exceptions, section 45(b)(7) provides the prevailing wage requirements (Prevailing Wage Requirements), [ 2 ] and section 45(b)(8) provides the apprenticeship requirements (Apprenticeship Requirements). [ 3 ]

In general, section 45 provides a credit for taxpayers producing electricity from qualified energy resources at a qualified facility during the 10-year period beginning on the date the facility was originally placed in service, and selling that electricity to unrelated persons during the taxable year. Under section 45(a), the credit is equal to 0.3 cents multiplied by the kilowatt hours of electricity: (i) produced by the taxpayer from qualified energy resources and at a qualified facility during the 10-year period beginning on the date the facility was originally placed in service, and (ii) sold by the taxpayer to an unrelated person during the taxable year. Under section 45(b)(6), with respect to a qualified facility, if a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements, meets the BOC Exception, or meets the One Megawatt Exception, then the amount of the credit determined under section 45(a) is multiplied by five.

Section 45(b)(7)(A) provides that with respect to any qualified facility, “the taxpayer shall ensure that any laborers Start Printed Page 53185 and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in—(i) the construction of such facility, and (ii) with respect to any taxable year, for any portion of such taxable year which is within the [10-year period beginning on the date the qualified facility was originally placed in service], the alteration or repair of such facility, shall be paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates for construction, alteration, or repair of a similar character in the locality in which such facility is located as most recently determined by the Secretary of Labor, in accordance with subchapter IV of chapter 31 of title 40, United States Code [Davis-Bacon Act or DBA].”

The Davis-Bacon Act, enacted in 1931, requires the payment of minimum prevailing wages determined by the Department of Labor (DOL) for laborers and mechanics working on contracts entered into by Federal agencies and the District of Columbia, if such contracts are in excess of $2,000 and are for the construction, alteration, or repair of public buildings and public works. Section 3142 of the DBA requires that Federal agencies entering into contracts covered by the DBA include the requirements of the DBA in the contract, including the requirement to incorporate the applicable wage determinations that set forth the prevailing wages to be paid to laborers and mechanics. The Copeland Act, 40 U.S.C. 3145 , sets forth a requirement that the contractor submit certified weekly payroll records to the contracting Federal agency. Congress has included DBA requirements in other laws, often referred to as the Davis-Bacon Related Acts, under which Federal agencies provide assistance for construction projects through grants, loans, insurance, and other methods. The DOL Wage and Hour Division (WHD) administers the DBA prevailing wage provisions.

Under section 45(b)(7)(B) of the Code, a taxpayer who is not eligible for the BOC Exception or the One Megawatt Exception and fails to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements under section 45(b)(7)(A), is deemed to have satisfied those requirements if the taxpayer makes a correction payment to any laborer or mechanic who was paid wages at a rate below the required prevailing rate for any period during any year of the construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility and pays a penalty to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).

Under section 45(b)(7)(B)(i)(I), the amount of the correction payment is the sum of: (i) the difference between the amount of wages paid to the laborer or mechanic during the period and the amount of wages required to be paid to the laborer or mechanic during that period in order to meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements; and (ii) interest on the amount under (i) at the underpayment rate established under section 6621 (determined by substituting six percentage points for three percentage points in section 6621(a)(2)) for the applicable period.

Under section 45(b)(7)(B)(i)(II), the amount of the penalty is $5,000 multiplied by the total number of laborers and mechanics who were paid wages at a rate below the prevailing wage rate described in section 45(b)(7)(A) for any period during the year. Deficiency procedures do not apply with respect to the assessment or collection of this penalty pursuant to section 45(b)(7)(B)(ii).

Under section 45(b)(7)(B)(iii), if the IRS determines that the failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements is due to “intentional disregard” of those requirements, then the correction payment to the laborer or mechanic is three times the amount that would otherwise be determined under section 45(b)(7)(B)(i)(I), and $10,000 is substituted for $5,000 in calculating the penalty under section 45(b)(7)(B)(i)(II).

Section 45(b)(7)(B)(iv) provides that once the IRS makes a final determination that a taxpayer has failed to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements, the taxpayer must make the correction and penalty payments within 180 days after the final determination to be eligible for the increased credit amount. If the taxpayer does not make the required correction and penalty payments, and therefore is not allowed the increased credit amount, no penalty is assessed under section 45(b)(7)(B).

Under section 45(b)(8), with respect to the construction of any qualified facility, taxpayers must satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements. The Apprenticeship Requirements impose rules regarding labor hours, apprentice-to-journeyworker ratios, and participation by qualified apprentices.

Section 45(b)(8)(A)(i) provides that “[t]axpayers shall ensure that, with respect to construction of any qualified facility, not less than the applicable percentage of the total labor hours of the construction, alteration, or repair work (including such work performed by any contractor or subcontractor) with respect to such facility shall, subject to [section 45(b)(8)(B)], be performed by qualified apprentices” (Labor Hours Requirement). For purposes of the Labor Hours Requirement, section 45(b)(8)(A)(ii) provides that the applicable percentage is: (i) in the case of a qualified facility the construction of which begins before January 1, 2023, 10 percent, (ii) in the case of a qualified facility the construction of which begins after December 31, 2022, and before January 1, 2024, 12.5 percent, and (iii) in the case of a qualified facility the construction of which begins after December 31, 2023, 15 percent.

Section 45(b)(8)(E)(i) defines “labor hours” as the total number of hours devoted to the performance of construction, alteration, or repair work by any individual employed by the taxpayer or by any contractor or subcontractor, and excluding any hours worked by foremen, superintendents, owners, or persons employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity (within the meaning of those terms in part 541 of title 29, Code of Federal Regulations ). Section 45(b)(8)(E)(ii) defines “qualified apprentice” as “an individual who is employed by the taxpayer or by any contractor or subcontractor and who is participating in a registered apprenticeship program, as defined in section 3131(e)(3)(B).” Section 3131(e)(3)(B) defines a “registered apprenticeship program” as an apprenticeship program registered under the Act of August 16, 1937 (commonly known as the National Apprenticeship Act, 50 Stat. 664, chapter 663, 29 U.S.C. 50 et seq. ) that meets the standards of subpart A of part 29 and part 30 of title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations . [ 4 ] The DOL Office of Apprenticeship (OA) administers provisions under the National Apprenticeship Act related to registered apprenticeship programs.

Under section 45(b)(8)(D)(i), a taxpayer is not treated as failing to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements if: (i) the taxpayer satisfies the requirements described in section 45(b)(8)(D)(ii) (Good Faith Effort Exception), or (ii) in the case of any failure by the taxpayer to satisfy the Labor Hours Requirement under section 45(b)(8)(A) and the Participation Requirement under section 45(b)(8)(C), the taxpayer makes a penalty payment to the IRS (Apprenticeship Cure Provision).

Under the Good Faith Effort Exception provided by section 45(b)(8)(D)(ii), a taxpayer is deemed to have satisfied the Apprenticeship Requirements with respect to a qualified facility if the taxpayer has requested qualified apprentices from a registered apprenticeship program, and (i) such request has been denied, provided that such denial is not the result of a refusal by the taxpayer or any contractors or subcontractors engaged in the performance of construction, alteration, or repair work with respect to such qualified facility to comply with the established standards and requirements of the registered apprenticeship program, or (ii) the registered apprenticeship program fails to respond to such request within five business days after the date on which such registered apprenticeship program received such request.

Under section 45(b)(8)(D)(i)(II), if the Good Faith Effort Exception does not apply, then the taxpayer will not be treated as failing to satisfy the Labor Hours Requirement or the Participation Requirement if the taxpayer makes a penalty payment to the IRS in an amount equal to the product of $50 multiplied by the total labor hours for which the Labor Hours Requirement or the Participation Requirement was not satisfied with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair work on the qualified facility. Under section 45(b)(8)(D)(iii), if the IRS determines that the failure was due to intentional disregard of the Labor Hours Requirement or Participation Requirement, then the penalty amount increases to $500 multiplied by the total labor hours for which the Labor Hours Requirement or Participation Requirement was not satisfied.

Under the BOC Exception in section 45(b)(6)(B)(ii), a qualified facility the construction of which began prior to the date that is 60 days after the IRS publishes guidance with respect to the requirements of section 45(b)(7)(A) and (8) is a facility eligible for the increased credit amount in section 45(b)(6). On November 30, 2022, the Department of the Treasury (Treasury Department) and the IRS published Notice 2022-61 in the Federal Register ( 87 FR 73580 , corrected in 87 FR 75141 (Dec. 7, 2022)), providing guidance with respect to the PWA requirements in section 45(b)(7) and (8), including initial guidance for determining the beginning of construction under section 45 and other credits and the beginning of installation under section 179D. Therefore, if a taxpayer began construction or installation of a facility [ 5 ] before January 29, 2023, then the taxpayer is eligible for the increased amount of credit or deduction without satisfying the PWA requirements, provided the taxpayer is otherwise eligible for the credit or deduction. Similar exceptions apply under sections 30C, 45Q, 45V, 45Y, 48, 48E, and 179D.

For purposes of determining when construction or installation begins, Notice 2022-61 incorporates by reference the notices issued under sections 45, [ 6 ] 45Q, [ 7 ] and 48 [ 8 ] (collectively, IRS Notices). The IRS Notices describe two methods of establishing that construction of a facility has begun: (i) starting physical work of a significant nature (Physical Work Test), and (ii) paying or incurring five percent or more of the total cost of the facility (Five Percent Safe Harbor).

The IRS Notices provide that for purposes of the Physical Work Test and Five Percent Safe Harbor, taxpayers must demonstrate either continuous construction or continuous efforts (Continuity Requirement) regardless of whether the Physical Work Test or the Five Percent Safe Harbor was used to establish the beginning of construction. Whether a taxpayer meets the Continuity Requirement under either test is determined by the relevant facts and circumstances.

The IRS Notices also provide for a Continuity Safe Harbor under which a taxpayer will be deemed to satisfy the Continuity Requirement provided a qualified facility is placed in service no more than four calendar years after the calendar year during which construction of the qualified facility began for purposes of sections 45 and 48, and no more than six calendar years after the calendar year during which construction of the qualified facility or carbon capture equipment began for purposes of section 45Q. For purposes of the Continuity Safe Harbor, certain offshore projects and projects built on Federal land under sections 45 and 48 satisfy the Continuity Requirement if such a project is placed into service no more than ten calendar years after the calendar year during which construction of the project began.

Until the Treasury Department and the IRS issue further guidance on determining when construction or installation begins, taxpayers may continue to rely on the guidance provided in Notice 2022-61 and the IRS Notices. Specifically, to determine when construction begins for purposes of sections 30C, 45V, 45Y, and 48E, principles similar to those under Notice 2013-29 regarding the Physical Work Test and Five Percent Safe Harbor apply, and taxpayers satisfying either test will be considered to have begun construction. In addition, principles similar to those provided in the IRS Notices regarding the Continuity Requirement for purposes of sections 30C, 45V, 45Y, and 48E apply. Whether a taxpayer meets the Continuity Requirement under either test is determined by the relevant facts and circumstances. Similar principles to those under section 3 of Notice 2016-31 regarding the Continuity Safe Harbor also apply for purposes of sections 30C, 45V, 45Y, and 48E. Taxpayers may rely on the Continuity Safe Harbor with Start Printed Page 53187 respect to those sections, provided the facility is placed in service no more than four calendar years after the calendar year during which construction began.

For purposes of section 179D, installation of energy efficient commercial building property, energy efficient building retrofit property, or property installed pursuant to a qualified retrofit plan has begun if a taxpayer generally satisfies principles similar to the Physical Work Test and the Five Percent Safe Harbor described in section 2.02 of Notice 2022-61 regarding the beginning of construction under Notice 2013-29. The relevant facts and circumstances will ultimately determine whether a taxpayer has begun installation.

For purposes of sections 45, 45Q, and 48, the IRS Notices will continue to apply under each respective Code section, including application of the Physical Work Test and Five Percent Safe Harbor, and the rules regarding the Continuity Requirement and Continuity Safe Harbors.

Under the One Megawatt Exception in section 45(b)(6)(B)(i), a qualified facility that has a maximum net output of less than one megawatt (as measured in alternating current) is a facility eligible for the increased credit amount. Similar exceptions apply for a qualified facility with a maximum net output of less than one megawatt (as measured in alternating current) under sections 45Y(a)(2)(B)(i) and 48E(a)(2)(A)(ii)(I); an energy project with a maximum net output of less than one megawatt of electrical (as measured in alternating current) or thermal energy under section 48(a)(9)(B)(i); and energy storage technology with a capacity of less than one megawatt under section 48E(a)(2)(B)(ii)(I).

On October 24, 2022, the Treasury Department and the IRS published Notice 2022-51, 2022-43 I.R.B. 331, requesting comments on aspects of the increased amounts of credits and deduction enacted or amended by the IRA, including the PWA provisions. On November 30, 2022, the Treasury Department and the IRS published Notice 2022-61. Notice 2022-61 provided guidance on the PWA requirements that generally apply under sections 30C, 45, 45L, 45Q, 45U, 45V, 45Y, 45Z, 48, 48C, 48E, and 179D. Additionally, as discussed in Section III.A. of this Background, Notice 2022-61 established the 60-day period described in sections 30C(g)(1)(C)(i), 45(b)(6)(B)(ii), 45Q(h)(2), 45V(e)(2)(A)(i), 45Y(a)(2)(B)(ii), 48(a)(9)(B)(ii), 48E(a)(2)(A)(ii)(II) and (a)(2)(B)(ii)(II), and 179D(b)(3)(B)(i) for purposes of the BOC Exception. Finally, Notice 2022-61 provided guidance for determining the beginning of construction under sections 30C, 45, 45Q, 45V, 45Y, 48, and 48E, and the beginning of installation under section 179D.

On August 30, 2023, the Treasury Department and the IRS published a notice of proposed rulemaking and a notice of public hearing (REG-100908-23) in the Federal Register ( 88 FR 60018 ), corrected in 88 FR 73807 (Oct. 27, 2023), and 89 FR 25550 (April 11, 2024), providing guidance on the PWA requirements under sections 30C, 45, 45L, 45Q, 45U, 45V, 45Y, 45Z, 48, 48C, 48E, and 179D (Proposed Regulations). The provisions of the Proposed Regulations are explained in greater detail in the preamble to the Proposed Regulations.

On November 22, 2023, the Treasury Department and the IRS published a notice of proposed rulemaking and a notice of public hearing (REG- 132569-17) in the Federal Registe r ( 88 FR 82188 ), providing guidance under section 48. Among other matters, the proposed regulations under section 48 (Section 48 Proposed Regulations) withdrew and reproposed the regulations in § 1.48-13 regarding the PWA requirements under section 48, the One Megawatt Exception under section 48(a)(9)(B)(i), and the recapture rules under section 48(a)(10)(C) related to the Prevailing Wage Requirements. These final regulations do not include final regulations under section 48. Additionally, because proposed § 1.48E-3 would have incorporated the rules of proposed § 1.48-13 by cross-reference, these final regulations do not include final regulations under section 48E. The Treasury Department and the IRS intend to issue final regulations with respect to the PWA Requirements in proposed § 1.48-13 and proposed § 1.48E-3 in future Treasury decisions.

The Proposed Regulations provided that taxpayers may rely on proposed § 1.48E-3 with respect to construction of a qualified facility on or after January 29, 2023, and on or before the date proposed § 1.48E-3 publishes as a final regulation in the Federal Register , provided, that beginning after the date that is 60 days after August 29, 2023, taxpayers follow the proposed regulations in their entirety and in a consistent manner. The Section 48 Proposed Regulations similarly provided that taxpayers may rely on proposed § 1.48-13 with respect to construction of a property or project beginning on or after January 29, 2023, and on or before the date proposed § 1.48-13 publishes as a final regulation in the Federal Register , provided, that beginning after the date that is 60 days after August 29, 2023, taxpayers follow proposed § 1.48-13 in its entirety and in a consistent manner. These final regulations do not change the reliance provided with respect to proposed § 1.48-13 and proposed § 1.48E-3.

Comments received regarding the specific PWA requirements under sections 48 and 48E, the One Megawatt Exception under sections 48 and 48E, and the recapture rules contained in section 48(a)(10)(C), all whether in response to the Proposed Regulations or the Section 48 Proposed Regulations, will be addressed in the future Treasury decision adopting those rules as final regulations. Other comments on the PWA requirements (including comments that referenced section 48 or section 48E, but addressed the PWA requirements more generally) were considered in the drafting of these final regulations and are discussed herein.

On June 3, 2024, the Treasury Department and the IRS published a notice of proposed rulemaking and a notice of public hearing (REG-119283-23) in the Federal Register ( 89 FR 47792 ), proposing guidance under sections 45Y and 48E (Section 45Y/48E Proposed Regulations). In the Section 45Y/48E Proposed Regulations, the Treasury Department and the IRS requested comments on the proposed definition of a qualified facility with a maximum net output of less than one megawatt (as measured in alternating current) for purposes of the One Megawatt Exception under section 45Y(a)(2)(B)(i). All comments received pertaining to the One Megawatt Exception under section 45Y(a)(2)(B)(i), whether in response to the Proposed Regulations or the Section 45Y/48E Proposed Regulations, will be addressed in future guidance under section 45Y finalizing those rules. General PWA comments that were received in response to the Proposed Regulations and that referenced section 45Y are discussed throughout this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions because they were considered in the drafting of these final regulations.

This Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions summarizes the Proposed Regulations, all the substantive comments submitted in response to the Proposed Regulations, and revisions adopted by these final regulations. The Treasury Department Start Printed Page 53188 and the IRS received 342 written comments in response to the Proposed Regulations. The comments are available for public inspection at https://www.regulations.gov or upon request. After full consideration of the comments received, these final regulations adopt the Proposed Regulations with modifications in response to such comments as described in this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions.

Most comments addressed the PWA requirements in general, without identifying a specific Code section. These comments are primarily addressed in Sections I. through VIII. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, and revisions that have been made in response to these comments are also typically described in general terms, or by reference to section 45, which sets forth the principal PWA requirements. Thus, the terms qualified facility and facility as used in Sections I. through VIII. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions generally includes qualified equipment, qualified residence, qualified project, and qualified property for purposes of sections 30C, 45, 45L, 45Q, 45U, 45V, 45Y, 45Z, 48C, and 179D, as applicable. References to an increased credit amount in Sections I. through VIII. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions include the increased deduction amount available under section 179D, as applicable. Comments specifically addressing the PWA requirements in sections 30C, 45L, 45Q, 45U, 45V, 45Y, 45Z, 48C, and 179D are described in Section IX. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions.

Comments summarizing the statute or the Proposed Regulations, recommending statutory revisions, and addressing issues that are outside the scope of this rulemaking (such as revising other Federal regulations and recommending changes to IRS forms) are generally not addressed in this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions or adopted in these final regulations. Some commenters requested additional time to submit comments. The Proposed Regulations required all comments to be received by October 30, 2023; however, comments received by April 25, 2024, were considered in drafting these final regulations. In addition to addressing the comments received in response to the Proposed Regulations, the final regulations also include non-substantive grammatical or stylistic changes to the Proposed Regulations.

A. Applicability of the Davis-Bacon Act in General [ 9 ]

Under section 45(b)(7)(A), the increased credit amount provided by section 45(b)(6) is available with respect to a qualified facility if, among other requirements, a taxpayer ensures that laborers and mechanics are, “paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates for construction, alteration, or repair of a similar character in the locality in which such facility is located as most recently determined by the Secretary of Labor, in accordance with” the DBA. As explained in the preamble to the Proposed Regulations, the phrase “in accordance with” means “in agreement or harmony with; in conformity to; according to.” [ 10 ] In interpreting the “in accordance with” language, the preamble to the Proposed Regulations explained that the Treasury Department and the IRS proposed to incorporate those requirements of the DBA that are relevant for the purposes of section 45(b)(7)(A) and the intent of the IRA, and that are necessary for, and consistent with, sound tax administration.

Under the DBA, the DOL determines the wage rates that are “prevailing” for each classification of covered laborers and mechanics in the geographic area in which work is to be performed and publishes general wage determinations providing that information to the public. Under the DBA, Federal contracting agencies follow specified procedures for incorporating DBA requirements and wage determinations into covered contracts. Pursuant to the Copeland Act, contractors are required to submit certified weekly payroll records to the contracting agency. Under the DBA regulations, the contracting agency and the DOL WHD have responsibility to ensure compliance with prevailing wage requirements by engaging in periodic audits or investigations of contracts, including examination of payroll data.

The Proposed Regulations would have largely adopted DBA guidance relating to applicable wage rates and wage determinations and the meaning of pertinent terms such as “laborer” and “mechanic”; “construction, alteration, or repair”; “wages”; and “employed.” The Proposed Regulations would not have incorporated the DBA (or Copeland Act) guidance regarding provisions required to be included in contracts, those provisions related to the reporting of certified weekly payroll records by contractors to contracting agencies, and the various enforcement processes that are available to the DOL and the contracting agencies to address DBA noncompliance.

As explained in the preamble to the Proposed Regulations, this approach was intended to reflect the substantive differences between the DBA and the Code. Under the DBA, a contractor is required to pay prevailing wages as a condition of a Federal contract award. Under section 45, although the requirement to ensure the payment of wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates is generally triggered when construction of a facility begins, that requirement becomes legally binding only if a tax return claiming the increased credit amount is filed. The Code does not require taxpayers who do not seek an increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6) to ensure the payment of prevailing wages at the beginning of construction, alteration, or repair of a facility. Furthermore, under the correction and penalty provisions in section 45(b)(7)(B)(i)(I) and 45(b)(7)(B)(i)(II), taxpayers may remedy prior failures to pay wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates, even after a return is filed, and still be eligible for the increased credit amount. In addition, a taxpayer that satisfies the BOC Exception or the One Megawatt Exception, if applicable, may generally claim the increased credit amount regardless of whether laborers and mechanics were paid prevailing wages.

Several commenters suggested that the final regulations should incorporate additional requirements from the DBA, instead of limiting the incorporation to those that the Treasury Department and the IRS determine are relevant for purposes of claiming the increased credit amount and that are necessary for, and consistent with, sound tax administration. Some commenters asserted that not incorporating all elements of the DBA framework was arbitrary and capricious and contrary to the statute. Some commenters alleged that the Proposed Regulations failed to adequately address the increased chance of improperly claimed credits by relying too heavily on post-filing enforcement. One commenter stated that post-filing enforcement by the IRS does not guarantee workers' rights, including notice of entitlement to the prevailing wage, a complaint procedure to report Start Printed Page 53189 noncompliance, protections against retaliation, or a requirement that workers be guaranteed any wage by an enforceable contract. The commenters also stated that the reliance on post-filing compliance was inconsistent with the DBA and would lead to fraud, noncompliance, and evasion of the tax rules. At least one commenter suggested that incorporating all of the DBA requirements is necessary to more generally address issues of fraud in the construction industry. One commenter opined that although the IRA differed from traditional Davis-Bacon Related Acts that expressly adopt the DOL's existing implementation framework and confer primary enforcement authority upon the DOL, this was because the IRA was enacted through reconciliation. The commenter stated that this should not impact the implementation of the prevailing wage provisions.

Although several commenters supported a more expansive incorporation of the DBA, many other commenters stated that the Proposed Regulations took the correct approach regarding incorporation of the DBA. One commenter suggested that given the unique challenges of applying a system arising in Federal contracting to the IRA's tax credit regime, Congress did not limit the Treasury Department and the IRS to adopting the DBA requirements and enforcement scheme word-for-word and without modification. Many commenters acknowledged the need for the Treasury Department and the IRS to take a reasonable approach to interpret a Code provision that references a Federal law applicable to Federal contracts.

These final regulations do not alter the general approach taken in the Proposed Regulations of incorporating DBA guidance for purposes of the PWA requirements only if it is relevant for the purposes of section 45(b)(7)(A) and the intent of the IRA, and necessary for, and consistent with, sound tax administration. The Treasury Department and the IRS recognize the importance of ensuring compliance with the statute such that workers benefit from the payment of prevailing wages on projects for which the increased amount of credit is claimed and find that the general approach in the Proposed Regulations promotes that goal within the constraints of the statute and in furtherance of sound tax administration. Consistent with this framework, the final regulations encourage taxpayers to adopt certain practices for ensuring compliance in the interest of fulfilling statutory intent and furthering sound tax administration.

The Treasury Department and the IRS disagree with the assertion that the Proposed Regulations were arbitrary and capricious. This Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions reiterates and expands upon the rationale for applying the DBA provisions that are relevant for purposes of claiming the increased tax credit and consistent with sound tax administration. If Congress intended for the same DBA requirements to apply under the IRA, it would have so provided. The Treasury Department and the IRS are required to implement statutory language as enacted, regardless of the procedure under which the legislation was passed (for example, reconciliation). As enacted, the statute does not indicate that the regulations setting forth the PWA requirements must mirror the DBA in every instance. As noted in the preamble to the Proposed Regulations, “in accordance with” means “in agreement or harmony with; in conformity to; according to.” This does not require exact duplication or incorporation. The differences in statutory language and context reflect the very significant differences between the administration of the wage provisions of Federal contracts and the administration of the tax system, and the statute provides flexibility for the IRS to incorporate the requirements from the DBA that are appropriate for tax administration purposes.

The IRS's authority to determine a taxpayer's compliance with the PWA requirements generally arises after the taxpayer files a claim for the increased tax credit. Because taxpayers may choose not to claim the increased credit amount, the IRS cannot determine a taxpayer's compliance or engage in enforcement activities before the taxpayer files a tax return claiming the increased credit amount. Imposing pre-filing requirements through regulations would not be a reasonable interpretation of the statutory language and would not permit the IRS to enforce the PWA requirements in advance of filing. Many of the DBA requirements (for example, certified weekly payroll, public notice of wage classifications and wage rates, required contract provisions) are either statutorily required under the DBA (or a related act) or designed to apply to all Federal construction contracts with certainty at the time of contract award (that is, in advance of work being performed). Those same pre-filing requirements are not prescribed in the Code.

As acknowledged by many commenters, the Treasury Department and the IRS need to take a reasonable approach to interpret a Code provision that references a Federal law applicable to Federal contracts (a system that applies with certainty in the case of a Federal contracting agency that solicits bids for a contract) in the context of Federal taxes (a system designed to function with a compliance and enforcement framework that follows only after the filing of tax returns).

Many commenters recognized that the PWA requirements are not binding until the tax return claiming the credit is filed, yet they still requested that the IRS impose several additional reporting, notice, and other requirements in advance of filing for the credit. As the requirement to pay prevailing wages does not become binding until a taxpayer files a claim for the increased amount of credit, and the IRS has a well-established record of effective post-filing enforcement, the final regulations do not adopt these requests. The Treasury Department and the IRS have also determined that imposing additional pre-filing requirements on taxpayers could discourage taxpayers from seeking the increased amount of credit available under the IRA, resulting in fewer workers receiving prevailing wages. The Treasury Department and the IRS will not impose pre-filing requirements that unnecessarily raise compliance costs, especially for small businesses, and provide no meaningful benefit to the IRS in administering the tax system.

In reviewing the public comments, the Treasury Department and the IRS have decided to adopt key aspects of the Proposed Regulations and have also determined that certain changes to the Proposed Regulations would be appropriate to support compliance with the PWA requirements, and to encourage taxpayers to adopt certain practices. The Treasury Department and the IRS have made these determinations after consultation with the DOL WHD and OA. Those changes are discussed throughout this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions. Accordingly, as discussed in Section VII.D.3. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, in cases in which it is necessary for and consistent with sound tax administration, these final regulations expand on the factors demonstrating intentional disregard to reflect the value of these practices. These additional factors incorporate the spirit and rationale of commenters' suggestions by addressing whether a taxpayer has (among other actions): (i) conducted regular reviews of the applicable prevailing wage rate that must be paid to laborers and mechanics and the appropriate classification of such Start Printed Page 53190 laborers and mechanics based on actual job duties; (ii) investigated complaints of retaliation or adverse action resulting from reports of suspected failures to pay prevailing wages and/or classify workers in accordance with applicable wage determinations, and taken appropriate actions to remedy any retaliation or adverse action and prevent it from reoccurring; and (iii) provided laborers and mechanics with paystubs (or access to individual payroll records) reflecting the amount being paid per pay period (including the specific hourly rate and all deductions from wages).

Some commenters requested that the final regulations incorporate certain pre-filing requirements in line with DBA requirements, to prevent fraud and ensure that workers are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates to which they are entitled. Specifically, commenters recommended that the final regulations require: (i) the submission of certified weekly or monthly payroll records or other compliance reports and the government's regular review and verification of those submitted records through job site visits and interviews with workers, and (ii) that taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors include DBA provisions in contracts and post applicable wage rates on job sites in prominent and accessible locations.

Some commenters suggested that requiring the submission of weekly or monthly certified payroll records to the IRS or the DOL would allow the IRS to monitor compliance with the PWA requirements. Other commenters similarly suggested that the final regulations require the submission of sworn monthly compliance reports to the IRS to allow for effective monitoring of compliance with the statute prior to filing. One commenter suggested that the IRS should regularly review the certified payroll records submitted by contractors and subcontractors, conduct job site visits, and interview workers to ensure that the information reported in the certified payroll records is accurate, and provides taxpayers with an opportunity to correct any failures in advance of filing. This commenter acknowledged that the IRS would not be able to withhold funds or assess penalties in connection with any pre-filing review, because the requirement to pay prevailing wages is not binding until the taxpayer files a tax return claiming the increased credit amount. One commenter stated that a requirement to regularly certify payroll will deter bad actors and preclude falsified payroll records.

Several commenters supported the approach in the Proposed Regulations to not require the regular submission of payroll records. One commenter stated that the submission of weekly certified payroll records would not assist the IRS with efficient administration of the increased credit amount provisions. Additionally, several other commenters stated that the requirement to submit certified weekly payroll records would be burdensome on taxpayers. Finally, one commenter agreed that submission of certified weekly payroll to the IRS would not be in furtherance of sound tax administration, but the commenter requested that contractors and subcontractors be required to submit certified weekly payroll to taxpayers. The commenter asserted that this could be a good way for taxpayers to monitor the activities of contractors and subcontractors.

Applying the principle outlined in Section I.A. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions to incorporate only the DBA requirements that are relevant for claiming the increased credit amount and consistent with sound tax administration, the comments requesting that the final regulations require the submission of pre-filing certified payroll records or other sworn reports, the pre-filing review of submitted payroll records, job site visits by the IRS, and interviews of workers regarding the accuracy of submitted information are not adopted. While these comments are not adopted, in the context of an examination, the IRS routinely engages in activities such as review of payroll records, site visits, and taxpayer interviews.

The comments requesting that the final regulations require the submission of pre-filing payroll information or sworn compliance reports appear to assert that the IRS would be able to easily discern noncompliance on the face of payroll records or other sworn reports submitted in advance of a taxpayer filing any claim for a related tax credit. To the contrary, the requirement to pay prevailing wages becomes binding only if a tax return claiming the increased credit amount is filed. Payroll records or other sworn reports relating to the payment of wages before a return claiming the actual increased credit amount is filed would provide minimal benefit to the IRS's enforcement actions, and would impose considerable administrative work on taxpayers, including those who may not eventually claim the increased credit amount. Many commenters acknowledge that this information would not be used until the increased credit amount is claimed. The Treasury Department and the IRS decline to impose these additional administrative tasks on taxpayers because the information would provide minimal benefit to the IRS in advance of a taxpayer filing a return claiming the credit.

However, the Treasury Department and the IRS agree that there may be advantages in taxpayers obtaining regular payroll records from contractors and subcontractors. Accordingly, these final regulations add as a factor for intentional disregard whether a taxpayer (or a third party acting on behalf of the taxpayer) has regularly reviewed payroll information of its contractors and subcontractors or has required its contractors or subcontractors to regularly provide payroll information to the taxpayer (or a third party acting on behalf of the taxpayer). Furthermore, as discussed in Section X.A. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, these final regulations adopt and expand upon the recordkeeping requirements in the Proposed Regulations and clarify that the DOL Form WH-347 may be used to satisfy some of the recordkeeping requirements.

The Proposed Regulations would have encouraged certain behaviors that are very similar to those required of contractors under the DBA as factors considered for intentional disregard. These behaviors, which the Treasury Department and the IRS view as indicative of an intent to comply with the Prevailing Wage Requirements, would have included incorporating provisions in any contracts entered with contractors that require payment by the contractors and any subcontractors of wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates and posting the applicable prevailing wage rates in a prominent place for the duration of the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility or otherwise notifying employees of the applicable prevailing wage rates.

Some commenters suggested that taxpayers should be required to include certain contract provisions required by section 3142(c) of the DBA in their contracts with contractors and subcontractors. Some commenters recommended the final regulations Start Printed Page 53191 mandate specific contract terms, including the taxpayer's intent to claim the credit, the expected wage classifications of laborers and mechanics who will work on the project, estimates of apprenticeship hours, and flow-down responsibility clauses requiring compliance with the PWA requirements by all contractors and subcontractors. Additionally, commenters suggested that all solicitations, contracts, and subcontracts include clauses committing to the proper hiring and involvement of qualified apprentices under the Apprenticeship Requirements.

Commenters also recommended that the final regulations adopt the requirement in section 3142(c)(2) of the DBA that prevailing wage rates must be posted by employers on the job site in a prominent and accessible location where they can be easily seen by workers. The Proposed Regulations would have included as a factor to be considered in the determination of whether a failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements was due to intentional disregard, whether the taxpayer posted in a prominent place at the facility or otherwise provided written notice to laborers and mechanics during the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility, of the applicable wage rate(s) as determined by the DOL for all classifications of work to be performed for the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility, and that in order to be eligible to claim certain tax benefits, employers must ensure that laborers and mechanics are paid wages at rates not less than such wage rates. Although commenters were supportive of this factor, some commenters were critical of the fact that the information proposed for the notice leaves open the question of whether the worker is actually entitled to prevailing wages because the worker may not know whether an increased credit amount is being claimed with respect to the work they are performing. One commenter further requested that the poster include language regarding the right to be properly classified as an employee, the right to be free from retaliation related to immigration status, and information regarding how to contact the IRS. One commenter suggested requiring each contractor and subcontractor employing workers on projects for which an increased credit amount could be claimed to provide each worker with an individualized written notice identifying their respective classification and the prevailing wage rate to which they are entitled. The commenter suggested requiring notice to be made no later than when construction, alteration, or repair begins, and delivering the suggested notice along with workers' paychecks.

Although both contract language and the posting of the applicable prevailing wage rates is required by the DBA, no similar provision exists in section 45(b)(7) of the Code that would require taxpayers to include specific terms in a contract or post prevailing wage rates during construction. Applying the principle outlined in Section I.A. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions to incorporate only the DBA requirements that are relevant for claiming the increased credit amount and consistent with sound tax administration, the Treasury Department and the IRS have decided not to require specific DBA or other PWA-related provisions in private commercial contracts. These agreements are executed well before a tax return claiming the credit is filed. Similarly, the final regulations do not require the posting of applicable wage rates, because a taxpayer may decide to claim the increased credit amount after construction has started. Requests regarding the posting of information related to general rights of workers under State labor laws or other Federal laws are outside the scope of these final regulations. For these reasons, the comments requesting that the final regulations require the incorporation of DBA-contract provisions and the posting of applicable prevailing wage rates are not adopted.

However, there is likely a benefit to taxpayers seeking to comply with the PWA requirements if the requirement to pay prevailing wages and hire qualified apprentices is incorporated in the terms of any contract with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of a facility, including lower-tier agreements between contractors and subcontractors, and if the laborers and mechanics who are employed in the construction of a facility are informed of the applicable prevailing wage rates that would be required if the taxpayer claims the increased credit amount. The Proposed Regulations would have encouraged this behavior from taxpayers who know they are going to claim the increased credit amount, and the final regulations incorporate and expand upon the list of factors that may be considered by the IRS for purposes of determining if a failure to satisfy the PWA requirements was due to intentional disregard.

Some commenters suggested that the final regulations should require taxpayers to provide advance notice to the IRS, the DOL, potential employees, and the general public of their intent to claim the increased credit amount by satisfying the PWA requirements to provide clarity to workers. Specifically, one commenter suggested requiring taxpayers to file a statement of intent to claim the increased credit amount with the DOL WHD, which would then be available for public review to enable interested parties to monitor projects that may be subject to the PWA requirements. Another commenter recommended requiring taxpayers to provide notice to workers, before the start of any project for which an increased credit amount could be claimed, of their intention to claim the increased credit amount by satisfying the PWA requirements.

Consistent with the principles outlined in Section I.A. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the final regulations do not adopt these suggestions. Requiring taxpayers to declare an intent to claim an increased credit amount would provide no meaningful benefit for the IRS's administration of the PWA requirements, and would impose additional pre-filing requirements on taxpayers. Section 45(b)(6) does not require taxpayers to declare an intent to claim the increased credit amount. However, as noted previously, posting or otherwise providing general information about applicable wage rates is a good practice for taxpayers to incorporate if the taxpayer is planning to claim the increased credit amount. The final regulations retain these practices as a factor that may be considered by the IRS for purposes of determining if a failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements was due to intentional disregard.

Commenters also asked that the final regulations require a pre-filing registration or reporting system, similar to that provided for under sections 6417 and 6418, applicable to taxpayers intending to claim the increased credit amount for satisfying the PWA requirements. Commenters alleged that since many of the credits covered by sections 6417 and 6418 also contain PWA requirements, the language in sections 6417 and 6418 requiring information or registration can be applied to require pre-filing registration of the intent to claim the increased credit amount. Start Printed Page 53192

Section 6418(g)(1) provides that as a “condition of, and prior to, any transfer of any portion of an eligible credit” under section 6418, the Secretary of the Treasury or her delegate (Secretary) “may require such information (including, in such form or manner as is determined appropriate by the Secretary, such information returns) or registration as the Secretary deems necessary for purposes of preventing duplication, fraud, improper payments, or excessive payments.” Section 6417(d)(5) provides the Secretary with similar discretion to implement a registration requirement. The authority to implement a pre-filing registration requirement provided in sections 6417 and 6418 is statutorily created and intended to address different underlying circumstances. Sections 6417(d)(5) and 6418(g) address the use of a registration system as a condition of and prior to certain events, specifically, prior to the amounts being treated as payments made by applicable entities or prior to transferring a credit.

There is no analogous statutory language in section 45 or elsewhere in the Code related to the PWA requirements. Moreover, the registration requirements for sections 6417 and 6418 serve the specific purposes of preventing duplication, fraud, improper payments, or excessive payments. Those concerns are largely unique to the elective pay and credit transfer opportunities created by sections 6417 and 6418. In the context of sections 6417 and 6418, the IRS implemented the registration portal to prevent fraud and duplicate or improper payments, by providing the IRS with basic information that will facilitate processing and improve the administration of the credits. A pre-filing registration or reporting mechanism in the PWA context would not provide the IRS with actionable information for purposes of enforcing the PWA requirements. For these reasons, the comments requesting that the IRS establish a PWA registration system similar to that used for sections 6417 and 6418 are not adopted.

Several commenters suggested that the final regulations implement organizational changes to the IRS. For example, one commenter recommended that the regulations create a dedicated office of labor standards enforcement to enforce the PWA provisions. An additional commenter requested that the Treasury Department establish a dedicated compliance and enforcement office. The commenter also encouraged the Treasury Department to review State requirements for disclosures, proof of payment, and affirmation, and adopt models that best effectuate compliance. One commenter suggested that the Treasury Department and the IRS create an inter-agency office with the DOL to facilitate the receipt of contemporaneous reporting from taxpayers.

Another commenter suggested the creation of a digital platform to be used by taxpayers to submit PWA documentation that would be accessible by businesses, the DOL, and local apprenticeship programs. Several commenters recommended that the Treasury Department and the IRS partner with the DOL and applicable State agencies in the enforcement of PWA requirements. Additional commenters requested that the Treasury Department and the IRS establish formal partnerships with fair contracting organizations, labor unions, and other workers' rights organizations in order to expand the capacity to monitor jobsites. A commenter stated that such third-party partnerships—known as Joint Labor Compliance Monitoring Programs—have been successfully implemented across the country as a method of improving working conditions for workers and ensuring that projects are completed responsibly and on time.

A few commenters suggested the final regulations prescribe specific actions regarding IRS enforcement, compliance, and general tax administration. For example, one commenter recommended that any IRS audit of increased credit amounts verify and cross-reference State labor materials to ensure prevailing wage and apprenticeship standards are met. A commenter stated that States such as California, Washington, and Wyoming have implemented State level apprenticeship utilization provisions and that the States have developed user friendly systems for contractors to report apprentice and journeyworker hours. At least one commenter also requested that the Treasury Department ensure that audit processes and other enforcement mechanisms are done in a transparent, accessible manner and with close engagement with other agencies. Several commenters provided recommendations regarding information that should be reported on IRS forms claiming the increased credit amount. A commenter suggested that the IRS implement a cross-withholding mechanism, modeled after that used by the DOL under the DBA, whereby a taxpayer engaged in two or more separate projects who is found to violate the PWA requirements on one project is then denied the increased credit amount with respect to any additional projects.

Comments regarding the IRS's organizational structure, coordination with other agencies and States, how the IRS conducts audits, and changes to IRS forms are outside the scope of these final regulations. Therefore, the changes suggested by the comments are not adopted. In developing the Proposed Regulations and these final regulations, the Treasury Department and the IRS consulted extensively with the DOL and will continue to consult with the DOL as appropriate to assist in the administration of the PWA requirements.

One commenter recommended that the IRS permit taxpayers to submit requests for Private Letter Rulings (PLRs) regarding compliance with the PWA requirements. Whenever appropriate in the interest of sound tax administration, it is the policy of the IRS to answer inquiries of individuals and organizations regarding their status for tax purposes and the tax effects of their acts or transactions, prior to the filing of returns or reports that are required by the revenue laws. Revenue Procedure 2024-1, 2024-01 I.R.B. 1, is updated each year and contains the general procedures for requests for PLRs. There are, however, certain areas in which the IRS will not issue rulings or determination letters, including areas in which the IRS is temporarily not issuing rulings or determination letters because those matters are under study. These no-rule issues are set forth in Revenue Procedure 2024-3, 2024-01 I.R.B. 143, which is also updated annually. Issues pertaining to the application of the IRA currently are identified in Revenue Procedure 2024-3 as matters under study by the IRS and thus are not currently subject to PLRs, but this position is subject to change. Updates to the no-rule issues are outside the scope of these final regulations.

The Proposed Regulations would have included whether the taxpayer had in place procedures whereby laborers and mechanics could report suspected failures to pay prevailing wages and/or suspected failures to classify workers correctly in accordance with the applicable wage determination to Start Printed Page 53193 appropriate personnel departments or managers without retaliation or other adverse action as a factor to be considered in the determination of intentional disregard.

Many commenters requested that the final regulations prescribe the process through which a worker can complain about being underpaid. Commenters suggested that the process for complaints should be available to all interested parties, and that any person should be able to submit complaints to the government, preferably through the IRS website, without fear of retaliation by their employers or others. A commenter urged the IRS to develop and inform stakeholders and the public on complaint and enforcement procedures and provide contact information for the IRS office that will accept and investigate complaints. Another commenter recommended that the Treasury Department and the IRS create a complaint mechanism with both a telephone hotline and an online portal, and available in English and Spanish, to file complaints.

Commenters acknowledged that unlike under the DBA, if the Treasury Department and the IRS are informed of violations or irregularities before the increased credit is claimed, the agencies would not be able to immediately assess fines or mandate that taxpayers issue corrective payments. A commenter acknowledged that there are limitations on the IRS's remedial authority, but suggested that the Treasury Department and the IRS have a compelling interest in instituting a complaint mechanism to obtain vital information that they can use in determining which taxpayers to audit. One commenter suggested permitting registered apprenticeship programs to petition the Treasury Department if they believe that a taxpayer is falsely claiming that the program is unable to meet the taxpayer's request for qualified apprentices.

While the IRS takes information it receives regarding alleged tax violations very seriously, the comments requesting that the final regulations require a specific process regarding complaints are not adopted. Similar to the comments addressed in Section I.D.1. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions regarding overall IRS administration, the comments concerning how the IRS should address reports of alleged tax violations are outside the scope of these final regulations. Additionally, the commenters overstate the usefulness of such information in the pre-filing context with respect to the PWA requirements. A laborer or mechanic might be paid wages at rates less than the applicable prevailing wage rates would require for such work, but that does not mean the laborer or mechanic was underpaid for purposes of section 45(b)(7)(A), unless and until a tax return claiming the increased credit amount is filed. The PWA requirements apply to the taxpayer, and the taxpayer must ensure that laborers and mechanics are paid wages at rates not less than the appliable prevailing wage rates for construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility. If a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor underpays a laborer or mechanic and does not subsequently correct the underpayment with the appropriate backpay and interest and pay the penalty amount, then the increased credit amount will be disallowed by the IRS.

However, the Treasury Department and the IRS acknowledge the value in encouraging internal complaint and anti-retaliation procedures on facilities for which taxpayers acknowledge they anticipate claiming an increased credit amount by satisfying the PWA requirements. As discussed in Section VII.D.3. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the final regulations include the existence of these procedures as a factor in determining whether a failure to satisfy the PWA requirements was due to intentional disregard. Further, these final regulations add as factors in determining intentional disregard whether the taxpayer posted information on how to contact the appropriate office to report suspected failures and whether in response to any complaint, the taxpayer investigated the complaint and took appropriate action to remedy the situation.

Additional commenters proposed that the Treasury Department and the IRS clarify that workers who report PWA violations are protected by the anti-retaliation framework enacted under the Taxpayer First Act ( 26 U.S.C. 7623 et seq. ) (TFA). Commenters raised that section 7623(d)(1) states that no employer, contractor, or subcontractor may “discharge, demote, suspend, threaten, harass, or in any other manner discriminate” against an employee who has provided information or assisted in “an investigation regarding underpayment of tax or any conduct which the employee reasonably believes constitutes a violation of the Internal Revenue laws or any provision of Federal law relating to tax fraud.” Commenters stated that the TFA's anti-retaliation provisions under section 7623(d)(1) cover reporting to the Treasury Department, IRS, and related agencies, as well as internal reporting by a worker to their supervisors. Commenters emphasized that section 7623(d)(2)(A) also provides the right to file a complaint with the Secretary of Labor with respect to any reprisals and provides for a private right of action in district court in the event that the Secretary of Labor has not issued a final decision within 180 days of the filing of the complaint.

The application of section 7623, including the anti-retaliation provision enacted under the TFA, is outside the scope of these final regulations. However, whether laborers and mechanics were provided with a written notice of the rights conferred by the TFA is included as a factor the IRS will consider in determining if a failure to comply with the PWA requirements was due to intentional disregard. Additionally, IRS Form 3949-A, Information Referral, may be submitted by anyone with information about an alleged tax violation. The ability of any individual or organization to notify the IRS of specific and credible suspected tax violations serves as a powerful deterrent that supports voluntary compliance and has the potential to provide the IRS with information to identify and address noncompliance.

Commenters acknowledge that at any point before the tax return is filed, it is within the taxpayer's discretion to refrain from claiming the increased credit amount and avoid the responsibility to make any related payments. Even so, commenters stated that the IRS is not limited in imposing conditions that the taxpayer must meet at the time of the construction, alteration, or repair to later claim the increased credit amount. The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that for those taxpayers that claim the increased credit amount on a return, the obligation to pay prevailing wages attaches as of the time that the work was performed. The final regulations prescribe correction procedures that apply on a retroactive basis, including interest accruing on any correction amounts from the date of the failure, to account for past failures that occurred at the time the construction, alteration, or repair work was performed.

Under the BOC Exception in sections 30C, 45, 45Q, 45V, 45Y, and 179D, taxpayers may claim the amount of the increased credit or deduction without satisfying the PWA requirements if construction (or installation with respect to section 179D) “begins prior to the date that is 60 days after the Secretary publishes guidance with respect to the [PWA requirements].” The Treasury Department and the IRS Start Printed Page 53194 published Notice 2022-61 on November 30, 2022, providing initial guidance with respect to the PWA requirements and starting the 60-day period described in those sections. Unless the One Megawatt Exception applies, taxpayers who do not meet the BOC Exception under these Code sections would need to satisfy the applicable PWA requirements to claim the increased amount of credit or deduction. Under sections 45L, 45U, 45Z, and 48C, there is no BOC Exception or One Megawatt Exception, so taxpayers need to satisfy the applicable PWA requirements to claim the increased credit amount regardless of when construction began or how small the facility (or respective underlying creditable activity) may be.

As enacted or amended by the IRA, the sections containing PWA provisions have various statutory effective dates. The PWA provisions in section 30C apply to property placed in service after December 31, 2022. [ 11 ] The PWA provisions in section 45 apply to facilities placed in service after December 31, 2021. [ 12 ] The PWA provisions in section 45L apply to dwelling units acquired after December 31, 2022. [ 13 ] The PWA provisions in section 45Q apply to facilities or equipment placed in service after December 31, 2022. [ 14 ] Section 45Y applies to facilities placed in service after December 31, 2024. [ 15 ] In contrast, the effective dates of the PWA provisions in sections 45U, 45V, and 45Z are stated in relation to when the respective electricity, hydrogen, or transportation fuel is produced. Section 45U applies to electricity produced and sold after December 31, 2023, in taxable years beginning after such date. [ 16 ] Section 45V applies to hydrogen produced after December 31, 2022. [ 17 ] And Section 45Z applies to transportation fuel produced after December 31, 2024, [ 18 ] but includes a special rule (described in Section IX.G. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions) with respect to the Prevailing Wage Requirements if a facility is placed in service before January 1, 2025. The new allocation amounts available under section 48C(e) are effective on January 1, 2023. [ 19 ] The amendments to section 179D apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2022. [ 20 ]

Several commenters requested that the final regulations clarify whether the PWA requirements apply to work performed before January 29, 2023, both with respect to Code sections with a BOC Exception and those without a BOC Exception. Commenters stated that it would be unfair to require taxpayers to comply with the PWA requirements with respect to these activities. Several commenters stated that the BOC Exception was intended to ensure that the PWA requirements are not applied retroactively and asked for a uniform rule applicable to all increased credit amount provisions that the PWA requirements do not apply before the BOC Exception trigger date. Other commenters asked that activities that occurred before the IRS issued Notice 2022-61 (November 30, 2022) be excluded from the PWA requirements. Some commenters stated that significant preliminary activities may have occurred prior to the enactment of the IRA, and they asked that the final regulations clarify that the PWA requirements do not apply to these activities, regardless of whether a BOC Exception may apply. One commenter suggested that the PWA requirements apply only after these final regulations are issued.

The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that given the complexity of the PWA requirements, the uncertainty regarding the potential retroactive effects of the PWA requirements, and the benefits to tax administration gained with consistency across the various Code sections containing PWA requirements, that a transition rule is appropriate.

The final regulations provide that any work performed before January 29, 2023 (the date that is 60 days after the publication of Notice 2022-61) is not subject to the PWA requirements, regardless of whether there is an applicable BOC Exception. Thus, with respect to sections 45L, 45Z, and 48C, although there is no applicable BOC Exception and regardless of when construction began, taxpayers must only comply with the PWA requirements for the construction, alteration, or repair work (as applicable) occurring on or after January 29, 2023. Section 45U is not subject to the transition rule because, as described in Section IX.D. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the Prevailing Wage Requirements of section 45U only apply to alterations or repairs of a qualified nuclear power facility that occur after December 31, 2023.

The transition rule also applies for taxpayers that may initially satisfy the BOC Exception, but later fail to meet the BOC Exception (for example, failing to meet the Continuity Requirement). These taxpayers must satisfy the PWA requirements for construction, alteration, or repair (as applicable) that occurs on or after January 29, 2023, but do not need to meet the PWA requirements for work that occurred prior to that date.

The IRS Notices describe two methods of establishing that construction of a facility has begun: (i) starting physical work of a significant nature (Physical Work Test), and (ii) paying or incurring five percent or more of the total cost of the facility (Five Percent Safe Harbor).

Physical work of a significant nature can include both on-site and offsite work. Notice 2013-29 describes that in the case of a wind turbine, on-site physical work of a significant nature begins with the beginning of the excavation for the foundation, the setting of anchor bolts into the ground, or the pouring of the concrete pads of the foundation. Physical work of a significant nature does not include preliminary activities such as planning or designing, securing financing, exploring, researching, obtaining permits, licensing, conducting surveys, environmental and engineering studies, clearing a site, test drilling of a geothermal deposit, test drilling to determine soil condition, or excavation to change the contour of the land. Notice 2013-29 explains that removal of existing turbines and towers is considered preliminary work and not physical work of a significant nature.

Under the Five Percent Safe Harbor, if a taxpayer has paid or incurred five percent or more of the total cost of the facility and thereafter the taxpayer makes continuous effort to advance towards completion of the facility, then the construction of the facility will be considered to have begun. All costs properly included in the depreciable basis of the facility are taken into account but the cost of land or any property not integral to the facility is not included. Taxpayers can generally choose to structure their business affairs to meet either the Physical Work Test or the Five Percent Safe Harbor. However, Start Printed Page 53195 once a taxpayer meets either method, beginning of construction is established and a taxpayer may not alternate between methods.

Absent an exception, the PWA requirements apply with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility. For purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements, section 45(b)(7)(A) provides that the taxpayer must ensure the payment of prevailing wages to laborers and mechanics employed in: (i) the “construction” of the qualified facility, and (ii) for “the alteration or repair” of the qualified facility during the 10-year period after the facility is placed in service. For purposes of the Apprenticeship Requirements, section 45(b)(8) provides that the taxpayer must satisfy the Labor Hours Requirement “with respect to the construction of any qualified facility.”

For purposes of determining when construction or installation begins under the BOC Exception, Notice 2022-61 incorporates by reference the IRS Notices. While Notice 2022-61 served to define the beginning of construction under the BOC Exception, Notice 2022-61 also states generally that it provides “guidance for determining the beginning of construction” under sections 30C, 45, 45Q, 45V, 45Y, 48, and 48E, and the beginning of installation under section 179D solely for purposes of section 179D(b)(3)(B)(i). The preamble to the Proposed Regulations explained that until further guidance is issued on determining when construction begins under the applicable Code sections, taxpayers may continue to rely on the guidance provided in Notice 2022-61 and principles similar to those under the IRS Notices for purposes of determining when construction begins.

Section 3 of Notice 2022-61 contains guidance with respect to the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Section 3.03(4) of Notice 2022-61 provides that “`construction, alteration, or repair' means `construction, prosecution, completion, or repair' as defined under 29 CFR 5.2(j) .” In proposing rules under section 45(b)(7)(A), the Treasury Department and the IRS sought to incorporate those rules of the DBA regime relevant to the intent of the PWA requirements and useful for tax administration. Thus, consistent with Notice 2022-61, proposed § 1.45-7(d)(2)(i) would have provided that the “term construction, alteration, or repair generally means construction, prosecution, completion, or repair as defined in 29 CFR 5.2 ” of the DBA regulations.

In general, the DBA applies to contracts for construction, alteration or repair of public buildings and public works and requires payment of prevailing wages with respect to all mechanics and laborers employed directly on the site of the work. [ 21 ] Under 29 CFR 5.2 , construction, alteration, or repair is defined expansively to include all types of work done on a particular building or work at the site of the work, as defined in 29 CFR 5.2 , by laborers and mechanics employed by a contractor or subcontractor. This work includes, but is not limited to, altering, remodeling, installing of items fabricated offsite, painting and decorating, manufacturing, or furnishing of materials, articles, and supplies or equipment on the site of the building or work, and certain demolition or removal activities.

Notice 2022-61 and proposed § 1.45-7(d)(2)(i) would have defined construction, alteration, or repair by reference to the DBA. This means that the activity triggering the PWA requirements for a facility subject to the PWA requirements is determined by reference to activities that constitute construction under the DBA. A taxpayer must begin to satisfy the PWA requirements once construction, alteration, or repair activities occur if those activities are described in 29 CFR 5.2 . Under this definition, construction, alteration, or repair would mean all types of work performed at the location of the qualified facility.

Several commenters requested clarification concerning when the obligation to comply with the PWA requirements arises in the lifespan of a construction project apart from satisfying the BOC Exception, including what methods may be relied upon (the Physical Work Test or Five Percent Safe Harbor) and the Continuity Requirement. Another commenter suggested that the final regulations incorporate the tests from the IRS Notices into the final regulations. Commenters indicated that there is confusion regarding the precise scope of the PWA requirements because the word “construction” has different meanings under the DBA and the IRS Notices. One commenter stated that the preamble's use of both “beginning of construction” and “start of construction” was confusing.

Several commenters requested clarification on when construction begins for purposes of the PWA requirements, noting that initial activities that constitute construction under 29 CFR 5.2 and would be subject to prevailing wage requirements under the DBA may not be the same activities that constitute the beginning of construction under the IRS Notices. A commenter also requested that the final regulations provide an exception from the PWA requirements for work subject to an agreement entered into prior to January 29, 2023, or give taxpayers who are a party to such agreements one year from the date the final regulations are published to comply with the PWA requirements. Further, commenters requested that the final regulations clarify that the beginning of construction is determined under existing tax principles and that preliminary activities, such as demolition or land clearing included under the DBA as work, do not count as the beginning of construction for PWA purposes. A commenter requested that the final regulations confirm that the end of construction corresponds to when an asset is placed in service and that activities afterward are not subject to the PWA requirements unless they are a covered alteration or repair.

A commenter contended that the BOC Exception is anti-competitive and places an undue burden on new projects, as compared to projects that meet the BOC Exception, because projects meeting the BOC Exception will receive all the benefits of meeting Prevailing Wage Requirements without having to incur any of the associated costs. The commenter emphasized the importance of promoting a level playing field for all taxpayers interested in qualifying for increased credit amounts across clean energy industries.

The Treasury Department and the IRS understand commenters' concerns and the potential for confusion in determining the beginning of construction for purposes of the BOC Exception and the PWA requirements. While the Physical Work Test is very similar to the definition of construction under the DBA, certain preliminary activities are treated differently. Some activities constituting construction under the DBA definition would not constitute construction activities under the Physical Work Test. For instance, under the Physical Work Test, the demolition and removal of an existing structure would be considered a Start Printed Page 53196 preliminary activity, not the “beginning of construction.” However, under the DBA definition, the same activity would constitute construction. The Five Percent Safe Harbor, which has no equivalent under DBA, looks solely at incurred costs in determining whether construction has begun. Under all three tests, once construction begins a taxpayer must satisfy the PWA requirements with respect to all construction, alteration, or repair as defined in proposed § 1.45-7(d)(2) by reference to 29 CFR 5.2 .

The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that using the DBA definition of construction to define the activities that mark the start of the obligation to comply with the PWA requirements for a qualified facility subject to the requirements provides a uniform rule across all the relevant Code sections. This is also consistent with the general approach in the Proposed Regulations and Section I.A. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions of adopting DBA concepts when they are relevant to sound tax administration. Using the DBA definition of construction as the triggering activity provides a clear and uniform rule for taxpayers to determine when the obligation to comply with the PWA requirements begins. Thus, comments proposing use of the IRS Notices to determine the beginning of construction for purposes of the PWA requirements are not adopted. Providing a uniform rule that is generally applicable across all of the PWA provisions provides the necessary clarity sought by commenters. The final regulations provide that the activities that mark the start of the obligation to comply with the PWA requirements is any activity that constitutes construction (as defined in § 1.45-7(d)(3)) of a qualified facility.

Unless an exception applies, taxpayers are required to comply with the PWA requirements once a laborer or mechanic performs any work that is considered construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility (including work on the qualified facility that occurs at a secondary site). Thereafter, all work with respect to the construction (or alteration or repair), as defined in § 1.45-7(d)(3) (by cross-reference to 29 CFR 5.2 ), of the qualified facility is subject to the applicable PWA requirements. The beginning of construction, for purposes of satisfying the BOC Exception, will continue to be determined under the IRS Notices.

In light of the differences between the tests, and because Notice 2022-61 as well as the Proposed Regulations indicated that taxpayers could rely on the IRS Notices for determining when construction begins, the final regulations provide transition relief for taxpayers who applied the definitions in the IRS Notices for purposes of determining those activities that were considered construction, alteration, or repair of the facility subject to the PWA requirements in the initial stages of construction. The final regulations waive penalties for taxpayers who applied the IRS Notices for determining when the obligation to pay prevailing wages began, provided the taxpayer makes the appropriate correction payments to the impacted workers within 180 days of the publication of the final regulations. As part of the transition relief, the final regulations also allow taxpayers to use the IRS Notices for determining when construction begins under section 45(b)(8)(A) to determine the applicable percentage of labor hours performed by qualified apprentices required in satisfying the Labor Hours Requirement.

Under the One Megawatt Exception in section 45(b)(6)(B)(i), a qualified facility that has a maximum net output of less than one megawatt (as measured in alternating current) is eligible for the increased credit amount. The preamble to the Proposed Regulations would have provided that a qualified facility's nameplate capacity determines whether the facility meets the One Megawatt Exception. Similar exceptions apply for a qualified facility with a maximum net output of less than one megawatt (as measured in alternating current) under sections 45Y(a)(2)(B)(i) and 48E(a)(2)(A)(ii)(I); an energy project with a maximum net output of less than one megawatt of electrical (as measured in alternating current) or thermal energy under section 48(a)(9)(B)(i); and energy storage technology with a capacity of less than one megawatt under section 48E(a)(2)(B)(ii)(I).

Proposed § 1.45-6(c) would have provided that nameplate capacity for an electrical generating unit means the maximum electrical generating output in megawatts that the unit is capable of producing on a steady state basis and during continuous operation under standard conditions, as measured by the manufacturer and consistent with the definition provided in 40 CFR 96.202 . If applicable, the International Standard Organization (ISO) conditions are used to measure the maximum electrical generating output or usable energy capacity.

Commenters stated that the term “maximum net output” is ambiguous and that no method is provided for determining such output. A few commenters also supported the Proposed Regulation's definition of maximum net output and suggested carrying the nameplate capacity definition of maximum net output forward into its final rule. One commenter raised that for inverter-based resources, like solar and storage facilities, maximum net output could be determined at different stages. For such facilities, the commenter recommended clarifying that only post-inverter maximum electrical generating output qualifies as maximum net output. The final regulations do not adopt these changes because the definition in proposed § 1.45-6(c) contained testing methodologies and conditions and the statute already requires the measurement be in alternating current. The final regulations adopt the definition without change.

Another commenter suggested clarifying when multiple energy projects constitute a single facility for purposes of the One Megawatt Exception under section 45. One commenter suggested adopting the eight factors of a single project determination listed in Notice 2013-29 and Notice 2018-59, to determine when multiple energy projects constitute a single facility for purposes of the One Megawatt Exception. The commenter stated that it could be difficult, such as for solar arrays constructed on multiple buildings, to determine when multiple projects may constitute a single facility. Another commenter stated that taxpayers should not be permitted to subdivide projects and construction contracts in an effort to evade the Prevailing Wage Requirements using the One Megawatt Exception. The commenter stated that to prevent taxpayers from manipulating the One Megawatt Exception, the Treasury Department should evaluate whether facilities will be using the same transmission lines or connecting to the same powerhouse. One commenter recommended using certain factors, including ownership, proximity, and connection to transmission lines or powerhouse, to determine whether multiple energy projects may be deemed to constitute one facility.

The definition of a qualified facility, energy project, or energy storage technology under the respective Code section controls for purposes of the One Megawatt Exception. Therefore, the definition of qualified facility under section 45 governs for purposes of the One Megawatt Exception under section 45(b)(6)(B)(i). Accordingly, the application of the aggregation principles issued under Notice 2013-29 and Notice Start Printed Page 53197 2018-59 is outside the scope of these final regulations. Further, the Section 48 Proposed Regulations would provide guidance for taxpayers regarding the definition of an energy project. The Section 48 Proposed Regulations would provide rules for purposes of the One Megawatt Exception as well as other IRA bonus provisions for domestic content and energy communities. As noted previously, comments pertaining to the 48 Proposed Regulations will be addressed in a future Treasury decision. The applicable scope of the PWA requirements is further discussed in Section VI. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions.

Generally, the Proposed Regulations would have defined the term taxpayer to mean any taxpayer as defined in section 7701(a)(14), including applicable entities described in section 6417(d)(1)(A). This generally will be the entity that claims the credit (as increased under section 45(b)(6)) or makes an election under section 6417 with respect to such credit amount on a Federal income tax return.

The Proposed Regulations would have provided that in order to earn the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6) by satisfying the PWA requirements, the taxpayer would be solely responsible for: (i) ensuring that the relevant laborers and mechanics are paid wages not less than the prevailing rate whether employed directly by the taxpayer, or by a contractor, or a subcontractor, and (ii) ensuring that the Apprenticeship Requirements are satisfied. The Proposed Regulations also would have provided that the taxpayer would be solely responsible for the PWA recordkeeping requirements, the correction and penalty provisions under the Prevailing Wage Requirements, and the Good Faith Effort Exception and Apprenticeship Cure Provision under the Apprenticeship Requirements. However, nothing in the Proposed Regulations was intended to supersede requirements that might otherwise apply to a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor under State or Federal law.

Commenters requested guidance concerning whether the taxpayer is responsible for ensuring the compliance with the PWA requirements by contractors and subcontractors if the taxpayer may not be in privity of contract with all contractors and subcontractors. Commenters noted that proposed § 1.45-7(d)(3) would have defined a contractor as any person that enters into a contract with the taxpayer for the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility. However, commenters stated that the taxpayer is not always in privity of contract with each contractor and subcontractor. Similarly, another commenter suggested that the definition of contractor be revised to address situations in which the taxpayer is not in privity of contract with the contractors, because the sponsor or developer of the facility assumes responsibility for construction of the facility. The final regulations clarify that the definition of contractor applies to those situations. Additionally, a commenter stated that DOL guidance under 29 CFR 5.5(a)(6) provides that prime contractors have the responsibility for the compliance of all the subcontractors on a covered prime contract, whereas the Proposed Regulations state that the taxpayer is solely responsible for PWA compliance. The final regulations retain the requirements in the Proposed Regulations that the taxpayer is solely responsible for the PWA requirements, including ensuring that the relevant laborers and mechanics are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates whether employed directly by the taxpayer, a contractor, or a subcontractor and ensuring that the Apprenticeship Requirements are satisfied.

A commenter suggested that the final regulations adopt a safe harbor allowing taxpayers to avoid corrections and penalty payments if the taxpayer contracted with a third party to ensure compliance with relevant PWA requirements. Section 45(b)(7)(A) requires that the taxpayer ensures that laborers and mechanics are paid wages at rates not less than the applicable prevailing wage rates with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility and under section 45(b)(8)(A), that the required number of labor hours with respect to the construction of a qualified facility are performed by qualified apprentices. The burden to ensure that these requirements are met falls with the taxpayer. The final regulations do not adopt the suggestion to incorporate a safe harbor, but the penalty waiver in § 1.45-7(c)(6) and described in Section VII.D.4. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions provides an appropriately limited exception to corrections and penalty payments in the case of inadvertent errors.

Similarly, one commenter requested that the final regulations permit contractors or subcontractors to make corrective payments on behalf of the taxpayer directly to laborers or mechanics. The correction and penalty provision in section 45(b)(7)(B)(i) requires that the taxpayer makes payment to the laborer or mechanic of the correction amount. The Treasury Department and the IRS appreciate commenters' suggestions to encourage methods that result in prompt correction payments to laborers and mechanics. Although the statute requires that the correction payment be made by the taxpayer to the laborers and mechanics, it does not prescribe the method by which the taxpayer must make payment. The final regulations similarly do not prescribe a specific method of payment and adopt the proposed rule without change. Regardless of how payments are made, taxpayers must maintain records demonstrating when and how correction payments were made.

A few commenters suggested that the final regulations clarify the requirement that the taxpayer ensure that all laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer, or any contractor or subcontractor, are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates applies to all subcontractors. Specifically, taxpayers stated that the DBA definition of subcontractor indicates that a subcontractor includes subcontractors of any tier, and suggested that the final regulations use the same term in the definition of subcontractor. The definition of subcontractor in the final regulations clarifies that the requirement applies to all subcontractors, including those who contract with other subcontractors.

Another commenter suggested that the use of subcontractor labor providers, such as labor brokers, should be explicitly discouraged because of the risk of fraud. This suggestion is overbroad and inconsistent with the plain language of section 45, which anticipates the use of contractors and subcontractors. This suggestion is not adopted.

The Treasury Department and the IRS requested comments on the application of the PWA correction and penalty provisions in the context of transferred credits. The credit available under section 45, including the increased credit amount available under section 45(b)(6), is an eligible credit subject to section 6418. Proposed § 1.45-7(c)(1)(iv) and proposed § 1.45-8(e)(2)(iv) would have provided that to the extent an eligible taxpayer, as defined in section 6418(f)(2), has determined an increased Start Printed Page 53198 credit amount under section 45(b)(6) and transferred such increased credit amount as part of a specified credit portion pursuant to section 6418(a), the obligation to make correction and penalty payments under proposed § 1.45-7(c)(1)(i) and (ii) and the penalty payment under proposed § 1.45-8(e)(2)(i) remains with the eligible taxpayer. No commenters disagreed with having the eligible taxpayer remain responsible for the PWA correction and penalty provisions under proposed § 1.45-7(c)(1)(iv) or proposed § 1.45-8(e)(2)(iv). Consequently, these final regulations adopt proposed § 1.45-7(c)(1)(iv) and proposed § 1.45-8(e)(2)(iv) without change. However, commenters raised other issues related to the PWA provisions in the context of a transfer pursuant to section 6418, which are addressed in the following paragraphs.

Under proposed § 1.45-7(c)(1)(iv) and proposed § 1.45-8(e)(2)(iv), to the extent an eligible taxpayer transfers a credit increased pursuant to the PWA requirements, the obligation to satisfy the PWA requirements becomes binding upon the earlier of the filing of the eligible taxpayer's return for the taxable year for which the specified credit portion is determined with respect to the eligible taxpayer or the filing of the return of the transferee taxpayer for the year in which the specified credit portion is taken into account. One commenter stated that if the eligible taxpayer is a calendar year taxpayer and the transferee taxpayer is a fiscal year taxpayer, then the ability of the eligible taxpayer to make any correction or penalty payments may be shortened.

Section 6418 and the final regulations thereunder (TD 9993) published in the Federal Register ( 89 FR 34770 ) on April 30, 2024 (6418 Final Regulations), provide that the transferee taxpayer takes into account the transferred credit in the first taxable year ending on or after the taxable year of the eligible taxpayer with respect to which the credit was determined. Consequently, if an eligible taxpayer has a calendar year taxable year and the transferee taxpayer has a fiscal year taxable year, the transferee taxpayer's return due date generally will be after the eligible taxpayer's return due date. In the event a transferee taxpayer files a return that claims an increased credit amount transferred from an eligible taxpayer prior to the eligible taxpayer filing its return, the obligation to have satisfied the PWA requirements becomes legally binding upon the filing of the return of the transferee taxpayer. However, in any scenario, eligible taxpayers will have the ability to make any required correction and penalty payments as provided under section 45(b)(7)(B)(iv), which allows such payments to be made within 180 days of a determination by the IRS with respect to a failure regarding prevailing wages, or under section 45(b)(8)(D)(i) with respect to apprenticeship failures. The transferee taxpayer filing its tax return before the eligible taxpayer does not shorten this period. Further, the eligible taxpayer and the transferee taxpayer are required to attach a transfer election statement describing specific details relating to the transaction, including any increased credit amounts, and prior to filing any tax returns, the parties should have verified eligibility under the PWA provisions. Therefore, the Treasury Department and the IRS did not revise the proposed rule in these final regulations.

Commenters recommended specifying that if a credit amount increased pursuant to the PWA requirements is transferred to multiple transferee taxpayers, the responsibility to make correction and penalty payments remains indivisible with the eligible taxpayer. This comment is consistent with the Proposed Regulations, which did not distinguish between situations with one or multiple transferee taxpayers. These final regulations adopt the proposed rule without change.

One commenter recommended that transferee taxpayers being transferred an eligible credit increased pursuant to the PWA requirements should be secondarily liable for any correction and penalty payments. The commenter stated that if the transferee taxpayer is not secondarily liable, then the amounts may not be paid because the eligible taxpayer will have already received the consideration from the transfer of the tax credit. Further, the commenter suggested that the transferee taxpayer should be required to keep the same records as the eligible taxpayer in order to demonstrate reasonable cause with respect to excessive credit transfers and should also be required to contractually bind the eligible taxpayer to meet the PWA requirements, indemnifying the transferee taxpayer for any such payments it is secondarily required to make.

The Treasury Department and the IRS do not adopt these changes. As explained in the preamble to the Proposed Regulations, credit amounts increased pursuant to the PWA requirements are part of determining the eligible credit by the eligible taxpayer. The 6418 Final Regulations confirm that any specified credit portion is a proportionate share of the entire eligible credit, including any increases pursuant to the PWA requirements. Therefore, it is part of the eligible taxpayer's responsibility to satisfy the PWA requirements and requiring the eligible taxpayer to make any correction or penalty payments remains appropriate. Requiring the transferee taxpayer to be secondarily liable may inappropriately shift the responsibility to satisfy the PWA requirements. It is the responsibility of the transferee taxpayer under section 6418 and the 6418 Final Regulations to perform due diligence to show reasonable cause in the event of an excessive credit transfer, but changes to those rules are outside the scope of these final regulations. Additionally, specific recordkeeping requirements for the eligible taxpayer and transferee taxpayer(s) under section 6418 are addressed in the 6418 Final Regulations and are outside the scope of these final regulations.

A commenter recommended that a transferee taxpayer should be able to rely on assurances from the eligible taxpayer that all covered work was performed under the terms of a qualifying project labor agreement (discussed in Section V.D. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions) to demonstrate “reasonable cause” in the context of an excessive credit transfer relating to the PWA requirements. These final regulations do not adopt this suggestion as excessive credit transfers are outside the scope of these final regulations and are addressed in the 6418 Final Regulations.

The preamble to the Proposed Regulations explained that the statutory language of the IRA does not reflect any intent to include exceptions from the PWA requirements other than the BOC Exception and the One Megawatt Exception. Consequently, the Proposed Regulations would not have included a rule that would exempt Indian Tribal governments or the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) from the PWA requirements. The Treasury Department and the IRS requested comments on the need for any exceptions, including for Indian Tribal governments or the TVA, from the PWA requirements in addition to those expressly described in the statute.

In accordance with Executive Order 13175 (Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal governments) and Executive Order 14112 (Reforming Federal Funding and Support for Tribal Start Printed Page 53199 Nations To Better Embrace Our Trust Responsibilities and Promote the Next Era of Tribal Self-Determination), the Treasury Department and the IRS support the right of Indian Tribes to self-govern and recognize that Indian Tribes exercise inherent sovereign powers over their members and territory. The Treasury Department and the IRS are guided by the fundamental principles in Executive Orders 13175 and 14112. Under those principles, the Treasury Department and the IRS have an obligation to consider the concerns raised by Tribes and, to the extent permitted by law, address those concerns in the final regulations.

On September 25, 2023, the Treasury Department and the IRS held a Tribal consultation with Tribal leaders requesting assistance in addressing questions related to the PWA requirements in the Proposed Regulations. Through consultation and in response to the Proposed Regulations, the Treasury Department and the IRS received numerous comments regarding an exception to the PWA requirements for projects constructed by Indian Tribal governments. A number of commenters recommended that Indian Tribal governments should not be exempted from the PWA requirements and cited to the lack of statutory basis to grant an exception. In contrast, other commenters supported an exception to the PWA requirements for Indian Tribal governments.

With respect to the Prevailing Wage Requirements, commenters suggested that requiring projects located on Tribal lands to comply with wage standards set by the DOL undermines Tribal sovereignty. Some commenters stated that the DOL provides an exception from the DOL prevailing wage rates for work done by Indian Tribal governments using their own employees, and advocated that the final regulations, at a minimum, contain a similar rule under the IRA.

Commenters also stated that the DOL prevailing wage rates often are defined at the county level, which may include higher cost urban areas and could negatively impact projects on Tribal lands that often occur in the rural portions of such counties. These commenters stated that complying with wage standards set by the DOL for IRA projects could place additional administrative burdens on Tribes by requiring Tribes to administer two sets of prevailing wages (DOL prevailing wage standards for IRA projects and Tribal prevailing wage standards for other projects). As an alternative to permitting Indian Tribal governments to set their own prevailing wage rates for IRA projects, commenters suggested defining the term locality to include Tribal lands as a separate category to allow Tribes to submit a request to the DOL for a supplemental wage determination for that specific Tribal locality.

With respect to the Prevailing Wage Requirements, the Treasury Department and the IRS continue to understand the statutory language of the Code as not reflecting an intent to entirely exempt Indian Tribal governments from the PWA requirements. The statutory language also does not reflect an intent to allow Indian Tribal governments to substitute their own prevailing wage rates for those generally required under the DBA.

However, in accordance with Executive Order 14112 , the final regulations provide two special rules that apply to Indian Tribal governments (including a subdivision, agency, or instrumentality of an Indian Tribal government). First, the final regulations provide that an Indian Tribal government, as defined in section 30D(g)(9) of the Code, is excepted from the Prevailing Wage Requirements under the IRA with respect to laborers and mechanics that are employees, within the meaning of section 3121(d)(2), of the Indian Tribal government. This rule also applies to joint ownership arrangements that involve an Indian Tribal government (including a subdivision, agency, or instrumentality of an Indian Tribal government), but only with respect to the employees, within the meaning of section 3121(d)(2), of the Indian Tribal government. As stated in some comments from Tribes, the DOL provides an exception from the DOL prevailing wage rates for work done by Tribal governments using their own employees. Specifically, under the DBA, a government agency may perform construction work in-house with its own employees rather than contract out the work. Work performed by these employees generally is not subject to the DBA requirements because governmental agencies are not considered contractors or subcontractors under the DBA. This is known as the force account exception. The DOL has explained that in cases in which an Indian Tribal government performs work with its own employees, the force account exception to the DBA generally applies and the Tribal government is not required to pay DOL-determined prevailing wages for work done by its own employees. Tribes historically have relied on this exception. Under these final regulations, Tribes may continue that practice for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements under the IRA.

Second, the Treasury Department and the IRS recognize that Tribal lands generally are not coextensive with a single geographic area for which the DOL may have made an applicable wage determination. Comments from Tribes requested that the final regulations define the term “locality” to include Tribal lands as a separate category to allow Tribes to submit a request to the DOL for a supplemental wage determination for specified Tribal lands. However, defining locality in this way would require that the DOL establish a new administrative process to implement a unique wage determination for Tribal lands; that process is outside of the authority of the Treasury Department and the IRS. Thus, these final regulations do not change the definition of locality to include Tribal lands as a separate category.

However, recognizing that Tribal lands are sovereign territories that may encompass or overlap with numerous geographic areas, the final regulations provide a special rule for Indian Tribal governments that perform construction, alteration, or repair of a facility on Indian land, as that term is defined in 25 U.S.C. 3501(2) . Specifically, if the Indian land encompasses or overlaps more than one geographic area with respect to which the DOL has made an applicable wage determination, then the Indian Tribal government may choose the applicable wage determination for any one of those geographical areas and apply that applicable wage determination for work performed on any qualified facility that is located on the Indian land. If the Indian Tribal government chooses to use this alternative applicable wage determination, it must maintain and preserve records sufficient to document the applicable prevailing wage for each laborer, contractor, or subcontractor with respect to each qualified facility on Indian land. This rule applies to a qualified facility that is subject to joint ownership arrangements that involve an Indian Tribal government (including a subdivision, agency, or instrumentality of an Indian Tribal government). This rule is intended to ease the administrative burden on Indian Tribal governments because they can use a single applicable wage determination for all projects on Indian land. Start Printed Page 53200

Regarding the Apprenticeship Requirements, some commenters supported an exception for Indian Tribal governments and stated that Tribes may have limited access to registered apprenticeship programs. These commenters stated that Tribal members may face burdens associated with participating in existing State registered apprenticeship programs that are located many miles away. A commenter requested clarification regarding whether Tribes, like States, have the sovereign and jurisdictional authority to develop and certify their own apprenticeship programs rather than being required to use the DOL approval process. The same commenter requested that the Treasury Department and the IRS review and report on any barriers that may disproportionately prevent Tribes from fulfilling the Apprenticeship Requirements. Commenters suggested that if Indian Tribal governments do not have authority to certify their own programs, then the Apprenticeship Requirements could force Tribal governments to rely on State or Federal apprenticeship programs, which may frustrate Indian Tribal governments' efforts to develop their Tribal workforce.

Commenters supporting an Indian Tribal government exception to the Apprenticeship Requirements also stated that the Good Faith Effort Exception places too much onus on Indian Tribal governments to obtain qualified apprentices. These commenters suggested that Indian Tribal governments could need to submit multiple requests to multiple apprenticeship programs and that Indian Tribal governments could need to search across non-Tribal areas to meet the Good Faith Effort Exception. These commenters suggested that the statute did not require this level of apprenticeship coverage. Commenters also stated that the Good Faith Effort Exception may not be met if a registered apprenticeship program can meet some, but not all of requests for qualified apprentices, and suggested that the Good Faith Effort Exception should be satisfied if a registered apprenticeship program could not fulfill more than 50 percent of a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor's request. These commenters also suggested that the Good Faith Effort Exception should be satisfied if a local registered apprenticeship program cannot provide more than 50 percent of the requested qualified apprentices. Commenters also stated that the Good Faith Effort Exception is unreasonable for Indian Tribal governments in rural areas because of the limited access to registered apprenticeship programs. Finally, another commenter suggested creating a database for taxpayers to find Tribal apprenticeship programs within their State.

With respect to the Apprenticeship Requirements, the Treasury Department and the IRS recognize that there may be a limited number of registered apprenticeship programs with an area of operation that includes the geographic location of a facility located on Tribal lands. As explained in Section VIII.B.1.f. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the final regulations clarify the scope of the Good Faith Effort Exception with respect to situations in which only part of the request is denied. The final regulations confirm that if there is no registered apprenticeship program with a geographic area of operation that includes the location of the facility, taxpayers will be deemed to satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception for the qualified apprentices they (or the contractor or subcontractor) would have requested for that occupation and location.

Indian Tribal governments may also consider sponsoring their own registered apprenticeship programs to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements. The National Apprenticeship Act (NAA) of 1937 ( 29 U.S.C. 50 ) authorizes the Secretary of Labor to formulate and promote the furtherance of labor standards necessary to safeguard the welfare of apprentices. The Treasury Department and the IRS have consulted with the DOL OA and understand based on that discussion that although neither the text of the NAA, nor the content of the NAA's implementing regulations at 29 CFR parts 29 and 30 , explicitly addresses Indian Tribes, Indian Tribal governments may sponsor registered apprenticeship programs and obtain registration of such a Tribal apprenticeship program by a State or Federal governmental agency that has been designated for that purpose.

Federal apprenticeship regulations ( see 29 CFR part 29 ) authorize the DOL to grant recognition, for Federal purposes, to State apprenticeship agencies for the purpose of registering and overseeing apprenticeship programs that operate within their respective jurisdictions, provided that such State apprenticeship agencies operate in accordance with the minimum standards for State apprenticeship agencies that are established by Federal apprenticeship regulations. Nevertheless, the DOL retains the authority under Federal apprenticeship regulations to register any apprenticeship program that operates within the territory of the United States, provided that, as a general matter, the sponsor's proposed program and standards of apprenticeship satisfy the minimum requirements stipulated in 29 CFR parts 29 and 30 .

Accordingly, Indian Tribal governments may register their own apprenticeship programs through the DOL OA or with a recognized State apprenticeship agency. In recognition of the unique trust and treaty responsibilities of the Federal Government to Tribal Nations, respect for Tribal sovereignty, and the nation-to-nation relationship between the Federal Government and Indian Tribes, Indian Tribal governments (including a subdivision, agency, or instrumentality of the Indian Tribal government) are encouraged but not required to register programs with the DOL OA. Taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors can find more information on guidance issued by the DOL OA at https://www.apprenticeship.gov/about-us/legislation-regulations-guidance . For an updated map depicting the most recent information regarding registration agencies between the DOL OA and State apprenticeship agencies, please visit: https://www.apprenticeship.gov/about-us/apprenticeship-system .

Several commenters requested that the final regulations not provide an exception from the PWA requirements for the TVA, citing the lack of statutory authority for such an exception. The Treasury Department and the IRS agree. The final regulations do not create an exception to the PWA requirements for the TVA.

The preamble to the Proposed Regulations explained that pre-hire project labor agreements (PLAs) may be used to incentivize stronger labor standards and worker protections in the types of construction projects for which taxpayers may seek the increased credit amount, and having a PLA in place may help ensure compliance with PWA requirements. For these reasons, the Proposed Regulations would have provided that the penalty payment requirements would not apply with respect to a laborer or mechanic employed under a “qualifying project labor agreement” if any correction payment owed to the laborer or mechanic is paid on or before a return is filed claiming an increased credit Start Printed Page 53201 amount. The Proposed Regulations would have defined qualifying project labor agreement as “a pre-hire collective bargaining agreement with one or more labor organizations that establishes the terms and conditions of employment for a specific construction project.” Proposed § 1.45-7(c)(6)(ii) would have provided that in order to be considered a qualifying project labor agreement, such agreement must at a minimum: (i) bind all contractors and subcontractors on the construction project through the inclusion of appropriate specifications in all relevant solicitation provisions and contract documents; (ii) contain guarantees against strikes, lockouts, and similar job disruptions; (iii) set forth effective, prompt, and mutually binding procedures for resolving labor disputes arising during the term of the project labor agreement; (iv) contain provisions to pay prevailing wages; (v) contain provisions for referring and using qualified apprentices consistent with section 45(b)(8)(A) through (C) and guidance issued thereunder; and (vi) be a collective bargaining agreement with one or more labor organizations (as defined in 29 U.S.C. 152(5) ) of which building and construction employees are members, as described in 29 U.S.C. 158(f) .

The Treasury Department and the IRS requested comments on the proposed treatment of PLAs, other ways taxpayers might use PLAs to meet the PWA requirements, and the proposed definition of a qualifying project labor agreement. Several comments were received addressing the proposed treatment of PLAs under the Proposed Regulations.

Several commenters asserted that the Treasury Department and the IRS should not exempt taxpayers using PLAs from the penalty payment requirements. Commenters stated that the proposed rule violates the plain text of the IRA, which includes no PLA provision and does not authorize the waiver of intentional violations and additional penalties based on a clean energy project developer's inclusion of a PLA requirement in its solicitation for construction services. Several commenters stated that the IRS should not incentivize or coerce the use of PLAs through a penalty waiver or other benefit. Commenters suggested that PLAs will discourage taxpayers from using their existing workforce. Commenters were also concerned with PLAs increasing the cost of construction. Another commenter suggested that PLA mandates would likely lead to a decrease in hiring of local, minority, women, veteran, and other potentially disadvantaged groups. Other commenters stated that encouraging labor unions was not the intent of the IRA. A commenter also asserted that PLAs force contractors to replace employees with workers from unions, undermine workforce development strategies, force contractors to follow inefficient union work rules, expose workers to wage theft, and expose employers to multiemployer pension plan liabilities. The commenter also asserted that PLA mandates force employees to join a union and pay dues and discourage competition from nonunionized contractors. The commenter claimed that strikes have occurred on PLA projects and that PLAs will not improve efficiency in terms of safety, quality, or project delivery.

In contrast, other commenters asserted that PLAs help ensure compliance with the PWA requirements. Several commenters requested that taxpayers certifying that construction of a facility is subject to a PLA or a collective bargaining agreement should be entitled to a safe harbor or a rebuttable presumption of compliance with the PWA requirements. Commenters asserted that such a presumption would be warranted because PLAs provide assurances of compliance and contractors operating under PLAs typically pay wages at rates that are at or above the prevailing wage rates. At least one commenter suggested that the final regulations should clarify that a taxpayer is deemed to have satisfied the PWA requirements, including recordkeeping requirements, if the taxpayer can provide proof of a valid PLA.

Other commenters suggested that the final regulations create a two-tier compliance structure under which participants with PLAs are awarded a presumption of compliance on several requirements (or limited review by the IRS on examination) while other taxpayers not participating in PLAs should be subjected to heightened scrutiny by the IRS. A commenter stated that, in the absence of a PLA, violations of PWA requirements would be more prevalent. Therefore, the commenter suggested increasing the oversight and noncompliance penalties for non-PLA projects, mandating robust recordkeeping requirements for non-PLA projects (including the filing of certain documents with the DOL), and creating flexible ratio requirements for PLA projects. Another commenter suggested that taxpayers who are parties to both a collective bargaining agreement and PLA should automatically qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception.

Some commenters stated that PLAs can help taxpayers ensure payment of prevailing wages, because PLAs will: (i) require employers to provide workers with notice of their pay rates; (ii) include integrated, enforceable grievance and dispute resolution procedures; and (iii) be administered and enforced by unions that are parties to PLAs. Another commenter stated that PLAs typically establish payments to third-party benefit trusts, and that IRS research shows that third-party information can help promote tax compliance. Additionally, another commenter stated that entitling taxpayers to a presumption of compliance if their construction project is subject to a PLA would mitigate enforcement work and therefore preserve IRS resources.

Further, several commenters stated that PLAs help promote the IRA's goals by improving efficiency, coordination, and consistency; reducing administrative costs; preventing increased costs and project delays; providing a steady supply of highly skilled labor; and preventing labor disputes. Some commenters recommended that taxpayers implementing PLAs be exempt from a determination that they intentionally disregarded the PWA requirements.

The Treasury Department and the IRS disagree with commenters asserting that the Proposed Regulation's provisions regarding qualifying project labor agreements are unwarranted, coercive, and would increase costs. For example, studies show that PLAs in general do not lead to a statistically significant increase in construction costs. [ 22 ] If a taxpayer believes that a particular PLA would significantly raise the cost of constructing a facility, a taxpayer may choose not to enter into a PLA. In response to concerns about hiring of local, minority, women, veteran, and other potentially disadvantaged groups, the Treasury Department and the IRS note that PLAs often include provisions that create or strengthen equitable paths to construction jobs for underserved workers, including local hire requirements, equitable recruitment Start Printed Page 53202 goals, and community engagement requirements. Contrary to some commenters' concerns, the final regulations do not require non-union employees to join a union or to pay union dues. The National Labor Relations Act permits employees to choose not to join a union in their workplace. 29 U.S.C. 157 . Non-members may choose not to pay union dues and instead pay agency fees that cover only the share of dues used directly for representation, such as for collective bargaining or grievance procedures. Moreover, the final regulations do not require any taxpayer to sign a PLA.

The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with commenters that qualifying project labor agreements can help ensure compliance with the PWA requirements. Under the final regulations, qualifying project labor agreements will be required to include provisions requiring the payment of wages at rates that are not less than the prevailing rates, include contract provisions complying with the Apprenticeship Requirements, and establish mechanisms for workers, labor organizations, and taxpayers to correct any underpayments. These requirements will help ensure that qualifying project labor agreements support compliance with the PWA requirements. The requirements in PLAs, including ongoing monitoring and administration by union officials, enforceable grievance and dispute resolution mechanisms, and notice of pay rates, will also help ensure compliance with the PWA requirements for claiming the increased credit amount. For example, the final regulations require that qualifying project labor agreements must include effective grievance and dispute resolution provisions that would provide workers and unions an independent mechanism for enforcing the PWA requirements included in a qualifying project labor agreement. Grievance and dispute resolution provisions allow workers to resolve disputes about the payment of prevailing wages and other violations of the qualifying project labor agreement before a taxpayer claims the increased credit amount, assisting taxpayers in complying with the final regulations.

Regarding commenters' requests for deemed compliance or a rebuttable presumption of compliance, the final regulations do not adopt these comments. Tax jurisprudence requires taxpayers claiming a tax credit to demonstrate that they have met the statutory requirements and can substantiate their claim. The final regulations provide that the penalties do not apply if a taxpayer uses a qualifying project labor agreement and makes the required correction payments before filing a return claiming the credit. The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that other safe harbors for PLAs or an exemption from a finding of intentional disregard with respect to correction payments would not strengthen compliance and understand this approach to strike the appropriate balance between recognizing PLA benefits for improving compliance with the PWA requirements and maintaining long-standing tax principles.

As the Treasury Department and the IRS noted in the preamble to the Proposed Regulations, pre-hire project labor agreements may be used by a taxpayer to incentivize stronger labor standards and worker protections on a construction project, and having a PLA in place may also help ensure compliance with PWA requirements for claiming the increased credit amount. Accordingly, the IRS would take into account on examination whether a taxpayer has a qualifying project labor agreement in place and would consider books and records substantiating that a qualifying project labor agreement is being complied with as an indication of compliance with the PWA requirements. For example, records that would support substantiating PWA compliance could include attestations by all counterparties that a taxpayer is in compliance with the terms of the qualifying project labor agreement, including the provisions requiring the payment of prevailing wages and the provisions for referring and using qualified apprentices consistent with section 45(b)(8)(A) through (C) and guidance issued thereunder.

Several commenters suggested additions or revisions to the proposed definition of a qualifying project labor agreement and requested clarifications. For instance, a commenter suggested clarifying that proposed § 1.45-7(c)(6)(ii) applies to both base penalty amounts and any enhanced penalty due to intentional disregard. Similarly, commenters requested clarifying the impact of using a PLA on any required correction payments. Commenters also asked for the final PWA rules to clarify that the agreed-upon wages under a PLA are prevailing wages for the purposes of PWA requirements. At least one commenter asked whether agreed-upon wages under a PLA or a collective bargaining agreement could be treated as the prevailing wage for PWA purposes. Another commenter explained that generally, under a PLA, the taxpayer must pay the wage rates negotiated with the union, which are often higher than the prevailing wage rates set forth in DOL wage determinations, but under the Proposed Regulations, taxpayers must pay the prevailing wage rate, even if that is lower. Another commenter stated that asking contractors to comply with prevailing wage rates, which may be based on union work rates contained in collective bargaining agreements not publicly available, could add risk for contractors and reduce competition, especially from small businesses.

Additional commenters requested permitting taxpayers to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements in the case of a PLA that includes a preference to use qualified apprentices, even if the PLA does not require compliance with all the Apprenticeship Requirements under section 45(b)(8). A commenter asserted that the criteria that the PLA must contain provisions for referring and using qualified apprentices consistent with section 45(b)(8)(A) through (C) and guidance issued thereunder was circular and did not align with PLAs generally. The commenter explained that the requirement that the PLA incorporate the IRA apprenticeship rules undercuts the PLA exception and makes it superfluous. An additional commenter suggested clarifying that a PLA for PWA purposes should allow taxpayers to use both union and non-union registered apprenticeship programs. A commenter also suggested revising the definition of a PLA to include a requirement for referring and using qualified journeyworkers. Similarly, a commenter asked whether a taxpayer may use the journeyworker-to-apprentice ratio under a PLA or a collective bargaining agreement for PWA purposes.

Some commenters requested that the final regulations provide that PLA provisions regarding hiring union workers be optional and that exceptions be explicitly provided for circumstances in which union labor is not available. Commenters suggested that the final regulations should permit contractors who sign a PLA to use their own work rules independent of union collective bargaining agreements. One commenter stated that PLAs must not require payment into union benefit funds as long as contractors have bona fide benefits and are satisfying DBA standards. Similarly, a commenter recommended that the final regulations provide that PLAs can only require the payment of union dues and fringe benefits for the duration of the contract.

A commenter requested that the final regulations adopt the definition for a qualifying project labor organization, largely based in Executive Order 14063 Start Printed Page 53203 (Use of Project Labor Agreements for Federal Construction Projects), and permit contractors and subcontractors to compete for contracts and subcontracts regardless of whether they are a party to a collective bargaining agreement. The commenter also suggested revising the definition of labor organizations to require some affiliation with a registered apprenticeship program.

A commenter recommended incentivizing taxpayers using a PLA to comply with all of the PLA's provisions, not just PWA-related provisions. The commenter stated that a subset of PLAs (known as community workforce agreements) include provisions beyond the elements defined in the Proposed Regulations. Additionally, a commenter recommended requiring service maintenance workers, like custodians, be included and covered under PLAs used for PWA purposes.

Further, a commenter suggested that recordkeeping related to PLAs be limited to producing a valid PLA covering all laborers and mechanics at the site of work. The commenter also stated that it would be helpful to clarify the role of collective bargaining agreements and a master agreement, as well as the eligible status, if any, of PLAs entered and covering periods before the publication of the proposed rules in the Federal Register . The commenter also requested guidance concerning whether the PLA exception still applies if some, but not all, contractors are able to meet the PLA requirements.

Additionally, a commenter suggested that the PWA rules align the criteria for PLAs with the provisions of commonly used PLA templates or that the final regulations adopt a new template. The commenter stated that the proposed rules presented six criteria for qualifying PLAs, but many widely used PLA templates do not meet all six criteria.

The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with the comment to clarify that proposed § 1.45-7(c)(6)(ii) applies to both the $5,000 penalty and the $10,000 enhanced penalty (for the Prevailing Wage Requirements) and proposed § 1.45-8(e)(2)(v) applies to both the $50 penalty and the $500 enhanced penalty (for the Apprenticeship Requirements) due to intentional disregard. Under the Proposed Regulations, the penalty payment requirement would not have applied with respect to a laborer or mechanic employed under a qualifying project labor agreement if any correction payment owed to the laborer or mechanic is paid on or before a return is filed claiming an increased credit amount. The proposed rule was intended to apply to both penalty amounts and requires the taxpayer to make any correction payment owed to any laborer or mechanic on or before the date on which the increased credit amount is claimed. The final regulations provide this clarification with respect to both the Prevailing Wage Requirements and the Apprenticeship Requirements.

The proposed definition of qualifying project labor agreement contains six requirements, including that it must contain provisions to pay prevailing wages. The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with commenters that the definition of the term prevailing wages, for the purposes of a qualifying project labor agreement, requires clarification. The final regulations clarify the definition of qualifying project labor agreement to provide that it must contain provisions to pay wages at rates not less than the prevailing wage rates in accordance with subchapter IV of chapter 31 of title 40 of the United States Code. This clarification aligns with the statutory requirements regarding prevailing wage rates and maintains a clear standard for taxpayers and tax administration. Commenters raised that PLAs often require the payment of wages higher than prevailing wages under the DBA. A qualifying project labor agreement may require the payment of wages at rates that are higher than the wage rates that are required by section 45(b)(7)(A).

The proposed definition of qualifying project labor agreement also would have provided that it must contain provisions for referring and using qualified apprentices consistent with section 45(b)(8)(A) through (C) and guidance issued thereunder. The statute defines qualified apprentice and provides the Apprenticeship Requirements. Accordingly, the final regulations do not adopt comments to modify the Apprenticeship Requirements for a qualifying project labor agreement.

Regarding additions to the proposed definition of qualifying project labor agreement, the Treasury Department and the IRS considered these comments and have not adopted these comments in the final regulations. Specific requirements or contractual language in a PLA may arbitrarily exclude many PLAs from the proposed definition of a qualifying project labor agreement for reasons unrelated to ensuring compliance with the PWA requirements. A PLA is a negotiated contract and parties must have the appropriate flexibility to negotiate provisions. Nothing in the final regulations precludes parties from negotiating additional local hire, equity, or community engagement provisions in a PLA. Since each PLA is negotiated in response to unique project needs and labor market conditions, the Treasury Department and the IRS do not adopt the comment to require a PLA template.

Specific to the nuclear industry, a few commenters proposed that PLA provisions in PWA rules be expanded to include collective bargaining agreements negotiated by nuclear operators and unions covering their direct employees. A commenter suggested also recognizing that such collective bargaining agreements establish the prevailing wages for their unique classification of nuclear employees that perform alterations or repairs. The commenter stated that there are significant differences in the collective bargaining and benefit practices between the construction and nuclear industries. A few commenters suggested amending the rules to permit wages paid pursuant to collective bargaining agreements to qualify as payment of prevailing wages under section 45U(d)(2). One commenter stated that at a minimum, wages paid pursuant to already-existing collective bargaining agreements should be accepted as payment of prevailing wages. Similarly, solely for purposes of section 45U, one commenter requested that wages and benefits paid to non-unionized direct employees be accepted as payment of prevailing wages, if the sum is equal to the collectively-bargained wages and benefits paid to geographically proximate direct employees of a qualified nuclear facility. The commenter also suggested that provisions regarding PLAs in the Proposed Regulations be revised to include taxpayers that have a collective bargaining agreement covering their own employees that perform alteration and repair on facilities eligible for the section 45U credit. The commenter also suggested that existing collective bargaining agreements be deemed to satisfy section 45U(d)(2)(A). One commenter requested that wages and benefits paid pursuant to a collective bargaining agreement negotiated between a taxpayer and a union recognized as the workers' bargaining representative by the National Labor Relations Board, be deemed to comply with prevailing wage rules under section 45U.

A commenter requested a prevailing wage safe harbor for section 45U to recognize the unique characteristics of nuclear power facilities. Another commenter requested permitting, solely for purposes of section 45U, qualified nuclear power facilities that do not directly employ collectively-bargained laborers and mechanics to benchmark Start Printed Page 53204 themselves against other similar qualified nuclear power facilities that do directly employ collectively-bargained laborers and mechanics for purposes of determining whether the facility is deemed to pay prevailing wages to its directly employed employees. The commenter stated that even if not unionized, a nuclear operator's craft employees perform the same work under the same conditions as unionized employees and receive generally equivalent wages, participate in the same employer-sponsored benefit plans, and receive benefits equivalent to if not identical to unionized employees.

The Treasury Department and the IRS recognize the nuclear power industry's unique circumstances and that nuclear operators cannot enter into qualifying project labor agreements as they would have been defined under the Proposed Regulations. The section 45U credit has Prevailing Wage Requirements for alteration or repair work of a qualified nuclear power facility, but not during construction. For taxpayers seeking the section 45U credit, a collective bargaining agreement provides workers conducting an alteration or repair the same assurances of up-front compliance that a PLA would, including union oversight and private enforcement. A taxpayer that has a collective bargaining agreement for a qualified nuclear facility that meets minimum requirements analogous to the minimum requirements for a qualifying project labor agreement should also benefit from the rule that penalties do not apply if any correction payment owed to a laborer or mechanic is paid before the increased credit amount is claimed. In response to the comments, the final regulations modify the definition of qualifying project labor agreement for section 45U. For purposes of section 45U, in order to be a qualifying project labor agreement, such agreement must, at a minimum: (i) be a collective bargaining agreement with a one or more labor organizations (as defined in 29 U.S.C. 152(5) ) of which employees of the qualified nuclear power facility are members and such agreement establishes the terms and conditions of employment at the qualified nuclear power facility; (ii) contain guarantees against strikes, lockouts, and similar job disruptions; (iii) set forth effective, prompt, and mutually binding procedures for resolving labor disputes arising during the term of the collective bargaining agreement; and (iv) contain provisions to pay wages at rates not less than the prevailing wages in accordance with subchapter IV of chapter 31 of title 40 of the United States Code .

Section 45(b)(7)(A) provides that with respect to any qualified facility, the taxpayer must ensure that any laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in “the construction of such facility” and for the 10-year period after the facility is placed in service, “the alteration or repair of such facility” are paid wages at rates not less than the applicable prevailing wage rates. Under section 45(b)(7)(A)(ii), the prevailing wage rates that are required to be paid with respect to such construction, alteration, or repair are determined by reference to the prevailing rates for construction, alteration, or repair of a similar character in the locality in which such facility is located.

Section 45(b)(8) sets forth the Apprenticeship Requirements that apply “with respect to the construction of any qualified facility.” Under the Labor Hours Requirement, section 45(b)(8)(A)(i) provides that taxpayers must ensure “with respect to the construction of any qualified facility” that the applicable percentage of the total labor hours is performed by qualified apprentices. Under the Participation Requirement, section 45(b)(8)(C) provides that each taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor who employs four or more individuals “to perform construction, alteration, or repair work with respect to the construction of a qualified facility” must employ one or more qualified apprentices.

The Proposed Regulations would have defined the scope of taxpayers' obligation to comply with the PWA requirements consistent with this statutory language. Under the Proposed Regulations, taxpayers would have been required to comply generally with respect to the construction of a qualified facility. The Proposed Regulations did not define the meaning of construction of a qualified facility for purposes of either the Prevailing Wage Requirements or the Apprenticeship Requirements.

Proposed § 1.45-7(d)(2)(i) would have defined “construction, alteration, or repair” to mean construction, prosecution, completion, or repair as defined in 29 CFR 5.2 . Under 29 CFR 5.2 , construction, prosecution, completion, or repair is defined expansively to include “all types of work” done on a particular building or work at the site of the work, as defined in 29 CFR 5.2 , by laborers and mechanics employed by a contractor or subcontractor. This work includes altering, remodeling, installing of items fabricated offsite; painting and decorating; manufacturing or furnishing of materials, articles, and supplies or equipment on the site of the work; and certain demolition or removal activities.

Under the Proposed Regulations, the scope of the requirement to pay wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates would be clarified by the “site of the work” definition under the DBA. Under the DBA, the requirement to pay prevailing wages is limited by statute to work performed “directly on the site of the work.” [ 23 ] Under the DBA, secondary construction sites are considered part of the site of the work if a significant portion of a building or work is constructed at the secondary site for specific use in the designated building or work and the site either was established specifically for the performance of the covered contract or project or dedicated exclusively, or nearly so, to the covered contract or project for a specific period of time. By comparison, section 45(b)(7)(A)(i) and (ii) requires the payment of prevailing wages generally in the construction of a qualified facility and the alteration or repair of such facility. As explained in the preamble to the Proposed Regulations, the language of section 45(b)(7)(A) could be, but does not need to be, interpreted to support an expansive reading of construction such that all construction of a qualified facility, wherever located and however small, would be subject to the Prevailing Wage Requirements, resulting in a significantly broader scope under section 45(b)(7) than under the DBA. The Proposed Regulations would have taken a less expansive reading and applied the scope of the Prevailing Wage Requirements to the site of the work, consistent with the DBA rules.

The Treasury Department and the IRS understood the DBA approach to the site of the work as providing useful guidance for balancing the requirements to pay wages at rates not less than prevailing rates with respect to the construction of a qualified facility and existing construction practices in cases in which some construction activities related to a facility may occur in multiple locations. This approach is also consistent with the principle outlined in Section I.A. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions to incorporate the DBA requirements that are relevant for claiming the increased credit amount and consistent with sound tax administration. The Proposed Regulations would have largely adopted Start Printed Page 53205 the DBA approach (including rules relating to secondary sites) for purposes of defining the scope of the Prevailing Wage Requirements in proposed § 1.45-7(d)(6). Under proposed § 1.45-7(d)(6), taxpayers would have been subject to the requirement to ensure that laborers and mechanics are paid wages at rates not less than prevailing wage rates with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair at the locality in which the facility is located, which is defined to include any secondary sites where a significant portion of the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility occurs, provided that the secondary site either was established specifically for, or dedicated exclusively for a specific period of time to, the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility.

Many commenters requested clarification of how the definition and the site of the work DBA-concept applies across the various Code sections for purposes of determining what work performed in the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility is subject to the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Commenters also emphasized that the site of work definition must reflect the expanded realities of modern construction practices, under which a large and growing percentage of construction, alteration, and repair work is performed offsite through either prefabrication, modularization, or both. A commenter recommended that the site of work definition account for recent technological developments in which the COVID-19 pandemic magnified the need to build spaces that can be rapidly adjusted. A commenter stated that a number of legal challenges to newly added provisions to the regulations under the DBA are expected to be filed, creating ambiguity and a lack of reliability. Commenters also suggested providing specific examples relevant to clean energy projects.

Commenters requested that the site of work for PWA purposes no longer incorporate the DOL definition, based on the DBA. Commenters opined that site of the work for PWA purposes should not be based on the scope of the DBA and should not extend to offsite or secondary construction sites, including manufacturing sites, access roads, substations, buildings, and similar property. Commenters argued that incorporating the DOL definition of site of the work leads to an overly broad application of the PWA requirements to such activities as offsite manufacturing facilities, dedicated production lines, or modular facilities that service multiple projects but that may service a single large project for an extended period of time—which is not uncommon in the clean energy industry. Commenters also sought guidance concerning the treatment of property such as access roads and substations that may not be eligible property associated with a qualified facility resulting in a scope of the PWA requirements reaching beyond the qualified facility that is eligible for the increased credit amount. One commenter stated that the incorporation of the site of work may subject some taxpayers to different enforcement schemes because the projects may be subject to State or local prevailing wage laws.

Commenters also suggested that if the DBA approach is adopted in the final rule, that any discussion of secondary manufacturing facilities distinguish with examples between genuine offsite manufacturing activities and those that the newly expanded DBA definition would include. Commenters requested that the Prevailing Wage Requirements not apply to manufacturing facilities, dedicated production lines, prefabrication facilities, laydown yards, or “mod-yard” locations that generally service multiple projects and customers. A commenter requested that the final regulations clarify that structures established prior to the start of construction of the qualified facility are not covered by the phrase “site of the work” irrespective of their adjacency or dedication to that site. The commenter also suggested that adjacent or virtually adjacent locations should not be covered by the PWA requirements if they exceed a 2-mile perimeter.

In contrast, other commenters urged the Treasury Department and the IRS to use the DBA site of work definition for the PWA requirements, including secondary sites that are established specifically for the performance of the covered contract or project or dedicated exclusively, or nearly so, to the covered contract or project for a specific period of time. These commenters emphasized the lack of statutory language in the IRA limiting the application of prevailing wage rules based on where work in furtherance of the project is performed and also suggested defining site of work to cover all locations where construction of a covered project is performed. Another commenter claimed that Congress deliberately chose to draft section 45(b)(7)(A) in broader terms than the DBA and recommended that the final regulations apply to all construction sites where integral components of the facility are constructed and dedicated support sites. Commenters recommended that the IRS follow DBA court decisions and mirror the considerations of DBA regulations.

The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with commenters that additional clarity is warranted with respect to defining the scope of the PWA requirements. The Prevailing Wage Requirements apply with respect to the construction of a facility and with respect to the alteration or repair of a facility. The Apprenticeship Requirements apply with respect to construction of a facility. While the terms construction, alteration, and repair draw meaning from the DBA, Congress did not qualify the scope of such activities by the site of the work rule found explicitly in the DBA in defining the scope of the PWA requirements under the IRA. Instead, section 45(b)(7) and (8) limit the scope of construction, alteration, or repair to those activities occurring with respect to a qualified facility. The term qualified facility (as described in section 45 and guidance thereunder) has specific meaning for tax purposes. [ 24 ]

The final regulations clarify that the PWA requirements apply with respect to a qualified facility within the meaning of section 45. The Treasury Department and the IRS recognize that only a portion of a construction project may be used to produce energy covered by the IRA tax credits. Under the general rule provided for in the final regulations, the PWA requirements apply to the portion of the activity that is creditable or deductible per the Code under the respective underlying section. [ 25 ]

As discussed elsewhere in this preamble, the Treasury Department and the IRS have incorporated DBA rules if relevant and helpful for tax administration. Despite the differing statutory language with respect to scope, the DOL approach to site of the work under the DBA regulations is instructive for application of the PWA requirements with respect to activities that may occur at locations other than the location of the facility. Accordingly, the final regulations continue to use the DBA concept of site of the work with respect to secondary sites to define the scope of the PWA requirements for work that occurs at secondary locations.

The Treasury Department and the IRS also agree with the concerns raised by the commenters on how the secondary site rule could impact manufacturing activities that occur at offsite locations and are performed by unrelated parties. The final regulations clarify that adoption of the site of the work concept is designed to define the scope of the PWA requirements and prevent an application of the rules that would result in all work on a facility, wherever performed and however small, being subject to the requirements. Under the final regulation, unrelated third-party manufacturers who produce materials, supplies, equipment, and prefabricated components for multiple customers or the general public would not be subject to the PWA requirements.

Section 45(b)(7)(A)(i) requires that with respect to a qualified facility, taxpayers who are seeking an increased credit amount ensure that laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer, or any contractor or subcontractor in the construction of such facility are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates determined by the DOL in accordance with the DBA. Section 45(b)(7)(A)(ii) further requires that prevailing wages are paid with respect to alteration or repair of a qualified facility for any portion of a taxable year that is within the 10-year period beginning on the date the qualified facility was placed in service. Proposed § 1.45-7(a) generally would have provided that a taxpayer claiming or transferring (under section 6418) the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) with respect to any qualified facility must satisfy the requirements of section 45(b)(7) and proposed § 1.45-7. Proposed § 1.45-7(b)(1) would have provided that a taxpayer needs to ensure that the wages paid to laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor in the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility must be not less than the prevailing rates in the geographic area in which such facility is located. Proposed § 1.45-7(b)(6) would have provided that all laborers and mechanics working on a qualified facility must be paid in the time and manner consistent with the regular payroll practices of the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor.

A few commenters requested that the final regulations require taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors to adopt weekly payroll practices, as is required for DBA-covered contracts. The commenters stated that requiring weekly payroll would deter fraud and enable taxpayers to ensure that contractors and subcontractors comply with PWA requirements. Many other commenters supported the payment of prevailing wages consistent with the taxpayer's regular payroll practices. The commenters supported the flexibility of the proposed rule and stated that a weekly payroll requirement would not assist the IRS in administering the PWA requirements.

Section 45(b)(7) requires that laborers and mechanics be paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates; there is no statutory requirement that laborers and mechanics must be paid on a weekly basis. As several commenters stated, taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors should have the flexibility to pay their workers in accordance with their ordinary payroll schedules. For these reasons, these final regulations adopt the proposed rule requiring payment in the time and manner consistent with the regular payroll practices without change.

A commenter requested that the final regulations provide an exception for effective compliance with the Prevailing Wage Requirements. The limited penalty waiver in § 1.45-7(c)(6) and described in Section VII.D.4. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions provides sufficient relief for inadvertent, minor errors. Another commenter suggested clarifying whether a taxpayer would be deemed to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements for a given year after a facility is placed in service if neither alterations nor repairs were performed during that year. The final regulations clarify that after a facility is placed in service, taxpayers are only required to meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements with respect to alterations and repairs if alterations or repairs are actually performed during the relevant period. [ 26 ] The final regulations also provide that if there is no alteration or repair that occurs during the relevant year, the taxpayer is deemed to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements with respect to that year.

Commenters asked that the final regulations clarify whether the applicable prevailing wage rate is based on where the project is being constructed or where the contractor is performing their work. Another commenter stated that in most cases the wages paid are based on the local market where the contractor or subcontractor obtains their labor. Section 45(b)(7)(A) provides that the prevailing wage rate is based on the locality of the facility that is being constructed. The Proposed Regulations similarly would have provided that the wage rates must be not less than the prevailing rates in the geographic area in which such facility is located. The final regulations continue to use the DBA concept of site of the work to address construction of a qualified facility that occurs at one or more secondary locations. The applicable prevailing wage rate that must be paid to laborers and mechanics is determined by the location of the work performed, which may be the location of the qualified facility or any secondary locations.

The Proposed Regulations would have provided a special rule for qualified facilities located offshore so taxpayers would not need to request a supplemental wage determination for offshore facilities. Under the Proposed Regulations, in lieu of requesting a supplemental wage determination for a facility located in an offshore area within the outer continental shelf of the United States, a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor would be permitted to rely on the general wage determination for the relevant category of construction that is applicable in the geographic area closest to the area in which the qualified facility will be located. To the extent that the PWA requirements apply to onshore activities related to an offshore wind facility, one commenter suggested clarifying that the locality in which such onshore activities occur, and not where the offshore wind facility is located, would determine prevailing wage rates for those activities. A commenter expressed their support for permitting offshore facilities to use the general wage determination applicable Start Printed Page 53207 to the closest onshore area to the facility. The proposed rule is adopted without change. Onshore activities that are also considered construction of a facility within the scope of the PWA requirements must pay wages at rates not less than the applicable prevailing rates for the location of the work performed.

Section 45(b)(7)(A) requires that with respect to a qualified facility, taxpayers who are seeking an increased credit amount ensure that laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer, or any contractor or subcontractor, in the construction, alteration, or repair of such facility are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates as most recently determined by the DOL in accordance with the DBA. As stated in the preamble to the Proposed Regulations, prevailing wage rates are those determined to be prevailing for laborers and mechanics for the various classifications of work performed with respect to a specified type of construction in a geographic area. Under the Proposed Regulations, prevailing wage rates would be determined by the DOL in accordance with the DBA if they are issued and published by the DOL as a general wage determination or if issued to a taxpayer as part of a supplemental wage determination or pursuant to a request for a wage rate for an additional classification.

With respect to the proper timing of a wage determination, proposed § 1.45-7(b)(5) would have provided that the applicable prevailing wage rates on a general wage determination are those in effect at the time construction, alteration, or repair of the facility begins, and generally remain valid for the duration of the work performed with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor. Taxpayers who perform any alteration or repair of a facility after the facility is placed in service would have been required to use the applicable wage determination in effect at the time the alteration or repair work begins.

Commenters suggested aligning the timing of wage determinations with the DOL regulations under the DBA, including updates to the DBA regulations released in August of 2023, to minimize taxpayer confusion. Several commenters requested that the final regulations provide that prevailing wage rates be established for the entire project when construction contracts are executed, not when construction begins, consistent with the DBA. Commenters emphasized that prevailing wage determinations are an important factor in determining the cost of labor and that project costs need to be known ahead of time to accurately bid on contracts. Commenters asserted that waiting until construction begins to determine labor costs will lead to financial uncertainty and may discourage participation in construction projects by many contractors because contractors need to know what the prevailing wage obligations are prior to bidding for a project. The commenter stated that the need to apply new wage rates at the start of construction would be disruptive and create unnecessary financial risk for contractors after they have entered into a contract for construction of a facility.

Commenters stated that portions of the Proposed Regulations refer to a contract when referencing the timing of a DBA wage determination, while others refer to a facility, and requested clarification. Another commenter stated that the approach in the Proposed Regulations conflicts with early guidance issued by the DOL regarding IRA prevailing wage compliance. [ 27 ] A few commenters requested that the final regulations retain the rule that the wage determination be determined at the beginning of construction or revise the rule to provide for the determination of wage rates at the project level to avoid multiple wage rates for the same work. These commenters stated that because there is no analogous prime contract with a Federal agency as under the DBA, connecting the wage determination timing to the execution of a contract could be challenging. Commenters stated that determining prevailing wage rates at the project level would allow for greater consistency between contractors and subcontractors. Another commenter emphasized that each taxpayer, contractor, and subcontractor should be subject to the same applicable wage determination. At least one commenter suggested that the final regulations should permit taxpayers to use wage determinations at the time contracts are executed or when construction begins.

The DBA framework is predicated on a Federal contract for the construction of public buildings and public works between the Federal Government and contractors. Under the DBA, every contract to perform construction, alteration, or repair to which the Federal Government is a party must contain a provision stating the prevailing wage rates to be paid to various classes of laborers and mechanics. The DBA regulations generally provide that the applicable wage rates for a contract are those in effect at the time the prime contract is awarded by the Federal contracting agency. [ 28 ] By contrast, under the PWA requirements, there is no contracting party directly analogous to the Federal Government. Under the Prevailing Wage Requirements, taxpayers are required to ensure the payment of at least prevailing wages, but they may do so through the execution of multiple contracts and subcontracts or may perform the work with their own employees.

Because of the perceived difficulty in assigning a fixed time to establish the applicable prevailing wage rates based on the execution of contracts, the proposed rules would have provided that the applicable prevailing rates are determined at the beginning of construction. However, the Treasury Department and the IRS understand the need for taxpayers to reduce uncertainty and determine expected labor costs prior to entering into contracts for the construction of a facility. Additionally, the Treasury Department and the IRS agree that the “in accordance with” language in section 45(b)(7) supports drawing from the DBA rules to determine the appropriate timing for establishing the applicable wage rates. Accordingly, the final regulations are revised to provide that the applicable prevailing rates are determined at the time the contract for the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility is executed by the taxpayer (or the taxpayer's designee, assignee, or agent) and a contractor. The prevailing wage rates at the time such contract is executed apply to all subcontractors of that contractor. In circumstances in which a taxpayer (or the taxpayer's designee, assignee, or agent) executes separate contracts with more than one contractor, then for each such contract, the applicable prevailing rates with respect to any work performed by the contractor (and all subcontractors of the contractor) are determined at the time the contract is executed by the taxpayer (or the taxpayer's designee, assignee, or agent) and the contractor. In the absence of a contract, or if a contractor or subcontractor is unable to determine the date of execution of the contract, the Start Printed Page 53208 final regulations provide that the applicable wage determinations are those in effect at the time construction starts.

These revisions address commenters' practical business concerns regarding costs and financing and provide greater consistency with how the applicable wage rates are established under the DBA. The final regulations address the concern of commenters that various wage rates would apply, or that costs will not be able to be determined up front, because they apply the rate at the time the contract is executed between the taxpayer and a contractor to all subsequent contracts that flow from such contract. Thus, consistent with the DBA, the final regulations allow for more than one wage determination to apply with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of a facility in cases in which a taxpayer executes separate contracts with more than one contractor, but nonetheless provide certainty for the taxpayer, contractor, and subcontractor with respect to any work performed pursuant to that contract.

The final regulations also adopt a similar framework for alterations or repairs that occur after the facility is placed in service with applicable wage determinations applying when a contract is executed between a taxpayer and contractor for the alteration or repair of a facility, or absent a contract, when the repair or alteration starts. The final regulations also add all contracts for construction, alteration, or repair to the list of records that may be necessary to demonstrate compliance with the applicable Prevailing Wage Requirements.

Under the Proposed Regulations, taxpayers generally would not have been required to update the applicable prevailing wage rates during construction of the facility in the event a new general wage determination was published by the DOL after construction of the facility begins. The preamble to the Proposed Regulations stated that a new wage determination would be required if the contract is changed to include additional, substantial construction, alteration, or repair work not within the scope of work of the original contract, or to require work to be performed for an additional time period not originally obligated, including in the case of an option to extend the term of a contract for the construction, alteration, or repair being exercised. Proposed § 1.45-7(b)(5) mirrored the language in the preamble, but omitted the term substantial from the rule. The Proposed Regulations also would have provided that taxpayers would need to update the applicable wage rate(s), as necessary, with respect to any alteration or repair of a facility that begins after the facility has been placed in service. Taxpayers would do this by ensuring that wages are paid for such alteration or repair based on the general wage determination in effect when the alteration or repair begins.

Several commenters were concerned about the requirement to update prevailing wage rates during the lifespan of a construction project. Commenters suggested clarifying how to determine when, under the Proposed Regulations, an additional time period not originally obligated has occurred that necessitates obtaining a new wage determination. The commenters stated that the language with respect to an additional time period is ambiguous and could apply to ordinary delays and extensions that are common in construction projects. Commenters requested that the terms substantial and additional be defined, or a de minimis value be set, to better clarify the threshold of new work or additional time above which taxpayers would be required to seek a new wage determination.

The commenters recommended inclusion of language from the DBA regulations to clarify that a new wage determination is not required if additional time is given to complete the original commitment or if the additional construction, alteration, and/or repair work as part of the modification is merely incidental. Other commenters recommended the final regulations include a substantiality threshold consistent with DBA regulations. One commenter suggested the final regulations require new wage rates only if there is a cardinal change to a covered project. Another commenter suggested limiting the need for additional wage determinations to increases in the project's budget of at least 30 percent or delays of at least 120 days to the project's expected completion date. One commenter suggested that the wage determination in effect at the beginning of a taxpayer's taxable year be used for all alterations and repairs occurring in the years after a facility is placed in service.

The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that clarifications are needed and that the rules regarding when a new wage determination is required should be consistent with the rules under the DBA. Under the DBA guidance in 29 CFR 1.6 , if there is additional, substantial construction, alteration, and/or repair work not within the scope of work of the original contract or order, or changes to require the contractor to perform work for an additional time period not originally obligated, including cases in which an option to extend the term of a contract is exercised, the contracting agency must include the most recent revision of any wage determination(s) at the time the contract is changed or the option is exercised. This does not apply if the contractor is simply given additional time to complete its original commitment or if the additional construction, alteration, and/or repair work in the modification is merely incidental. The DBA regulations also provide rules with respect to contracts for construction, alteration, or repair work over a period of time that is not tied to the completion of any specific work, such as indefinite operations and maintenance or repair contracts. The DBA regulations require contractors who are parties to these types of contracts to update the applicable wage rates for such contracts on an annual basis. The revised wage determination then applies to any alteration or repair work that begins under such a contract during the 12 months following the update until such construction work is completed, even if the completion of that work extends beyond the twelve-month period.

Accordingly, the final regulations update the proposed rule to include the substantiality requirement discussed in the preamble to the Proposed Regulations, and further clarify that the requirement to update the wage determination does not apply if the contractor is given more time to complete its original commitment or if the additional work is merely incidental. The final regulations also update the proposed rule to provide that if a taxpayer enters into a contract for alteration or repair work over an indefinite period of time that is not tied to the completion of any specific work, the applicable wage rates must be updated on an annual basis.

The Proposed Regulations would have provided that a general wage determination would be one issued and published by the DOL that includes a list of wage and bona fide fringe benefit rates determined to be prevailing for laborers and mechanics for the various classifications of work performed with respect to a specified type of construction in a geographic area. As stated in the preamble to the Proposed Regulations, generally, the DOL conducts surveys to determine the prevailing rate based on wage rate data submitted by contractors, contractors' associations, labor organizations, public Start Printed Page 53209 officials, and other interested parties. In general, the Proposed Regulations would have provided that to determine the applicable prevailing wage rates, taxpayers would need to use the general wage determination(s) published by the DOL under the DBA on a DOL approved website. The current DOL approved website for publishing general wage determinations https://www.sam.gov .

Section 45(b)(7)(A) requires that taxpayers ensure the payment of prevailing wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates determined in accordance with the DBA. The Proposed Regulations would have largely incorporated the definition of wages from 29 CFR 5.2 for the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Under the Proposed Regulations, wages would be defined as the basic hourly rate of pay; any contribution irrevocably made by a contractor or subcontractor to a trustee or to a third person pursuant to a bona fide fringe benefit fund, plan, or program; and the rate of costs to the contractor or subcontractor that may be reasonably anticipated in providing bona fide fringe benefits to laborers and mechanics pursuant to an enforceable commitment to carry out a financially responsible plan or program, which was communicated in writing to the laborers and mechanics affected. The Proposed Regulations would have also incorporated by reference the rules set forth in 29 CFR 5.25 through 5.33 with respect to the costs for bona fide fringe benefits that may be credited for purposes of the payment of wages. The Proposed Regulations would have prescribed rules with respect to the payment of wages including that the payment of wages be made without deduction (except such payroll deductions as are required by the law or permitted by regulations issued by the Secretary of Labor) and must consist of the full amount of wages (including bona fide fringe benefits or cash equivalents thereof). Under the Proposed Regulations, whether amounts are wages for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements would not be relevant in determining whether amounts are wages or compensation for other Federal tax purposes.

One commenter suggested that prevailing wage rates established by the DOL fail to take into account actual compensation to workers, including fringe benefits, in all cases. The commenter suggested that to calculate prevailing wage amounts, an employer would not be able to take credit for the cost to set up and offer medical insurance if an employee opts out of medical coverage. The commenter also stated that taxpayers who enter into a collective bargaining agreement may be disadvantaged, because the agreement could set the wages and benefits below the prevailing wage amounts for covered employees. The commenter suggested establishing a safe harbor whereby a taxpayer would be deemed to satisfy Prevailing Wage Requirements if a substantial number—defined as 90 percent—of their employees are paid prevailing wages.

This comment appears to misstate the DBA requirements, and to the extent the comment addresses the determination of prevailing wage rates for purposes of the DBA, the comment is outside the scope of these regulations. The Proposed Regulations would have largely incorporated the definition of wages from 29 CFR 5.2 for the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Under 29 CFR 5.2 wages include any contribution irrevocably made by a contractor or subcontractor to a trustee or to a third person pursuant to a bona fide fringe benefit fund, plan, or program; and the rate of costs to the contractor or subcontractor that may be reasonably anticipated in providing bona fide fringe benefits to laborers and mechanics pursuant to an enforceable commitment to carry out a financially responsible plan or program, which was communicated in writing to the laborers and mechanics affected. The Proposed Regulations would have therefore included in the payment of prevailing wages, the rate of costs to an employer to provide bona fide fringe benefits. Additionally, the statute requires the payment of prevailing wages in accordance with the DBA and does not allow lower wage rates because there is a collective bargaining agreement or if 90 percent of workers have been paid the applicable wage rates. Accordingly, the changes suggested by the commenter are not incorporated.

A commenter stated that the Proposed Regulations impose no obligation on taxpayers to confirm that fringe benefit contributions by contractors are made to bona fide entities. The commenter suggested requiring taxpayers to: (i) provide notice of an enforceable commitment to provide bona fide fringe benefits, and (ii) confirm that fringe benefit contributions made on behalf of laborers and mechanics by contractors and subcontractors are made to a bona fide fringe benefit fund, plan, or program. Another commenter request that the final regulations specifically allow for the payment of non-required forms of compensation, such as paying for a portion of health insurance, to make up for any wage payments that are below the prevailing wage rate.

Consistent with the DBA, the final regulations clarify that a taxpayer may discharge its wage obligations for the payment of prevailing wages by paying the full amount in cash, by making payments to a bona fide fringe benefit provider or incurring costs for bona fide fringe benefits, or by a combination thereof. As discussed previously, wages are defined to include contributions irrevocably made by a contractor or subcontractor to a trustee or to a third person pursuant to a bona fide fringe benefit fund, plan, or program. Failures by contractors or subcontractors to make payments to bona fide plans or programs may result in laborers and mechanics being paid wages at rates less than the required prevailing wage rates. However, there is flexibility because the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor can pay the entire prevailing wage amount through the basic hourly rate, including the cash equivalent of fringe benefits. They are permitted, but not required, to provide bona fide fringe benefits. If they do provide bona fide fringe benefits, the cost of those benefits is included in the prevailing wage rate. It is ultimately the taxpayer's responsibility to ensure compliance with the Prevailing Wage Requirements. These final regulations do not require any specific method for the taxpayer to ensure compliance; however, taxpayers must maintain records reflecting that compliance.

Other commenters opined that the DOL prevailing wage rates are based on unreliable methodologies and are flawed and inaccurate. A commenter stated that existing prevailing wage laws have an inflationary impact on construction costs. Similarly, a commenter suggested that the rates used for the wages are generally drawn from the nearest urban center and don't necessarily reflect local market conditions. A commenter expressed that the prevailing wage rates published by the DOL are subject to change and can vary greatly by location, category, and job type. The commenter suggested the uncertainty of prevailing wage rates will inhibit investment in clean energy projects and raise the cost and risk of such projects.

Under section 45(b)(7)(A), the increased credit amount provided by section 45(b)(6) is available with respect to a qualified facility if a taxpayer ensures that laborers and mechanics are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates for construction, alteration, or repair of a similar character in the locality in which such facility is located as most recently determined by the Secretary of Labor in accordance with the DBA. The statute mandates the use of prevailing wage rates determined by the DOL. The DOL Start Printed Page 53210 wage determination survey process and data sufficiency are outside the scope of these final regulations.

Commenters also stated that union classifications are complex and confusing and that nonunion contractors may struggle to classify certain jobs with descriptions contained in collective bargaining agreements that are not shared publicly. The commenter raised that the DOL has applied union work rules and job descriptions to any classification for which the union rate prevails. A commenter recommended that taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors should not be penalized for failing to conform to job descriptions that are not published by the DOL and/or the unions whose wage scales are found to be prevailing. The commenter suggested that, at a minimum, no intentional violation penalty should be assessed in the absence of publication of the job descriptions for each trade, which can be readily accomplished by posting hyperlinks to union collective bargaining agreements, or the DOL dictionary of occupation definitions.

Commenters also encouraged the Treasury Department and the IRS to recognize that new clean energy technologies require new labor classifications and suggested providing additional guidance regarding other types of professional workers unique to clean energy that should be considered distinct from laborers or mechanics. Commenters also requested that the DOL FAQs be amended to no longer preemptively declare that clean technology workers will generally be deemed covered and classified under so-called established trades, particularly with regard to solar and wind turbine industries. Commenters stated that standardization and definition regarding multiple labor categories is necessary to avoid protracted delays and confusion. Similarly, a commenter suggested that taxpayers should not be penalized for misclassifications arising from delays in the DOL determinations. Another commenter stated that no clear labor classifications exist for workers directly employed by nuclear power plant operators.

Other commenters recommended implementing the DOL system of trade and craft classifications under the DBA, including updates to the DBA regulations released in August of 2023. A commenter stated that the update contained specific recommendations for prevailing wage classifications, including new definitions of geographic localities and broader definitions of construction to better reflect work on clean energy projects.

The Treasury Department and the IRS appreciate commenters' concerns and suggestions regarding emerging technologies and the need for consistency and transparency in the classification process. However, revisions to the DOL regulations and other guidance regarding worker classifications for DBA purposes are outside the scope of these final regulations.

Commenters also requested that the final regulations clarify the types of construction subject to wage determinations. For purposes of determining the applicable general wage determination, the Proposed Regulations would have provided that the types of construction for which wage determinations may be issued include, but are not limited to, building, residential, heavy, and highway, which are the types of construction for which the DOL issues general wage determinations under the DBA. [ 29 ]

A commenter recommended clarifying that the DOL definition and interpretation of the types of construction should control for PWA purposes and that only those types of construction designated by the DOL as of a similar character in the locality should be permitted for IRA projects. Other commenters supported only recognizing the DOL's four major categories of construction.

The language in the Proposed Regulations was intended to align with the types of construction for which the DOL currently issues wage determinations and allow for additional or different classifications should the DOL designate additional classifications in the future. The final regulations clarify that the types of construction are those identified by the DOL and provide the flexibility for the DOL to add to or modify those categories as necessary within the DOL's existing authorities. Any decision by the DOL to add to or modify those categories is outside of the scope of these final regulations.

A commenter requested that the final regulations clarify whether the definition of wages as used in sections 45(b)(7)(A) and 45Q(h)(3) has the same meaning as wages provided by 48 CFR 22.401 and whether such wages should be computed according to 48 CFR 22.406-2 . The final regulations do not adopt this comment because section 45(b)(7)(A) requires taxpayers to ensure that wages are paid at rates not less than the prevailing rates in accordance with the DBA and not the Federal Acquisition Regulations in Title 48 of the Code of Federal Regulations .

One commenter recommended expressly adopting the DBA's “30-percent rule,” whereby the prevailing wage rate is defined as the rate paid to the greatest number or laborers or mechanics in the classification on similar projects in the area during the period in question, provided that the wage is paid to at least 30 percent of those employed in the classification. Section 45(b)(7)(A)(ii) requires taxpayers who are seeking an increased credit amount to ensure that laborers and mechanics are paid wages at rates that are not less than the prevailing rates “as most recently determined” by the DOL in accordance with the DBA. The Proposed Regulations would have provided for incorporation of DBA rules for determining prevailing wage rates by defining prevailing wage rates as those rates most recently determined by the DOL. Consistent with section 45(b)(7)(A)(ii), the final regulations retain the rule from the Proposed Regulations; they do not incorporate the comment to expressly adopt the 30-percent rule.

The Proposed Regulations would have provided special procedures for the limited circumstances in which a general wage determination does not provide an applicable wage rate(s) for the work to be performed on the facility or if there is no applicable general wage determination. These circumstances would include cases in which no general wage determination has been issued for the geographic area or for the specified type of construction, or in which the DOL has issued a general wage determination for the relevant geographic area and type of construction, but one or more labor classifications necessary for the construction, alteration, or repair work that will be done on the facility is not listed as part of that determination.

The Proposed Regulations would have provided that under these circumstances, a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor would need to request a supplemental wage determination or request a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification from the DOL. Under the Proposed Regulations, a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor could have also requested a supplemental wage determination if the location of the facility involves work by covered laborers and mechanics that spans more than one contiguous geographic area. The procedures for Start Printed Page 53211 requesting a supplemental wage determination or a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification from the DOL were intended to correspond to the provisions under the DBA that allow contracting agencies to seek a project wage determination or a conformance under 29 CFR 1.5(b) and 5.5(a)(1)(iii) , respectively.

With respect to supplemental wage determination requests and requests for additional classifications and wage rates, proposed § 1.45-7(b)(3)(ii)(A) would have provided that a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor should make such requests no more than 90 days before the beginning of construction, alteration, or repair, as appropriate. While the procedures for requesting a supplemental wage determination or rates for additional classifications would have generally been consistent with DBA rules, there is no similar timing requirement under DBA rules with respect to project wage determinations or conformances that are requested by the contracting agency. The 90-day limitation was proposed to limit requests for hypothetical wage determinations that were not tied to actual construction projects in the final planning stages. According to the DOL, this concern is addressed in the DBA context through the involvement of the contracting agency, but there is no contracting agency involved in the construction of facilities for PWA purposes that would help avoid unnecessary and hypothetical requests.

Commenters generally expressed support of the supplemental wage determination and additional classification process. Commenters stated that the procedures were largely consistent with processes under the DBA and were necessary given the constant transformational nature of the construction industry. One commenter expressed support for the requirement that any requests for additional wage determinations bear a reasonable relationship to the established wage rates, consistent with the DBA rules. The commenter also supported the IRS's recognition that a request for a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification would not be permitted to be used to split, subdivide, or otherwise avoid application of classifications listed in a general wage determination. In addition, commenters supported adopting the DOL test for determining whether to approve a taxpayer or contractor's request to add a missing classification to a DBA wage determination. Some commenters requested that the final regulations expressly adopt the DOL three-part conformance test for adding missing classifications to wage determinations. Commenters claimed that adopting DOL regulations governing conformance requests would help protect multiskilled occupations from unscrupulous contractors inventing unnecessary subclassifications for the purpose of paying workers less. The commenters also suggested clarifying that the DOL will consider the views of construction workers to be employed in the requested classification and stakeholders, including labor unions in the affected area, with respect to the adequacy of the requested classification and/or proposed wage and fringe benefits rates.

The Treasury Department and the IRS coordinated extensively with the DOL in drafting the supplemental wage determination and additional classification process outlined in the Proposed Regulations. The procedures in proposed § 1.45-7(b)(3) for requesting a supplemental wage determination or a rate for an additional classification from the DOL would have corresponded to the provisions under the DBA that allow contracting agencies to seek a project wage determination or a conformance under 29 CFR 1.5(b) and 5.5(a)(1)(iii) , respectively. They would have included certain minor differences from the conformance process to account for the absence of a Federal contracting agency. The comments suggesting that the DOL should alter its underlying process and methodology for determining prevailing wages (both in the DBA and the PWA context) are not adopted. Additionally, changes to DOL procedures regarding the DBA are outside the scope of these final regulations as the DOL administers those DBA provisions.

Several commenters shared concerns with the wage determination process administered by the DOL. One commenter stated that numerous occupations in the clean energy industry are unrepresented in the general wage determinations currently offered by the DOL, such as wind technicians often relied upon for the installation and assembly of onshore and offshore wind turbines. One commenter stated that nuclear power generating facilities are different than other construction projects, including other electric generating facilities, and that the specialized roles performed by employees at nuclear facilities are not always covered by existing DOL classifications. A commenter also asked for guidance on how to categorize specific repairs or alterations of an existing nuclear facility for purposes of DOL general wage determinations. Similarly, commenters recommended providing additional guidance about multi-category projects, such as who will make the final determination on the classification of a project (for example, building or heavy), and the category a contractor should follow.

Comments requesting additional classifications and additional guidance from the DOL on the application of appropriate classifications are outside the scope of these final regulations. The procedures for requesting a supplemental wage determination or a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification from the DOL continue to apply.

Some commenters were critical of the proposed rule requiring that a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor request a supplemental wage determination no more than 90 days before the beginning of construction of a facility. Commenters stated that the 90-day period is too short because of the high importance of the prevailing wage determination on the cost of labor. Similar to general wage determinations, commenters stated that it is necessary to know project costs at the bidding stage, and bidding on contracts to construct a facility takes place far more than 90 days before the beginning of construction, often more than one year prior to construction beginning. Some commenters suggested the time be extended to a year before a bid is due or 24 months before the beginning of construction, asserting that this would provide all potential bidders with sufficient clarity on wage determinations and job classifications in sufficient time to make informed bids on solar and other clean energy projects. The commenter also stated that this would reduce the number of requests to the DOL, which will mitigate the burden on government regulators and allow them to process requests more efficiently.

The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with the comments seeking additional time to request supplemental wage determinations and rates for additional classifications. The commenters persuasively argued that wage determinations issued at or near the beginning of construction are not helpful for taxpayers who will likely seek to enter contracts well in advance of construction starting. Taxpayers and their contractors need certainty regarding the labor costs of a project at the time of entering contracts for work to be performed rather than when construction begins. Moreover, the 90-day period prior to construction starting lacks consistency with the rules under the DBA. The final regulations revise the Proposed Regulations to align the timing of requests for supplemental Start Printed Page 53212 wage determinations or rates for additional classification with the contract framework adopted for general wage determinations. The final regulations update when taxpayers must request a supplemental wage determination or rate for additional classification from the DOL to provide greater certainty for taxpayers and better align with the rules under the DBA, while also preventing an influx of hypothetical requests for supplemental wage determinations or additional classifications that would be administratively burdensome to the DOL.

Under the final regulations, requests for supplemental wage determinations cannot be made more than 90 days before the date the contract between the taxpayer (or the taxpayer's designee, assignee, or agent) and a contractor for construction, alteration, or repair of the facility is expected to be executed. The final regulations further prescribe that any supplemental wage determinations are required to be incorporated into the contract between the taxpayer and contractor within 180 days of issuance. The 180-day period for incorporation into a contract provides consistency with the DBA rules under 29 CFR 1.6(a)(3)(i) .

Under the final regulations, requests for prevailing wage rates for additional classifications can be made any time after a contract for the construction, alteration, or repair of a facility has been executed between the taxpayer and a contractor. The final regulations balance the need of taxpayers for increased certainty regarding labor costs at or near the time of entering a contract with the need to limit hypothetical requests that are not tied to actual construction projects. The DOL WHD has advised the Treasury Department and the IRS that most taxpayers will likely not need to use the process for requesting a supplemental wage determination or request a rate for an additional classification because of the availability of general wage determinations.

Commenters requested that the final regulations provide that if a response from the DOL for an additional wage rate is not provided within a specific time period, such as 60 days, the prevailing wage rate requirement for that role should no longer apply. Under the Proposed Regulations, the procedures for requesting a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification from the DOL were intended to correspond to the provisions under the DBA that allow contracting agencies to seek a conformance under 29 CFR 5.5(a)(1)(iii) . Section 5.5(a)(1)(iii) of the DBA regulations provides that the DOL will approve, modify, or disapprove any classification action within 30 days of receipt or advise the requesting contracting agency within the 30-day period that additional time is necessary. To retain consistency with the DBA and address the valid taxpayer and contractor concerns regarding cost certainty and preventing unreasonable delays, the final regulations adopt similar language that the DOL will resolve requests for a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification within 30 days of receipt or advise the requester within the 30-day period that additional time is necessary. The final regulations do not, however, adopt the commenters suggestion that a delay in receiving an additional wage rate excepts a taxpayer from the requirement to pay wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates for that role.

An additional commenter recommended that, in instances in which taxpayers receive a supplemental wage determination or a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification, taxpayers be provided a 30-day grace period during which to pay the affected employees the difference between the wage determination and previous wage rates. A commenter also proposed a 30-day grace period following a denial or partial-relief from an appeal with respect to wage determinations generally.

The Treasury Department and the IRS recognize the possibility that the DOL response to a request for a supplemental wage determination or additional classifications may not be issued until after laborers and mechanics have started working on the facility or project. The Proposed Regulations would have provided that the taxpayer would not be considered to have failed to meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements with respect to any mechanics or laborers whose wage rate was subject to the request and who were paid less than the prevailing wage rate before the determination by the DOL if the taxpayer requests the supplemental wage determination or prevailing wage rate for an additional classification before the beginning of construction (or as soon as practicable after the start of construction) and makes a correction payment within 30 days of the determination to each laborer or mechanic equal to the difference between the amount of wages paid to such laborer or mechanic before the determination and the amount of wages required by the Prevailing Wage Requirements to be paid to such laborer or mechanic during such period. This exception is intended to mitigate a rule that would require taxpayers to make correction and penalty payments for failures to pay a prevailing wage rate that could not be timely determined by the taxpayer. The same considerations do not apply to the request for additional time while an appeal with respect to a wage determination is pending. Therefore, the final regulations adopt the proposed rule without change.

Commenters also requested that the final regulations require consistency between who can request supplemental wage determinations or additional classifications and who can seek reconsideration of such a decision. A commenter stated that proposed § 1.45-7(b)(3)(ii)(A) would have provided that a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor request a supplemental wage determination or additional classification and wage rate and after review, the DOL WHD will notify the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor as to the supplemental wage determination or the labor classifications and wage rates to be used for the type of work in question in the geographic area in which the facility is located. However, proposed § 1.45-7(b)(4) would have provided that, in connection with seeking a reconsideration of a wage determination, a “taxpayer may seek reconsideration and review by the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division of a general wage determination, or a determination issued with respect to a request for a supplemental wage determination or additional classification and wage rate.” In contrast, one commenter requested that only taxpayers be permitted to request supplemental wage determinations. Under 29 CFR 1.8(a) , any interested party may seek reconsideration of a wage determination.

The final regulations clarify that any supplemental wage determination or rate for additional classification request may be made by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor. With respect to seeking a reconsideration of a general wage determination, or a determination issued with respect to a request for a supplemental wage determination or rate for additional classification request, the final regulations further clarify that the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor may seek the reconsideration. Ultimately, the taxpayer must ensure that the PWA requirements are satisfied regardless of whether a contractor or subcontractor requested a supplemental wage determination or requested an additional classification. Start Printed Page 53213

With respect to the prevailing wage rates for apprentices, the Proposed Regulations would have adopted 29 CFR 5.5(a)(4)(i) , allowing the payment of wages that differ from the applicable prevailing wage rate to apprentices who are participating in a registered apprenticeship program. The Proposed Regulations would have also provided that taxpayers and contractors or subcontractors who employ individuals who are not in a registered apprenticeship program or who employ apprentices in excess of applicable ratios permitted by the registered apprenticeship program would need to pay those individuals the full prevailing wage rate listed for the classification of the work performed in the applicable wage determination.

A commenter recommended increasing the rate of pay for apprentices, given the frequency at which apprentices travel for work. This comment is not adopted as the prevailing rate of pay for work performed by apprentices is determined by the DOL and is outside the scope of these final regulations. Comments concerning employing apprentices in excess of the applicable ratios are discussed in Section VIII.A.2. and employing individuals who are not apprentices because they are not participating in a registered apprenticeship program are discussed in Section VIII.A.5., of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions.

The Proposed Regulations would have provided a reciprocity rule. Under the proposed reciprocity rule, if the construction is occurring in a geographic area other than the geographic area in which an apprenticeship program is registered, the ratio applicable within the geographic area where the construction is being performed would apply. If there is no applicable ratio for the geographic area of the facility, the ratio specified in the registered apprenticeship program standard would apply.

Commenters requested clarification on the applicable apprentice-to-journeyworker ratio if work is performed outside of the geographic area in which the apprenticeship program typically operates. A few commenters suggested that the final regulations adopt a reciprocity standard that would permit taxpayers to apply either the apprenticeship-to-journeyworker ratio set by the registered apprenticeship program or the State where the construction is being performed. Another commenter recommended giving taxpayers flexibility to determine the appropriate ratio and wage rates if the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor is performing covered work in a geographic area other than that in which the apprenticeship program is registered.

The Treasury Department and the IRS appreciate commenters' requested clarification on the proposed reciprocity rule and work that is performed outside of the geographic area in which the apprenticeship program is registered. The proposed reciprocity rule would have largely followed the rule in 29 CFR 5.5(a)(4)(i)(D) regarding the payment of prevailing wages to apprentices. Based on consultations with the DOL, the Treasury Department and the IRS understand that this rule is intended to apply in cases in which the ratio requirement of the State where the construction occurs is stricter than that of the registered apprenticeship program. The final regulations largely adopt the proposed rule, and also clarify that if more than one apprentice-to-journeyworker ratio could apply because the construction work is occurring in a geographic area where the registered apprenticeship program is not registered, the taxpayer must comply with the apprentice-to-journeyworker ratio set for the geographic area where the construction occurs. Thus, if the geographic area in which the construction is occurring requires a higher number of journeyworkers per apprentices than the ratio required by the registered apprenticeship program, then the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor must follow the stricter ratio. The final regulations also adopt the proposed rule that the wage rates (expressed in percentage of the journeyworker hourly rate) applicable in the geographic area in which the construction, alteration, or repair work is performed must be observed.

A commenter requested guidance for determining the apprentice or apprentices that must be paid not less than the full prevailing wage rate for their hours if the daily ratio requirement is not satisfied. The final regulations clarify that the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor, as applicable, has the discretion to determine which apprentice(s) must receive the full prevailing wage rate for hours worked if there is a failure to satisfy the Ratio Requirement.

At least one commenter recommended that the final regulations not require taxpayers to pay at least the full prevailing wage rate to apprentices in excess of the applicable ratio. Under the DBA, any apprentice performing work on the job site in excess of the ratio permitted under the registered program or the ratio applicable to the geographic area of the facility pursuant to 29 CFR 5.5(a)(4)(i) must be paid not less than the full applicable prevailing wage rate on the wage determination for the work actually performed. The Proposed Regulations would have provided that the calculation of the prevailing wage rate for the work of apprentices would be in accordance with the DBA rules. The proposed rule is adopted as final.

A commenter raised that the Proposed Regulations appear to limit the number of apprentices that can be paid the apprenticeship rate to the number of apprenticeships required by the regulation. The commenter stated that limiting the number of apprentices that can be paid the apprenticeship rate to the number of apprentices required by the regulation discourages the use of a larger number of apprentices and would seem to violate the policy objectives of the requirements to use apprentices. On the other hand, a commenter recommended adopting the DOL oversight and quality control standards, including apprentice-to-journeyworker ratios, to help ensure safe training of apprentices.

Apprentice-to-journeyworker ratios prescribe the minimum number of journeyworkers required for each apprentice that is on a job site on a given day to ensure the appropriate training and supervision of apprentices and to maintain workplace safety. The apprentice-to-journeyworker ratio does not impose a cap on the total number of apprentices that can be paid the apprentice rate. For example, a taxpayer may satisfy a 1:1 ratio by hiring one journeyworker and one apprentice or by hiring 20 journeyworkers and 20 apprentices. The prescribed ratio does not restrict the total number of individuals that are hired.

Commenters suggested clarifying the extent to which the relevant definitions under proposed § 1.45-7(d) for the Prevailing Wage Requirements apply to the proposed § 1.45-8(f) definitions for the Apprenticeship Requirements. The final regulations align the relevant definitions for the Prevailing Wage Requirements in § 1.45-7(d) with the Apprenticeship Requirements in § 1.45-8(g).

Proposed § 1.45-7(d)(7) would have defined the terms laborer and mechanic consistent with the definition under the Start Printed Page 53214 DBA as those individuals whose duties are manual or physical in nature (including those individuals who use tools or who are performing the work of a trade). Under the Proposed Regulations, laborers and mechanics would not have included individuals whose duties are primarily administrative, executive, or clerical, rather than manual. Persons employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity as defined in 29 CFR part 541 would not be deemed to be laborers or mechanics. These individuals are generally exempt under the Fair Labor Standards Act and are not labors or mechanics for purposes of the DBA. Consistent with the DBA, working forepersons who devote more than 20 percent of their time during a workweek to laborer or mechanic duties, and who do not meet the criteria for exemption under 29 CFR part 541 , also would be considered laborers and mechanics for the time spent conducting laborer and mechanic duties. Under the Proposed Regulations, laborers and mechanics would have included apprentices and helpers. The Treasury Department and the IRS requested comments on the treatment of working forepersons or owners performing the duties of laborers and mechanics under certain circumstances, and other executive or administrative personnel who also perform duties of a manual or physical nature, in the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility.

At least one commenter requested that the Treasury Department and the IRS confirm that the terms laborer and mechanic are defined as under the DBA to include individuals whose duties are manual or physical in nature rather than primarily administrative, executive, or clerical. Commenters also requested that the final regulations exclude certain owners and specialized employees from the definitions of laborer and mechanic, such as engineers, architects, inspectors, testers, and troubleshooters; wind or solar commissioning technicians; workers involved in tie-ins and other commissioning, testing, and troubleshooting of grid-connected facilities after mechanical completion; workers associated with initial energization, testing, and synchronization of installed equipment; wind turbine commissioners; and other similar professionals. In requesting these exclusions from the definition of laborer or mechanic, commenters analogized work described in the DOL Field Operations Handbook (FOH) [ 30 ] that is not covered under the DBA unless those individuals are performing the duties of a laborer or mechanic.

Commenters generally supported the working foreperson rule, but some sought additional guidance regarding whether the 20-percent threshold applies to professional workers other than working forepersons. Some commenters requested clarifying that any foreperson, owner, or administrative, executive, or clerical personnel contributing more than 20 percent of their time during a workweek to laborer or mechanic duties be considered laborers and mechanics for the time spent conducting laborer and mechanic duties, even if they are exempt under 29 CFR part 541 . Other commenters suggested limiting the application of the 20-percent threshold to these other individuals, but only if they are not exempt under 29 CFR part 541 . A few commenters suggested that individuals who own at least a 20 percent equity interest and work on a construction project, should also be excluded from the PWA requirements, because they are not subject to DBA requirements to receive prevailing wages. One commenter asked if non-exempt individuals (other than working forepersons) who devote 20 percent or less of their time to laborer and mechanic duties are laborers and mechanics. One commenter stated that it would be difficult for taxpayers and contractors to bifurcate supervisory and direct time for a working foreperson in determining the 20-percent threshold.

The final regulations incorporate the definitions of laborer and mechanic from the Proposed Regulations, which is largely consistent with the definition of those terms for DBA purposes. The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that providing an exhaustive list of those specialized employees who are not laborers or mechanics or defining laborers and mechanics on an industry-by-industry basis is not practical and does not provide the necessary flexibility for future industry developments. Although the DOL FOH may provide some guidance to taxpayers, whether an individual is a laborer or mechanic will depend on the specific job duties and the relevant facts and circumstances. The final regulations also adopt the rule that persons employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity as defined in 29 CFR part 541 are not deemed to be laborers or mechanics and the working foreperson rule as proposed. The final regulations do not extend the working forepersons rule to other working professionals or adopt any exceptions from the proposed rule for owners.

Consistent with the DBA, proposed § 1.45-7(d)(4) would have provided that the definition of employed means “performing the duties of a laborer or mechanic for the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor (as applicable), regardless of whether the individual would be characterized as an employee or an independent contractor for other Federal tax purposes.” For purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements, this definition would generally be different and broader than the definition used elsewhere in the Code, for example with respect to employment taxes, as well as the associated reporting and withholding obligations. Laborers and mechanics who are independent contractors for employment tax purposes may be considered employed for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements.

Commenters supported the Proposed Regulation's definition of “employed.” The commenters stated that the application of prevailing wages to all workers, even if they are non-employees, aligns with the DBA. The Treasury Department and the IRS agree, and the proposed definition is adopted without change.

Proposed § 1.45-7(d)(2)(i) would have provided that the term construction, alteration, or repair generally means “construction, prosecution, completion, or repair” as defined in 29 CFR 5.2 of the DBA regulations. In general, 29 CFR 5.2 defines construction, prosecution, completion, or repair as all types of work done on a particular building or work at the site of the work. Proposed § 1.45-7(d)(2)(i) would have also clarified that construction, alteration, or repair for purposes of the PWA requirements has no bearing on any other sections of the Code, including any determination of construction, alteration, repair, or maintenance under section 162 or 263 of the Code.

Some commenters requested clarification on the definition of construction, alteration, or repair of a facility. Commenters also requested clarification that alteration or repair means construction-like or construction-type activities. One commenter suggested clarifying the differences between construction and alteration or repair so that a taxpayer may determine those activities that constitute construction and those that are Start Printed Page 53215 alteration or repair. Commenters also recommended clarifying whether, as under the DBA, the PWA requirements do not apply to installation work related to supply or service contracts, unless such installation involves substantial construction work distinct and separable from the non-construction aspects of the contract. One commenter requested clarifying that the work of material suppliers is not considered construction consistent with the DBA. Another commenter requested that the final regulations clarify that certain preliminary work that is not considered construction for DBA purposes (such as exploratory drilling), is not considered construction for PWA purposes.

In response to comments the final regulations clarify that “construction, alteration, or repair” means the same activities that are covered by the DBA definition of construction, prosecution, completion, or repair under 29 CFR 5.2 that are performed with respect to a facility. Activities that are excluded from the DBA definition of construction, prosecution, completion, or repair under 29 CFR 5.2 are similarly excluded under the final regulations. This definition of construction, alteration, or repair covers some activities that occur during the construction of a facility before it is placed in service as well as activities that take place after placed in service as alterations or repairs. Further, specific installation work (as applicable) that occurs during the construction of a facility would be subject to PWA requirements consistent with 29 CFR 5.2 . As discussed in Section VI. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the final regulations clarify that construction of a facility is interpreted consistent with the underlying definition of a facility for tax purposes.

Proposed § 1.45-7(d)(2)(i) would have provided that the term construction, alteration, or repair generally excludes maintenance work that occurs after a facility is placed in service. The preamble to the Proposed Regulations stated that maintenance would be work that is ordinary and regular in nature and designed to maintain existing functionality of a facility as opposed to an isolated or infrequent repair of a facility to restore specific functionality or adapt the facility for a different or improved use.

Under the Proposed Regulations, work designed to maintain and preserve functionality of a facility after it is placed in service would have included basic maintenance such as regular inspections of the facility, regular cleaning and janitorial work, replacing materials with limited lifespans such as filters and light bulbs, and the calibration of any equipment. Proposed § 1.45-7(d)(2)(i) would have provided that maintenance work that occurs before the facility is placed in service may constitute construction for which prevailing wages must be paid in order to claim the increased credit amount. Under the Proposed Regulations, maintenance would not have included work that improves a facility, adapts it for a different use, or restores functionality as a result of inoperability. Proposed § 1.45-7(d)(2)(ii) would have also included an example.

Commenters requested additional guidance on how to determine whether work performed after a facility is placed in service is alteration or repair work or maintenance work. One commenter requested clarification on how to distinguish between work that restores functionality and work designed to maintain and preserve existing functionalities. Commenters also suggested clarifying whether work performed before or after a facility is placed in service impacts whether it would be considered maintenance work.

One commenter suggested that the final regulations provide that maintenance work includes the standard replacement of equipment and parts (including with functionally similar, yet improved parts), minor or incidental repair or installation work, and routine tasks preventing failure or decline. Another commenter requested that the final regulations define maintenance to exclude work that is extended in nature, involves a major replacement, or is otherwise not regular and customary for the applicable type of project. Several commenters also requested that the final regulations define maintenance to include reactive maintenance, isolated or infrequent repair to restore specific functionality; troubleshooting; activities related to operations (operations and maintenance or O&M work); and work performed by welders, winders, or machinists to address a customer service outage. Another commenter suggested that work performed under a construction contract warranty after a facility is placed in service should be treated as maintenance work.

A few commenters suggested that the final regulations incorporate a de minimis threshold to distinguish between maintenance and alteration or repair work based on either a specified dollar amount and/or a percentage of the original capitalized cost of the qualified facility. Other commenters suggested that the term maintenance in the Proposed Regulations be revised to mirror descriptions of maintenance work in DBA sub-regulatory guidance, the Service Contract Act (SCA), nuclear industry maintenance standards, or regulations and case law related to sections 162 and 263.

Commenters stated that the example provided under proposed § 1.45-7(d)(2)(ii) may have unintentionally suggested a broader definition of alteration or repair than anticipated, because the example described the replacement of a part in an inverter as a rare occurrence although it may be a regular occurrence at a solar farm. A few commenters suggested that the final regulations incorporate additional examples of basic maintenance, and alteration or repair activities, as applied to specific facilities or properties, including alternative fuel infrastructure, solar farms, biogas systems, ethanol facilities, nuclear facilities, and offshore wind facilities.

In the Proposed Regulations, the Treasury Department and the IRS sought to distinguish between alteration and repair work (for which payment of prevailing wages is required whether the work occurs before or after the qualified facility is placed in service) and maintenance work (for which payment of prevailing wages is required only if the work occurs before a qualified facility is placed in service), consistent with the DBA and DOL sub-regulatory guidance contained in the Prevailing Wage Resource Book (PWRB). [ 31 ]

While 29 CFR 5.2 includes various activities that fall within the definition of construction, including altering, remodeling, some installation work, and painting and decorating, it does not specifically address maintenance work. However, the DOL PWRB compares servicing and maintenance work typically covered by the SCA and construction activities of all types that are covered by the DBA.

The DOL PWRB describes maintenance work that would be covered by the SCA, and not the DBA, as work that is routinely scheduled and continuous or recurring. According to the PWRB, SCA-covered maintenance work typically includes: (i) work that is needed to keep the building or work in its current condition so that it may continue to be used; (ii) work that does not improve the current condition or function of the building or work; or (iii) work that may be completed relatively Start Printed Page 53216 quickly. Additionally, according to the PWRB, SCA-covered maintenance work uses skills that are not typical of the construction trade. By contrast, the PWRB states that DBA-covered repair work typically includes activities such as the restoration or improvement of a building or work by replacement, overhaul, or reprocessing of constituent parts or materials. According to the PWRB, DBA-covered repair work includes an activity that: (i) generally improves the building or work, either by fixing something that is not functioning properly or by improving upon the building or work's existing condition; (ii) is not continuous or recurring, but involves the correction of individual problems or defects as separate and segregable incidents; (iii) improves the building or work's structural strength, stability, safety, capacity, efficiency, or usefulness; or (iv) takes more time to complete. Finally, according to the PWRB, DBA-covered repair work uses skills that are typical of the construction trades.

The DOL PWRB also states that an important factor in determining coverage under the SCA or the DBA is whether the activity is undertaken as part of a construction project prior to its completion. For example, the DBA applies if cleanup, landscaping, carpet laying, and drapery installation activities are undertaken as an integral part of or in conjunction with new construction, such as under a construction contract under which such activities preceded and are conditional to acceptance of a building or public work by the owner. The SCA, however, applies if the same activities are performed after construction and after contractors and subcontractors have finished and left the site, and after the contracting agency has accepted the building.

The Proposed Regulations would have distilled the guidance in 29 CFR 5.2 and the guidance in the DOL PWRB [ 32 ] to provide that work designed to maintain and preserve functionality of a facility after it is placed in service would not be subject to the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Work designed to maintain and preserve functionality of a facility after it is placed in service would have included basic maintenance such as regular inspections of the facility, regular cleaning and janitorial work, replacing materials with limited lifespans such as filters and light bulbs, and the calibration of any equipment. However, paying prevailing wages would be required for work that improves a facility, adapts it for a different use, or restores functionality as a result of inoperability.

The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that additional clarification on the distinction between alteration and repair work and maintenance work is needed. Accordingly, the final regulations revise the Proposed Regulations to more closely align with 29 CFR 5.2 and DOL sub-regulatory guidance in the PWRB.

Specifically, the final regulations provide that maintenance work is work that is routinely scheduled and continuous or recurring. The final regulations explain that maintenance normally involves the activity of keeping the facility in its current condition so that it may continue to be used. The final regulations include additional clarifying criteria that repair work normally includes an activity that: (i) improves the facility, either by fixing something that is not functioning properly or by improving upon the facility's existing condition; (ii) involves the correction of individual problems or defects as separate and segregable incidents and is not continuous or recurring; or (iii) improves the facility's structural strength, stability, safety, capacity, efficiency, or usefulness. The final regulations retain the proposed rule that maintenance work that occurs before the qualified facility is placed in service generally constitutes construction work for which wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates must be paid.

As stated by many commenters, and several administrative decisions involving the application of the DBA or the SCA, [ 33 ] the determination of whether work is properly viewed as maintenance or as an alteration or repair is dependent on the specific facts and circumstances of the work. The final regulations clarify that the facts and circumstances are ultimately determinative.

Because of the highly factual nature of the determination regarding whether an activity is maintenance or alteration or repair work, the final regulations do not adopt suggestions to include additional examples distinguishing between maintenance and alteration or repair. Additionally, the example in proposed § 1.45-7(d)(2)(ii) has been removed. Providing industry-by-industry examples is not practicable and may imply an inconsistent application of the general rule. As stated in the comments, for example, the proposed example was not indicative of ordinary practices in the solar industry. The Treasury Department and the IRS understand that taxpayers may encounter difficulties in distinguishing maintenance from alterations or repairs; however, the additional information contained in the final regulations provides taxpayers with sufficient guidance to help differentiate their activities based on the taxpayer's relevant facts and circumstances. Additionally, the Treasury Department and the IRS decline, at this time, to provide a de minimis threshold or safe harbor distinguishing between maintenance work and alteration or repair work.

Section 45(b)(7)(B)(i) provides that if a taxpayer fails to satisfy the Prevailing Wage requirements, the taxpayer “shall be deemed to have satisfied such requirement under such subparagraph with respect to such facility for any year if, with respect to any laborer or mechanic who was paid wages at a rate below the [prevailing rate] for any period during such year,” the taxpayer makes the applicable correction payments and pays the penalty. Under section 45(b)(7)(B)(i)(II), the amount of the penalty is $5,000 multiplied by the total number of laborers and mechanics who were paid wages at a rate below the required prevailing rates. Section 45(b)(7)(B)(iii) provides that if the failure to ensure that the laborers and mechanics are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates is found to be due to intentional disregard, then the amount of the correction payment is tripled and the amount of the penalty payment is doubled.

The Proposed Regulations would have required the payment of wages at rates not less than the prevailing wage rates at the time work is performed with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of a facility in order to claim the increased credit amount. The Proposed Regulations would have also provided that the requirement to pay not less than Start Printed Page 53217 the prevailing wage rates becomes binding only if the increased credit amount is claimed on a return, and that the obligation to make correction payments and pay the penalty would not become binding until a return is filed claiming the increased credit amount.

The preamble to the Proposed Regulations stated that, in general, taxpayers would be obligated to make any necessary correction payments to any laborer and mechanic on or before the date a return is filed claiming an increased credit amount. Under the Proposed Regulations, the earliest time that a taxpayer can make a penalty payment to the IRS would have been at the time of filing a tax return claiming the increased credit amount. However, taxpayers would retain the option of making correction payments to laborers and mechanics at any time after the initial wage payments were made and in advance of the filing of a tax return claiming the increased credit amount in order to limit the amount of additional interest the taxpayer would have to pay at the elevated rates set forth in section 45(b)(7)(B)(i)(I)(bb). The Proposed Regulations would have provided that whether taxpayers make the necessary correction payments and pay the penalty amounts promptly is one of the facts and circumstances that would be considered for purposes of the enhanced penalties for intentional disregard.

Under section 45(b)(7)(B)(iv), once the IRS makes a final determination that a taxpayer has failed to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements, the taxpayer must make the correction and penalty payments within 180 days after the final determination to be eligible for the increased credit. The Proposed Regulations would have also provided a deadline for a taxpayer's ability to use the correction and penalty provisions to rectify a failure to comply with the Prevailing Wage Requirements once the IRS makes a final determination that a taxpayer has failed to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements. The Proposed Regulations would have clarified that this final determination would come in the form of a notice sent by the IRS.

One commenter argued that it is inequitable to permit taxpayers to receive the benefit of increased credit amounts before workers received their rightful compensation. The commenter stated that the penalty and cure provisions allow corrections after the filing of a tax return, when the credit is already claimed. The commenter suggested that the final regulations require correction no later than the earlier of the tax return filing or when the taxpayer receives an economic benefit. Another commenter recommended that corrective payments be required to be paid within 90 days following the year in which the original compensation should have been paid.

One commenter suggested that if the taxpayer's failure to pay prevailing wages was unintentional, the taxpayer should be given 90 days to make correction and penalty payments, but if the taxpayer acted intentionally then the taxpayer should be given 30 days to pay the penalty and two weeks to make correction payments. An additional commenter suggested extending the cure period to permit taxpayers to cure further mistakes once they become known.

The comments requesting changes to the timing of correction and penalty payments are not adopted. The prevailing wage provisions generally require compliance with the payment of applicable prevailing wage rates at the time work is performed. The final regulations reiterate the position in the Proposed Regulations that the correction and penalty provisions relate back to the time of the failure. For example, the final regulations provide that interest accrues on back wages to the time of the failure to pay wages at rates not less than the applicable prevailing rates. However, section 45(b)(7)(B)(iv) permits taxpayers to make correction and penalty payments up to 180 days after a final determination and remain eligible for the increased credit amount. These final regulations encourage the taxpayer to make correction payments sooner by waiving the penalty payment requirement if the taxpayer makes the required correction payment in a timely manner and meets additional requirements. Further, taxpayers may avoid some of the challenges in making correction payments, such as locating former employees, by addressing any failures immediately after discovering them.

Consistent with section 45(b)(7)(B)(ii), the Proposed Regulations would have provided that deficiency procedures do not apply to the assessment or collection of any penalty payment required to be made in connection with a failure to meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements. The Proposed Regulations would have clarified that although deficiency procedures would not apply to the penalty payment, deficiency procedures would apply to any determination by the IRS disallowing a taxpayer's claim for the increased credit amount (for example, because of a failure to pay prevailing wages and the correction and penalty amounts). Under the Proposed Regulations, if the taxpayer does not correct, and therefore is not subsequently granted the increased credit amount, no penalty would have been assessed under section 45(b)(7)(B).

Commenters requested that the final regulations provide guidance regarding a taxpayer's ability to contest an IRS determination that a taxpayer failed to pay prevailing wages. Commenters suggested that deficiency procedures be made available to challenge correction payment amounts due to laborers and mechanics once a final determination is made. A commenter suggested that taxpayers be provided a forum to expeditiously resolve any disputes regarding disallowed credits and all appeals of IRS determinations before such decisions become final. Commenters stated that, other than a failure to make the required correction and penalty payments, the Proposed Regulations do not specify under what circumstances there would be a determination by the IRS disallowing a claim for the increased credit amount.

The deficiency procedures are statutorily precluded and providing taxpayers prepayment forums to resolve disputes would cause unreasonable delays to workers who were entitled to correction payments from receiving the full amount of underpaid wages. Additionally, the statutory 180-day period taxpayers are allowed to cure a failure after receiving a final determination does not toll the general three-year statute of limitations for assessment under section 6501. Thus, the final regulations do not provide any additional forum for taxpayers to challenge an IRS determination. However, if a taxpayer refuses to make correction and penalty payments, the increased credit amount will be disallowed. Any disallowance of a credit, including disallowance of increased credit amounts, would be subject to deficiency procedures (including the opportunity to seek review by the IRS Independent Office of Appeals) and a taxpayer would be able to petition the U.S. Tax Court to review the underlying deficiency determination on a de novo basis.

A commenter appreciated the Treasury Department and the IRS's consideration of waivers for penalties and provisions for curing wage deficiencies but recommended that the taxpayer be given the opportunity to review and cure mistakes. The commenter explained that due to the complexity of the PWA requirements, the logistics of projects, and the management of people, there will be instances in which the taxpayer will not meet all of the PWA requirements Start Printed Page 53218 perfectly. The Treasury Department and the IRS agree and have provided for a limited penalty waiver to address such circumstances as discussed in Section VII.D.4. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions.

One commenter stated that a failure to maintain records by one or more subcontractors or a subsequent determination by the IRS that additional work, additional laborers or mechanics, or secondary construction sites are covered by the PWA requirements may create a circumstance in which the curative payment cannot be calculated because of the absence of records. The commenter suggested that the taxpayer not be disallowed the increased credit amount under such circumstances if the taxpayer is willing to make a curative payment based on a reasonable estimate of the wages that should have been paid. Commenters also suggested that the final regulations waive penalties and the requirement to make correction payments if the taxpayer hires a third-party reviewer, such as a certified public accountant, to review payroll records for compliance with the Prevailing Wage Requirements.

Permitting taxpayers to rely on a third-party reviewer to demonstrate compliance is inconsistent with the statutory requirement that the taxpayer ensure that laborers and mechanics are paid prevailing wages. Maintaining adequate records is the taxpayer's responsibility under section 6001 as explained in Section X.A. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions. A failure to maintain adequate records, even those of lower tier subcontractors, does not excuse taxpayers from their obligations to comply with the PWA requirements.

One commenter requested that the final regulations provide that corrective payments are neither taxable income to the workers nor deductible by the payors. The commenter stated that taxing corrective payments is unfair to the workers and argued that a taxpayer or transferee who receives the benefit of the tax credits should not be able to “double dip” and take a tax deduction for the payment of the penalty or the increased corrective payments. The determination of whether correction payments are taxable to a laborer or mechanic or deductible by the payor is governed by Federal tax law that is outside the scope of these final regulations.

Commenters stated that the preamble to the Proposed Regulations explained that the regulations would adopt, by cross-reference, the review and appeal procedures available to any interested party under the DBA with respect to wage determinations generally. Commenters explained that a DBA determination can be appealed to the DOL, a process that could take longer than the 180-day cure period under section 45(b)(7)(B)(iv). Commenters also sought clarification that the 180-day cure period would be tolled until a taxpayer has exhausted the appellate remedies with the DOL. From a practical standpoint, the commenter emphasized that once wages are paid it would be harmful to both employees and employers to attempt to claw back such payments if there is a subsequent determination by the DOL that results in the correction and penalty payments not being owed.

The final regulations do not adopt this comment to provide for tolling of the 180-day cure period if a wage determination has been appealed to the DOL. With respect to the commenter's comparison to the review and appeal procedures for wage determinations, that process is distinct from the 180-day period after an IRS determination during which a taxpayer may make correction and penalty payments to be deemed to have complied with the Prevailing Wage Requirements. The review and appeal procedures available to a taxpayer under the Proposed Regulations regarding wage determinations are with respect to the DOL's determination of an applicable prevailing wage rate. The IRS's determination of a failure to pay prevailing wage rates triggering the 180-day cure period is not subject to appeal, and thus not subject to tolling. Section 45(b)(7)(B)(ii) provides that the deficiency procedures for income, estate, gift, and certain excise taxes do not apply with respect to the assessment or collection of any penalty imposed by section 45(b)(7)(B). A taxpayer would, however, be able to appeal any disallowance of the increased credit amount after the expiration of the 180-day cure period.

Regarding the commenter's practical concern, if a taxpayer believes that the IRS incorrectly issued a final determination that the taxpayer failed to pay prevailing wages, then the taxpayer may decline to make correction and penalty payments and wait to petition an IRS deficiency determination to the U.S. Tax Court following the end of the 180-day cure period. Alternatively, after the IRS issues a final determination, the taxpayer could make correction and penalty payments and remain eligible for the increased credit amount. The taxpayer in this scenario would retain the ability to seek a refund of the penalty payments paid to the IRS.

One commenter observed that the cost of penalties is steep, given the reliance that most taxpayers will have to place on contractors and subcontractors to comply with the PWA requirements. The Treasury Department and the IRS recognize that taxpayers will have to oversee and rely on contractors and subcontractors to comply with the PWA requirements. However, the statutory text of the IRA puts the responsibility on the taxpayer to ensure that contractors and subcontractors comply with the PWA requirements, including section 45(b)(7)(B)(i)(ll), which prescribes the amount of penalty payment. Through the factors considered for purposes of intentional disregard, these regulations create a framework that encourages taxpayer practices, such as quarterly compliance reviews and flow-down contract provisions, that will assist taxpayers in complying with the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Further, these regulations reflect the Treasury Department's and the IRS's waiver authority with respect to the penalty if the failures were small in amount or occurred in a limited number of pay periods.

Additionally, a commenter requested that, specifically for the initial years following the application of the PWA requirements to the section 45Z credit, taxpayers be exempted from penalties if they make correction payments. The commenter stated that any noncompliance during initial years will more likely be a result of inexperience than intentional disregard. The Treasury Department and the IRS understand commenters' concerns regarding how the correction and penalty procedures affect each relevant industry or taxpayers claiming the increased amount of credit. A transition rule is provided for section 45Z, described in Section IX.G. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions. The penalty waiver for inadvertent errors is described in Section VII.D.4. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions.

Under section 45(b)(7)(B)(i), a taxpayer is deemed to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements if, with respect to any laborer or mechanic who was paid wages at rates less than the prevailing rates for any period during that year, the taxpayer makes a correction payment to the affected laborer or mechanic and the required penalty payment to the IRS. Section 45(b)(7)(B)(i) does not except taxpayers from the requirement to make the Start Printed Page 53219 correction payment, even if the taxpayer is unable to locate the laborer or mechanic.

The preamble to the Proposed Regulations explained that the Treasury Department and the IRS expect that taxpayers will be able to establish having made correction payments even if a former laborer or mechanic cannot be located and provided examples of how such payments could be made, such as compliance with State unclaimed property rules and withholding and information reporting obligations as means of substantiating the payments. The Treasury Department and the IRS requested comments concerning appropriate rules for situations in which laborers and mechanics who are owed wages cannot be located and how taxpayers may establish that they have made the required correction payment described in section 45(b)(7)(B)(i)(I).

A few commenters suggested that the final regulations provide additional guidance regarding situations in which correction payments are due to affected laborers or mechanics who cannot be located. A commenter suggested the formalization of specific procedures by the Treasury Department for such circumstances and asked the Treasury Department to solicit further comments from stakeholders on this issue. One commenter suggested requiring the taxpayer to send the corrective payment amount to the State where the missing worker performed the work along with payroll information validating the payment amount, and records of attempts by the taxpayer to reach the former laborer or mechanic. One commenter stated that the final regulations should not rely on State unclaimed property laws. A commenter stated that State unclaimed property laws may impose additional burdens and complexities on taxpayers (such as requirements that due diligence efforts be undertaken by a holder of unclaimed property to find the rightful owner of such property before the property can be delivered to the State). Other commenters asked that the final regulations provide that a payment made to a State pursuant to the State's unclaimed property rules be deemed to satisfy the correction payment requirement for purposes of section 45(b)(7)(B)(i)(I).

The Treasury Department and the IRS recognize that the construction of a qualified facility may occur over the course of several years and some taxpayers who fail to meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements may be unable to locate all laborers and mechanics to which correction payments must be made. However, section 45(b)(7)(B)(i) does not excuse taxpayers from the requirement to make the correction payment, even if the taxpayer is unable to locate the laborer or mechanic. Unless another exception applies, if a taxpayer fails to make and substantiate all necessary correction payments, the taxpayer will not be eligible for the increased credit amount. Although the statute and final regulations permit corrections, contemporaneous compliance with the Prevailing Wage Requirements will likely be easier for taxpayers to administer and substantiate, because locating workers after a project has ended may be difficult and time consuming. The final regulations confirm that a taxpayer is not excused from the requirement to make the correction payment even if the taxpayer is unable to locate a laborer or mechanic.

As provided for under the Proposed Regulations, the Treasury Department and the IRS continue to expect that taxpayers will be able to substantiate having made all necessary correction payments even if a former laborer or mechanic cannot be located. In general, States have developed specific rules for the payment of wages to former laborers and mechanics who cannot be located. These rules can include diligence requirements to locate the laborer or mechanic, information reporting obligations to relevant State agencies on the unclaimed wage amounts, and requirements to remit any unclaimed wage amounts to State control as unclaimed property after defined holding periods. A taxpayer will be deemed to have paid a correction payment to a laborer or mechanic who cannot be located if the taxpayer can establish that correction payments have been made. A taxpayer may establish that correction payments have been made by demonstrating compliance with the applicable State unclaimed property law and all Federal and State withholding and information reporting requirements with respect to the payments.

Section 45(b)(7)(B)(iii) provides that if the failure to ensure that the laborers and mechanics are paid wages at rates not less than the applicable prevailing wage rates is found to be due to intentional disregard, then the amount of the correction payment is tripled and the amount of the penalty payment is doubled. The Proposed Regulations would have provided that failures to meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements would be due to intentional disregard if they are knowing or willful, which is a determination that must be made by considering all relevant facts and circumstances. The Proposed Regulations would have provided a non-exhaustive list of factors that may be relevant to this determination.

Proposed § 1.45-7(c)(3)(iii) provided that the relevant facts and circumstances in weighing intentional disregard would include whether a failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements was part of a pattern of conduct that includes repeated or systemic failures to ensure that the laborers and mechanics were paid wages at or above the applicable prevailing wage rate and whether the taxpayer: (i) failed to take steps to determine the applicable classifications of laborers and mechanics; (ii) failed to take steps to determine the applicable prevailing wage rate(s) for laborers and mechanics; (iii) promptly cured any failures to ensure that laborers and mechanics were paid wages not less than the applicable prevailing rates; (iv) has been required to make a penalty payment in previous years; (v) undertook a quarterly, or more frequent, review of wages paid to mechanics and laborers to ensure that wages not less than the applicable prevailing wage rate were paid; (vi) included provisions in any contracts entered into with contractors that required the contractors and any subcontractors retained by the contractors to pay laborers and mechanics at or above the prevailing wage rates and maintain records to ensure the taxpayer's compliance with the recordkeeping requirements; (vii) posted in a prominent place at the facility or otherwise provided written notice to laborers and mechanics during the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility: (a) of the applicable wage rate(s) as determined by the DOL for all classifications of work to be performed for the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility, and (b) that in order to be eligible to claim certain tax benefits, employers must ensure that laborers and mechanics are paid wages at rates not less than such wage rates; and (viii) had in place procedures whereby laborers and mechanics could report suspected failures to pay prevailing wages and/or suspected failures to classify workers in accordance with the wage determination of workers to appropriate personnel departments or managers without retaliation or adverse action. The Treasury Department and the IRS requested comments on additional criteria that might be used as part of a facts and circumstances analysis of intentional disregard in this context. Start Printed Page 53220

Many commenters generally expressed support for enhanced penalties for intentional failures to comply with the PWA requirements and the factors that would be considered in the Proposed Regulations. One commenter suggested that the Treasury Department and the IRS engage in outreach to educate taxpayers about distinguishing between intentional and unintentional violations of the PWA requirements. Some commenters recommended that the final regulations provide an inclusive and exhaustive list of practices for taxpayers to follow in order to show they acted with proper diligence and in good faith in trying to meet the PWA requirements. The final regulations do not incorporate this suggestion. Although the final regulations provide a detailed list of factors for determining intentional disregard, the list remains non-exhaustive. There may be additional factors that the IRS will consider based on the specific facts and circumstances of the failure. These final regulations provide guidance to taxpayers about the application of the PWA requirements to assist with compliance, including the numerous factors that the IRS will consider in determining whether failures to comply were the result of intentional disregard.

Commenters had the following suggestions for additional factors or modifications to the proposed factors. Several commenters suggested that the final regulations include intentional disregard factors relating to pre-filing activities that are not applicable to taxpayers claiming the increased credit amount (for example, whether a taxpayer regularly submitted certified weekly payroll records to the IRS or publicly declared the intent to claim the credit). Because those underlying pre-filing activities are not applicable, the comments suggesting factors relating to those specific actions are not included as factors demonstrating intentional disregard. However, several other commenters suggested additional factors or modifications to the proposed factors relating to other pre-filing activities, that while not required, could be relevant to a determination of intentional disregard.

Specifically, with respect to the factors in proposed § 1.45-7(c)(3)(iii)(A) through (C) commenters suggested that the final regulations clarify what would constitute a pattern of conduct and a failure to take steps to determine applicable classifications and wage rates. One commenter suggested that a taxpayer's pattern of conduct include the taxpayer's conduct on non-IRA projects and violations unrelated to prevailing wage rules (including violations under DBA). Another commenter recommended that the final regulations consider the taxpayer's history of violations of any Federal, State, or local laws. The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that some additional clarification would be helpful for taxpayers and the IRS. The final regulations clarify that taking steps to determine applicable classifications and wage rates could include a quarterly or more frequent review of these actions by the taxpayer (or a third party acting on behalf of the taxpayer). The final regulations retain the factor describing a pattern of conduct and clarify that the pattern of conduct could include failures to pay prevailing wages as required under other laws. The final regulations do not specifically include all possible violations of law; although certain violations may be relevant depending on the facts and circumstances. What constitutes a pattern will depend on the facts and circumstances.

Commenters also suggested modifications to the factors in proposed § 1.45-7(c)(3)(iii)(H) and (I). Specifically, commenters stated that proof, via signatures of laborers and mechanics, that covered employees have been given notice of the taxpayer's intent to pay prevailing wages should be a factor. The final regulations retain the factor from the Proposed Regulations regarding written notice to laborers and mechanics. However, this factor relates to the notice that in order to claim certain tax benefits, employers must ensure that laborers and mechanics are paid wages at rates not less than prevailing wage rates. It does not consider whether a taxpayer disclosed their intent to claim a tax benefit. In response to the comment, the final regulations further clarify that acknowledgement of the notice by the laborer or mechanic is an additional factor.

Commenters also suggested that the poster or notice to employees described in proposed § 1.45-7(c)(3)(iii)(H) include instructions on how laborers and mechanics may contact the taxpayers' personnel departments or taxpayers' managers to report suspected failures to pay prevailing wages and/or suspected failures to classify workers without retaliation or adverse action. The final regulations include this additional information. At least one commenter suggested that the factor in proposed § 1.45-7(c)(3)(iii)(I) regarding whether a taxpayer had in place a procedure to report suspected failures to pay prevailing wages without retaliation or adverse action be expanded to include employment tax violations or workplace standards laws. The commenter also suggested the factor be revised to also require that no actual retaliation or adverse action occurred. The final regulations incorporate the comments regarding employment tax and workplace standards violations. The final regulations also consider whether the taxpayer investigated complaints and took appropriate action.

A commenter suggested adding a factor addressing the use of debarred contractors. The commenter stated that contractors who are debarred from working on publicly funded projects for serious violations of DBA prevailing wage requirements are more likely to violate the Prevailing Wage Requirements on IRA projects. The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that knowingly contracting with debarred contractors could be a factor demonstrating intentional disregard. The final regulations reflect this comment.

Several commenters made general suggestions that the intentional disregard factors should be strengthened to encourage behaviors that will help ensure that laborers and mechanics working on projects for which an increased credit amount may be claimed are paid prevailing wages. As stated elsewhere in this preamble, the Treasury Department and the IRS agree that adding factors to encourage certain practices will further compliance with the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Accordingly, the final regulations add new factors that consider whether the taxpayer has: (i) provided or otherwise made available to laborers and mechanics paystubs or other individual payroll records reflecting the amount being paid per pay period (including the specific hourly rate and any deductions from wages); (ii) conducted investigations or otherwise reviewed complaints of retaliation or adverse actions against workers for reporting the underpayment of wages and took appropriate corrective action; (iii) provided notice regarding possible rights under the Taxpayer First Act; and (iv) whether the taxpayer failed to maintain and preserve records in accordance with § 1.45-12.

Some commenters stated that considering all relevant facts and circumstances in determining whether a failure to comply with the PWA requirements was intentional would be burdensome to taxpayers who would have to investigate their contractors and subcontractors about possible failures. One commenter suggested that additional guidance consider the degrees of separation between contractual parties responsible for Start Printed Page 53221 fulfilling the PWA requirements. The final regulations do not incorporate this suggestion. Under section 45(b)(7)(A), the taxpayer must ensure that any laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates. If the taxpayer fails to do so, and that failure is due to intentional disregard, the enhanced correction and penalty payments apply. It is the obligation of the taxpayer to ensure that its contractors and subcontractors pay wages at rates not less than the applicable prevailing wage rates if the taxpayer claims the increased credit amount, regardless of the number of contracts separating the taxpayer and the subcontractor. This responsibility of the taxpayer is one reason why the final regulations include factors that help demonstrate whether a taxpayer's failure was due to intentional disregard.

One commenter requested that intentional disregard penalties be solely limited to those taxpayers who admit to intentionally failing to pay prevailing wages. The final regulations do not adopt this suggestion, as the statute does not limit the application of intentional disregard penalties to only those who admit to intentionally failing to pay prevailing wages.

The Proposed Regulations would have also provided a rebuttable presumption against a finding of intentional disregard if the taxpayer made the correction and penalty payments before receiving a notice of an examination with respect to a return that claimed the underlying increased amount of credit. This presumption of no intentional disregard is intended to encourage taxpayers who discover a failure to meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements after filing a return to promptly use the correction and penalty procedures to remedy that failure.

Some commenters supported the rebuttable presumption against intentional disregard and agreed that it would encourage taxpayers to make timely curative payments. Other commenters were critical of the presumption and suggested that it might encourage taxpayers to avoid promptly curing failures or allow taxpayers who knowingly or willfully violate the PWA requirements to avoid penalties. A few commenters suggested that the final regulations modify the presumption to apply only if the taxpayer makes the required correction and penalty payments before: (i) the earlier of the filing of the tax return claiming the credit or one year after discovering the failure, or (ii) the earlier of receiving notice of an examination from the IRS or one year after discovering the failure.

The final regulations adopt the rebuttable presumption of no intentional disregard as proposed. The Treasury Department and the IRS appreciate the concerns of commenters. However, the presumption of no intentional disregard as proposed provides a valuable incentive to encourage taxpayers to regularly review and confirm that they are complying with the PWA requirements. Additionally, the rebuttable presumption requires all correction payments (including correction payments if a former laborer or mechanic cannot be located as described in Section VII.D.2. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions) and penalty amounts be paid before the taxpayer receives a notice of examination. If the taxpayer does not correct the failure to ensure that prevailing wages are paid (either as a precursor to the application of the rebuttable presumption or otherwise in response to an IRS determination of a failure), the taxpayer is not eligible for the increased credit amount. Taxpayers are encouraged to regularly review payroll records to ensure that workers are paid prevailing wages. Conducting reviews and curing discovered failures to pay prevailing wages several years after payments were made may be difficult, particularly if multiple contractors and subcontractors were involved in the project.

A few commenters suggested including a presumption of intentional disregard if a labor union or other worker representative reaches out to a taxpayer, project developer, or contractor and raises concerns about the PWA requirements and the project developer or taxpayer chooses to move forward without making any changes regardless of the concern that was raised. Commenters also suggested finding that taxpayers acted with intentional disregard if they did not diligently investigate their contractor and subcontractor practices. For the reasons noted herein regarding the factors for intentional disregard, the suggestions to include a new presumption of intentional disregard are not adopted. The final regulations retain the approach of providing factors that will be considered in determining whether a failure was due to intentional disregard based on all relevant facts and circumstances.

In general, the IRS may exercise its discretion to waive or decline to assert penalties in the interest of sound tax administration. The Proposed Regulations would have provided limited penalty waivers for instances in which the failures to pay prevailing wages to laborers and mechanics for the construction, alteration, or repair of a facility were small in amount or occurred in a limited number of pay periods. The Proposed Regulations would have also provided that the penalty waiver cannot be used after a return has been filed claiming the increased credit amount. Finally, the Proposed Regulations would have applied the waiver authority in a manner that assists taxpayers seeking to be eligible for the increased credit amount while remaining consistent with the statutory requirement to ensure that laborers and mechanics are paid applicable prevailing wage rates. As noted in the preamble to the Proposed Regulations, the Treasury Department and the IRS understand that taxpayers intending to pay prevailing wage rates may make payroll errors or classification errors with respect to work that is performed by laborers or mechanics. The Proposed Regulations sought to account for these circumstances while continuing to ensure that laborers and mechanics are paid according to the applicable prevailing wage rates.

Proposed § 1.45-7(c)(6)(i) provided that the penalty payment requirement would be waived with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair performed by a laborer or mechanic during a calendar year if: (i) the taxpayer makes the required correction payment (back wages and interest) by the earlier of: (a) 30 days after the taxpayer became aware of the error, or (b) the date on which the tax return claiming the increased credit amount is filed; and (ii) either: (a) the laborer or mechanic is paid below the prevailing wage rate for not more than 10 percent of all pay periods of the calendar year (or part thereof) during which the laborer or mechanic worked on the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility, or (b) the difference between the amount the laborer or mechanic was paid for the calendar year (or part thereof) during which the laborer or mechanic worked on the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility and the amount required to be paid by the Prevailing Wage Requirements for the calendar year is not greater than 2.5 percent of the amount required under the Prevailing Wage Requirements. The Proposed Regulations would have used calendar years to measure any failures because taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors performing construction Start Printed Page 53222 may have different taxable years and laborers and mechanics are generally paid on a calendar year basis. The Treasury Department and the IRS requested comments on the proposed use of calendar years in place of taxable years for this purpose.

Many commenters were supportive of the penalty waiver, but they provided practical concerns with the 30-day correction period and the maximum underpayment period and amount due to the short-term nature of some construction work, as well as the logistical difficulties involving multiple payroll periods and/or payroll processors used by different contractors and subcontractors. Commenters suggested increasing both the correction period and maximum underpayment period and amount to provide more time to account for these practical difficulties. Some commenters suggested increasing the correction period to 60 or 90 days. Others suggested raising the maximum underpayment period to the greater of three pay periods or 20 percent of all pay periods in a calendar year, and the maximum underpayment amount to the greater of $5,000 or five percent of all amounts required to be paid in a calendar year. Another commenter suggested removing the maximum underpayment amounts entirely. At least one commenter supported finalizing the rule as is in the Proposed Regulations, because it is sufficient to address de minimis payroll errors. A few commenters suggested that the waiver should not be available to a taxpayer who did not provide their workers notice of their wage rate, maintained poor records, exercised no contemporaneous monitoring or due diligence, or retaliated against workers who complained of not being paid the prevailing wage. Given the complexity of the PWA requirements, one commenter recommended limiting penalties that apply to businesses with fewer than 50 employees.

In recognition of the comments that the proposed correction period is too short to be useful, the final regulations revise the proposed penalty waiver to provide that corrections must be made by the last day of the first month following the end of the calendar quarter in which the failure occurred. The final regulations clarify that the correction must be made within the relevant time period after the failure occurred, not when the taxpayer becomes aware of the failure. This revised correction period is intended to coincide with the due date for the filing of Federal employment tax returns. The Treasury Department and the IRS expect that most employers will have conducted a review of payroll for each quarter in connection with the filing of their quarterly employment tax return, and they should be aware of failures at this time. This change will result in a correction period that generally ranges from one to three months depending on when the failure occurred.

The final regulations also modify the proposed waiver provision by increasing the maximum underpayment amount to underpayments that do not exceed five percent of all amounts required to be paid in a calendar year. The final regulations retain the maximum underpayment period as proposed to reflect the intent that this waiver provision apply only to minor errors that occur infrequently. The change to the correction period provides additional time, more certainty, and aligns with filing of the majority of employment tax returns. This change also removes the knowledge requirement, providing a more definitive correction period for taxpayer certainty and aiding IRS administration.

A few commenters indicated support of the use of calendar years for purposes of the waiver provision. No commenters suggested a different time period. Thus, the final regulations adopt calendar years as the appropriate period to measure failures for purposes of the waiver provisions.

Under section 45(b)(8), in order to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements, certain requirements with respect to the construction of any qualified facility relating to labor hours, apprentice-to-journeyworker ratios, and participation by qualified apprentices must be satisfied. Under section 45(b)(8)(D)(i), a taxpayer is not treated as failing to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements in section 45(b)(8) if: (i) the taxpayer satisfies the Good Faith Effort Exception, or (ii) in the case of any failure by the taxpayer to satisfy the Labor Hours Requirement under section 45(b)(8)(A) and the Participation Requirement under section 45(b)(8)(C), the taxpayer makes a penalty payment to the IRS under the Apprenticeship Cure Provision.

Proposed § 1.45-8(a) generally would have provided that a taxpayer claiming or transferring (under section 6418) the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) with respect to any qualified facility must satisfy the requirements of section 45(b)(8) and proposed § 1.45-8. Proposed § 1.45-8(b), (c), and (d) would have provided the Labor Hours Requirement, the Ratio Requirement, and the Participation Requirement, respectively. Proposed § 1.45-8(e) would have detailed exceptions to the Apprenticeship Requirements, enabling the taxpayer to be deemed to have satisfied the Apprenticeship Requirements if the taxpayer has either made a good faith effort to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements as described in proposed § 1.45-8(e)(1) or made the penalty payment provided in proposed § 1.45-8(e)(2) for any failures to which the Good Faith Effort Exception does not apply. Proposed § 1.45-8(f) would have provided additional definitions applicable to the Apprenticeship Requirements.

Section 45(b)(8) imposes the Apprenticeship Requirements with respect to the construction of any qualified facility. As discussed in Section VI. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the final regulations clarify that the qualified facility for both the Prevailing Wage Requirements and the Apprenticeship Requirements is defined as a qualified facility under section 45.

Commenters asked whether the Apprenticeship Requirements applied to work performed on a qualified facility after the facility is placed in service. Commenters asserted that the statutory text supports limiting the Apprenticeship Requirements to the construction of the qualified facility. Many commenters pointed to the explicit language in section 45(b)(7)(A)(ii) applying the Prevailing Wage Requirements to alteration and repair activities in the 10-year period after a facility is placed in service, and they stated that there is no similar language in section 45(b)(8) applying the Apprenticeship Requirements to alteration and repair activities for the period after a facility is placed in service. Commenters also pointed out the impracticality of applying the Apprenticeship Requirements to alteration and repair activities after a facility is placed in service. Commenters emphasized that repairs to facilities already in service usually must be made as quickly as possible. They indicated that such repairs are often a short-term project, and requesting, hiring, and onboarding qualified apprentices consistent with the Labor Hours Requirement would cause costly delays. Commenters stated that during large power outages and other emergencies, energy-production facilities are primarily focused on returning power to customers in as timely and efficient a manner as possible. Start Printed Page 53223

While there is some ambiguity in the statutory text regarding whether the Apprenticeship Requirements apply to the alteration or repair of a qualified facility after it is placed in service, the more natural reading of section 45(b)(8) supports the interpretation of the commenters that the Apprenticeship Requirements only apply to the construction of a qualified facility. Under this reading, alterations and repairs occurring while a facility is being constructed would be subject to the Apprenticeship Requirements, but those occurring after the facility is placed in service would not.

Section 45(b)(7) is clear that the Prevailing Wage Requirements apply to two distinct periods with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility: (i) construction under section 45(b)(7)(A)(i); and (ii) alteration or repair for any portion of a taxable year that is within the 10-year period beginning on the date the qualified facility is placed in service under section 45(b)(7)(A)(ii). Conversely, section 45(b)(8) provides requirements that apply only with respect to the construction of any qualified facility. The lack of any explicit language in section 45(b)(8) with respect to alterations or repairs during the 10-year period after a facility is placed in service, as is seen in section 45(b)(7), suggests that the Apprenticeship Requirements do not apply after a facility is placed in service.

This conclusion is also supported by the specific language in the Apprenticeship Requirements. The applicable percentage under the Labor Hours Requirement in section 45(b)(8)(A) applies to the total labor hours of the construction, alteration, or repair work performed with respect to construction of the qualified facility. This language suggests that although hours spent on alteration and repair work can be part of the calculation used to determine whether the Labor Hours Requirement is satisfied, the requirement only applies to the construction of the qualified facility and not after it is placed in service. Similar language is used in section 45(b)(8)(C) in which the Participation Requirement is limited by the phrase “with respect to the construction of the facility.” Together, the language of these provisions suggests that taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors may perform alteration and repair work that would be subject to the Apprenticeship Requirements, but that obligation only applies during construction and not after the facility is placed in service. The final regulations have been amended to confirm that the Apprenticeship Requirements apply only to the construction of the qualified facility including alteration and repair work that is performed prior to the facility being placed in service, and not to alteration or repair work occurring after the facility is placed in service.

Section 45(b)(8)(A)(i) provides that “[t]axpayers shall ensure that, with respect to the construction of any qualified facility, not less than the applicable percentage of the total labor hours of the construction, alteration, or repair work (including such work performed by any contractor or subcontractor) with respect to such facility shall, subject to [section 45(b)(8)(B)], be performed by qualified apprentices.” This rule is referred to as the Labor Hours Requirement.

For purposes of the Labor Hours Requirement, section 45(b)(8)(A)(ii) provides that the applicable percentage is: (i) 10 percent in the case of a qualified facility the construction of which begins before January 1, 2023; (ii) 12.5 percent in the case of a qualified facility the construction of which begins after December 31, 2022, and before January 1, 2024; and (iii) 15 percent in the case of a qualified facility the construction of which begins after December 31, 2023. Section 45(b)(8)(E)(i) provides that the term “labor hours” means the total number of hours devoted to the performance of construction, alteration, or repair work by any individual employed by the taxpayer or by any contractor or subcontractor, and excludes any hours worked by foremen, superintendents, owners, or persons employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity (within the meaning of those terms in part 541 of title 29, Code of Federal Regulations ).

Commenters recommended that the final regulations clarify that there is no minimum amount of time that a qualified apprentice must be registered or employed in order to count the qualified apprentice's work towards the labor hours requirement. The statute does not impose a minimum time period, and the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that any additional requirement would not be in furtherance of the IRA or in the interest of sound tax administration. Thus, the final regulations do not require a minimum number of hours worked before labor hours count toward the total labor hours performed by a qualified apprentice.

Commenters requested that the final regulations provide additional guidance regarding how to calculate the total labor hours and the applicable percentage. Specifically, a few commenters requested guidance on the period of time the total labor hours requirement encompasses and when the applicable percentage should be calculated. Similarly, another commenter asked whether total labor hours should be calculated on a trade-by-trade basis or by aggregating all contractors' labor hours. A commenter stated that one of the examples in the Proposed Regulations seemed to imply that the Labor Hour Requirement apply to each contractor and subcontractor involved in the construction, alteration, or repair of a covered facility, rather than the aggregate labor hours for the construction project. One commenter requested that the final regulations clarify that the labor hours calculation does not include hours worked by contractors with fewer than four employees. Another commenter asked whether on-the-job training hours worked by qualified apprentices at locations other than the location of the facility count for purposes of the Labor Hours Requirement.

Consistent with the statutory language in section 45(b)(8)(A)(i), the final regulations clarify that the Labor Hours Requirement applies to the construction of a facility, not on a contractor-by-contractor or trade-by-trade basis. The final regulations further clarify that taxpayers determine whether the Labor Hours Requirement has been satisfied by aggregating all labor hours worked by laborers and mechanics on the construction of the facility (including those hours worked by contractors with fewer than four employees), from the beginning of construction through the time the facility is placed in service and calculating whether the applicable percentage of those labor hours was worked by qualified apprentices. Accordingly, taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors will need to keep track of labor hours from the beginning of the construction of the facility until the project or facility is placed in service. Additionally, since the statute requires not less than the applicable percentage of total labor hours of construction, alteration, or repair work with respect to the qualified facility be performed by qualified apprentices, on-the-job training hours worked by qualified apprentices at a location other than the location of the facility do not count for purposes of the Labor Hours Requirement. Training hours of qualified apprentices at the location of the facility that involve the performance of construction, alteration, or repair work with respect to the qualified Start Printed Page 53224 facility count towards the labor hours performed by qualified apprentices for purposes of the Labor Hours Requirement. The final regulations provide examples to illustrate these calculations.

One commenter asked whether the hours worked by a working foreperson are included in the total number of labor hours in calculating the applicable percentage for purposes of the Labor Hours Requirement. One commenter requested guidance on whether a subcontractor, who only had working foremen on site to complete a project, and no qualified apprentices, would be considered to have worked zero labor hours and would not be subject to any penalties. The Proposed Regulations would have provided that working forepersons who devote more than 20 percent of their time during a workweek to laborer or mechanic duties, and who do not meet the criteria for exemption of 29 CFR part 541 , are considered laborers and mechanics for the time spent conducting laborer and mechanic duties for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements. As discussed in Section VII.C.1. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the final regulations retain this rule. The Proposed Regulations also would have provided that the hours worked by forepersons, regardless of whether they are considered working forepersons for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements are excluded from labor hours for purposes of the Labor Hours Requirement. The final regulations also retain this rule.

Commenters suggested that the regulations clarify whether the Labor Hours Requirement applies to projects with three or fewer employees. The comment seems to be asking whether the Labor Hours Requirement applies if the Participation Requirement does not apply. The two requirements are separate. Under the Participation Requirement in section 45(b)(8)(C), each taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor who employs four or more individuals to perform construction, alteration, or repair work with respect to the construction of a qualified facility must employ one or more qualified apprentices. There is no similar minimum threshold in the Labor Hours Requirement. To satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements, a taxpayer needs to satisfy the Labor Hours Requirement, the Ratio Requirement, and the Participation Requirement. If the Participation Requirement does not apply, the taxpayer will still need to satisfy the Labor Hours Requirement and the Ratio Requirement.

Commenters also requested guidance on the effect of the Good Faith Effort Exception with respect to the Labor Hours Requirement. The Proposed Regulations would have provided that if a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor qualifies for the Good Faith Effort Exception, the number of hours that the qualified apprentices would have performed had a registered apprenticeship program supplied those qualified apprentices, would have counted towards the number of labor hours performed by qualified apprentices. The Proposed Regulations included an example illustrating the interaction between the Labor Hours Requirement and the Good Faith Effort Exception. The final regulations retain this rule and example.

Commenters also inquired whether total labor hours continue to be aggregated for all work in subsequent tax years after construction has ended, or only for those labor hours resulting from covered alteration or repair work. Another commenter requested further examples illustrating the proper calculation of labor hours for the 10-year period beginning on the date the facility was originally placed in service. Because the final regulations clarify that the Apprenticeship Requirements apply only to the construction (including alterations and repairs during construction) of the qualified facility, and not to alteration or repair work occurring after the facility is placed in service, the Labor Hours Requirement does not apply after the qualified facility has been placed in service. The final regulations incorporate additional examples clarifying this rule.

Another commenter suggested that the final regulations clarify whether the hours qualified apprentices are paid as journeyworkers as a result of failing the daily Ratio Requirement count towards the Labor Hours Requirement as qualified apprentice hours or as journeyworker hours. Proposed § 1.45-8(c)(3) would have provided that any labor hours performed by any qualified apprentice in excess of the applicable apprentice-to-journeyworker ratio may not be counted as hours performed by qualified apprentices for purpose of the Labor Hours Requirement. The final regulations retain this rule and clarify that these labor hours performed by qualified apprentices in excess of the apprentice-to-journeyworker ratio will count towards the total labor hours but will not count as hours performed by qualified apprentices for the purposes of calculating the applicable percentage.

A commenter requested additional examples addressing work performed in years after the initial year of construction. The final regulations address this comment by providing an example illustrating the calculation of the Labor Hours Requirement after the initial year of construction.

Under section 45(b)(8)(B), the Labor Hours Requirement is subject to any applicable requirements for apprentice-to-journeyworker ratios of the DOL or the applicable State apprenticeship agency. Under 29 CFR part 29 , registered apprenticeship programs prescribe a numeric ratio of apprentices to journeyworkers in their standards of apprenticeship. [ 34 ] This ratio is intended to ensure that there are enough journeyworkers to oversee the work of qualified apprentices, provide appropriate training, and maintain workplace safety. The Treasury Department and the IRS understand that the DOL and State apprenticeship agencies review and approve the prescribed ratio requirements. Proposed § 1.45-8(c)(2), would have provided that the allowable ratio of apprentices to journeyworkers on the job site in any occupation and its corresponding classification on any day must comply with the applicable apprentice-to-journeyworker ratio of the registered apprenticeship program in accordance with 29 CFR part 29 . The Treasury Department and the IRS requested comments on the application of the Ratio Requirement for purposes of satisfying the Apprenticeship Requirements. Commenters generally supported the Ratio Requirement aligning with ratio requirements set by registered apprenticeship programs.

As discussed in section VII.B.4. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the Proposed Regulations would have provided a reciprocity rule for purposes of the payment of applicable prevailing wage rates for qualified apprentices. The final regulations adopt the reciprocity rule under the Prevailing Wage Requirements as proposed. The comments with respect to the reciprocity rule and the need for clarity on the ratio requirement if registered apprenticeship programs supply qualified apprentices outside of the geographic area in which the program is Start Printed Page 53225 registered applies equally with respect to the Ratio Requirement under the Apprenticeship Requirements. Accordingly, the final regulations adopt the reciprocity rule for purposes of determining the applicable ratio of apprentices to journeyworkers under the Ratio Requirement. The final regulations clarify that if more than one apprentice-to-journeyworker ratio could apply because the construction work is occurring in a geographic area where the registered apprenticeship program is not registered, the taxpayer must comply with the apprentice-to-journeyworker ratio set for the geographic area where the construction occurs.

One commenter recommended that the final regulations clarify whether taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors must only follow the ratio requirement of a registered apprenticeship program in those States and localities that prescribe ratio requirements for private sector projects. There is no such exception under the Ratio Requirement, and therefore the final regulations do not adopt this suggestion.

One commenter suggested that registered apprenticeship programs in some States may have a difficult time supplying enough qualified apprentices to meet the applicable apprentice-to-journeyworker ratios. The comment is inconsistent with the general application of apprenticeship ratio requirements. The Treasury Department and the IRS understand from the DOL that ratio requirements of registered apprenticeship programs that are reviewed and approved by the DOL and State apprenticeship agencies do not prescribe a certain number of qualified apprentices at a job site. Instead, they prescribe the number of journeyworkers required for each qualified apprentice that is on a job site on a given day. If on a particular day there are no qualified apprentices scheduled to work, there is no ratio requirement to adhere to. Additionally, comments regarding substantive ratio requirements set by registered apprenticeship programs and reviewed and approved by the DOL and State apprenticeship agencies are outside the scope of these final regulations.

One commenter suggested that the final regulations should incorporate the DOL regulations at 29 CFR part 29 to account for the fact that collective bargaining agreements may prohibit employers from abiding by the Ratio Requirement. The commenter was concerned that contractors may be faced with conflicting obligations and that taxpayers may be required to pay penalties as a result of negotiations outside of the taxpayer's control. The Treasury Department and the IRS understand that collective bargaining agreements may have terms that prohibit the use of apprentice-to-journeyworker ratios established as part of a registered apprenticeship program; however, section 45(b)(8)(B) provides that the Labor Hours Requirement is subject to the apprentice-to-journeyworker ratios of the DOL or the applicable State apprenticeship agency. The Treasury Department and the IRS decline to provide a rule in the final regulations that is contrary to this statutory requirement. Changes to the ratio requirements that are approved by the DOL OA or applicable State apprenticeship agencies as part of the standards for registered apprenticeship programs under 29 CFR part 29 are outside the scope of these final regulations.

The Proposed Regulations would have provided that the applicable ratio established by the registered apprenticeship program would need to be satisfied each day during construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility for which qualified apprentice labor hours are being claimed. Some commenters stated that it would be administratively challenging to comply with the Ratio Requirement each day. One commenter suggested that the apprenticeship-to-journeyworker ratio be measured over a 30-day time period. One commenter suggested providing a safe harbor for taxpayers who are able to meet the relevant apprenticeship-to-journeyworker ratio requirement for at least 90 percent of the working days of a construction project. Additionally, a commenter requested guidance on the effect on taxpayers' responsibility to meet applicable apprenticeship-to-journeyworker ratios if a registered apprenticeship program is unable to supply the necessary qualified apprentices requested by the taxpayer. At least one commenter stated that applying the Ratio Requirement on a daily basis aligns with industry custom.

The Treasury Department and the IRS recognize that there may be scheduling conflicts or other issues that may make it difficult to meet the Ratio Requirement. Under 29 CFR 29.5 , registered apprenticeship programs must have a ratio requirement as part of their program standards. According to the DOL, it is industry practice for registered apprenticeship programs to set daily ratio requirements to ensure the safety and welfare of the apprentices and properly oversee the work of apprentices, and requiring different ratios under the final regulations could be administratively challenging and confusing. Additionally, a daily requirement is needed to determine whether a qualified apprentice may be paid at a rate less than the prevailing rate for work performed that day as explained in Section VII.B.4. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions. Accordingly, the final regulations confirm that the Ratio Requirement applies each day.

One commenter requested that the final regulations require that registered apprenticeship programs identify and publish their apprentice-to-journeyworker ratios. Based on consultations with the DOL, the Treasury Department and the IRS understand that apprentice-to-journeyworker ratios of individual registered apprenticeship programs are not publicly available. However, under 29 CFR 29.5(b)(7) , the ratio of apprentices to journeyworkers is a part of a registered apprenticeship program's standards of apprenticeship. A registered apprenticeship program's apprentice-to-journeyworker ratio is provided to an employer when the employer joins a registered apprenticeship program and agrees to abide by the standards of apprenticeship under 29 CFR part 29 . The DOL regulates registered apprenticeship programs, and requests to impose requirements on registered apprenticeship programs is outside the scope of these final regulations.

Under section 45(b)(8)(C), each taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor who employs four or more individuals to perform construction, alteration, or repair work with respect to the construction of a qualified facility must employ one or more qualified apprentices to perform that work. The Proposed Regulations would have provided that the Participation Requirement would be satisfied as long as the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor employs one or more qualified apprentices to perform work on the facility and this requirement would not be a daily requirement. Additionally, the Proposed Regulations would have clarified that it would be the responsibility of the taxpayer to ensure that any contractor or subcontractor with four or more employees who perform work on the facility has hired one or more qualified apprentices. The preamble to the Proposed Regulations explained that the Treasury Department and the IRS proposed to interpret the Participation Requirement as designed to prevent taxpayers from satisfying the Labor Hours Requirement by only hiring Start Printed Page 53226 qualified apprentices to perform one type of work and instead encourages taxpayers to use qualified apprentices across the full range of work performed with respect to the facility.

Commenters requested clarification on how to determine whether a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor employs four or more individuals to perform construction, alteration, or repair work with respect to the construction of a qualified facility. One commenter sought confirmation that the Participation Requirement does not apply on a daily basis. Commenters specifically requested clarification on whether the number of employees counted in determining whether the Participation Requirement applies are only those employed in the construction of the facility at the same time and at the same location.

Under section 45(b)(8)(C), the Participation Requirement applies if the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor employs four or more individuals to perform construction, alteration, or repair work with respect to the construction of a qualified facility. It does not require employment of four individuals in the construction of the qualified facility at the same time or at the same location. The final regulations clarify that the Participation Requirement applies if the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor employ four individuals in the construction of the qualified facility at any time during the construction, regardless of whether they are employed at the same location or at the same time.

Commenters suggested raising the number of employees that are required for the Participation Requirement to apply so that qualified apprentices will only need to be employed on larger projects with more resources. Section 45(b)(8)(C) provides that each taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor who employs four or more individuals to perform construction, alteration, or repair work with respect to the construction of a qualified facility must employ one or more qualified apprentices to perform such work. The final regulations adhere to the statutory requirement under section 45(b)(8)(C).

Section 45(b)(8)(A) provides, in relevant part, that taxpayers must ensure that not less than the applicable percentage of the total labor hours of the construction, alteration, or repair work with respect to such facility are performed by qualified apprentices. Consistent with this statutory provision, the Proposed Regulations would have provided that the taxpayer would be solely responsible for ensuring that the Apprenticeship Requirements are satisfied. Some commenters stated that this provision is burdensome on taxpayers because it makes them responsible for the hiring decisions of contractors and subcontractors. Specifically, commenters were concerned that taxpayers may fail to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements if a contractor does not hire a sufficient number of qualified apprentices.

The statute requires that the taxpayer ensure that the applicable percentage of total labor hours are performed by qualified apprentices, irrespective of which entity employs the qualified apprentices. If a contractor or subcontractor does not comply with the Labor Hours Requirement, the taxpayer retains the opportunity to cure that failure by paying the penalty described under section 45(b)(8)(D)(i)(II). Thus, subject to the Participation Requirement, the taxpayer retains some flexibility in ensuring that the Apprenticeship Requirements are satisfied.

One commenter suggested that the final regulations require taxpayers to collect and audit their contractor and subcontractors' requests for qualified apprentices. Taxpayers may establish procedures to help ensure their compliance with the Apprenticeship Requirements. Those procedures may include regularly reviewing the qualified apprentice hiring practices of contractors and subcontractors or including requirements to hire qualified apprentices in contracts. Whether a taxpayer regularly reviewed contractors' and subcontractors' use of qualified apprentices is a factor in determining intentional disregard.

A commenter stated that depending on a construction project's geographic access to registered apprenticeship programs, it could be impractical for some smaller contractors to maintain the relatively high percentage of qualified apprentices necessary to meet each of the Apprenticeship Requirements. The Participation Requirement, which does not require the hiring of qualified apprentices if a contractor does not employ four or more individuals, provides limited relief for smaller businesses and addresses potential burdens. Further, the Good Faith Effort Exception discussed in Section VIII.B.1. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions may provide relief in those circumstances raised by commenters. Accordingly, the final regulations do not provide any additional exceptions.

Section 45(b)(8)(E)(ii) defines a qualified apprentice as an individual who is employed by the taxpayer or by any contractor or subcontractor and who is participating in a registered apprenticeship program, as defined in section 3131(e)(3)(B). For purposes of the Apprenticeship Requirements, the Proposed Regulations would have defined a qualified apprentice, in part, as an individual who is employed by the taxpayer or by any contractor or subcontractor who is participating in a registered apprenticeship program. Under the Proposed Regulations, participating in a registered apprenticeship program would have included entering into a written agreement with a registered apprenticeship program. The Proposed Regulations would have also provided that for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements, an apprentice includes an individual in the first 90 days of probationary employment who has been certified by the DOL OA or a State apprenticeship agency (if appropriate) to be eligible for probationary employment as an apprentice. One commenter asked for the final regulations to clarify whether the term qualified apprentice includes those individuals in the first 90 days of probationary employment with the registered apprenticeship program, similar to how such individuals are treated as apprentices under 29 CFR 22.401 . The final regulations clarify that a qualified apprentice includes those individuals in the first 90 days of probationary employment with the registered apprenticeship program because they are participating in the registered apprenticeship program.

The Proposed Regulations would have provided that pre-apprenticeship programs do not qualify as registered apprenticeship programs for purposes of section 45(b)(8) and hours worked as part of a pre-apprenticeship program would not count towards the Labor Hours Requirement. Commenters recommended that the Treasury Department and the IRS permit other programs, such as trade schools, colleges, programs run by local high schools and school districts, and other privately run, non-registered apprenticeship or workforce development programs to supply apprentices to taxpayers, contactors, or subcontractors to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements. Commenters asserted that permitting programs in addition to registered apprenticeship programs to supply apprentices will help ease the expected short supply of qualified apprentices Start Printed Page 53227 due to high demand. A commenter also explained that biogas systems are usually co-located at farms and some members in the biogas industry rely on apprenticeship programs run through local high schools and school districts, that help provide hands-on experience and develop interest for agricultural careers. The commenter suggested including those school-based apprenticeship programs if they meet certain criteria.

Although the Treasury Department and the IRS understand there may be advantages to hiring individuals through programs other than registered apprenticeship programs, the statute requires that qualified apprentices be employed by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor and be participating in a registered apprenticeship program for purposes of the Apprenticeship Requirements. The final regulations adhere to the statutory requirements and the proposed rule is adopted without change.

Several commenters indicated a general concern with the lack of qualified apprentices to staff construction projects. One commenter stated that in the next five to ten years, the construction industry is bracing for hundreds of billions of dollars of additional infrastructure spending and tax incentives. The commenter was skeptical that there are sufficient registered apprenticeship programs and qualified apprentices available to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements. An additional commenter shared survey data indicating that the necessary registered apprenticeship programs have not been established in their geographic area. The same commenter also opined that there are not enough qualified apprentices currently enrolled in registered apprenticeship programs to supply a workforce capable of meeting the Labor Hour Requirements.

Comments discussing the possible shortage of qualified apprentices or registered apprenticeship programs are outside the scope of these final regulations. However, the Treasury Department and the IRS appreciate that the commenters raised these concerns and have consulted with the DOL OA regarding them. The DOL OA explained that group registered apprenticeship programs that typically place qualified apprentices with multiple employers for on-the-job training are designed to expand with demand because they typically only admit as many qualified apprentices as they have guaranteed placements for. If there are additional employers, they can admit additional qualified apprentices to their programs. The DOL OA also indicated that over the last several years the DOL has made significant investments in the registered apprenticeship space to prepare and expand access to qualified apprentices. The DOL OA is ready to assist in the creation of new registered programs that may be needed to meet the increased demand for apprentices. Taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors are encouraged to start their own registered apprenticeship programs to help increase the supply of qualified apprentices.

Additionally, the Good Faith Effort Exception contemplates that the supply of available qualified apprentices may not always match the demand necessary to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements and provides relief in those cases as explained in Section VIII.B.1. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions. However, use of the Good Faith Effort Exception if there is no registered apprenticeship program that operates in the geographic location of the facility is expected to be rare because registered apprenticeship programs can operate across State and county lines and are expected to expand according to demands.

A commenter requested that the final regulations clarify that a registered apprenticeship program may only provide qualified apprentices for the specific classification(s) requested by the taxpayer. The regulation of registered apprenticeship programs is outside the scope of these final regulations. Taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors retain flexibility in their hiring decisions, including with respect to qualified apprentices. Under these final regulations, the hours that are worked by a qualified apprentice only qualify towards the Labor Hours Requirement and the Participation Requirement to the extent the qualified apprentice is performing construction, alteration, or repair work with respect to the construction of a facility consistent with the occupation in which the qualified apprentice is training.

Another commenter claimed that the Proposed Regulations would place the responsibility to provide qualified apprentices on group sponsors of registered apprenticeship programs, thereby limiting taxpayer incentives to launch their own programs and hire qualified apprentices in other circumstances. The Proposed Regulations did not intend to restrict taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors from developing their own registered apprenticeship programs. The final regulations clarify that taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors have the flexibility to create their own registered apprenticeship program (within the meaning of section 3131(e)(3)(B)) or partner with existing registered apprenticeship programs to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements.

Another commenter requested that the final regulations require that any funds contributed to a registered apprenticeship program must be used to train qualified apprentices. While the Treasury Department and the IRS understand that commenters want to ensure funds contributed to a registered apprenticeship program are used appropriately, this is outside the scope of the final regulations.

Several commenters requested assistance in finding registered apprenticeship programs to provide qualified apprentices to a project. The DOL OA, in collaboration with participating State apprenticeship agencies, has created an online search tool to assist taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors in finding registered apprenticeship programs (currently https://www.apprenticeship.gov/partner-finder ). Taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors can search for registered apprenticeship programs by occupation or industry in a certain State, city, or zip code. Taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors can also contact the DOL OA or their State apprenticeship agency for assistance in locating registered apprenticeship programs.

A commenter also stated that the Apprenticeship Requirements could create new challenges for taxpayers who depend on labor from other countries to help install equipment. The commenter explained that foreign contractors and subcontractors will be unable to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements because they are not permitted to hire qualified apprentices from registered apprenticeship programs. The commenter suggested that the final regulations expand the Good Faith Effort Exception to provide reasonable accommodations for taxpayers who rely on foreign companies for specific work.

The Treasury Department and the IRS understand from the DOL OA that DOL regulations governing registered apprenticeship programs do not prohibit foreign employers from hiring qualified apprentices from registered apprenticeship programs or registering an apprenticeship program, provided certain requirements are satisfied (for example, the foreign employer must have a physical presence in the United States and be legally authorized to conduct business in the United States). The DOL OA confirmed that there are several registered apprenticeship programs sponsored by foreign employers. Accordingly, the Treasury Start Printed Page 53228 Department and the IRS decline to provide special exceptions for taxpayers who use foreign contractors or subcontractors for specific work as the statute does not contemplate such an exception.

A commenter requested that the final regulations clarify the effect of the DOL deregistering a registered apprenticeship program. The commenter recommended that the final regulations permit taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors to continue to pay the applicable apprenticeship prevailing wage rate if a registered apprenticeship program is deregistered, provided the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor can find a new registered apprenticeship program for the apprentices already employed within 90 days from the date the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor is notified in writing that the program was deregistered. The commenter also requested that the Treasury Department and the IRS provide an option for enrolling apprentices in registered apprenticeship programs that offer remote learning in the event a registered apprenticeship program is deregistered.

The Treasury Department and the IRS understand that programs may be deregistered by the DOL OA or the State apprenticeship agency as a result of the program's failure to follow the requirements in 29 CFR parts 29 and 30 . When an apprenticeship program is deregistered, the DOL OA or State apprenticeship agency assists with transferring the apprentices to other registered apprenticeship programs. The DOL OA has indicated that deregistration is rare and the process leading up to deregistration involves ample opportunities for programs to take corrective action prior to deregistration such that there will be time for taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors to find new registered apprenticeship programs or qualified apprentices if a program is at risk of deregistration.

The final regulations do not adopt this comment. Section 45(b)(8) requires the use of qualified apprentices participating in a registered apprenticeship program. An individual registered in an apprenticeship program that has been deregistered is no longer a qualified apprentice and the hours worked by the individual after deregistration of the program will not qualify towards the Apprenticeship Requirements. The Treasury Department and the IRS also decline to permit taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors to pay the reduced applicable apprenticeship prevailing wage rate in the event of deregistration as doing so would be inconsistent with the statute.

A commenter recommended that the final regulations provide guidance for situations in which the construction work outlasts the qualified apprentice's tenure with a registered apprenticeship program, because the qualified apprentice is promoted, graduates, or otherwise leaves the program. The employment of individuals who are no longer qualified apprentices for any reason will not qualify for purposes of the Apprenticeship Requirements.

Similarly, a few commenters requested guidance regarding the impact to the Apprenticeship Requirements if circumstances change in the middle of construction of a facility, such as qualified apprentice labor becoming unavailable. The Treasury Department and the IRS understand there might be situations in which qualified apprentice labor becomes unavailable, which may affect a taxpayer's ability to comply with the Labor Hours Requirement. In this situation, taxpayers may be eligible for the Good Faith Effort Exception (if those requirements are satisfied) or may cure the failure to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements by paying the prescribed penalty under section 45(b)(8)(D)(i)(II). The Good Faith Effort Exception and the Apprenticeship Cure Provision are discussed in Section VIII.B. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions.

A commenter also suggested that in order to ensure high quality on-the-job training in registered apprenticeship programs, the final regulations should either support or require employers seeking the increased amounts of credit to be registered training agents and demonstrate their proof of status with a registered apprenticeship program. Because registered apprenticeship programs must provide supervised work experience and training on the job, the use of qualified apprentices already ensures quality on-the-job training, and the final regulations do not require taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors to register as training agents.

Under section 45(b)(8)(D)(i), a taxpayer is not treated as failing to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements in section 45(b)(8) if: (i) the taxpayer satisfies the Good Faith Effort Exception in section 45(b)(8)(D)(ii), or (ii) in the case of any failure by the taxpayer to satisfy the Labor Hours Requirement under section 45(b)(8)(A) and the Participation Requirement under section 45(b)(8)(C), the taxpayer makes a penalty payment to the IRS.

Under the Good Faith Effort Exception, a taxpayer is deemed to have satisfied the Apprenticeship Requirements with respect to a qualified facility if the taxpayer has requested qualified apprentices from a registered apprenticeship program and: (i) such request has been denied, provided that such denial is not the result of a refusal by the taxpayer or any contractors or subcontractors engaged in the performance of construction, alteration, or repair work with respect to such qualified facility to comply with the established standards and requirements of the registered apprenticeship program, or (ii) the registered apprenticeship program fails to respond to such request within five business days after the date on which such registered apprenticeship program received the request.

The Proposed Regulations would have provided that, generally, a taxpayer is deemed to have satisfied the Apprenticeship Requirements with respect to a request for qualified apprentices if the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor submitted a written request for qualified apprentices to at least one registered apprenticeship program that: (i) has a geographic area of operation that includes the location of the facility, or that can reasonably be expected to provide apprentices to the location of the facility; (ii) trains apprentices in the occupation(s) needed to perform construction, alteration, or repair with respect to the facility; and (iii) has a usual and customary business practice of entering into agreements with employers for the placement of apprentices in the occupation for which they are training, pursuant to its standards and requirements. The Proposed Regulations would have further required that the request be in writing and sent electronically or by registered mail. The Proposed Regulations would have defined a registered apprenticeship program to mean a program that has been registered by the DOL OA or a recognized State apprenticeship agency pursuant 29 CFR parts 29 and 30 , as meeting the basic standards and requirements of the DOL (DOL Apprenticeship Standards).

The Proposed Regulations would have provided that the Good Faith Effort Exception is specific to the request for qualified apprentices made by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor, including the number of apprentice hours for which the request for apprentices has been made to a Start Printed Page 53229 registered apprenticeship program. Thus, the Good Faith Effort Exception would have applied to the specific portion of the request for qualified apprentices that was not responded to or denied. The Proposed Regulations would also have provided that the denial of a request for qualified apprentices would qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception for a period of 120 days after the denial and that taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors would be required to submit an additional request for apprentices every 120 days after a denial to continue to qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception. The Treasury Department and the IRS requested comments on the duration of requests for qualified apprentices under the Good Faith Effort Exception.

The Treasury Department and the IRS are aware that the DOL OA, as well as State apprenticeship agencies, routinely provide technical expertise on registered apprenticeship program matters, including identifying registered apprenticeship programs and assisting employers seeking to register their own programs. The Treasury Department and the IRS requested comments on whether and how the proposed Good Faith Effort Exception might account for a situation in which a taxpayer contacts the DOL OA or the appropriate State apprenticeship agency regarding their apprenticeship request, in addition to contacting a specific registered apprenticeship program(s).

The Treasury Department and the IRS also requested comments on how the proposed Good Faith Effort Exception would align with current practices with respect to use of apprentices in the construction, alteration, or repair of facilities. In particular, the Treasury Department and the IRS requested comments on the role of collective bargaining agreements, PLAs, and other agreements to satisfy the request for apprentices under the Good Faith Effort Exception. The following sections summarize the comments received. The final regulations provide further guidance regarding the Good Faith Effort Exception and revise the Proposed Regulations in response to the comments received.

The Proposed Regulations would have required that a request for qualified apprentices must include the proposed dates of employment, occupation of apprentices needed, location of the work to be performed, number of apprentices needed, the expected number of labor hours to be performed by the apprentices, and the name and contact information of the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor requesting employment of apprentices from the registered apprenticeship program. The Proposed Regulations would have also required that the request state that the request for qualified apprentices is made with an intent to employ apprentices in the occupation for which they are being trained and in accordance with the requirements and standards of the registered apprenticeship program.

Several commenters requested that the final regulations further clarify what information must be included in the request for qualified apprentices for purposes of the Good Faith Effort Exception. At least one commenter asked whether the request could estimate the dates of employment and the number of qualified apprentices needed. Commenters suggested that the final regulations require requests to explain the need for qualified apprentices and provide the exact number of qualified apprentices needed. Other commenters specifically asked that the request be required to include the name and contact information of the entity that will employ the qualified apprentices.

The final regulations retain the proposed rule requiring taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors to include specific and detailed information concerning the qualified apprentices that are requested and the work to be performed with certain revisions to provide greater clarity for taxpayers and to strengthen the Good Faith Effort Exception. The final regulations further require that a request must identify who will employ the qualified apprentices. The Treasury Department and the IRS understand that requests for qualified apprentices will be based on projections or estimates of the work to be performed including the duration of the work and the number of hours. Nonetheless, the estimates must be consistent with the requester's intent to employ the qualified apprentices. Accordingly, the final regulations provide that requests may include reasonable estimates, and also require that the request include a statement of intent to employ qualified apprentices consistent with the hours and dates of employment included in the request.

The Treasury Department and the IRS are aware of the concerns about potential abuse of the Good Faith Effort Exception. Taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors should be mindful that requests that lack specific details of employment or do not reflect reasonable estimates will not be considered valid requests under the final regulations. Consistent with the general rule in § 1.45-12 that taxpayers must maintain and preserve records sufficient to demonstrate compliance with the applicable PWA requirements, taxpayers need to keep records demonstrating the estimates included in the request were reasonable, such as projected and actual labor needs (both for journeyworkers and qualified apprentices) during the construction of the qualified facility, and any factors impacting those needs, such as apprentice utilization plans or contract requirements, as applicable.

Commenters recommended that the final regulations require taxpayers to make requests for qualified apprentices in writing and by telephone. Commenters argued that adding the requirement to contact registered apprenticeship programs by telephone would ensure taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors use forms of communication that are reasonably calculated to properly and timely notify registered apprenticeship programs of their requests.

The Treasury Department and the IRS recognize that some taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors have ongoing relationships with registered apprenticeship programs and may request qualified apprentices from the program informally, such as by telephone. However, in administering the Good Faith Effort Exception the IRS needs to be able to verify and evaluate the request for qualified apprentices, including if the request was received by the registered apprenticeship program and whether the request included the necessary details to be considered a valid request. Accordingly, the final regulations retain the rule that a request to a registered apprenticeship program must be a written request, sent electronically or by registered mail, for purposes of the Good Faith Effort Exception. Taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors are permitted and encouraged to contact registered apprenticeship programs in writing and by telephone, but in order to satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception, the request must be in writing.

A commenter stated that many employers who are signatories to collective bargaining agreements with building trades labor unions request qualified apprentices from the labor union and not from a registered apprenticeship program. The commenters indicated that this is the common practice because the labor union will have a list of qualified Start Printed Page 53230 apprentices who will be dispatched to the employer's job site. The commenter suggested the final regulations revise the Good Faith Effort Exception to reflect this practice. The Treasury Department and the IRS understand that this practice may occur; however, section 45(b)(8)(D)(ii) provides that requests for qualified apprentices must be made to a registered apprenticeship program. Accordingly, the Treasury Department and the IRS decline to amend the Good Faith Effort Exception to allow this alternative procedure.

The Proposed Regulations would have provided that in order to qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception, taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors must submit a written request for qualified apprentices to at least one registered apprenticeship program, which has a geographic area of operation that includes the location of the facility, or to a registered apprenticeship program that can reasonably be expected to provide apprentices to the location of the facility. In the preamble to the Proposed Regulations, the Treasury Department and the IRS explained that although a taxpayer only needs to submit a request to one registered apprenticeship program, depending on the size of the facility and the likelihood of multiple occupations involved in the construction of the facility, a taxpayer may need to submit a request to more than one apprenticeship program in order to meet the Good Faith Effort Exception.

Several commenters suggested that the final regulations require taxpayers to request qualified apprentices from all available registered apprenticeship programs. Other commenters requested the final regulations retain the requirement to contact at least one available registered apprenticeship program in order to meet the Good Faith Effort Exception. Given that the statute does not impose this requirement, it would be unreasonable to require taxpayers to contact all possible apprenticeship programs. The final regulations adopt the proposed rule without change. In order to qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception, taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors must submit a written request for qualified apprentices to at least one registered apprenticeship program. The Good Faith Effort Exception is limited to the number of qualified apprentice labor hours that are requested as part of a valid request for qualified apprentices.

A commenter requested that the final regulations clarify that taxpayers are not required to request apprentices from the same geographic area as the project. The final regulations do not require taxpayers to use qualified apprentices from a program located in the same geographic area as the project to meet the Labor Hours Requirement. Taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors have the flexibility to request and use qualified apprentices from any location so long as the apprentices are part of a registered apprenticeship program. However, as provided herein, in order to qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception, taxpayers are required to request qualified apprentices from at least one apprenticeship program with a geographic area of operation that includes the geographic location of the facility.

Commenters requested additional guidance regarding how to determine those apprenticeship programs that would reasonably be expected to provide apprentices to the location of a facility. Some commenters suggested making this requirement less ambiguous by requiring taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors to contact all registered apprenticeship programs within a certain distance from the project location. One commenter suggested that taxpayers should be required to accept apprentices from a “sister” program either from within the same State or from one or more States adjacent to the State in which the construction is occurring. Other commenters recommended being able to unconditionally use local registered apprenticeship programs. A commenter also recommended clarifying the expectations for nonunion contractors to use apprentices from union-affiliated programs if nonunion programs are not locally available.

The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that additional clarification is needed on which registered apprenticeship program must be contacted to satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception. The proposed rule was intended to require sending the request to a registered apprenticeship program that would ordinarily provide apprentices to the area where the facility is located. The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that this prerequisite is sufficiently addressed in the requirement that the registered apprenticeship program have a geographic area of operation that includes the location of the facility, because those registered apprenticeship programs can reasonably be expected to provide apprentices to the area where the facility is located. Accordingly, the proposed requirement to contact a registered apprenticeship program that can reasonably be expected to provide apprentices to the location of the facility is not retained in the final regulations. The final regulations clarify that the geographic area of operation of a registered apprenticeship program has the same meaning as geographic area and locality for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements. In most cases, this will mean that the registered apprenticeship program operates in the county, independent city, or other civil subdivision of the State in which the facility is located, regardless of where the registered apprenticeship program is physically located.

Commenters requested guidance with respect to the application of the Good Faith Effort Exception if there is no registered apprenticeship program with a geographic area of operation that includes the location of the facility or that can be reasonably expected to provide apprentices to a project. A commenter also requested guidance in situations in which certain trades lacked qualified apprentices either locally or nationally. Commenters also requested clarification on how to determine that there are no registered apprenticeship programs in the geographic area or that can be reasonably expected to provide apprentices to a project. Other commenters recommended requiring taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors to seek assistance from the DOL OA or State apprenticeship agency if the taxpayer is having trouble locating a registered apprenticeship program with a geographic area of operation that includes the location of the facility in order to qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception.

Although the Treasury Department and the IRS expect this situation to be rare, the final regulations address the application of the Good Faith Effort Exception in the absence of a registered apprenticeship program with an area of operation that includes the location of the facility. The final regulations provide that if there is no registered apprenticeship program with a geographic area of operation that includes the location of the facility, taxpayers will be deemed to satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception for the apprentices they (or the contractor or subcontractor) would have requested for that occupation.

Taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors should keep records sufficient to substantiate that there are no existing registered apprenticeship programs with a geographic area of operation that includes the facility at the time the request would have been made, as well as documentation of the requests for apprentices that would have been made, including the specific work Start Printed Page 53231 and hours that would have been performed by the apprentices if a registered apprenticeship program were available. Taxpayers are also able, but not required for the purposes of the Good Faith Effort Exception, to create their own registered apprenticeship programs.

Because registered apprenticeship programs can operate across State and county lines, determining that a registered apprenticeship program does not have a geographic area of operation that includes the location of the facility may necessitate contacting the registered apprenticeship program to determine its geographic area of operation. Taxpayers should also consider contacting the DOL OA or relevant State apprenticeship agency for assistance in locating registered apprenticeship programs and documenting that no registered apprenticeship programs are available. Examples of evidence that no registered apprenticeship programs were available could include written confirmation from registered apprenticeship programs that they do not have a geographic area of operation that includes the location of the facility or confirmation from the DOL OA or the relevant State apprenticeship agency that there are no existing registered apprenticeship programs with a geographic area of operation that includes the facility.

Commenters also requested guidance on how a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor who sponsors its own registered apprenticeship program and employs qualified apprentices would qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception. The final regulations clarify that if a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor is a registered apprenticeship program sponsor and there are no available qualified apprentices in the registered apprenticeship program sponsored by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor, the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor may qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception by demonstrating that it made a request to another registered apprenticeship program (and such request was denied or not responded to within five business days) or by establishing that there are no other registered apprenticeship programs with an area of operation that includes the location of the facility.

One commenter stated that it is customary for some employers who are signatories to collective bargaining agreements to hire qualified apprentices through the union instead of by contacting a registered apprenticeship program. The commenter requested the final rule clarify that this practice is permissible. The final regulations do not adopt this suggestion. The Treasury Department and the IRS recognize that an employer may not directly contact a registered apprenticeship program for qualified apprentices if the employer is a signatory to a collective bargaining agreement with a labor organization. However, for purposes of satisfying the Good Faith Effort Exception, the taxpayer must have requested qualified apprentices from a registered apprenticeship program and not a labor organization.

In the preamble to the Proposed Regulations, the Treasury Department and the IRS requested comments on whether and how the proposed Good Faith Effort Exception might take into account a situation in which a taxpayer contacts the DOL OA or the appropriate State apprenticeship agency regarding their apprenticeship request, in addition to contacting a specific registered apprenticeship program or programs. Some commenters requested that the final regulations clarify that a taxpayer's outreach to the DOL OA or a State apprenticeship agency has no bearing on whether a taxpayer qualifies for a Good Faith Effort Exception. The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors are not required to contact the DOL OA or State apprenticeship agency to satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception. However, as noted previously, it is recommended that taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors contact the DOL OA or a State apprenticeship agency if they have difficulty locating a registered apprenticeship program. Additionally, the final regulations provide that evidence that the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor contacted the DOL OA or a State apprenticeship agency for assistance will be considered in determining whether taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors acted with intentional disregard if the Good Faith Effort Exception does not apply.

Commenters asked that the final regulations clarify when a request must be made in order to satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception. Several commenters recommended that requests should be made within a certain time before the requested qualified apprentices are needed. Some commenters indicated that in the absence of a temporal requirement, some taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors may make last-minute requests for qualified apprentices. The commenters asserted that it may be very difficult or impossible for a registered apprenticeship program to respond to a request for qualified apprentices without adequate time to staff the request. Some commenters suggested that there may be a loophole allowing for the application of the Good Faith Effort Exception in situations in which it was not intended to apply if the final regulations do not impose a temporal requirement. Commenters proposed time periods that ranged from five days before qualified apprentices are needed (if a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor has a pre-existing relationship with the registered apprenticeship program) to 90 days before qualified apprentices are needed in the absence of a pre-existing relationship. Several commenters suggested that requests should be required 10 to 14 days before qualified apprentices are expected to start work on the project.

The DOL OA has indicated that typical apprenticeship cycles in construction involve at least 2,000 hours of on-the-job training and at least 144 hours of related instruction for each year of the apprenticeship program. According to the DOL OA, registered apprenticeship programs in the construction industry typically hire qualified apprentices in cohorts, and advance notice is needed to allow the registered apprenticeship program adequate time to supply the requested qualified apprentices within the timeframe needed.

The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that in order to satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception, the initial request for qualified apprentices must be made with enough advance notice to allow registered apprenticeship programs time to respond. The Treasury Department and the IRS also recognize that given the nature of construction projects, and the desire to complete projects on time, a shorter timeframe may be appropriate for any subsequent requests once construction is underway. Accordingly, the final regulations require that taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors must make an initial request for qualified apprentice(s) from a registered apprenticeship program at least 45 days before the qualified apprentice is requested to begin work on the facility so that registered apprenticeship programs have adequate time to plan for the anticipated need. The final regulations also clarify that to satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception, any subsequent requests to the same registered apprenticeship program must be made no later than 14 days before qualified apprentices are requested to begin work on the facility. Start Printed Page 53232

The Treasury Department and the IRS received numerous comments regarding the 120-day period for which the denial or nonresponse of a request for qualified apprentices is considered to satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception and the requirement for taxpayers to submit additional requests for qualified apprentices to continue to satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception at the end of the 120-day period. Some commenters suggested eliminating the requirement to submit additional requests or extending the time before an additional request needs to be made from 120 days to one year, noting that the 120-day period could be impractical or burdensome, create uncertainty, and that it might not increase the hiring of qualified apprentices. Several commenters asserted that the 120-day period and the requirement to submit additional requests lacked a statutory basis, because the statutory text of the Good Faith Effort Exception in section 45(b)(8)(D) does not prescribe or mention any 120-day period and does not require any renewal by the taxpayer of its request for a qualified apprentice in order to be deemed to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements. Other commenters suggested that the 120-day period be shortened to better align with project timelines for subcontractors who typically conclude their work on a project well within the 120-day window.

Commenters also asked that the final regulations clarify if subsequent requests have to be made to the same registered apprenticeship program and if there is a limit on the number of times an additional request needed to be made in order to satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception. Additionally, a commenter suggested that the final regulations require follow-up requests for qualified apprentices to include the names of any registered apprenticeship programs the taxpayer previously contacted for qualified apprentices. Commenters also asked whether the Labor Hours Requirement applied if taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors met the Good Faith Effort Exception for 120 days, and subsequently obtained qualified apprentices in response to an additional request made after the expiration of the 120-day period. If the Labor Hours Requirement applied in this scenario, the commenter requested guidance on how to determine if a taxpayer satisfied the Labor Hours Requirement under these circumstances.

The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with the comments indicating that the 120-day period introduces unnecessary uncertainty with respect to labor supply and costs. A request that is initially denied for lack of available qualified apprentices that is later accepted pursuant to a renewed request after only 120 days could disrupt staffing decisions. Moreover, the Treasury Department and the IRS acknowledge that a requirement to submit additional requests after 120 days could increase burdens in cases in which businesses may not have the staff or staffing flexibility to comply with a requirement for multiple, ongoing requests. However, the Treasury Department and the IRS also recognize the value in prescribing the duration of requests to prevent the Good Faith Effort Exception from allowing the Apprenticeship Requirements to be avoided in their entirety if qualified apprentices will likely be available for work at some time during the lifespan of a construction project as the supply adjusts to demands.

Based on the comments received and in consultation with the DOL, the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that the maximum duration of a request for qualified apprentices is 365 days (366 days in case of a leap year). The final regulations have been revised to provide that taxpayers must submit additional requests 365 days (366 days in case of a leap year) after the denial of a previous request to continue to satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception. The final regulations also clarify that the annual duration applies if a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor is not able to locate a registered apprenticeship program with an area of operation that includes the location of the facility.

Extending the maximum duration of requests for qualified apprentices to an annual period will allow employers sufficient time to assess future work needs appropriate for qualified apprentices without causing uncertainty for existing staff and unexpected costs that might otherwise result if requests were required on a more frequent basis. It also allows sufficient time for the supply of qualified apprentices to adjust to the construction demands of the location of the facility through the registration of new apprenticeship programs and recruitment of qualified apprentices into those programs. The final regulations retain the rule that requests for purposes of the Good Faith Effort Exception must be specific as to the dates of employment and the expected number of hours the qualified apprentices are needed with the intent to employ the qualified apprentices consistent with the request. Taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors making general requests that lack an intent to employ the qualified apprentices consistent with the request would not satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception. The final regulations also clarify that requests for qualified apprentices do not need to be made to the same registered apprenticeship program that received and denied an earlier request.

The final regulations also include an example in response to the request for clarification on how the Labor Hours Requirement applies if a taxpayer satisfies the Good Faith Effort Exception for one 365-day period (or 366-day period in the case of a leap year), and then obtains qualified apprentices in response to an additional request for qualified apprentices that is made later.

The Proposed Regulations would have provided that an acknowledgement, whether in writing or otherwise by a registered apprenticeship program, of receipt of the request is a sufficient response for purposes of the Good Faith Effort Exception. Several commenters requested that the final regulations modify this proposed requirement and provide that open-ended and non-substantive replies do not constitute a response for purposes of satisfying the Good Faith Effort Exception. Commenters were concerned that if a non-substantive acknowledgement is treated as a response, taxpayers could be foreclosed from relying on the Good Faith Effort Exception and be unable to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements despite legitimate attempts to do so. They also stated that the proposed rule could lead to uncertainty for taxpayers and indefinitely delay construction while taxpayers attempt to comply with the Apprenticeship Requirements. Another commenter requested that the final regulations require the acknowledgment to be in writing, consistent with the requirement that the request must be in writing.

The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with the concerns raised by the commenters. Accordingly, the final regulations provide that a response is a substantive written reply that agrees, in part or in whole, to the specific requirements in the taxpayer's, contractor's, or subcontractor's request. Automated or other non-substantive responses or acknowledgments are not responses for purposes of the Good Faith Effort Exception.

One commenter suggested the final regulations clarify that if a program replies with a non-substantive response, the taxpayer is not required to follow up with the registered apprenticeship program for a more specific response. The Treasury Department and the IRS Start Printed Page 53233 agree that additional guidance is needed on the procedures after a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor makes an initial request to a registered apprenticeship program. The final regulations clarify that, for purposes of the Good Faith Effort Exception and subject to the annual duration of a request, a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor does not need to follow up with the registered apprenticeship program after an initial request is made or after receipt of a non-substantive response.

Although follow-up requests are not required for purposes of the Good Faith Effort Exception, the Treasury Department and the IRS encourage taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors to regularly follow up with registered apprenticeship programs regarding requests for qualified apprentices, and the final regulations clarify that evidence that this occurred is a factor the IRS will consider in determining whether there is intentional disregard of the Apprenticeship Requirements if the Good Faith Effort Exception does not apply.

The Proposed Regulations would have provided that a denial of a request means that the registered apprenticeship program denied the request in its entirety. The Proposed Regulations would have further provided that a registered apprenticeship program's response that it could partially fulfill a request in the occupation(s) for which it trains apprentices would not constitute a denial of the request with respect to the parts of the request that could be fulfilled. Commenters suggested that the final regulations require taxpayers to accept all qualified apprentices offered by a registered apprenticeship program, even if a registered apprenticeship program is only partially able to meet a request. The final regulations clarify that partial denials may also serve as a valid basis for the Good Faith Effort Exception with respect to the portion denied, provided that the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor hires the qualified apprentices that are available for the construction as provided by the registered apprenticeship program in its response. The final regulations also clarify through an example that a denial that follows an initial acceptance and is received prior to the start of the requested work (for example, if a registered apprenticeship program indicates it can provide qualified apprentices to a project and is subsequently unable to fulfill the request) may also serve as a valid basis for the Good Faith Effort Exception.

Commenters also asked if the Labor Hours Requirement is proportionately reduced in the event of a partial denial. The Treasury Department and the IRS understand the need for clarification on the interaction between the Labor Hours Requirement and the Good Faith Effort Exception. An example in proposed § 1.45-8(e)(1)(ii)(F) illustrates that if a request is partially denied, the part of the request that was denied would qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception. As proposed, the example would have stated the number of qualified apprentice labor hours that would qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception, but it did not clearly indicate how these hours are treated. The final regulations contain a revised example clarifying that there is no proportionate reduction of the Labor Hours Requirement. Instead, the qualified apprentice labor hours that qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception are treated as labor hours performed by qualified apprentices.

Commenters requested that the final regulations clarify how to determine the date on which a registered apprenticeship program received a request for purposes of the Good Faith Effort Exception. One commenter suggested that the date of receipt should be determined by a proof of receipt from a delivery service. As explained in Section VIII.B.1.b. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, for purposes of the Good Faith Effort Exception, requests for qualified apprentices must be in writing and sent electronically or by registered mail. The final regulations provide that date of receipt of the request is the date an email request is sent to the registered apprenticeship program, or the date of delivery shown on a receipt from the registered mail delivery.

Under section 45(b)(8)(D)(ii)(I), in order to satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception, a denial of a request for qualified apprentices cannot be “the result of a refusal by the taxpayer or any contractors or subcontractors engaged in the performance of construction, alteration or repair work with respect to such qualified facility to comply with the established standards and requirements of the registered apprenticeship program.” The Proposed Regulations reiterated this requirement. The preamble to the Proposed Regulations provided further that “if a registered apprenticeship program requires a requesting employer to enter into an agreement with the registered apprenticeship program, then a denial of the request because the employer refused to enter into the agreement would not be a valid denial for purposes of the Good Faith Effort Exception.”

A few commenters requested that the final regulations confirm that the established standards and requirements of the registered apprenticeship program refer to those requirements included in the DOL Apprenticeship Standards. Commenters asserted that requiring taxpayers to comply with requirements other than those necessary to comply with the DOL Apprenticeship Standards would unfairly restrict a taxpayer's ability to negotiate contract terms with a registered apprenticeship program. Some commenters were also concerned that the proposed rule would require taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors who are not parties to collective bargaining agreements or PLAs to enter into these agreements in order to comply with a union registered apprenticeship program's standards and requirements. Commenters stated that non-union contractors generally do not employ qualified apprentices enrolled in union sponsored registered apprenticeship programs, and they requested confirmation that this rule would not require them to do so. A commenter also requested guidance concerning what remedies are available to taxpayers if there is a conflict between standards imposed by an apprenticeship program registered by the DOL OA and an apprenticeship program registered by a State apprenticeship agency. The commenter requested clarification that taxpayers may choose to request and employ qualified apprentices from either registered apprenticeship program.

The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that the final regulations should further clarify what established standards and requirements means. Under section 45(b)(8)(D)(ii) the denial cannot be a result of a failure to comply with the “established standards and requirements” of a registered apprenticeship program (as defined in section 3131(e)(3)(B)). Section 3131(e)(3)(B) requires a registered apprenticeship program to satisfy the DOL Apprenticeship Standards.

Section 29.5 of the current DOL Apprenticeship Standards provides the standards of apprenticeship that an apprenticeship program must satisfy to be eligible for approval and registration by the DOL OA or a State apprenticeship agency. [ 35 ] Under 29 CFR 29.5(a) , the apprenticeship program must have “an organized, written plan Start Printed Page 53234 (program standards) embodying the terms and conditions of employment, training, and supervision of one or more apprentices in an apprenticeable occupation, as defined in this part, and subscribed to by a sponsor who has undertaken to carry out the apprentice training program.” Section 29.5(b) lists 23 different provisions that the program standards must address, including the employment and training of the apprentice, the term of apprenticeship and the minimum qualifications required by a sponsor for persons entering the apprenticeship program. The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that the use of the phrase “established standards” in section 45(b)(8)(D)(ii)(l) of the Code should be construed as a reference to the DOL Apprenticeship Standards referenced by section 3131(e)(3)(B) of the Code and contained in 29 CFR parts 29 and 30 . Based on consultation with the DOL OA, the Treasury Department and the IRS understand that the DOL also refers to the established standards as the DOL Apprenticeship Standards that are applicable to—and required of—all employers who wish to join the registered apprenticeship program for the purpose of employing apprentices.

However, Congress's use of the phrase “established standards and requirements” captures more than the DOL Apprenticeship Standards. In order to give meaning to the words “and requirements,” terms and conditions beyond those contained in the DOL Apprenticeship Standards (those that are necessary for DOL approval) must not be rejected by taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors for purposes of the Good Faith Effort Exception. Whether additional requirements may be imposed by the registered apprenticeship program will depend, in part, on what the DOL allows the registered apprenticeship program to require. The DOL is the agency responsible for regulating registered apprenticeship programs, and the DOL determines the permissible standards and requirements of a registered apprenticeship program. The DOL OA has indicated it is important for efficient oversight and administration of registered apprenticeship programs that these programs not be required to establish separate standards and requirements for the purposes of the IRA.

The Treasury Department and the IRS appreciate the importance of the DOL's management of the registered apprenticeship program and the DOL's well-established understanding of what constitutes established standards and requirements for the registered apprenticeship programs that the DOL is responsible for overseeing and approving. Based on consultation with the DOL OA, the Treasury Department and the IRS also understand that registered apprenticeship programs are expected to provide prospective employers with the program's established standards and requirements, including those reviewed by the DOL or the State apprenticeship agency.

The Treasury department and the IRS have determined that the final regulations must interpret the statutory language in a way that gives meaning to the entire phrase, and also appropriately recognize procedures implemented by the DOL OA. Accordingly, the final regulations provide that the requirements referenced as part of the established standards and requirements are those additional requirements that are established by the registered apprenticeship program for the placement of apprentices, applicable to all employers participating in the registered apprenticeship program, and not found by the DOL OA or a State apprenticeship agency to be contrary to the DOL guidance regarding the administration of registered apprenticeship programs.

Consistent with this explanation and in response to comments, the final regulations revise the proposed rule with respect to the established standards and requirements that must not be rejected by taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors for purposes of satisfying the Good Faith Effort Exception. For example, if a registered apprenticeship program requires all employers who request qualified apprentices to enter into an agreement with the registered apprenticeship program, sign a collective bargaining agreement, and pay user fees, and these requirements have not been found by the DOL OA or a State apprenticeship agency to be contrary to DOL guidance regarding the administration of registered apprenticeship programs, then a denial of the request because the employer refused to enter into the agreement, sign the collective bargaining agreement, or pay the user fees would not qualify as a valid denial for purposes of the Good Faith Effort Exception. In order to substantiate the Good Faith Effort Exception, a taxpayer will be expected to document that a denial of a request was not because of the taxpayer's refusal to comply with the established standards and requirements of the registered apprenticeship program.

Taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors also retain the ability to contact other registered apprenticeship programs that do not have similar requirements in an effort to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements or the Good Faith Effort Exception. Because of the requirement that taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors contact registered apprenticeship programs with a geographic area of operation that includes the location of the facility, the Treasury Department and the IRS do not anticipate that the established standards and requirements of the registered apprenticeship program will conflict with those required by State law. In the unlikely event that they do, the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor should contact the DOL OA for assistance.

A commenter asked the Treasury Department and the IRS to consider limiting the number of Good Faith Effort Exceptions available per trade to encourage taxpayers to individually sponsor new registered apprenticeship programs. The Treasury Department and the IRS acknowledge that there is interest in developing new registered apprenticeship programs to meet the anticipated need for additional qualified apprentices. The final regulations already impose some limits on the Good Faith Effort Exception through the requirement to submit additional requests following the denial of a request and other requirements relating to the required contents and scope of a request. The final regulations do not otherwise impose a limit on the availability of using the Good Faith Effort Exception.

Under section 45(b)(8)(D)(ii), to satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception, requests must be made for qualified apprentices from a registered apprenticeship program as defined in section 3131(e)(3)(B). One commenter was concerned that employers would fund apprenticeship programs and request qualified apprentices from those programs in an effort to manufacture denials. To reduce abuse of the Good Faith Effort Exception, the commenter recommended requiring apprenticeship requests to be sent only to registered programs with a prior record of operation and prior record of meeting certain graduation rates. A few other commenters were concerned with the proliferation of new registered apprenticeship programs that are registered with the DOL but do not provide training to a meaningful number of workers.

As discussed in Section VIII.B.1.c., the final regulations clarify that a taxpayer cannot satisfy the Good Faith Start Printed Page 53235 Effort Exception through a denial from a registered apprenticeship program it sponsors. If the program sponsored by the taxpayer has no available qualified apprentices, the taxpayer must contact other registered apprenticeship programs for qualified apprentices to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements or the Good Faith Effort Exception. Additionally, while the Treasury Department and the IRS recognize that there are concerns that the Good Faith Effort Exception may be abused, the statute requires requests of qualified apprentices from registered apprenticeship programs. Registered apprenticeship programs are registered by the DOL OA or a recognized State apprenticeship agency, pursuant to the standards in 29 CFR parts 29 and 30 . As indicated in Section II.D.1. of this Background, the DOL is responsible for regulating the registered apprenticeship programs, and the extent to which operational history, graduation rates, and training are relevant to registration is more appropriate for the DOL to determine. Comments suggesting that the final regulations impose requirements on registered apprenticeship programs beyond those required by the DOL are outside the scope of these final regulations and are not adopted. [ 36 ]

Another commenter suggested that taxpayers make requests solely to the DOL registered apprenticeship programs. Under 45(b)(8)(D)(ii), to qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception, a taxpayer is required to make a request for a qualified apprentice from a registered apprenticeship program, as defined in section 3131(e)(3)(B). Under 3131(e)(3)(B), a registered apprenticeship program means an apprenticeship registered under the Act of August 16, 1937 (commonly known as the National Apprenticeship Act; 50 Stat. 664, chapter 663; 29 U.S.C. 50 et seq. ) that meets the standards of subpart A of part 29 and part 30 of title 29, Code of Federal Regulations .

29 CFR 29.3(a) provides that eligibility for registration of an apprenticeship program is conditioned upon a program's conformity with the apprenticeship program standards of 29 CFR part 29 . For a program to be determined by the DOL as conforming with the standards under 29 CFR part 29 , the program must apply for registration and be registered with the DOL OA or with a State apprenticeship agency recognized by the DOL OA. 29 CFR 29.2 defines a State apprenticeship agency to mean an agency of a State government that has responsibility and accountability for apprenticeship within the State. 29 CFR 29.2 specifies that only a State apprenticeship agency may seek recognition by the DOL OA as an agency that has been properly constituted under an acceptable law or Executive order, and authorized by the DOL OA to register and oversee apprenticeship programs. Thus, the final regulations provide that a request may be made to a registered apprenticeship program that is either registered by the DOL OA or a State apprenticeship agency. Regardless of whether the program is registered by the DOL OA or a State apprenticeship agency, the registered apprenticeship program must meet the standards of 29 CFR parts 29 and 30 .

A commenter recommended expanding the Good Faith Effort Exception to make allowances for emergency circumstances during which it may not be practicable or in the public interest to ensure compliance with the Apprenticeship Requirements, such as during an unexpected outage due to severe weather or operational issues. The commenter explained that in these circumstances, companies must be able to restore service quickly to provide critical fuel supplies.

The Treasury Department and the IRS acknowledge that there may be circumstances in which it will be impractical to have qualified apprentices perform work on the qualified facility. However, the Apprenticeship Requirements do not require qualified apprentices to work at all times. The Participation Requirement only requires each taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor who employs four or more individuals to perform construction, alteration, or repair work with respect to the construction of a qualified facility to employ one or more qualified apprentices to perform such work. The Labor Hours Requirement only requires taxpayers to ensure that not less than a certain percentage (10 percent, 12.5 percent, or 15 percent, depending on the date on which construction began) of total labor hours of the construction, alteration, or repair work (including such work performed by any contractor or subcontractor) with respect to such facility, be performed by qualified apprentices.

In other words, taxpayers have flexibility in satisfying the Labor Hours Requirement. Additionally, the Apprenticeship Requirements apply only to the construction of the qualified facility (including alteration and repair performed during construction), and not to alteration or repair work conducted after the facility is placed in service. Because the Apprenticeship Requirements do not apply to the alteration or repair work after a facility is placed in service and because the Labor Hours Requirement only requires qualified apprentices to perform a certain percentage of work, the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that the Good Faith Effort Exception does not need to be expanded to make allowances for emergency circumstances contemplated by the commenter.

One commenter requested that the Treasury Department and the IRS grant a Good Faith Effort Exception in situations in which taxpayers are denied qualified apprentices because States have illegally and unjustifiably delayed or denied registration of apprenticeship programs. The Good Faith Effort Exception requires a request to a registered apprenticeship program. If the apprenticeship program is not registered, the denial of or nonresponse to that request is irrelevant for purposes of the Good Faith Effort Exception. The Treasury Department and the IRS decline to adopt an exception from that rule based on the reasons an apprenticeship program is denied registration.

Commenters asked for clarification regarding the operation of the Good Faith Effort Exception for employers that do not participate in registered apprenticeship programs that share a “pool” of qualified apprentices. The Treasury Department and the IRS are interpreting these comment letters as referring to group registered apprenticeship programs, under which the registered apprenticeship program places qualified apprentices with multiple-employer participants. One commenter stated that many construction firms typically sponsor an existing employee's apprenticeship through an association, community-based, or employer-run registered apprenticeship programs and the commenter was concerned that the Start Printed Page 53236 Good Faith Effort Exception would not align with those existing practices.

Section 45(b)(8)(D)(ii) provides that taxpayers are deemed to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements if they have requested qualified apprentices from a registered apprenticeship program and such request has been denied or if the registered apprenticeship program fails to respond within five business days of receiving a request. The Proposed Regulations would have provided that a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor must submit a written request to at least one registered apprenticeship program that has a usual and customary business practice of entering into agreements with employers for the placement of qualified apprentices in the occupation for which they are training.

The Treasury Department and the IRS recognize that many contractors currently sponsor existing employees through registered apprenticeship programs, and hours worked by those employees may satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements, provided all requirements are met. However, as discussed in Section VII.B.1.c. of this Summary of Explanations and Revisions, if a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor is a registered apprenticeship program sponsor and there are no available qualified apprentices in the registered apprenticeship program sponsored by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor, then the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor may only qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception by demonstrating that it made a request to another registered apprenticeship program (and such request was denied or not responded to within five business days) or by establishing that there are no other registered apprenticeship programs with an area of operation that includes the location of the facility. The final regulations clarify this requirement.

A commenter asked the Treasury Department and the IRS to consider requiring the DOL OA or the appropriate State apprenticeship agency representative to sign off on a taxpayer's satisfaction of the Good Faith Effort Exception. As discussed in Section V.A. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the taxpayer is ultimately responsible for ensuring compliance with the PWA requirements, including exceptions to the requirements such as the Good Faith Effort Exception, and may not rely on other parties, the DOL OA, or State apprenticeship agencies to certify compliance. Consequently, the final regulations do not adopt this suggestion. The final regulations provide that contacting the DOL OA or a State apprenticeship agency for assistance in locating a registered apprenticeship program may be a factor for purposes of determining intentional disregard.

A commenter suggested requiring taxpayers relying on the Good Faith Effort Exception to summarize their good faith efforts as part of their reporting to the IRS. As an example, the commenter stated that taxpayers could list the registered apprenticeship programs from which they requested qualified apprentices, the dates of their requests, and any reasons that their requests were denied. The final regulations retain the requirement from the Proposed Regulations that taxpayers must maintain and preserve sufficient records to demonstrate compliance with the PWA requirements, and if the taxpayer is relying on the Good Faith Effort Exception, this includes any written requests for the employment of qualified apprentices from registered apprenticeship programs and all correspondence with the registered apprenticeship program regarding the request, including denials of such requests. Whether, and to what extent information must be provided to the IRS at filing will be addressed in IRS forms, instructions, and publications.

Some commenters suggested that to qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception, taxpayers, contactors, or subcontractors should develop and submit apprenticeship utilization plans to the Treasury Department. The Treasury Department and the IRS decline to include this requirement in the final regulations because such rules would not further tax administration and are not required by the statute. While an apprenticeship utilization plan is not required for the Good Faith Effort Exception, the existence of a utilization plan may assist taxpayers in requesting qualified apprentices from a registered apprenticeship program and the final regulations provide that the development and use of an apprenticeship utilization plan is a factor the IRS will consider in determining whether the failure to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements is due to intentional disregard.

Commenters requested additional guidance concerning the Apprenticeship Cure Provision. Specifically, comments asked if there is a deadline for the penalty payment provided by section 45(b)(8)(D)(i)(II) to cure any failure to satisfy the Labor Hours Requirement and Participation Requirement, and whether, for such penalties, the IRS would issue a final determination consistent with the Prevailing Wage Requirements, a statutory notice of deficiency, or other notice to the taxpayer regarding this penalty. The Treasury Department and the IRS understand the need for clarification regarding the deadline to make the penalty payment required by the Apprenticeship Cure Provision.

With respect to failures to pay wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates, section 45(b)(7)(B)(iv) provides that the taxpayer must make required correction and penalty payments within 180 days after a final determination to be eligible for the increased credit amount. There is no similar statutory requirement in the Apprenticeship Cure Provision. Further, section 45(b)(7)(B)(ii) provides that Subchapter B of chapter 63 (relating to deficiency procedures for income, estate, gift, and certain excise taxes) does not apply with respect to the assessment or collection of any penalty imposed by section 45(b)(7) with respect to the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Section 45(b)(8) does not provide a similar exception to the deficiency procedures with respect to the Apprenticeship Cure Provision. The final regulations clarify that there is no specific deadline for payment of the penalty required by the Apprenticeship Cure Provision. The deficiency procedures apply to the penalty payments for the failure to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements. Although there is no specific statutory deadline for payment of the penalty, as discussed in Section VII.D.3. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, if a taxpayer makes the necessary penalty payments before the taxpayer receives notice of an examination from the IRS with respect to a claim for the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6), the taxpayer will be presumed not to have intentionally disregarded the Apprenticeship Requirements.

At least one commenter suggested clarifying whether the Treasury Department and the IRS intended to double-count the penalty with respect to any given labor hour if the taxpayer fails to meet both the Labor Hours Requirement and Participation Requirement. The Proposed Regulations would have provided that if a taxpayer fails both the Labor Hours Requirement and the Participation Requirement the penalty would equal the sum of the penalty for the failure to meet the Labor Hours Requirement plus the penalty for failure to meet the Participation Start Printed Page 53237 Requirement. The penalty provision of section 45(b)(8)(D)(i)(II) provides that the penalty applies to any failure by the taxpayer to satisfy the Labor Hours Requirement under section 45(b)(8)(A) and the Participation Requirement under section 45(b)(8)(C). The use of “any failure” reflects a broad scope such that taxpayers may be subject to penalties for failure to meet the Labor Hours Requirement and the Participation Requirement with respect to the same facility.

One commenter requested that the Treasury Department and the IRS exercise discretion to decline to impose penalties for any failure to satisfy the Participation Requirement with respect to any contractor or subcontractor that qualifies as a small business under the U.S. Small Business Administration's guidance. Although the Treasury Department and the IRS appreciate the concern for small businesses, the Participation Requirement in section 45(b)(8)(C) applies to each taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor who employs four or more individuals to perform construction, alteration, or repair work with respect to the construction of a qualified facility. The final regulations retain the proposed rule consistent with this statutory language.

The Proposed Regulations would have provided that failures to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements would be due to intentional disregard, and subject to enhanced penalty amounts, if the failure is knowing or willful, considering all relevant facts and circumstances. The Proposed Regulations would have provided a non-exhaustive list of facts and circumstances that may be relevant to determining whether the failure was knowing or willful.

In assessing intentional disregard, commenters recommended considering whether the taxpayer: (i) used and complied with an apprenticeship utilization plan; (ii) failed to require contractors and subcontractors to forward to the taxpayer all requests to registered apprenticeship programs for qualified apprentices within five business days of when the requests were made; (iii) failed to audit requests to registered apprenticeship programs for qualified apprentices to ensure compliance with the labor hours, participation, and ratio obligations in the Apprenticeship Requirements; and (iv) abided by anti-retaliation procedures. The Proposed Regulations would have provided that the failure to meet the Labor Hours Requirement or the Participation Requirement would be due to intentional disregard if the failure was knowing or willful. The determination that a failure was knowing or willful will be made by considering all the relevant facts and circumstances.

The final regulations provide a non-exhaustive list of facts and circumstances that may be relevant to determine whether the failure was knowing or willful. The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that the following factors are relevant and may be considered in determining whether a failure was due to intentional disregard: (i) the taxpayer's use of and compliance with an apprenticeship utilization plan; (ii) the taxpayer requiring contractors and subcontractors to forward to the taxpayer requests to registered apprenticeship programs within five business days of when requests are made; (iii) whether taxpayers regularly reviewed contractors' and subcontractors' use of qualified apprentices; and (iv) investigating complaints concerning failures to comply with the Apprenticeship Requirements and complaints concerning retaliation. The final regulations incorporate these additional factors and other clarifying edits consistent with the intentional disregard factors in § 1.45-7(c)(3) that are applicable to the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Intentional disregard for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements is discussed in Section VII.D.3. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions.

A commenter recommended that a taxpayer who is found to have failed the Good Faith Effort Exception, be presumed to have done so with intentional disregard. The Good Faith Effort Exception is intended to provide relief for taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors who were unable to employ qualified apprentices despite making valid requests for qualified apprentices to registered apprenticeship programs. The failure to qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception does not create a presumption of intentional disregard because the intentional disregard provisions are only relevant if the taxpayer has otherwise failed to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements. Thus, the Treasury Department and the IRS decline to adopt the commenter's suggestion.

A commenter suggested that the Treasury Department and the IRS adopt a presumption that the taxpayer did not act in good faith if a labor union or representative of a registered apprenticeship program contacted the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor and made them aware of the apprenticeship requirement and the availability of qualified apprentices and was ignored. The Treasury Department and the IRS decline to adopt this recommendation. The Proposed Regulations would have provided a non-exhaustive list of facts and circumstances considered to determine whether a failure to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements is due to intentional disregard. If a taxpayer makes a request for qualified apprentices to a registered apprenticeship program and the registered apprenticeship program informs the taxpayer of available qualified apprentices, but the taxpayer does not employ the available qualified apprentices and fails to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements, then the taxpayer's refusal to employ the available qualified apprentices could be considered in determining whether the taxpayer's failure was due to intentional disregard. However, if labor unions or representatives of registered apprenticeship programs are reaching out to taxpayers regarding the Apprenticeship Requirements and the availability of qualified apprentices and taxpayers ignore these solicitations, taxpayers will not automatically be deemed to have acted with intentional disregard.

The majority of the comments the Treasury Department and the IRS received relate to the general application of the PWA requirements across multiple Code sections, and those comments have been addressed in Sections I. through VIII. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions. Additional comments that relate solely to specific Code sections are discussed in this Section IX. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions.

Section 30C provides a credit for the cost of any qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling property placed in service during the taxable year. For properties placed in service before January 1, 2023, the credit is equal to 30 percent. For properties placed in service after December 31, 2022, the credit is equal to 30 percent (6 percent for property of a character subject to depreciation). If a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements in sections 30C(g)(2) and (3) or meets the BOC Exception with respect to a qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling project, then the Start Printed Page 53238 credit determined under section 30C(a) for any qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling property of a character subject to an allowance for depreciation that is part of such project is multiplied by five. For purposes of the PWA requirements, section 30C(g)(1)(B) defines a qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling project as a project consisting of one or more properties that are part of a single project. The Prevailing Wage Requirements in section 30C(g)(2)(A) are that the taxpayer ensure that laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in the construction of any qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling property that is part of a qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling project are paid wages at rates not less than prevailing rates. Under section 30(c)(g)(3), rules similar to the rules in section 45(b)(8) apply regarding the Apprenticeship Requirements.

Proposed § 1.30C-3(b) would have provided that a qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling project would satisfy the PWA requirements for the increased credit amount if the project either begins construction prior to January 29, 2023, or meets the Prevailing Wage Requirements of section 45(b)(7) and proposed § 1.45-7, the Apprenticeship Requirements of section 45(b)(8) and proposed § 1.45-8, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of proposed § 1.45-12.

Commenters asked whether cross-references in proposed § 1.30C-3(b)(2) to sections 45(b)(7) and 45(b)(8) meant that PWA requirements apply to alteration or repair work after a qualified property is placed in service under section 30C. Commenters asserted that the statutory text of section 30C(g)(2)(A) limits the PWA requirements only to the construction of any qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling property. Commenters also stated the impracticality of imposing PWA requirements under section 30C after qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling property is placed in service. Commenters emphasized that alteration or repair work of such property often requires a trained technician due to the necessary skill sets for both the hardware and software characteristics of the charging property. Commenters further stated that requesting and waiting for qualified apprentices in order to complete alteration or repair work could imperil a taxpayer's ability to comply with national uptime requirements implemented by the Department of Transportation through the National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure program.

Section 30C(g)(2)(A) states that the Prevailing Wage Requirements apply in the construction of any qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling property that is part of a qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling project. Nothing in section 30C requires the payment of prevailing wages with respect to alterations or repairs after the property is placed in service. By contrast, section 45(b)(7)(A) provides that the Prevailing Wage Requirements apply in the construction of a facility and to the alteration and repair of the facility in the 10-year period after placed in service. The final regulations clarify that the Prevailing Wage Requirements do not apply after a section 30C project is placed in service. The applicable scope of the PWA requirements is explained in Section VI. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions. As explained in Section VIII.A.1. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the Apprenticeship Requirements apply only during the construction of the qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling property that is part of a qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling project (including alterations and repairs that occur during construction) and not with respect to any alteration or repair after a section 30C project is placed in service. Under the transition rule described in Section II. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the PWA requirements do not apply to any work performed before January 29, 2023.

Another commenter suggested that the Treasury Department and the IRS consider aligning the implementation of PWA requirements for section 30C projects with forthcoming guidance on section 30C eligible census tracts. On January 19, 2024, the Treasury Department and the IRS issued Notice 2024-20 providing notice of intent to propose regulations on eligible census tracts under section 30C. Notice 2024-20 does not address the application of PWA requirements under section 30C. Guidance concerning eligible census tracts under section 30C is outside the scope of these final regulations.

Section 45L provides a credit for a qualified new energy efficient home (qualified home) that is constructed by an eligible contractor and acquired by a person from that eligible contractor for use as a residence during the taxable year. In the case of a qualifying residence that meets the Prevailing Wage Requirements, section 45L(g)(1) provides an increased credit amount. The Prevailing Wage Requirements in section 45L(g)(2)(A) are that the taxpayer must ensure that laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in the construction of any qualified residence are paid wages at rates not less than prevailing rates.

Proposed § 1.45L-3(a) would have provided that with respect to a qualified home, the credit determined under section 45L(a)(2)(B)(i) is $2,500 and the credit determined under section 45L(a)(2)(B)(ii) is $5,000 if the qualified home meets the requirements under section 45L(c)(1)(A) or 45L(c)(1)(B), as applicable; is constructed by an eligible contractor; is acquired by a person for use as a residence during the taxable year; and satisfies the Prevailing Wage Requirements of section 45(b)(7) and proposed § 1.45-7, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of proposed § 1.45-12.

Section 45L(g)(2)(A) provides that the Prevailing Wage Requirements apply “in the construction of such residence.” Nothing in section 45L requires the payment of prevailing wages with respect to alterations or repairs after construction of a qualified residence ends. For the reasons described in Section IX.A. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the final regulations clarify that the Prevailing Wage Requirements under section 45L do not apply after construction of a qualified residence ends. The applicable scope of the Prevailing Wage Requirements is explained in Section VI. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions. Under the transition rule described in Section II. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the Prevailing Wage Requirements do not apply to any work performed before January 29, 2023.

Section 45Q provides a credit for the capture and sequestration of qualified carbon oxide using equipment placed in service at a qualified facility. Section 45Q(h) provides an increased credit amount for qualified facilities or any carbon capture equipment placed in service or installed at such facilities that satisfies the PWA requirements. Start Printed Page 53239

Proposed § 1.45Q-6(b)(1) would have provided that to claim the increased credit amount with respect to a qualified facility the construction of which begins on or after January 29, 2023, and any carbon capture equipment placed in service at such facility, the taxpayer must meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements of section 45(b)(7) and proposed § 1.45-7 with respect to such facility and equipment, the Apprenticeship Requirements of section 45(b)(8) and proposed § 1.45-8 with respect to the construction of such facility and equipment, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of proposed § 1.45-12.

Proposed § 1.45Q-6(b)(2) would have provided that to claim the increased credit amount with respect to any carbon capture equipment the construction of which begins on or after January 29, 2023, and that is installed at a qualified facility the construction of which began prior to such date, the taxpayer must meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements of section 45(b)(7) and proposed § 1.45-7 with respect to such equipment, the Apprenticeship Requirements of section 45(b)(8) and proposed § 1.45-8 with respect to the construction of such equipment, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of proposed § 1.45-12.

Proposed § 1.45Q-6(b)(3) would have provided that to claim the increased credit amount a taxpayer does not need to meet the PWA requirements with respect to the construction of carbon capture equipment the construction of which begins prior to January 29, 2023, provided that such equipment is installed at a qualified facility the construction of which also begins prior to January 29, 2023.

Commenters sought clarification regarding the application of PWA requirements to construction of a qualified facility the construction of which begins on or after January 29, 2023. Commenters opined that section 45Q(h)(2)(A) could be interpreted to apply the PWA requirements with respect to construction of a facility before it is known or even expected to be within the definition of a qualified facility. Commenters argued that this would equate to a retroactive application of the PWA requirements and may have a negative impact on the construction of these facilities. Commenters stated that facilities may be built in 2023, but the decision to construct and install carbon capture equipment can come later as technologies develop. Commenters argued that a retroactive application of PWA requirements would put an end to investment in this area. At least one commenter also contended that the penalty and cure provisions built into the PWA requirements would be a far from certain means to secure the increased credit amount under section 45Q. The commenter stated that construction contracts for facilities with no plans for carbon capture would have no reason to require contractors to retain and disclose wage and apprenticeship information to the taxpayer. Without such information, the taxpayer would be unable to later determine the applicable correction and penalty payments.

Section 45Q(h)(2)(A) states that to qualify for the increased credit amount, the taxpayer must satisfy the PWA requirements with respect to the construction of any qualified facility the construction of which begins on or after January 29, 2023, as well as any carbon capture equipment placed in service at such facility. Under section 45Q(d), a facility may be a qualified facility, even if carbon capture equipment was not included in its original planning and design, so long as construction of the facility and carbon capture equipment begins before January 1, 2033. There is no exception from the PWA requirements if the construction of the qualified facility begins on or after January 29, 2023. The commenters' suggestions are not adopted in the final regulations.

One commenter stated that the definition of a qualified facility could be construed as requiring taxpayers to satisfy the PWA requirements with respect to the entire facility even if only a small portion of the facility is responsible for the carbon oxide emission stream. Similarly, a commenter recommended clarifying that the scope of construction, alteration, or repair work only applies to the single process train of carbon capture equipment as defined in § 1.45Q-2(c)(3), and is not inclusive of any other construction, alteration, or repair work performed at the facility or plant. The applicable scope of the PWA requirements is explained in Section VI. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions.

Another commenter stated that proposed § 1.45Q-6(b) would have erroneously incorporated the requirement in section 45(b)(7) and proposed § 1.45-7 to pay prevailing wages for the alteration or repair of a facility during the 10-year period after a facility is placed in service, even though section 45Q(h)(3)(A)(ii) prescribes the payment of prevailing wages for alteration or repair during the 12-year period beginning on the date the equipment was originally placed in service. The final regulations clarify that the Prevailing Wage Requirements under section 45Q apply with respect to the alteration or repair of a qualified facility or carbon capture equipment placed in service at such facility during the applicable 12-year period. As explained in Section VIII.A.1. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the Apprenticeship Requirements apply only during the construction of the facility and not with respect to any alteration or repair after a facility is placed in service. Under the transition rule described in Section II. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the PWA requirements do not apply to any work performed before January 29, 2023.

Section 45U provides a credit for electricity produced by the taxpayer at a qualified nuclear power facility (as defined in section 45U(b)(1)) and sold by the taxpayer to an unrelated person during the taxable year. Generally, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2023, the credit is equal to the amount by which the product of 0.3 cents multiplied by the kilowatt hours of electricity produced by the taxpayer at a qualified nuclear power facility and sold by the taxpayer to an unrelated person during the taxable year exceeds the reduction amount (as determined under section 45(b)(2)) for such taxable year. Under section 45U(d), if a taxpayer satisfies the Prevailing Wage Requirements with respect to a qualified nuclear power facility, then the credit determined under section 45U(a) for the qualified nuclear power facility is multiplied by five. Under section 45U(d)(2)(A), the Prevailing Wage Requirements apply to the alteration or repair of any qualified nuclear power facility.

Proposed § 1.45U-3(a) would have provided that the amount of the zero-emission nuclear power production credit for the taxable year is equal to the credit amount determined under section 45U(a) multiplied by five, if a qualified nuclear power facility satisfies the Prevailing Wage Requirements of section 45(b)(7) and proposed § 1.45-7 in the alteration or repair of such facility, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of proposed § 1.45-12.

One commenter suggested that the final regulations create an exception from the Prevailing Wage Requirements under section 45U for taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors who have fewer than 25 employees. There is no statutory exception for employers of less than 25 individuals and, consistent Start Printed Page 53240 with the statute, the final regulations do not adopt one.

The applicable scope of the Prevailing Wage Requirements is explained in Section VI. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions. As discussed in Section II. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, a transition rule is unnecessary because the Prevailing Wage Requirements under section 45U apply to electricity produced and sold after December 31, 2023, in taxable years beginning after such date. The Treasury Department and the IRS interpret section 13105(c) of the IRA as providing that the Prevailing Wage Requirements only apply to alterations or repairs of a qualified nuclear power facility occurring in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2023. The final regulations are clarified to reflect the statutory effective date under section 45U of the Code for alteration and repairs. Finally, as explained in Section V.D. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the final rules include a definition of “qualifying project labor agreement” that is modified specifically for the purposes of section 45U.

Section 45V provides a credit for the production of qualified clean hydrogen by the taxpayer during the taxable year at a qualified clean hydrogen production facility during the 10-year period beginning on the date the facility was originally placed in service. Proposed § 1.45V-3(b)(1) would have provided that with respect to a facility the construction of which began prior to January 29, 2023, the taxpayer must meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements of section 45(b)(7) and proposed § 1.45-7 with respect to an alteration or repair of the facility that occurs after January 29, 2023 (to the extent applicable), and must meet the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of proposed § 1.45-12, in order to claim the increased credit amount. Proposed § 1.45V-3(b)(2) would have provided that with respect to a facility, a taxpayer must meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements of section 45(b)(7) and proposed § 1.45-7, the Apprenticeship Requirements of section 45(b)(8) and proposed § 1.45-8, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of proposed § 1.45-12 in order to claim the increased credit amount.

No comments were received specifically pertaining to proposed § 1.45V-3. The applicable scope of the PWA requirements is explained in Section VI. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions. As explained in Section VIII.A.1. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the Apprenticeship Requirements apply only during the construction of the facility and not with respect to any alteration or repair after a facility is placed in service. Under the transition rule described in Section II. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the PWA requirements do not apply to any work performed before January 29, 2023. Proposed § 1.45V-3 is otherwise adopted without change.

Section 45Y provides a credit for clean electricity produced by the taxpayer at a qualified facility and sold to an unrelated person, or in the case of a qualified facility that is equipped with a metering device that is owned and operated by an unrelated person, sold, consumed, or stored by the taxpayer during the taxable year, for facilities placed in service after December 31, 2024. Generally, the credit for any taxable year is the product of the kilowatt hours of electricity multiplied by either: (i) 0.3 cents (the base amount under section 45Y(a)(2)(A)); or (ii) 1.5 cents (the alternative amount under section 45Y(a)(2)(B)) for certain qualified facilities. Under section 45Y(c), both the base amount and the alternative amount are adjusted for inflation in years beginning after 2024.

Proposed § 1.45Y-3(a) would have provided that the amount of the credit for producing clean electricity determined under section 45Y(a)(2) equals 1.5 cents if any qualified clean electricity production facility satisfies the requirements of proposed § 1.45Y-3(b). Proposed § 1.45Y-3(b) would have provided that a qualified facility satisfies the PWA requirements by having a maximum net output of less than one megawatt (as measured in alternating current), or beginning construction prior to January 29, 2023, or meeting the Prevailing Wage Requirements of section 45(b)(7) and proposed § 1.45-7, the Apprenticeship Requirements of section 45(b)(8) and proposed § 1.45-8, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of proposed § 1.45-12.

Commenters suggested definitions regarding the One Megawatt Exception for purposes of section 45Y and requested clarifications with respect to determining nameplate capacity. A few commenters suggested testing methodologies for purposes of the greenhouse gas emissions rate under section 45Y(b)(2) and specific approaches for publishing those emissions rates under section 45Y(b)(2)(C)(i). Comments regarding the One Megawatt Exception for the purposes of section 45Y will be addressed in future guidance under section 45Y finalizing those rules.

The applicable scope of the PWA requirements is explained in Section VI. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions. As explained in Section VIII.A.1. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the Apprenticeship Requirements apply only during the construction of the facility (including alterations and repairs that occur during construction) and not with respect to any alteration or repair after a facility is placed in service. Under the transition rule described in Section II. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the PWA requirements do not apply to any work performed before January 29, 2023. The final regulations also clarify that for certain facilities, the applicable amount determined under section 45Y(a)(2) is the alternative amount described in section 45Y(a)(2)(B), subject to adjustment for inflation as provided by section 45Y(c). Proposed § 1.45Y-3 is otherwise adopted without change.

Section 45Z provides a credit for clean transportation fuel produced by the taxpayer at a qualified facility after December 31, 2024, and sold to an unrelated person in a manner described in section 45Z(a)(4). Generally, the credit is the product of the applicable amount (determined under section 45Z(a)(2) and (3)) per gallon (or gallon equivalent) of transportation fuel multiplied by the emissions factor for the fuel (determined under section 45Z(b)). If a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements in sections 45Z(f)(6) and (7), then the applicable amount is $1.00 for transportation fuel that is not a sustainable aviation fuel (non-SAF) (determined under section 45Z(a)(2)(B)) and $1.75 for transportation fuel that is a sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) (determined under section 45Z(a)(3)(A)(ii)). If the taxpayer does not satisfy the PWA requirements in section 45Z(f)(6) and (7), the applicable amount is 20 cents for non-SAF and 35 cents for SAF. Under section 45Z(c), the applicable amounts are adjusted for inflation in years beginning after 2024.

In general, section 45Z(f)(6)(A) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(7) apply for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Section 45Z(f)(7) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(8) apply for purposes of the Apprenticeship Requirements. Start Printed Page 53241 Section 45Z(f)(6)(B) provides a special rule for a facility placed in service before January 1, 2025. Under this rule, if a facility is placed in service before January 1, 2025, the taxpayer is not subject to the Prevailing Wage Requirements with respect to the construction of the facility but is subject to the Prevailing Wage Requirements for the alteration or repair of the facility with respect to any taxable year beginning after December 31, 2024, for which the section 45Z credit is allowed. Section 13704(c) of the IRA provides that these provisions are effective for transportation fuel produced after December 31, 2024.

Proposed § 1.45Z-3(b)(1) would have provided that a qualified facility that begins construction on or after January 29, 2023, and is placed in service after December 31, 2024, satisfies the requirements for the increased credit under section 45Z of the Code if it meets the Prevailing Wage Requirements of section 45(b)(7) and proposed § 1.45-7, the Apprenticeship Requirements of section 45(b)(8) and proposed § 1.45-8, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of proposed § 1.45-12. Proposed § 1.45Z-3(b)(2) would have provided that a qualified facility that is placed in service before January 1, 2025, satisfies the requirements for the increased credit amount under section 45Z if it meets the Prevailing Wage Requirements of section 45(b)(7) and proposed § 1.45-7, the Apprenticeship Requirements of section 45(b)(8) and proposed § 1.45-8, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of proposed § 1.45-12, with respect to any alteration or repair of the facility with respect to any taxable year beginning after December 31, 2024, for which the credit is allowed under section 45Z.

With respect to the proposed rule in § 1.45Z-3(b)(1), commenters asked that the final regulations clarify the requirements for the increased credit amount with respect to facilities that begin construction before January 29, 2023, but are not placed in service until after December 31, 2024. Commenters asked whether the Proposed Regulations intended to create a BOC Exception for section 45Z. Some commenters indicated support for a BOC Exception for consistency with other increased credit provisions, while others argued that there is no statutory support for a BOC Exception. Other commenters generally requested transition relief from the PWA requirements and suggested that the final regulations clarify proposed § 1.45Z-3(b)(1) to remove the clause requiring construction on or after January 29, 2023.

In response to comments, the final regulations modify the Proposed Regulations in several respects. With respect to the rule in proposed § 1.45Z-3(b)(1) for facilities placed in service after December 31, 2024, the final regulations remove the clause requiring construction on or after January 29, 2023. The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that this language, which was intended to provide transition relief similar to that described in Section II. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, was confusing. Taxpayers can satisfy the requirements for the increased credit amount regardless of whether construction began before or after January 29, 2023. The Treasury Department and the IRS decline to prescribe a BOC Exception through regulation because Congress did not statutorily provide for one. Under the transition rule described in Section II. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the PWA requirements do not apply for any work performed before January 29, 2023. Thus, the final regulations provide that for facilities placed in service on or after January 1, 2025, taxpayers must meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements, but only for construction, alteration, and repair work performed on or after January 29, 2023.

Regarding the special rule proposed in § 1.45Z-3(b)(2) for facilities placed in service before January 1, 2025, commenters requested that the final regulations clarify that the special rule in section 45Z(f)(6)(B) applies to all facilities placed in service before January 1, 2025, regardless of whether construction began before January 29, 2023. The final regulations confirm that with respect to all facilities placed in service before January 1, 2025 (regardless of when construction began), the Prevailing Wage Requirements do not apply with respect to construction, but taxpayers must satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements with respect to any alteration or repair of the facility for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2024, for which the credit is allowed.

At least one commenter asserted that the special rule in section 45Z(f)(6)(B) also includes an exception from the Apprenticeship Requirements for facilities placed in service before January 1, 2025. Section 45Z(f)(6)(A) provides that, “[s]ubject to [the special rule of] subparagraph (B), rules similar to the [prevailing wage] rules of section 45(b)(7) shall apply.” Section 45Z(f)(7) provides that “[r]ules similar to the apprenticeship requirement rules of section 45(b)(8) shall apply.” Under section 13101(k) of the IRA, the rules of section 45(b)(7) and 45(b)(8) apply with respect to facilities that are placed in service after December 31, 2021. Thus, the Treasury Department and the IRS interpret the PWA requirements of sections 45Z(f)(6) and 45Z(f)(7) generally as applying to any qualified facility that is placed in service after December 31, 2021, subject to the transition rule described in Section II. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions. There is no exception to the Apprenticeship Requirements in section 45Z(f)(7), regardless of whether a facility is placed in service before, on, or after January 1, 2025. In the absence of a statutory basis, the Treasury Department and the IRS do not provide an exception to the Apprenticeship Requirements in the final regulations.

While there is no statutory basis to except taxpayers from the Apprenticeship Requirements in section 45Z, the Treasury Department and the IRS agree that the proposed rule caused confusion for taxpayers that intend to place a qualified facility in service before January 1, 2025. The Proposed Regulations suggested that taxpayers that placed a qualified facility in service before January 1, 2025, must only satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements and the Apprenticeship Requirements with respect to alterations and repairs that occur in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2024. This incorrectly suggested that there was an Apprenticeship Requirement with respect to alterations and repairs to a facility after it is placed in service and did not address whether the construction of a qualified facility is subject to the Apprenticeship Requirements prior to the facility being placed in service.

In recognition of the confusion created by the Proposed Regulations, the final regulations provide additional transition relief under section 45Z for taxpayers who relied on the Proposed Regulations with respect to the Apprenticeship Requirements for facilities placed in service before January 1, 2025. In general, the final regulations allow taxpayers to continue to rely on the Proposed Regulations up to the date these regulations are published in the Federal Register . The final regulations provide that taxpayers may rely on proposed § 1.45Z-3(b)(2) for an additional 90 days from the date these regulations are published in the Federal Register as transition relief from the Apprenticeship Requirements. This 90-day period will provide taxpayers Start Printed Page 53242 with time to locate and request qualified apprentices from registered apprenticeship programs for any remaining construction work that occurs after 90 days after the date these regulations are published in the Federal Register and before the facility is placed in service. This transition relief does not apply to facilities that are placed in service after December 31, 2024. Such facilities must comply with the Prevailing Wage Requirements and the Apprenticeship Requirements with respect to construction, alteration, or repair work beginning on or after January 29, 2023.

A commenter asked for clarification regarding the applicable amount used to calculate the increased credit amount under section 45Z if the PWA requirements are satisfied. The commenter requested that the description of the credit amount in proposed § 1.45Z-3(a) be amended to clarify that the alternative applicable amount of the credit is $1.00 per gallon for non-SAF (and $1.75 for SAF) and not $5.00 per gallon for non-SAF ($8.75 for SAF).

Section 45Z generally provides a base applicable amount, and if the PWA requirements are satisfied, an alternative applicable amount that is five times the base amount. The Treasury Department and the IRS recognize that proposed § 1.45Z-3(a) could have been interpreted to mean that the entire increased credit amount determined under section 45Z(a) should be multiplied by five, rather than just the base applicable amount. The final regulations clarify that if the PWA requirements are satisfied, then the applicable amount is the alternative applicable amount determined under section 45Z(a)(2)(B) for non-SAF or section 45Z(a)(3)(A)(ii) for SAF, each subject to adjustments for inflation under section 45Z(c).

Section 48C provides a credit for a qualified investment in a qualifying advanced energy project for that taxable year (section 48C Credit). The IRA added section 48C(e) to the Code, extending the section 48C Credit to provide an additional section 48C Credit allocation of $10 billion. Generally, the credit amount for section 48C Credits allocated pursuant to section 48C(e) is equal to six percent of the basis of the eligible property. Under section 48C(e)(4), if a taxpayer satisfies the PWA Requirements in section 48C(e)(5) and (6) with respect to a qualifying advance energy project, then the credit amount determined under section 48C(a) is 30 percent.

To satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements under section 48C(e)(5)(A), a taxpayer must ensure that with respect to a qualifying advanced energy project, any laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in the re-equipping, expansion, or establishment of a manufacturing facility are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates for construction, alteration, or repair of a similar character in the locality in which the project is located. Section 48C(e)(5)(B) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(7)(B) apply for purposes of the correction and penalty related to the failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Section 48C(e)(6) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(8) apply for purposes of the Apprenticeship Requirements.

A section 48C Credit allocation is made after an application and project certification. The extension of section 48C and the additional allocations under section 48C(e) are effective on January 1, 2023. The Treasury Department and the IRS issued Notice 2023-18, 2023-10 I.R.B. 508, Notice 2023-44, 2023-25 I.R.B. 924, and Notice 2024-36, 2024-24 I.R.B. 1479, to provide guidance under section 48C(e). These notices provide a process for the IRS to allocate section 48C Credits. To prevent an overallocation of section 48C Credits, section 5.07 of Notice 2023-18 requires a taxpayer that applies for a section 48C Credit allocation at the 30 percent credit amount to confirm that the taxpayer intends to satisfy the PWA requirements. Section 5.07 of Notice 2023-18 additionally requires that if the taxpayer provides notification that it placed the project in service, the taxpayer must also confirm that it satisfied the PWA requirements.

The Proposed Regulations would have provided that if a taxpayer satisfies both the PWA requirements and the PWA confirmation requirements provided in Notice 2023-18 (or any subsequent guidance), then the credit amount for section 48C Credits allocated pursuant to section 48C(e) of the Code would be equal to 30 percent. Notice 2023-44 provides that a property placed in service prior to being awarded a section 48C Credit under the section 48C(e) program is not eligible to receive such an allocation. It is possible that a taxpayer will have performed work after January 1, 2023, with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualifying advanced energy project and before being awarded an allocation under section 48C.

Proposed § 1.48C-3 would have provided that the increased credit amount is available for any qualifying advanced energy project that satisfies the Prevailing Wage Requirements of section 45(b)(7) and proposed § 1.45-7, the Apprenticeship Requirements of section 45(b)(8) and proposed § 1.45-8, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of proposed § 1.45-12.

One commenter stated that the Proposed Regulations may have erroneously incorporated the requirement in proposed § 1.45-7(a) to pay prevailing wages during the 10-year period after a facility is placed in service and requested that the final regulations specify whether the PWA requirements apply after a facility is placed in service. Section 48C provides that the Prevailing Wage Requirements apply in the “re-equipping, expansion, or establishment of a manufacturing facility.” Nothing in section 48C requires the payment of prevailing wages with respect to alterations or repairs after a qualifying advanced energy project is placed in service. For the reasons described in Sections VIII.A.1. and IX.A. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the final regulations amend the Proposed Regulations to confirm that the PWA requirements under section 48C apply only during the re-equipping, expansion, or establishment of a qualifying advanced energy project and not with respect to any alteration or repair after a qualifying advanced energy project is placed in service. Under the transition rule described in Section II. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the PWA requirements do not apply to any work performed before January 29, 2023.

Additionally, a commenter requested guidance concerning whether for purposes of section 48C projects the PWA requirements are similarly limited to the same eligible property defined by 48C(c)(2). The commenter asked for PWA requirements to be limited to this same eligible property and any costs integral to that eligible property—excluding any work related to the building or its structural components. The applicable scope of the PWA requirements is explained in Section VI. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions.

Section 179D(a) generally allows a deduction in an amount equal to the cost of energy efficient commercial building property placed in service during the taxable year. Section 179D(f) generally allows as a deduction for the taxable year the amount of the aggregate adjusted basis of energy efficient Start Printed Page 53243 building retrofit property placed in service by the taxpayer pursuant to a qualified retrofit plan. Under section 179D(b)(3), (4), and (5), an increased deduction amount is allowed if the taxpayer ensures that laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in the installation of any energy efficient commercial building property, energy efficient building retrofit property, or property installed pursuant to a qualified retrofit plan (collectively, 179D qualified property) are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates and satisfies the Apprenticeship Requirements. Under section 179D(g), the increased deduction amount in 179D(b) is subject to an adjustment for inflation in taxable years beginning after 2022.

Proposed § 1.179D-3(b) would have provided that the increased deduction is available for any 179D qualified property that either began installation prior to January 29, 2023, or meets the Prevailing Wage Requirements of section 45(b)(7) and proposed § 1.45-7, the Apprenticeship Requirements of section 45(b)(8) and proposed § 1.45-8, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of proposed § 1.45-12.

One commenter stated that the Proposed Regulations may have erroneously incorporated the requirement in proposed § 1.45-7(a) to pay prevailing wages during the 10-year period after a property is placed in service and requested that the final regulations specify whether the PWA requirements apply after a property is placed in service. Section 179D provides that the Prevailing Wage Requirements apply “in the installation of any property.” Nothing in section 179D requires the payment of prevailing wages with respect to alterations or repairs after such installation. For the reasons described more fully in Sections VIII.A.1. and IX.A. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the final regulations amend the Proposed Regulations to confirm that the PWA requirements under section 179D apply only during the installation of the 179D qualified property and not with respect to any alteration or repair after the 179D qualified property is placed in service. The applicable scope of the PWA requirements is explained in Section VI. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions. Under the transition rule described in Section II. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the PWA requirements do not apply to any work performed before January 29, 2023. The final regulations also clarify that the deduction amounts are increased for inflation.

On October 5, 2022, the IRS issued Notice 2022-48 and requested comments with respect to the allocation of the section 179D deduction and the criteria that the Treasury Department and the IRS should consider in drafting rules to determine the person that is primarily responsible for designing the property under section 179D(d)(3)(A). The Proposed Regulations would have provided general rules for satisfying the PWA requirements for purposes of section 179D, but the Proposed Regulations would not have addressed the allocation of the deduction in the case of 179D qualified property installed on, or in property owned by, a specified tax-exempt entity as described in section 179D(d)(3)(B).

A few commenters suggested that the Treasury Department and the IRS provide an exception to meeting PWA requirements for primary designers who are allocated the deduction under section 179D(d)(3)(A). For example, the commenters explained that because designers do not directly employ laborers, mechanics, contractors, or subcontractors and because the allocating tax-exempt entity has little interest in undertaking the compliance burden for an allocated deduction, the designer will have difficulty ensuring compliance with the PWA requirements. Another commenter suggested that the regulations require the contractor to consult with all other contractors and subcontractors on the project and certify that they are not also seeking the allocation of the deduction, similar to an approach developed by the General Services Administration.

The Proposed Regulations would not have provided rules regarding the allocation of the deduction in the case of 179D qualified property installed on or in property owned by a specified tax-exempt entity. After reviewing comments, the Treasury Department and the IRS determined that the section 179D allocation is outside the scope of these final regulations and rules for the section 179D allocation will be addressed in future guidance.

One commenter asked whether architects and engineers who do not employ laborers, mechanics, contractors, or subcontractors automatically qualify for the increased section 179D deductions. Generally applicable rules for laborers and mechanics are discussed in Section VII.C.1. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions. Another commenter stated that without a de minimis threshold for noncompliance, small, accidental deviations may prevent earning the increased section 179D deduction. The limited penalty waiver is discussed in Section VII.D.4. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions.

Additionally, a commenter requested that section 179D be modified so that the relevant property's basis is not reduced by the amount of the claimed deduction under section 179D. The commenter stated that reducing the property's basis by the received deduction amount may actually place the taxpayer worse off financially. Statutory revisions are outside the scope of these final regulations.

Section 45(b)(12) authorizes the Secretary to issue such regulations or other guidance as the Secretary determines necessary to carry out the purposes of section 45(b), including regulations or other guidance that provide requirements for recordkeeping or information reporting for purposes of administering the requirements of section 45(b). Section 6001 provides that every person liable for any tax imposed by the Code, or for the collection thereof, must keep such records as the Secretary may from time to time prescribe. Section 1.6001-1(a) provides that any person subject to income tax must keep such permanent books of account or records, including inventories, as are sufficient to establish the amount of gross income, deductions, credits, or other matters required to be shown by such person in any return of such tax. Section 1.6001-1(e) provides that the books and records required by § 1.6001-1 must be retained so long as the contents thereof may become material in the administration of any Internal Revenue law.

Proposed § 1.45-12(a) would have provided that the increased credit amount must be claimed in such form and manner as may be prescribed in IRS forms or instructions or in publications or guidance published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin. The preamble to the Proposed Regulations also stated that the Proposed Regulations would require taxpayers to provide a statement with the tax return that claims an increased amount of credit or deduction that includes aggregate information as detailed in proposed § 1.45-12.

The Proposed Regulations would have imposed recordkeeping requirements that are generally consistent with the recordkeeping requirements under the DBA regime for purposes of the PWA requirements. Proposed § 1.45-12(b) Start Printed Page 53244 would have provided that with respect to each qualified facility for which a taxpayer is claiming or transferring (under section 6418) an increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(A), unless section 45(b)(6)(B)(i) or 45(b)(6)(B)(ii) applies, the taxpayer would be required to maintain and preserve records sufficient to demonstrate compliance with the applicable PWA requirements in proposed §§ 1.45-7 and 1.45-8, respectively. Under the Proposed Regulations, at a minimum, those records would have included payroll records for each laborer and mechanic (including each qualified apprentice) employed by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor in the construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility.

Proposed § 1.45-12(c) would have provided an enumerated list of records, in addition to payroll records otherwise maintained by the taxpayer, that may be sufficient to establish compliance with the Prevailing Wage Requirements. The list in proposed § 1.45-12(c) included the following information for each laborer or mechanic (including each qualified apprentice) employed by the taxpayer, a contractor, or subcontractor with respect to each qualified facility: (i) identifying information, including the name, social security or tax identification number, address, telephone number, and email address; (ii) the location and type of qualified facility; (iii) the labor classification(s) the taxpayer applied to the laborer or mechanic for determining the prevailing wage rate and documentation supporting the applicable classification, including the applicable wage determination; (iv) the hourly rate(s) of wages paid (including rates of contributions or costs for bona fide fringe benefits or cash equivalents thereof) for each applicable labor classification; (v) records to support any contribution irrevocably made on behalf of a laborer or mechanic to a trustee or other third person pursuant to a bona fide fringe benefit program, and the rate of costs that were reasonably anticipated in providing bona fide fringe benefits to laborers and mechanics pursuant to an enforceable commitment to carry out a plan or program described in 40 U.S.C. 3141(2)(B) , including records demonstrating that the enforceable commitment was provided in writing to the laborers and mechanics affected; (vi) the total number of labor hours worked per pay period; (vii) the total wages paid for each pay period (including identifying any deductions from wages); (viii) records to support wages paid to any apprentices at less than the applicable prevailing wage rates, including records reflecting the registration of the apprentices with a registered apprenticeship program and the applicable wage rates and apprentice-to-journeyworker ratios prescribed by the apprenticeship program; and (ix) the amount and timing of any correction payments and documentation reflecting the calculation of the correction payments.

Proposed § 1.45-12(d) would have required taxpayers subject to the Apprenticeship Requirements to maintain sufficient records to establish compliance with the Labor Hours Requirement, Ratio Requirement, and Participation Requirement. Under the Proposed Regulations, records that may be sufficient to demonstrate compliance with the applicable Apprenticeship Requirements in § 1.45-8 would have included the following information for each apprentice employed by the taxpayer, a contractor, or subcontractor with respect to each qualified facility: (i) any written requests for the employment of apprentices from registered apprenticeship programs, including any contacts with the DOL OA or a State apprenticeship agency regarding requests for apprentices from registered apprenticeship programs; (ii) any agreements entered into with registered apprenticeship programs with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility; (iii) documents reflecting the standards and requirements of any registered apprenticeship program, including the applicable ratio requirement prescribed by each registered apprenticeship program from which taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors employ apprentices; (iv) the total number of labor hours worked by apprentices; and (v) records reflecting the daily ratio of apprentices to journeyworkers.

The Proposed Regulations under sections 30C, 45L, 45Q, 45U, 45V, 45Y, 45Z, 48C, and 179D would have provided similar recordkeeping requirements as described in proposed § 1.45-12.

As discussed in Section I. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, several commenters suggested that that final regulations should impose additional reporting and recordkeeping requirements, including many pre-filing reporting requirements such as certified weekly payroll and monthly apprenticeship hours reporting. However, other commenters stated that having to comply with the recordkeeping and reporting requirements as proposed would be burdensome and create costly administrative work for business owners. These commenters requested that documentation and reporting requirements be as streamlined and minimal as possible.

As explained in greater detail in Section I. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the final regulations strike an appropriate balance between imposing requirements intended to encourage the timely and correct payment of prevailing wages and the hiring of qualified apprentices while recognizing the prospective nature inherent in the increased amount of credit and deduction. The Treasury Department and the IRS want to avoid imposing unnecessary administrative work on taxpayers, especially small businesses. However, the IRS must be able to determine taxpayer compliance with the PWA requirements once a return is filed claiming an increased amount of credit or deduction. For this reason, the final regulations do not incorporate the suggestions regarding pre-filing activities, although many comments are incorporated as factors for determining intentional disregard, and instead adopt the robust recordkeeping and reporting requirements from the Proposed Regulations. The final regulations provide recordkeeping and reporting requirements that are consistent with the DBA, relevant for the purposes of the increased amount of credit and deduction and the intent of the IRA, and that are necessary for, and consistent with, sound tax administration.

Many commenters stated that the proposed regulations struck an appropriate balance between ensuring there is significant documentation to ensure compliance without adding unnecessary burden. Some commenters requested that taxpayers be provided flexibility related to the recordkeeping requirements, while others asked for guidance on how to demonstrate compliance with the recordkeeping requirements and whether specific records would satisfy the recordkeeping requirement. A few commenters suggested that the final regulations incorporate or require specific forms or reporting methods similar to those used in other contexts (for example, the IRS Form 1099). Some commenters suggested taxpayers could use the DOL's Registered Apprenticeship Partners Information Data System (commonly referred to as RAPIDS) to assist in reporting compliance with the Participation Requirement. Another commenter suggested the final regulations require taxpayer to report evidence of compliance with the Good Faith Effort Exception at filing. Start Printed Page 53245

The final regulations largely follow the approach in the Proposed Regulations. Consistent with IRS practice, the final regulations adopt the rule from the Proposed Regulations that the increased credit amount must be claimed in such form and manner as may be prescribed in IRS forms, instructions, publications, or guidance published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin. Comments suggesting specific forms or reporting methods are not incorporated. It is critical that the IRS retain the ability to prescribe the required reporting requirements in relevant forms and instructions to allow for modifications as necessary. Draft forms and instructions are typically made available for public comment on https://www.irs.gov .

To provide flexibility to taxpayers, the final regulations do not prescribe a specific form or manner in which records must be kept. In response to comments that asked whether certain records would be sufficient, the final regulations indicate that an accurately completed DOL Form WH-347 may constitute a sufficient record reflecting the payment of prevailing wages to the individuals identified on the form for the period identified on the form for purposes of § 1.45-12. The final regulations also add copies of contracts for construction, alteration, or repair of the facility with any contractor or subcontractor to the list of records that may be sufficient to demonstrate compliance with the Prevailing Wage Requirements. In most cases, payroll records alone will not demonstrate a taxpayer's compliance with the totality of the PWA requirements. Nothing in these regulations is intended to restrict the IRS's authority to request additional records to determine whether the taxpayer has complied with the PWA requirements. For example, during an examination, the IRS may request information and documents with respect to the taxpayer's process for the proper identification, classification, and payment of wages to laborers and mechanics performing construction on the qualified facility and for determining labor needs on a construction project, including specific apprenticeship needs.

Commenters requested guidance on the length of time records need to be maintained. A commenter stated that once a construction project is completed, the taxpayer would no longer have access to competitively sensitive data, such as wage information, stored by contractors and subcontractors. One commenter suggested that records should be retained for at least three years after all work on the construction project is completed. Another commenter suggested requiring taxpayers to retain adequate payroll records for at least five years from the projected end of the tax credit period. At least one commenter suggested that not retaining adequate records should be considered evidence of intentional disregard. The commenter emphasized that maintaining such records would not be burdensome because records are now kept digitally. The final regulations clarify that taxpayers are required to maintain and preserve records sufficient to establish compliance with the PWA requirements for relevant tax years as provided for under section 6001 and § 1.6001-1(e). The final regulations also add the failure to maintain records to the intentional disregard factors.

Some commenters stated that it might be difficult for taxpayers to obtain records of wages paid by contractors and subcontractors. Commenters suggested permitting taxpayers to rely on written certifications from contractors and subcontractors that the contractor or subcontractor is complying with the PWA requirements, including recordkeeping. One commenter suggested that the final regulations permit taxpayers to rely on contractual provisions that require strict adherence to IRS goals and standards. Another commenter was concerned that despite contractual agreements between the taxpayer and a general contractor detailing the PWA requirements, taxpayers would be subject to the subcontractors' recordkeeping abilities, over which they have no control.

Commenters also claimed that the proposed recordkeeping requirements raise privacy and antitrust concerns. Specifically, commenters argued that requiring taxpayers to maintain the payroll records of contractors and subcontractors could violate Federal or State privacy laws or company policies on the proper handling of personally identifiable information (PII) such as social security numbers and dates of birth. Commenters suggested: (i) allowing the direct employer (whether that is the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor) to maintain required payroll records and confidential employee information subject to contractual provisions requiring the maintenance and preservation of the records and permitting access to such records by the IRS as part of a duly issued audit request; (ii) allowing the taxpayer to collect and maintain the payroll records and data specified in proposed § 1.45-12 with a third-party vendor subject to similar contractual provisions and access to the IRS audit function; (iii) allowing taxpayers, transferee taxpayers, and/or their agents to inspect payroll records and data under a nondisclosure arrangement as part of proper due diligence without taking physical custody or control of such payroll records or data; (iv) allowing payroll records and data to be collected and maintained by the taxpayer or any contractor in a manner that redacts certain sensitive information as long as the information is maintained by the direct employer pursuant to contractual arrangements; and (v) allowing alternative forms of validation for hourly wage rates and other payroll data to avoid antitrust and confidentiality concerns among taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors. A commenter recommended that for recordkeeping of fringe benefits, the final regulations should accept sworn statements of contributions as sufficient. The commenter stated that it is exceedingly difficult for entities to monitor and verify subcontractor contributions to fringe benefit programs.

Consistent with the requirements in section 45(b)(7) and (8) that the taxpayer ensure that the Prevailing Wage Requirements and Apprenticeship Requirements are satisfied, the final regulations adopt the rule as proposed that the taxpayer is required to maintain all relevant records, regardless of whether the laborers and mechanics are employed by the taxpayer, a contractor, or a subcontractor. In response to comments regarding privacy concerns and data sensitivity, the final regulations amend the proposed rule to clarify that records need only contain the last four digits of a social security number. The final regulations also provide three alternatives that taxpayers may use to satisfy the recordkeeping requirements in § 1.45-12. These alternatives are intended to assist taxpayers in satisfying the recordkeeping requirements while also complying with applicable law. Under the final regulations: (i) taxpayers may collect and physically retain redacted records from every relevant contractor and subcontractor; (ii) taxpayers may use a third-party vendor to collect and physically retain records from every relevant contractor and subcontractor on behalf of the taxpayer, and the records may have PII redacted to comply with applicable privacy laws; or (iii) taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors may physically retain unredacted records for their own employees. Under all three alternatives, unredacted records must be made available to the IRS upon request. Start Printed Page 53246

Although retaining records consistent with one or more of these options will constitute satisfaction of the recordkeeping requirements in § 1.45-12 of these final regulations, the Prevailing Wage Requirements in § 1.45-7 and the Apprenticeship Requirements in § 1.45-8 of these final regulations must be satisfied (as applicable) in order for the taxpayer to obtain the increased amount of credit or deduction. The taxpayer is ultimately responsible for compliance with the PWA requirements and may not rely on certifications from contractors and subcontractors that they are complying with PWA requirements (including recordkeeping). Taxpayers may delegate certain recordkeeping activities to comply with applicable laws; however, the ultimate responsibility to ensure compliance with the PWA requirements remains with the taxpayer, and taxpayers may not rely on a contractual provision to delegate that responsibility to contractors and subcontractors for purposes of satisfying the PWA requirements. Additionally, taxpayers should consider the impact that a recordkeeping approach may have on their ability to demonstrate the facts and circumstances listed in §§ 1.45-7(c)(3)(iii) and 1.45-8(f)(2)(ii) pertaining to intentional disregard.

The preamble to the Proposed Regulations would have provided that to demonstrate that a failure was not due to intentional disregard, taxpayers must maintain and preserve records sufficient to document any failures to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements or the Apprenticeship Requirements, and the actions taken to prevent, mitigate, or remedy the failure (for example, records demonstrating that the taxpayer regularly reviewed payroll practices, included requirements to pay prevailing wages in contracts with contractors, and posted prevailing wage rates in a prominent place on the job site). The preamble to the Proposed Regulations also indicated that the Proposed Regulations would have imposed recordkeeping requirements related to correction and penalty payments, penalty waiver provisions, and the Good Faith Effort Exception. The final regulations incorporate these provisions as described in the preamble to the Proposed Regulations and clarify that any failures to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements and the actions taken to prevent, mitigate, or remedy the failure may be documented with records demonstrating that the taxpayer engaged an independent third party to aid in the review of payroll information.

The Proposed Regulations would have provided that because an eligible taxpayer determines any increased credit amount applicable to the PWA requirements, the general recordkeeping requirements would remain with an eligible taxpayer who transfers a specified credit portion that includes an increased credit amount. The increased credit amount that is determined by an eligible taxpayer would be reported on the return of the eligible taxpayer. The minimum required documentation to be provided to the transferee taxpayer is a separate requirement under the 6418 Final Regulations that does not impact the requirements in these final regulations. Comments received relating to section 6418 and responses by the Treasury Department and the IRS are discussed in Section V.B. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions.

The Proposed Regulations would have provided that the final regulations apply to facilities, property, projects, or equipment placed in service in taxable years ending after the date these final regulations are published in the Federal Register and the construction, or installation, of which begins after the date these final regulations are published in the Federal Register . The Proposed Regulations would have provided that taxpayers could rely on the Proposed Regulations with respect to construction or installation of a facility, property, project, or equipment beginning on or after January 29, 2023, and on or before the date these final regulations are published, provided, that beginning after the date that is 60 days after August 29, 2023, taxpayers follow the Proposed Regulations in their entirety and in a consistent manner. The Proposed Regulations would have also provided that the provisions of sections 3 and 4 of Notice 2022-61 would be obsoleted for facilities, property, projects, or equipment the construction, or installation of which begins after the date these final regulations are published. The Proposed Regulations would not have otherwise affected Notice 2022-61.

Several commenters requested transition relief with respect to the applicability date of these final regulations. One commenter suggested that because Notice 2022-61 was used to justify the application of PWA requirements to projects that started after January 29, 2023, the IRS should establish a new effective date for the IRA's PWA requirements. The commenter argued that, at a minimum, additional guidance set forth in the Proposed Regulations and the final regulations should be applied only prospectively. The commenter raised that the rescission of guidance issued in Notice 2022-61, if done on a retroactive basis, would be arbitrary and capricious and a violation of the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. 702 , unless the IRS provides much greater explanation for its actions.

As stated in Section II. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the final regulations provide a transition rule under which the PWA requirements do not apply to construction, alteration, and repair activities occurring before January 29, 2023. Further, the final regulations generally apply to qualified facilities placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024 and the construction of which begins after June 25, 2024. Additionally, taxpayers may choose to apply the final regulations to qualified facilities placed in service in taxable years ending on or before June 25, 2024, and qualified facilities placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, the construction of which begins before June 25, 2024, provided that taxpayers follow the final regulations in their entirety and in a consistent manner. Taxpayers may also rely on the Proposed Regulations with respect to construction of a qualified facility beginning on or after January 29, 2023, and on or before June 25, 2024, provided, that beginning after the date that is 60 days after August 29, 2023, taxpayers follow the Proposed Regulations in their entirety and in a consistent manner.

Consistent with the Proposed Regulations, the final regulations confirm that the obsoletion of sections 3 and 4 of Notice 2022-61 is prospective as it applies facilities, property, projects, or equipment the construction, or installation, of which begins after June 25, 2024. The final regulations do not otherwise affect Notice 2022-61.

If any provision in this rulemaking is held to be invalid or unenforceable facially, or as applied to any person or circumstance, it shall be severable from the remainder of this rulemaking, and shall not affect the remainder thereof, or the application of the provision to other persons not similarly situated or to other dissimilar circumstances.

These regulations apply to qualified facilities placed in service in taxable Start Printed Page 53247 years ending after June 25, 2024 and the construction of which begins after June 25, 2024. Taxpayers may choose to apply these regulations to qualified facilities placed in service in taxable years ending on or before June 25, 2024, and qualified facilities placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, the construction of which begins before June 25, 2024, provided that taxpayers follow these regulations in their entirety and in a consistent manner. Taxpayers may also continue to rely on the Proposed Regulations with respect to construction of a qualified facility beginning on or after January 29, 2023, and on or before June 25, 2024, provided, that beginning after the date that is 60 days after August 29, 2023, taxpayers follow the Proposed Regulations in their entirety and in a consistent manner.

Sections 3 and 4 of Notice 2022-61 are obsoleted for facilities, property, projects, or equipment the construction, or installation, of which begins after August 26, 2024.

Pursuant to the Memorandum of Agreement, Review of Treasury Regulations under Executive Order 12866 (June 9, 2023), tax regulatory actions issued by the IRS are not subject to the requirements of section 6(b) of Executive Order 12866 , as amended. Therefore, a regulatory impact assessment is not required.

The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 ( 44 U.S.C. 3501-3520 ) (PRA) generally requires that a Federal agency obtain the approval of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) before collecting information from the public, whether such collection of information is mandatory, voluntary, or required to obtain or retain a benefit.

The collections of information in these final regulations contain reporting, recordkeeping, and third-party disclosure requirements, each of which is described below. These collections are required for purposes of claiming an increased amount of credit or deduction; and are necessary for the IRS to validate that taxpayers have met the regulatory requirements and are eligible to claim the increased credit amounts. The likely respondents are individual, business, trust and estate filers, and tax-exempt organizations.

These final regulations set forth procedures for requesting supplemental wage determinations and wage rates for additional classifications from the DOL. This collection is approved by the OMB under DOL Control Number 1235-0034. These final regulations do not alter any of the DOL collections approved under this control number.

These final regulations include requirements to keep records sufficient to demonstrate that the PWA requirements have been met as detailed in § 1.45-12. For purposes of the PRA, the records required to be kept pursuant to § 1.45-12 are considered general tax records. The collection of these general tax records is approved annually under 1545-0074 for individuals/sole proprietors, 1545-0123 for business entities, and 1545-0047 for tax-exempt organizations. The IRS received from the OMB a new OMB Control number (1545-2315) for trust and estate filers.

These final regulations also include reporting requirements that taxpayers provide a statement with the tax return that claims an increased amount of credit or deduction that includes aggregate information as detailed in § 1.45-12. The IRS may issue forms and instructions in future guidance for the purpose of meeting these reporting requirements. These reporting requirements will be covered under 1545-0074 for individuals/sole proprietors and 1545-0123 for business entities. These reporting requirements are covered under the new OMB Control Number (1545-2315) for trust and estate filers.

These final regulations include third-party disclosures that include notifying laborers and mechanics of the applicable prevailing wage rates as detailed in § 1.45-7. These final regulations also include third-party disclosures for taxpayers requesting the dispatch of qualified apprentices from a registered apprenticeship program as detailed in § 1.45-8. The third-party disclosures apply to all filers. The third-party disclosures applicable to all filers are also covered under the new OMB Control Number (1545-2315).

In the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, the Treasury Department and the IRS requested public comments on the proposed collections of information including: (i) whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the IRS; (ii) the accuracy of the estimated burden associated with the proposed collection of information; (iii) how the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected may be enhanced; (iv) how the burden of complying with the proposed collection of information may be minimized; and (v) estimates of capital or start-up costs and costs of operation, maintenance, and purchase of services to provide information.

One commenter suggested the Treasury Department and the IRS provide additional clarification regarding the estimated time for filers to find and display the prevailing wage rates and to request qualified apprentices from registered apprenticeship programs. One commenter suggested that the estimate failed to consider additional actions related to complying with PWA rules, such as tracking the payment of prevailing wages and usage of qualified apprentices. Commenters stated that it may take some taxpayers more than two hours annually to find and display the prevailing wage rates and to request qualified apprentices from registered apprenticeship programs. Another commenter expressed confusion over the difference in the proposed compliance time required by trusts and estate in comparison to all other filers.

The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that the estimated annual burden with respect to the reporting and recordkeeping requirements of these final regulations can be clarified. The preamble to the NPRM estimated these recordkeeping and reporting obligations necessary for compliance with the PWA Requirements will take 40 hours annually. This estimate was submitted as part of seeking a new OMB control number with respect to trust and estate filers. The estimate will also be submitted to OMB as part of the annual approval process with respect to the OMB control numbers that already exist for other filers. [ 37 ] This estimate includes time necessary for taxpayers to become familiar with the obligations set forth in these regulations. Much of the data taxpayers will be required to maintain, such as the applicable prevailing wage rates, is readily available from DOL websites. Additionally, the recordkeeping requirements with respect to amounts paid to laborers and mechanics are similar to existing requirements imposed by other law. While exact data is not available to estimate the additional burden imposed by these regulations, the Treasury Department and the IRS have retained the estimate of 40 hours.

The commenters also suggested that the two hours estimated for all filers with respect to the third-party disclosures did not properly account for the expected burdens. The Treasury Start Printed Page 53248 Department and the IRS agree with this comment and have revised the estimate to account for the burden of complying with the Apprenticeship Requirements. The final regulations require taxpayers to request qualified apprentices from an apprenticeship program with an area of operation that includes the location of the facility and may require taxpayers to submit additional requests on an annual basis if requests have been denied. Further, the final regulations will require taxpayers to review the standards and requirements of the registered apprenticeship program as part of making a request, which will likely take more than the two hours estimated as part of the preamble to the proposed regulations. Accordingly, the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that the estimated burden to comply with the third-party disclosures is four hours instead of two hours.

No other public comments were received by the IRS directed specifically at the PRA or on the collection requirements, but commenters generally articulated the burdens associated with the documentation requirements contained in the Proposed Regulations. As described in the relevant portions of this preamble, the Treasury Department and the IRS believe that the documentation requirements are necessary to administer the increased credit amounts resulting from compliance with the PWA requirements.

The Regulatory Flexibility Act ( 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq. ) (RFA) imposes certain requirements with respect to Federal rules that are subject to the notice and comment requirements of section 553(b) of the Administrative Procedure Act ( 5 U.S.C. 551 et seq. ) and that are likely to have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. Unless an agency determines that a proposal is not likely to have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities, section 603 of the RFA requires the agency to present a final regulatory flexibility analysis (FRFA) of the final regulations. The Treasury Department and the IRS have not determined whether the final regulations will likely have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This determination requires further study. Because there is a possibility of significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities, a FRFA is provided in these final regulations.

Pursuant to section 7805(f) of the Code, the Proposed Regulations were submitted to the Chief Counsel of the Office of Advocacy of the Small Business Administration for comment on its impact on small business. The Treasury Department and the IRS also requested comments generally with respect to the number of entities affected by the Proposed Regulations and the economic impact on small entities.

The final regulations provide clarifying guidance for taxpayers intending to satisfy the PWA requirements to qualify for the increased amounts of credit or deduction under sections 30C, 45, 45Q, 45V, 45Y, 45Z, 48C, and 179D and for those taxpayers intending to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements to qualify for the increased credit amounts under sections 45L and 45U. These final regulations provide needed guidance for taxpayers on obtaining and using applicable wage determinations issued by the DOL, on the time and manner for reporting compliance with the PWA requirements, as well as needed definitions. The final regulations also provide guidance concerning correction and penalty payments that can be made by taxpayers who initially fail to satisfy the PWA requirements in order to qualify for the increased amounts of credit and deduction.

The Treasury Department and the IRS expect that the increased amounts of credit and deduction of five times the base amount of credit or deduction for taxpayers that ensure the payment of paying prevailing wages and hiring qualified apprentices in the construction, alteration, or repair of qualified facilities provides financial incentives that will beneficially impact various industries involved in the investment in and production of clean energy. These final regulations provide clarifying guidance that will assist taxpayers seeking to comply with the statutory PWA requirements in order to take advantage of the financial incentives. In the absence of this clarifying guidance, taxpayers would be required to rely solely upon the language of the Code in determining how to comply with the PWA requirements, which would likely deter many taxpayers from seeking the increased amounts of credit and deduction and would otherwise greatly increase the costs of compliance for taxpayers choosing to pursue the credits. The Treasury Department and the IRS expect that the increased credit and deduction amounts available to taxpayers as financial incentives will exceed the costs of the additional recordkeeping and reporting obligations imposed on taxpayers by these regulations beyond those otherwise be required by the statute.

The Treasury Department and the IRS also expect the financial incentives of the increased amounts of credit and deduction for taxpayers that ensure payment of prevailing wage rates and use of qualified apprentices will deliver benefits across the economy by creating increased opportunities for contractors and subcontractors as well as laborers and mechanics to become involved in clean energy production. Allowing these increased amounts of credits and deduction for taxpayers who satisfy the PWA requirements will incentivize expansion of clean energy resources and will reduce economy wide greenhouse gas emissions.

The Small Business Administration's Office of Advocacy provided comments on the initial regulatory flexibility analysis (IRFA) set forth in the Proposed Regulations. Specifically, the Office of Advocacy commented that the IRFA did not adequately describe regulated small entities, that the IRFA did not adequately estimate potential impacts to regulated small entities, and that the IRFA did not adequately discuss specific alternatives that might reduce the impact on small entities.

Other comments were received on the burdens associated with the PWA requirements, including burdens on small businesses. One commenter requested that the process for obtaining wage determinations from the DOL be streamlined to avoid delays that might increase uncertainty and costs for contractors. Another commenter suggested that because prevailing wage rates are subject to change, the PWA requirements create uncertainty and risk that will increase costs for construction projects. One commenter suggested reducing the burden on small businesses to qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception. Another commenter proposed that the Treasury Department and the IRS decline to impose penalties for any failure to satisfy the Participation Requirement with respect to any contractor or subcontractor that qualifies as a “small business” under the U.S. Small Business Administration's “Table of Size Standards”.

The Treasury Department and the IRS have made a number of revisions to these final regulations to assist taxpayers, including small businesses, and reduce the burdens associated with Start Printed Page 53249 complying with the PWA requirements. These revisions are discussed in this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions of the preamble to these regulations and in this FRFA.

The RFA directs agencies to provide a description of, and if feasible, an estimate of, the number of small entities that may be affected by the proposed rules, if adopted. The Small Business Administration's (SBA) Office of Advocacy estimates in its 2023 Frequently Asked Questions that 99.9 percent of American businesses meet its definition of a small business. The applicability of these Proposed Regulations does not depend on the size of the business, as defined by the SBA. These final regulations may affect a variety of different entities across several different green energy industries as they prescribe rules with respect to ten different sections of the Code with provisions related to increased amounts of credit and deduction.

The Office of Advocacy commented that the IRFA did not describe or estimate the number of impacted small entities and did not provide information related to such entities such as the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) classifications. The Office of Advocacy also commented that because the regulation requires taxpayers to verify compliance for contracted work, that the Proposed Regulations were directly regulating the contractors hired to perform the work and that the IRFA failed to consider the impact of the proposed rules on these contractors and subcontractors, many of which are likely small businesses. The Treasury Department and the IRS utilize tax data as the basis for its Regulatory Flexibility Act analysis. Tax entities supply information on tax forms, which information is processed and recorded by the IRS. This data is then available to the IRS office of Research, Applied Analytics and Statistics and to the Treasury Department's Office of Tax Policy for use in estimating the impact of tax regulation on businesses.

Tax data is the more appropriate data as it provides nearly universal coverage of the entities that are affected by these tax regulations. All taxpayers and many potential taxpayers are represented in the universe of tax data. Second, the tax data more accurately reflect the level of organization to which tax regulations are applicable because tax data is collected on the entity rather than the enterprise level. Overwhelmingly, business tax regulations apply to the entity level making tax data a natural fit for the analysis of regulatory impact. Further, with limited exceptions, tax regulations apply to all entities organized in a particular manner regardless of industry or size. Finally, analysis of the implications of tax regulations for the purposes of the Paperwork Reduction Act and any Special Analyses, including the Regulatory Impact Analysis, are carried out using tax data. Generally, restricting analysis for the RFA to tax data prevents difficulties in reconciling the different analyses within a given regulation.

Reliance on tax data has some drawbacks. In general, tax forms do not collect information unless it is directly relevant to the calculation of tax liability. The NAICS codes referenced by the Office of Advocacy are included on tax forms for informational purposes and may not be reliable. For example, past the first two-digits of the NAICS code, economic sector level, entries may be left blank in the raw data. In addition, for a tax entity that is comprised of multiple different enterprises that each operate in a different industry, the NAICS code reported on a tax form may not reflect the appropriate industry for the regulation under analysis. Furthermore, most tax returns have no independent verification of the accuracy of NAICS codes. Notwithstanding this concern, tax data remains the most appropriate data for analysis of the implications of tax regulations.

The Treasury Department and the IRS have considered other data alternatives including Census data sources, such as the Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB) suggested by SBA's Office of Advocacy. The 2020 SUSB includes only six million firms and eight million establishments while the proposed tax data include approximately 18 million business entities. Unlike the SUSB data, the tax data include more small businesses, not only ones with at least one employee. Tax data provide a more inclusive estimate of businesses affected by tax regulations. In conclusion, while tax data are an appropriate resource for evaluating the impact of tax regulations, this data does not permit some of the usual analysis presented to the SBA. Furthermore, since the NAICS codes reported on the tax return may not accurately reflect the industry of the entity, applying separate standards by industry is inadvisable.

Thus, the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that reliance on NAICS codes would not accurately reflect the entities affected by these regulations. Further, the Treasury Department and the IRS currently do not have useable tax data that reflects the entities that will be affected by these regulations. While there is uncertainty as to the exact number of small businesses within this group, the Treasury Department and the IRS continue to estimate that approximately 70,000 taxpayers will be impacted as described in the preamble to the Proposed Regulations.

With respect to the Office of Advocacy's comments regarding the regulation of contractors and subcontractors, these regulations provide guidance for taxpayers that seek the increased amounts of credit and deduction provided under the IRA by ensuring the payment of prevailing wage rates and the use of qualified apprentices with respect to the construction of qualified facilities. The regulations do not directly regulate the contractors and subcontractors who may be hired by taxpayers. The taxpayers claiming the increased amounts of credit and deduction are the entities responsible for compliance with the PWA requirements. While the final regulations set forth and incentivize various practices, taxpayers retain flexibility to determine how best to ensure compliance with the statutory requirements and the recordkeeping and reporting obligations imposed as part of these final regulations.

These final regulations provide rules for how taxpayers can satisfy the PWA requirements in order to seek the increased credit amounts under section 45 as well as the increased amounts of credit or deduction available under sections 30C, 45L, 45Q, 45U, 45V, 45Y, 45Z, 48C, and 179D. Taxpayers that seek to claim the increased amount of credit or deduction will have administrative costs related to reading and understanding these final regulations, as well as increased costs for the recordkeeping and reporting requirements necessary to establish compliance with the PWA requirements. The costs will vary across different-sized taxpayers and across the type of facilities and projects in which such taxpayers are engaged.

The Prevailing Wage Requirements require the taxpayer to obtain the published wage determination issued by the DOL for the county in which the facility is located. To the extent a wage determination does not include a required classification, or if no wage determination has been published, the taxpayer is required to contact the DOL to obtain a supplemental wage determination or a wage rate for an additional classification. The taxpayer is required to ensure that any contractor or subcontractor that works on the Start Printed Page 53250 construction, alteration, or repair of a facility has paid hourly wages in accordance with the applicable wage determination for each classification required to complete such work. In order to be eligible for certain cure provisions, the taxpayer is required to know or be able to determine whether the laborers and mechanics employed for construction, alteration, or repair of the facility were paid in accordance with the applicable wage determination. Additionally, the taxpayer is required to retain records sufficient to establish compliance for as long as may be relevant. The Treasury Department and the IRS expect that some of the recordkeeping that is required under these rules will be consistent with recordkeeping requirements already imposed under the DBA and the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. 201 et seq.

In adopting these final regulations, the Treasury Department and the IRS have made several revisions that will ease burdens for taxpayers. A few commenters commented on the time that will be required for taxpayers and contractors to read and understand these regulations. In a number of instances, the final regulations have been revised in response to comments to assist taxpayers with understanding the rules, including through clarifying explanations in the preamble, edits to the regulatory text, and additional examples.

Other changes have been made throughout these regulations that will reduce burdens on taxpayers. The Proposed Regulations would have established the time that construction starts as the applicable time for taxpayers and contractors to determine applicable wage rates. Commenters stated this would be burdensome for taxpayers to determine labor costs and could require the renegotiation of contracts that have been executed. In response to these comments, the final regulations provide that generally the applicable prevailing wage rates are determined at the time a taxpayer (or the taxpayer's designee, assignee, or agent) executes the contract for the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility with a contractor. The final regulations also provide transition rules that delay the start of the PWA Requirements to assist taxpayers with complying with the PWA requirements. Under the transition rules, the PWA requirements only apply for work performed on or after January 29, 2023, which follows the issuance of the initial guidance on the PWA requirements by the Treasury Department and the IRS. The final regulations also prescribe penalty waivers for taxpayers who make limited errors in compliance with the Prevailing Wage Requirements. In response to comments, the threshold to qualify for the penalty waivers has been increased to underpayments that do not exceed five percent of all amounts required to be paid in a calendar year to make the penalty waiver more accessible to taxpayers with small failures.

For the Apprenticeship Requirements, the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor, is required to contact a registered apprenticeship program for purposes of requesting the dispatch of qualified apprentices to work on the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility. Whether or not the registered apprenticeship program dispatches qualified apprentices, the taxpayer is required to maintain and preserve records to establish compliance for as long as may be relevant.

The Apprenticeship Requirements have also been revised in these final regulations that will reduce burdens for taxpayers. In response to several comments, the final regulations clarify that the requirement to use qualified apprentices only applies with respect to the construction of a facility prior to the facility being placed in service, and does not apply to alterations or repairs after the facility is placed in service. Several comments were received on the burden of the Proposed Regulations that would have required the renewal of requests for qualified apprentices every 120 days for taxpayers to continue to qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception. These final regulations have extended the 120-day period to provide that qualified apprentices only need to be requested on an annual basis to qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception. This revision reduces burdens for taxpayers and contractors who would have been required to evaluate labor needs on a frequent basis and provides taxpayers and their contractors with flexibility to make hiring decisions over a longer period of time.

The taxpayer claiming the increased credit or deduction amount is required to report the payment of prevailing wages and the utilization of qualified apprentices consistent with the forms and instructions of the IRS. Although the Treasury Department and the IRS do not have sufficient data to precisely determine the likely extent of the increased costs of compliance, the estimated burden of complying with the recordkeeping and reporting requirements are described in Section II. of this Special Analyses pertaining to the Paperwork Reduction Act.

The Treasury Department and the IRS considered alternatives to these final regulations. The Office of Advocacy commented that the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the Proposed Regulations would likely discourage small entities from bidding on clean energy projects because they will incur heightened compliance costs without sharing in the financial benefits of the increased amounts of credit and deduction. In contrast, several commenters recommended that the Treasury Department and the IRS adopt additional pre-filing enforcement processes to ensure that laborers and mechanics are paid wages at rates not less than the applicable prevailing wage rates. Commenters suggested that that final regulations impose significant additional reporting and recordkeeping requirements, including many pre-filing reporting requirements such as certified weekly payroll and monthly apprenticeship hours reporting.

The final regulations strike an appropriate balance between these alternatives that minimizes burdens for taxpayers and their contractors while also ensuring that laborers and mechanics are paid wages at rates not less than the applicable prevailing wage rates, and ultimately that the IRS has sufficient information to administer the provisions related to increased amounts of credit and deduction that are claimed on returns filed by taxpayers. Thus, the final regulations do not adopt the pre-filing alternatives urged by the commenters, including the DBA requirement of submitting weekly certified payroll records to the IRS. The submission of weekly payroll records to the IRS by taxpayers would not assist the IRS with the efficient administration of the increased credit amount provisions and would increase burdens for taxpayers. The Treasury Department and the IRS also considered an alternative requirement that taxpayers submit payroll records for all laborers and mechanics at the time of filing a return that claims an increased credit amount. The Treasury Department and the IRS determined that per-laborer and per-mechanic payroll records would not provide the IRS with useful information and would also involve substantial burdens for taxpayers to report such information.

The Office of Advocacy also commented that the IRFA did not analyze how the Proposed Regulations treatment of PLAs would increase the compliance costs of the regulation to small construction firms because they primarily use non-union labor. As Start Printed Page 53251 discussed in Section V.D. of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions, the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that PLAs may help taxpayers comply with the PWA requirements. Further, studies show that PLAs do not necessarily increase construction costs. Lastly, a taxpayer may choose to use a PLA for construction of its facility; it is not a mandate.

A few commenters expressed concern regarding the potential of the PWA requirements to inflate construction costs, increase the time to complete clean energy projects, and lessen the participation of small businesses in such projects. Commenters opined that by using the DBA prevailing wage rates, the Treasury Department and the IRS were setting wage standards using a process that is flawed and inaccurate, and that will have inflationary impacts on construction costs. The Prevailing Wage Requirements for an increased credit (or deduction) amount are set forth in the various provisions of the IRA that direct the use of prevailing wage rates as determined by the Secretary of Labor in accordance with the DBA. Thus, alternatives to using the DBA prevailing rates were not adopted in the final regulations as they would lack a statutory basis. Further, DOL processes for setting wage standards is within the DOL's jurisdiction and thus outside the scope of these final regulations.

For facilities built under contracts with the Federal Government, or with Federal financial or other assistance provided under a Davis-Bacon Related Act, the final regulations may overlap with the rules under the DBA, 29 CFR parts 1 , 5 , and 7 . In all other instances, the final regulations do not duplicate, overlap, or conflict with any relevant Federal rules.

Section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 requires that agencies assess anticipated costs and benefits and take certain other actions before issuing a final rule that includes any Federal mandate that may result in expenditures in any one year by a State, local, or Tribal government, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100 million (updated annually for inflation). These final regulations do not include any Federal mandate that may result in expenditures by State, local, or Tribal governments, or by the private sector in excess of that threshold.

Executive Order 13132 (Federalism) prohibits an agency from publishing any rule that has federalism implications if the rule either imposes substantial, direct compliance costs on State and local governments, and is not required by statute, or preempts State law, unless the agency meets the consultation and funding requirements of section 6 of the Executive order. These final regulations do not have federalism implications and do not impose substantial direct compliance costs on State and local governments or preempt State law within the meaning of the Executive order.

Executive Order 13175 (Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal governments) prohibits an agency from publishing any rule that has Tribal implications if the rule either imposes substantial, direct compliance costs on Indian Tribal governments, and is not required by statute, or preempts Tribal law, unless the agency meets the consultation and funding requirements of section 5 of the Executive order. On September 25, 2023, the Treasury Department and the IRS held a consultation with Tribal leaders requesting assistance in addressing questions related to the Proposed Regulations, which informed the development of these final regulations.

Pursuant to the Congressional Review Act ( 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq. ), the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs designated this rule as a major rule as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2) .

IRS notices and other guidance cited in this preamble are published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin (or Cumulative Bulletin) and are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office, Washington, DC 20402, or by visiting the IRS website at https://www.irs.gov .

The principal author of these final regulations is the Office of the Associate Chief Counsel (Passthroughs and Special Industries). However, other personnel from the Office of Chief Counsel, the Treasury Department, and the IRS participated in the development of these regulations.

Income taxes
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements

Accordingly, 26 CFR part 1 is amended as follows:

Paragraph 1. The authority citation for part 1 is amended by adding entries for §§ 1.30C-3, 1.45-6 through 1.45-8, 1.45-12, 1.45L-3, 1.45Q-6, 1.45U-3, 1.45V-3, 1.45Y-3, 1.45Z-3, 1.48C-3, and 1.179D-3 in numerical order to read in part as follows:

Authority: 26 U.S.C. 7805 * * *

Section 1.30C-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 30 .

Section 1.45-6 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 45 .

Section 1.45-7 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 45 .

Section 1.45-8 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 45 .

Section 1.45-12 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 45 .

Section 1.45L-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 45L .

Section 1.45Q-6 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 45Q .

Section 1.45U-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 45U .

Section 1.45V-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 45V .

Section 1.45Y-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 45Y .

Section 1.45Z-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 45Z .

Section 1.179D-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 179D .

Par. 2. Sections 1.30C-1 through 1.30C-3 are added to read as follows:

(a) In general. If any qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling project (as defined by section 30C(g)(1)(B)) placed in service during the taxable year satisfies the requirements in paragraph (b) of this section, the credit determined under section 30C(a) for any qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling property of a character subject to an allowance for depreciation that is part of such project is multiplied by five.

(b) Qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling project requirements. A qualified alternative fuel vehicle Start Printed Page 53252 refueling project satisfies the requirements of this paragraph (b) if it is one of the following—

(1) A project the construction of which began prior to January 29, 2023; or

(2) A project that meets the prevailing wage requirements of section 45(b)(7) and § 1.45-7, the apprenticeship requirements of section 45(b)(8) and § 1.45-8, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of § 1.45-12, all with respect to the construction of any qualified alternative fuel refueling property within the meaning of section 30C before such project is placed in service.

(c) Applicability date. This section applies to qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling projects placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, and the construction of which begins after June 25, 2024. Taxpayers may apply this section to qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling projects placed in service in taxable years ending on or before June 25, 2024, and qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling projects placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, the construction of which begins before June 25, 2024, provided that taxpayers follow this section in its entirety and in a consistent manner.

Par. 3. Sections 1.45-0 through 1.45-12 are added to read as follows:

This section lists the table of contents for §§ 1.45-1 through 1.45-12.

§ 1.45-6 Increased credit amount.

(a) In general.

(b) Qualified facility requirements.

(d) Applicability date.

§ 1.45-7 Prevailing wage requirements.

(a) Prevailing wage requirements.

(b) Wage determinations.

(d) Definitions.

(e) Applicability date.

§ 1.45-8 Apprenticeship requirements.

(a) Apprenticeship requirements.

(b) Labor hours requirement.

(d) Participation requirement.

(e) Examples.

(f) Exceptions to the apprenticeship requirements.

(g) Definitions.

(h) Applicability date.

§ 1.45-12 Recordkeeping and reporting.

(b) Recordkeeping for the prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements.

(d) Recordkeeping for the apprenticeship requirements.

(e) Satisfaction of the recordkeeping requirements.

(f) Applicability date.

(a) In general. If a qualified facility (as defined in section 45) satisfies the requirements in paragraph (b) of this section, the amount of the renewable electricity production credit determined under section 45(a) (after the application of section 45(b)(1) through (5)) is equal to the credit determined under section 45(a) multiplied by five.

(b) Qualified facility requirements. A qualified facility satisfies the requirements of this paragraph (b) if it is one of the following—

(1) A facility with a maximum net output (as determined under paragraph (c) of this section) of less than one megawatt (as measured in alternating current);

(2) A facility the construction of which began prior to January 29, 2023; or

(c) Definition of nameplate capacity for purposes of determining maximum net output under section 45(b)(6)(B)(i). For purposes of determining whether a facility has a maximum net output of less than one megawatt (as measured in alternating current) for purposes of section 45(b)(6)(B)(i), nameplate capacity is determinative. Nameplate capacity for an electrical generating unit means the maximum electrical generating output in megawatts that the unit is capable of producing on a steady state basis and during continuous operation under standard conditions, as measured by the manufacturer and consistent with the definition provided in 40 CFR 96.202 . If applicable, the International Standard Organization (ISO) conditions are used to measure the maximum electrical generating output or usable energy capacity.

(d) Applicability date. This section applies to qualified facilities placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, and the construction of which begins after June 25, 2024. Taxpayers may apply this section to qualified facilities placed in service in taxable years ending on or before June 25, 2024, and qualified facilities placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, the construction of which begins before June 25, 2024, provided that taxpayers follow this section in its entirety and in a consistent manner.

(a) Prevailing wage requirements —(1) In general. Except as provided in paragraphs (a)(2), (3), and (c) of this section, a taxpayer claiming or transferring (under section 6418) the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) with respect to any qualified facility must satisfy the requirements of section 45(b)(7) and this section by ensuring that all laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in the construction of such facility, and with respect to any taxable year, for any portion of such taxable year that is within the 10-year period beginning on the date the qualified facility was placed in service, the alteration or repair of such facility, are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates for construction, alteration, or repair of a similar character in the locality in which such facility is located (Prevailing Wage Requirements). If alteration or repair of a qualified facility occurs during any portion of such taxable year(s) within the 10-year period after the qualified facility was placed in service, the Prevailing Wage Requirements apply with respect to such taxable year(s) in which that alteration or repair occurs. If no alteration or repair work occurs during the taxable year(s) with respect to the qualified facility after the facility is placed in service, the taxpayer is deemed to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements with respect to such taxable year. Prevailing rates are those rates most recently determined by the Secretary of Labor in accordance with 40 U.S.C. chapter 31 , subchapter IV (Davis-Bacon Act), and as set forth in paragraph (b) of this section. See paragraph (d) of this section for definitions of terms used in this section. Start Printed Page 53253

(2) Transition relief. Taxpayers are excepted from the Prevailing Wage Requirements with respect to any activities that would be considered construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility and that occurred prior to January 29, 2023.

(3) Relief for Indian Tribal governments. An Indian Tribal government, as defined in section 30D(g)(9), and including any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality of the Indian Tribal government, is excepted from the Prevailing Wage Requirements with respect to laborers and mechanics that are employees, within the meaning of section 3121(d)(2), of the Indian Tribal government. This paragraph (a)(3) also applies to a qualified facility that is subject to joint ownership arrangements that involve an Indian Tribal government, including any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality of the Indian Tribal government. However, any activity that would be considered construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility that is not performed by Indian Tribal government employees (within the meaning of section 3121(d)(2)), but that is instead performed by or through a contractor or subcontractor, is subject to the Prevailing Wage Requirements described in this paragraph (a).

(b) Wage determinations —(1) In general. A taxpayer satisfies the Prevailing Wage Requirements with respect to a qualified facility, if the taxpayer ensures that laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility are paid wages at rates not less than those set forth in the applicable wage determination issued by the Secretary of Labor pursuant to 40 U.S.C. 3142 , 29 CFR part 1 , and other implementing guidance for the specified type of construction in the geographic area where that facility is located. If the construction, alteration, or repair of a facility occurs in more than one geographic area, the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor must use the applicable wage determination for the work performed in each geographic area. Subject to the requirements of this section, the applicable wage determination is a general wage determination described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section (including any additional classifications and wage rates described in paragraph (b)(3) of this section), or a supplemental wage determination described in paragraph (b)(3) of this section.

(2) General wage determinations —(i) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements described in paragraph (a) of this section with respect to a qualified facility, taxpayers must ensure that laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility are paid wages at rates not less than those set forth in the applicable general wage determination(s) published by the U.S. Department of Labor on the approved website. The applicable general wage determination is the general wage determination in effect for the specified type of construction in the geographic area at the time a contract for the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility is executed by the taxpayer (or the taxpayer's designee, assignee, or agent) and any contractor. The applicable general wage determination will continue in effect for any additional contracts executed by such contractor with any subcontractors with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility. In the absence of a contract (or if the date of execution of the contract cannot be reasonably determined), the applicable general wage determination is the general wage determination in effect for the specified type of construction in the geographic area when the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility starts.

(ii) Wage determinations applicable to Indian Tribal governments. If the taxpayer is an Indian Tribal government, as defined in section 30D(g)(9), including any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality of the Indian Tribal government, and the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility occurs on Indian land, as defined in 25 U.S.C. 3501(2) , that encompasses or overlaps with more than one geographic area with respect to which the U.S. Department of Labor has issued a general wage determination, the Indian Tribal government may choose the general wage determination applicable for any one of those geographic areas and apply that general wage determination for work performed on any qualified facility that is located on the Indian land. This paragraph (b)(2)(ii) also applies to a qualified facility that is subject to joint ownership arrangements that involve an Indian Tribal government, including any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality of the Indian Tribal government. If the Indian Tribal government chooses to use a single general wage determination under this paragraph (b)(2)(ii), it must maintain and preserve records sufficient to document the applicable prevailing wage rates for each laborer and mechanic employed by the Indian Tribal government or any contractor or subcontractor with respect to each qualified facility on Indian land.

(3) Supplemental wage determinations and additional classifications and rates —(i) Use of supplemental wage determinations and additional classifications and rates. In the event the Secretary of Labor has not issued a general wage determination for the relevant geographic area and type of construction for the facility, or the Secretary of Labor has issued a general wage determination for the relevant geographic area and type of construction, but one or more labor classifications for the construction, alteration, or repair work that will be done on the facility by laborers or mechanics is not listed, the taxpayer must ensure that laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in the construction, alteration, or repair of a facility are paid wages at rates not less than those set forth in a supplemental wage determination or in an additional classification and wage rate issued to the taxpayer by the U.S. Department of Labor upon request by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor in accordance with paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section. A taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor may also request a supplemental wage determination if the location of the facility involves work by covered laborers and mechanics that spans more than one contiguous geographic area.

(ii) Request for supplemental wage determinations and additional classifications and rates— (A) Manner of making request. A taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor requesting a supplemental wage determination or additional classification and wage rate under paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section must submit the request to the U.S. Department of Labor at, U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division, Branch of Construction Wage Determinations, Washington, DC 20210, by email at [email protected] , or such other address as may be prescribed in guidance and instructions issued by the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division of the U.S. Department of Labor (Wage and Hour Division).

(B) Timing of supplemental wage determination requests. A taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor should make requests for a supplemental wage determination no more than 90 days before the taxpayer (or the taxpayer's designee, assignee, or agent) expects to execute the contract for the Start Printed Page 53254 construction, alteration, or repair of the facility with a contractor. In the absence of a contract, the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor should make such requests no more than 90 days before construction, alteration, or repair of the facility starts.

(C) Timing of requests for prevailing wage rates for additional classifications. A request for prevailing wage rates for additional classifications can be made any time after a contract for the construction, alteration, or repair of a facility has been executed between the taxpayer (or the taxpayer's designee, assignee, or agent) and a contractor. In the absence of a contract, the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor should make such requests no more than 90 days before construction, alteration, or repair of the facility starts. If the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor cannot reasonably determine prior to execution of the contract between the taxpayer (or the taxpayer's designee, assignee, or agent) and the contractor or prior to the start of the construction, alteration, or repair work that an additional classification and wage rate is necessary, the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor should make such request as soon as practicable after determining that an additional classification and wage rate is necessary.

(D) Required information. The request for a supplemental wage determination or additional classification and wage rate must include the following information:

( 1 ) The name of the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor requesting the supplemental wage determination or wage rate;

( 2 ) The general wage determination(s), if any, applicable to construction, alteration, or repair of the facility;

( 3 ) A description of the work to be performed, including the type(s) of construction involved and, if the project involves multiple types of construction, information indicating the expected cost breakdown by type of construction;

( 4 ) The geographic area in which the facility is being constructed, altered, or repaired, including the name and address of the facility (if known);

( 5 ) The date the taxpayer (or the taxpayer's designee, assignee, or agent) expects to enter into a contract with a contractor for which a supplemental wage determination is needed or the date of execution of the contract with a contractor for which a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification is needed;

( 6 ) The start date of construction, alteration, or repair at the facility;

( 7 ) The labor classification(s) needed for performance of the work on the facility (excluding those for which wage rates are available on an applicable general wage determination);

( 8 ) The duties to be performed by each such labor classification on the facility;

( 9 ) The proposed wage rate, including any bona fide fringe benefits, for each such labor classification;

( 10 ) Any pertinent wage payment information that may be available;

( 11 ) Any additional relevant information otherwise required by forms and instructions published by the U.S. Department of Labor; and

( 12 ) Any additional information the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor wants the U.S. Department of Labor to consider.

(iii) Issuance of supplemental wage determinations and additional classifications and wage rates. After review, the Wage and Hour Division will notify the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor as to the supplemental wage determination or the labor classifications and wage rates to be used for the type of work in question in the geographic area in which the facility is located. Supplemental wage determinations issued by the Wage and Hour Division are effective for 180 calendar days from the date such determinations are issued. If a supplemental wage determination is not incorporated into the contract (or, in the absence of a contract, if construction has not started) during the 180-day period, the determination is no longer effective, and a new supplemental wage determination will need to be requested. The Wage and Hour Division will resolve requests for a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification within 30 days of receipt of the request or will advise the requester within the 30-day period that additional time is necessary.

(iv) Special rule for qualified facilities located offshore. If a general wage determination is not available, in lieu of requesting a supplemental wage determination for a qualified facility located in an offshore area within the outer continental shelf of the United States, a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor may rely on the general wage determination for the relevant category of construction that is applicable in the geographic area closest to the area in which the qualified facility will be located.

(4) Reconsideration and review. A taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor may seek reconsideration and review by the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division of a general wage determination, or a determination issued with respect to a request for a supplemental wage determination or additional classification and wage rate in accordance with the procedures set forth in 29 CFR 1.8 and 5.13 and any subsequent guidance issued by the U.S. Department of Labor. A taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor may appeal the decision of the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division to the U.S. Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board in accordance with the procedures set forth in 29 CFR part 7 and any subsequent guidance issued by the U.S. Department of Labor. Questions regarding wage determinations and rates may be referred to the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division.

(5) Timing of wage determination. The applicable prevailing wage rates on a general wage determination are those in effect at the time a contract for the construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility is executed by the taxpayer (or the taxpayer's designee, assignee, or agent) and a contractor. After the qualified facility is placed in service, the applicable prevailing wage rates on a general wage determination for the alteration or repair of a qualified facility are those in effect at the time the contract for the alteration or repair work is executed by the taxpayer (or the taxpayer's designee, assignee, or agent) and a contractor. The applicable prevailing wage rates on a general wage determination at the time such contract is executed apply to all subcontractors of that contractor. If a taxpayer (or the taxpayer's designee, assignee, or agent) executes separate contracts with more than one contractor with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility, then, for each such contract, the applicable prevailing wage rates with respect to any work performed by the contractor (and all subcontractors of the contractor) are determined at the time the contract is executed by the taxpayer (or the taxpayer's designee, assignee, or agent). If no contract exists with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility (or if the date of execution of the relevant contract cannot be reasonably determined), the applicable prevailing wage rates on a general wage determination are those in effect at the time the construction, alteration, or repair work starts. The applicable prevailing wage rates of a general wage determination generally remain valid for the duration of the work performed with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor. A new general wage determination is required to be used if the contract between the Start Printed Page 53255 taxpayer (or the taxpayer's designee, assignee, or agent) and the contractor for work on a facility is modified to include additional substantial construction, alteration, or repair work not within the scope of work of the original contract, or to require work to be performed for an additional time period not originally obligated, including if an option to extend the term of a contract for the construction, alteration, or repair is exercised. A new general wage determination is not required if the contractor is simply given additional time to complete its original commitment or if the additional construction, alteration, and/or repair work in the modification of the contract is merely incidental. In circumstances in which a new general wage determination is required, the applicable prevailing wage rates on a general wage determination are those in effect at the time the additional substantial work is agreed to or at the time when an option to extend the term of the contract is executed. If a taxpayer enters into a contract for alteration or repair work over an indefinite period of time that is not tied to the completion of any specific work, the applicable prevailing wage rates must be updated on an annual basis on the anniversary date of such contract. General wage determinations published on the U.S. Department of Labor approved website contain no expiration date and remain valid until revised, superseded, or canceled. Any supplemental wage determination issued under paragraph (b)(3) of this section applies without expiration from the time the taxpayer incorporates the supplemental wage determination into the contract provided that the supplemental wage determination is incorporated into the contract within 180 days of issuance of the supplemental wage determination. If there is no contract, any supplemental wage determination issued under paragraph (b)(3) of this section applies without expiration from the time construction, alteration, or repair starts provided the construction, alteration, or repairs starts within 180 days of issuance of the supplemental determination. Any additional classification and wage rate issued under paragraph (b)(3) of this section applies without expiration from the earlier of the date of issuance or the first day in which work in the additional classification was performed. If a supplemental wage determination or additional classification and wage rate is issued after construction, alteration, or repair of the facility has started, the applicable prevailing rates apply retroactively to the date construction started.

(6) Payment of wages. All laborers and mechanics working on a qualified facility must be paid in the time and manner consistent with the regular payroll practices of the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor, as applicable. The payment of wages must be made without subsequent deduction or rebate on any account (except such payroll deductions as are required by the law or permitted by regulations issued by the Secretary of Labor), and must consist of the full amount of wages (including bona fide fringe benefits or cash equivalents thereof) due at the time of payment computed at rates not less than those contained in the applicable wage determination of the Secretary of Labor. A taxpayer may discharge its wage obligations for the payment of wages by paying the full amount in cash, by making payments to a bona fide fringe benefit provider or incurring costs for bona fide fringe benefits, or by a combination thereof. The taxpayer is solely responsible for ensuring that laborers and mechanics are paid wages not less than the prevailing rate whether employed directly by the taxpayer, a contractor, or a subcontractor in the construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility for purposes of claiming the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii). The rules set forth in 29 CFR 5.25 through 5.33 , and any subsequent guidance issued by the U.S. Department of Labor apply with respect to costs for bona fide fringe benefits that may be credited for purposes of the payment of wages.

(7) Apprentices —(i) Rate of pay. Apprentices who perform work with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility consistent with the requirements of section 45(b)(8) and § 1.45-8 may be paid wages at rates that are less than the rates that would otherwise apply under paragraph (a) of this section. Every apprentice must be paid wages at rates not less than the rates specified by the registered apprenticeship program for the apprentice's level of progress, expressed as a percentage of the journeyworker hourly rate specified for the apprentice's classification in the applicable wage determination. If the apprentice is working in a classification that is not part of the occupation of the registered apprenticeship program, the apprentice must be paid not less than the applicable wage rate on the wage determination for laborers or mechanics working in that classification. Any individual listed on payroll at an apprenticeship wage, who is not participating in a registered apprenticeship program, must be paid not less than the applicable wage rate on the wage determination for the classification of work actually performed to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements. In the event the U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Apprenticeship or a State apprenticeship agency recognized by the U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Apprenticeship withdraws approval of an apprenticeship program, the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor will no longer satisfy the Prevailing wage Requirements by paying apprentices less than the applicable predetermined rate for the work performed until an acceptable program is approved.

(ii) Bona fide fringe benefits. To satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements, apprentices must be paid bona fide fringe benefits in accordance with the provisions of the registered apprenticeship program. If the apprenticeship program does not specify the payment of bona fide fringe benefits, apprentices must be paid the full amount of bona fide fringe benefits listed on the wage determination for the applicable classification in cash or in kind.

(iii) Apprenticeship ratio. The allowance for payment of wages to apprentices at rates less than the applicable prevailing wage rates determined by the U.S. Department of Labor is subject to any applicable ratio of apprentices to journeyworkers required under the registered apprenticeship program and consistent with section 45(b)(8)(B) and § 1.45-8. Any apprentice performing construction, alteration, or repair work on the job site in excess of the ratio permitted under the registered program or the ratio applicable to the geographic area of the facility pursuant to 29 CFR 5.5(a)(4)(i) must be paid not less than the applicable wage rate on the wage determination for the work actually performed to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors have the discretion to determine which apprentice(s) must receive the full prevailing wage rate for hours worked if the applicable ratio of apprentices to journeyworkers has not been met.

(iv) Reciprocity of ratios and wage rates. If a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor is performing construction, alteration, or repair work on a facility in a geographic area other than the geographic area in which an apprenticeship program is registered, the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor must comply with the apprentice-to-journeyworker ratios Start Printed Page 53256 applicable within the geographic area in which the construction, alteration, or repair work is being performed. If there is no applicable ratio for the geographic area of the facility, the ratio specified in the registered apprenticeship program standard must be observed. The wage rates (expressed in percentages of the journeyworker's hourly rate) applicable within the geographic area in which the construction, alteration, or repair work is being performed must be observed.

(c) Curing a failure to satisfy the prevailing wage requirements —(1) In general. If a taxpayer fails to ensure that all laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility are paid wages at rates not less than those set forth in the applicable wage determination(s), such taxpayer will be deemed to have satisfied the Prevailing Wage Requirements with respect to such facility for any year if the taxpayer makes the correction and penalty payments provided in paragraphs (c)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section.

(i) Correction payment. The taxpayer must pay any laborer or mechanic who was paid wages at a rate below the rate described in paragraph (b) of this section for any pay period during such year an amount equal to the sum of:

(A) The difference between the amount of wages paid to such laborer or mechanic for all hours worked during such period and the amount of wages required to be paid to such laborer or mechanic pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section for all hours worked during such period; and

(B) Interest on the amount determined under paragraph (c)(1)(i)(A) of this section at the Federal short-term rate as determined under section 6621 but substituting “6 percentage points” for “3 percentage points” in section 6621(a)(2).

(ii) Penalty payment. The taxpayer must pay a penalty equal to $5,000 multiplied by the total number of laborers and mechanics who were paid wages at a rate below the rate described in paragraph (b) of this section for any period during such year.

(iii) Correction and penalty payments not required if taxpayer ineligible for increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii). If the taxpayer claims the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) and does not satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements for the claimed increased credit amount, then the obligation to make correction and penalty payments under paragraphs (c)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section applies in order for the taxpayer to retain the credit. If the IRS determines that a taxpayer claiming the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) failed to meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements and the taxpayer does not make the correction and penalty payments provided in paragraphs (c)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section, then no penalty is assessed under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section, and the taxpayer is not eligible for the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii). Taxpayers that are not eligible to claim the increased credit amount may still be eligible to claim the base amount of the renewable electricity production credit under section 45(a) if they meet the requirements to claim the credit.

(iv) Correction and penalty payments in the event of a transfer pursuant to section 6418. To the extent an eligible taxpayer, as defined in section 6418(f)(2), has determined an increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6) and transferred such increased credit amount as part of a specified credit portion, the obligation to make correction and penalty payments under paragraphs (c)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section remains with the eligible taxpayer. The obligation for an eligible taxpayer to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements becomes binding upon the earlier of the filing of the eligible taxpayer's return for the taxable year for which the specified credit portion is determined with respect to the eligible taxpayer, or the filing of the return of the transferee taxpayer for the year in which the specified credit portion is taken into account. If the IRS determines that the eligible taxpayer failed to meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements and the eligible taxpayer does not then make the correction and penalty payments provided in paragraphs (c)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section, then no penalty is assessed under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section, and the eligible taxpayer is not eligible for the increased credit amount determined under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii). Section 6418 and the regulations under section 6418 control for determining the impact of an eligible taxpayer's failure to cure on any transferee taxpayer. The eligible taxpayer that is not eligible to claim the increased credit amount may still be eligible to claim the base amount of the renewable electricity production credit under section 45(a) if they meet the requirements to claim the credit.

(v) Special rule for laborers and mechanics who cannot be located. A taxpayer will be deemed to have paid a correction payment, under this paragraph (c)(1), to a laborer or mechanic who cannot be located if the taxpayer can establish that correction payments have been made. A taxpayer may establish that correction payments have been made by demonstrating compliance with the applicable State unclaimed property law and all Federal and State withholding and information reporting requirements with respect to the payments.

(vi) Examples. The provisions of this paragraph (c)(1) are illustrated by the following examples, which do not take into account any possible application of the enhanced correction and penalty payment requirements in the case of intentional disregard under paragraph (c)(3) of this section, the exception for wages paid before a determination by the U.S. Department of Labor under paragraph (c)(5) of this section, or the penalty waiver under paragraph (c)(6) of this section. In each example, assume that the taxpayer uses the calendar year as the taxpayer's taxable year.

(A) Example 1. Taxpayer A starts construction of a qualified facility on February 3, 2023. The facility is placed in service on October 10, 2023, and Taxpayer A claims the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) on its 2023 tax return. Laborer X was employed in the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility in calendar year 2023 for 20 weeks and was paid on a weekly basis. Laborer X was paid wages below the prevailing wage rate for all pay periods in calendar year 2023. All other laborers and mechanics were paid wages at the prevailing wage rate. The aggregate difference between the amount of wages Laborer X was paid and the amount required to be paid under paragraph (a) of this section is $400 (that is, Laborer X worked 20 weeks during the year and was underpaid by $20 in each of those weeks). The amount of the correction payment Taxpayer A must make to Laborer X is equal to $400 plus interest from the date of each underpayment at the rate as determined under section 6621 but substituting “6 percentage points” for “3 percentage points” in section 6621(a)(2). The total number of laborers underpaid for any period in 2023 was one, so the total amount of the penalty payment that Taxpayer A must pay to the IRS to retain the increased credit amount is $5,000.

(B) Example 2. Taxpayer B starts construction of a qualified facility on January 30, 2023. The facility is placed in service on February 2, 2024. Taxpayer B claims the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) on its 2024 tax return. Taxpayer B paid workers on a biweekly basis. Five laborers employed in the construction of the facility were paid wages at rates Start Printed Page 53257 below the prevailing wage rates in 2023, with the difference between the amount they were paid and the amount of wages required to be paid under paragraph (a) of this section being $500 per laborer. One of those laborers remained employed in the construction of the facility in 2024 and was paid wages below the prevailing wage rate in 2024, with the difference between the amount the laborer was paid and the amount of wages required to be paid under paragraph (a) of this section being $100. All other laborers and mechanics involved in the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility were paid wages at the prevailing wage rates. Taxpayer B must make correction payments of $500 plus interest from the date of each underpayment at the rate as determined under section 6621 but substituting “6 percentage points” for “3 percentage points” in section 6621(a)(2) to each of the five laborers that were underpaid in 2023, and a correction payment of $100 plus interest from the date of each underpayment at the rate as determined under section 6621 but substituting “6 percentage points” for “3 percentage points” in section 6621(a)(2) to the laborer that was underpaid in 2024. The total amount of the penalty payment that Taxpayer B must pay to the IRS to retain the increased credit amount is $30,000, which includes $5,000 for each laborer underpaid in 2023 and $5,000 for the laborer underpaid in 2024.

(C) Example 3. Taxpayer C starts construction of a qualified facility on January 30, 2023. The facility is placed in service on February 2, 2024. Taxpayer C claims the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) on its 2024 tax return. Taxpayer C paid workers on a biweekly basis. Laborer Y was employed in the construction of the facility for 22 weeks in 2023 was paid wages at rates below the prevailing wage rates for the first 20 weeks of her employment in the amount of $500 (that is, Laborer Y was underpaid $50 in each of the 10 biweekly periods). For the last biweekly pay period, Taxpayer C paid Laborer Y the correct prevailing rate for the work performed during the period, plus $500 for the amounts that were underpaid in the first 10 periods. All other laborers and mechanics involved in the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility were paid at the prevailing wage rates. Taxpayer C is required to make a correction payment to Laborer Y in the amount of the interest from the date of each underpayment at the rate as determined under section 6221 but substituting “6 percentage points” for “3 percentage points” in section 6221(a)(2) to the laborer that was underpaid in 2023. To retain the increased credit amount, Taxpayer C must make a penalty payment of $5,000 to the IRS with respect to Laborer Y.

(2) Deficiency procedures not to apply. The penalty payment required by paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section may be assessed and collected without regard to the deficiency procedures provided by subchapter B of chapter 63 of the Code. Any determination by the IRS disallowing a claim for the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6) will be subject to the deficiency procedures of subchapter B of chapter 63.

(3) Intentional disregard —(i) Application of section 45 (b)(7)(B)(iii) . If the IRS determines that any failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements in paragraph (a) of this section is due to intentional disregard of the requirement—

(A) The correction payment under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section is increased to three times the sum determined in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section; and

(B) The penalty payment under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section is increased to $10,000 multiplied by the total number of laborers and mechanics who were paid wages at a rate below the rate described in paragraph (b) of this section for any period during such year.

(ii) Meaning of intentional disregard. A failure to ensure that any laborer or mechanic employed in the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility is paid wages at the prevailing wage rate is due to intentional disregard if it is knowing or willful.

(iii) Facts and circumstances considered. The facts and circumstances that are considered in determining whether a failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements is due to intentional disregard include, but are not limited to—

(A) Whether the failure was part of a pattern of conduct that includes repeated or systemic failures to ensure that the laborers and mechanics were paid wages at rates not less than the applicable prevailing wage rate, including failures to pay prevailing wages as required under other applicable laws;

(B) Whether the taxpayer took steps to determine or review the applicable classifications of laborers and mechanics, such as through a quarterly, or more frequent, review of the applicable classifications of laborers and mechanics according to the actual duties performed by those laborers and mechanics;

(C) Whether the taxpayer took steps to determine or review the applicable prevailing wage rate(s) for laborers and mechanics to ensure usage of correct rates by all contractors and subcontractors, such as through a quarterly, or more frequent, review of the prevailing wage rates;

(D) Whether the taxpayer promptly cured any failures to ensure that laborers and mechanics were paid wages at rates not less than the applicable prevailing rates;

(E) Whether the taxpayer has been required to make a penalty payment under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section in previous years;

(F) Whether the taxpayer undertook (or engaged an independent third party to aid in conducting) a quarterly, or more frequent, review of wages paid to mechanics and laborers to ensure that wages at rates not less than the applicable prevailing wage rates were paid (including by reviewing payroll information of contractors and subcontractors or by requiring contractors and subcontractors to regularly provide payroll information to the taxpayer or a third party acting on behalf of the taxpayer);

(G) Whether the taxpayer included provisions in any contracts entered into with contractors that required the contractors and any subcontractors retained by the contractors to pay laborers and mechanics wages at rates not less than the prevailing wage rates and maintain records to ensure the taxpayer's compliance with recordkeeping requirements set forth in § 1.45-12;

(H) Whether the taxpayer posted in a prominent place at the qualified facility or otherwise provided written notice to laborers and mechanics during the construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility, the applicable wage rate(s) as determined by the U.S. Department of Labor for all classifications of work to be performed for the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility, that in order to be eligible to claim certain tax benefits, employers must ensure that laborers and mechanics are paid wages at rates not less than such wage rates, and instructions on how laborers and mechanics may contact the taxpayers' personnel departments or taxpayers' managers to report suspected failures to pay prevailing wages and/or suspected failures to classify workers in accordance with applicable wage determinations, employment tax violations, or violations of workplace standard laws without retaliation or adverse action; Start Printed Page 53258

(I) Whether laborers and mechanics were given the opportunity to acknowledge notice provided by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor that in order to be eligible to claim certain tax benefits, taxpayers must ensure that laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor in the construction of a qualified facility are paid wages at rates not less than prevailing wage rates;

(J) Whether the taxpayer had in place procedures whereby laborers and mechanics could report suspected failures to pay prevailing wages and/or suspected failures to classify workers in accordance with the wage determination of workers, employment tax violations, or violations of workplace standard laws to appropriate personnel departments or managers without retaliation or adverse action, and whether taxpayer investigated such reports by laborers and mechanics and had internal controls to prevent failures to pay prevailing wages and classify workers in accordance with the wage determination of workers, employment tax violations, and violations of workplace standard laws;

(K) Whether all laborers and mechanics were provided with a written notice of the rights conferred by the whistleblower provisions of the Taxpayer First Act in section 7623(d);

(L) Whether all laborers and mechanics were provided with paystubs (or access to individual payroll records) reflecting the amount they were paid per pay period (including the specific hourly rate and all deductions from wages);

(M) Whether the taxpayer investigated any complaints of retaliation or adverse action resulting from, reports of suspected failures to pay prevailing wages and/or classify workers in accordance with applicable wage determinations, employment tax violations, or violations of workplace standard laws and took appropriate actions to remedy any retaliation or adverse action and prevent it from reoccurring;

(N) Whether the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor contracted with contractors who, at the time the work was performed, was known by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor to be debarred by a municipality, State, or the U.S. Department of Labor for violations related to the underpayment of local, State, or Federal prevailing wages; and

(O) Whether the taxpayer failed to maintain and preserve records in accordance with § 1.45-12 sufficient to establish compliance with the prevailing wage requirements for relevant tax years.

(iv) Examples. The provisions of this paragraph (c)(3) are illustrated by the following examples, which take into account certain facts and circumstances described in paragraph (c)(3)(iii) of this section, that are considered in applying the enhanced correction and penalty payment requirements in the case of intentional disregard. These examples do not take into account any possible application of the exception for wages paid before a determination by the U.S. Department of Labor under paragraph (c)(5) of this section, or the penalty waiver under paragraph (c)(6) of this section. In each example, assume that the taxpayer uses the calendar year as the taxpayer's taxable year.

(A) Example 1. Taxpayer D failed to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements with respect to the construction of a qualified facility. Taxpayer D did not include contract language that requires the payment of prevailing wages in the contract executed with the contractor nor did it require similar contract provisions in any subcontracts. Taxpayer D did not post in a prominent place at the qualified facility or otherwise notify any laborers or mechanics that in order to claim certain tax benefits (the increased credit amount described in section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii)) taxpayers must ensure that laborers and mechanics are paid wages at rates not less than prevailing wage rates for construction of the qualified facility. Taxpayer D did not have a process for laborers and mechanics to report suspected failures to pay prevailing wages and/or suspected failures to classify workers in accordance with applicable wage determinations. Additionally, Taxpayer D did not have a procedure for the review of wages paid to laborers and mechanics to ensure that wages at rates not less than the applicable prevailing wage rate were paid, nor did Taxpayer D undertake any actual review of the wages paid to any laborers or and mechanics employed in the construction of the qualified facility. Taxpayer D failed to maintain any records documenting wages paid to laborers and mechanics in connection with the construction of the facility. Considering all of the facts and circumstances, Taxpayer D's failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements would be considered due to intentional disregard for purposes of this paragraph (c)(3) and Taxpayer D would be subject to the enhanced correction and penalty payments described in paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section.

(B) Example 2. Taxpayer E failed to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements with respect to the construction of a qualified facility. Taxpayer E included contract language that requires the payment of prevailing wages in the contract executed with the contractor and required similar language be included in all subcontracts. Taxpayer E posted in a prominent place at the qualified facility that in order to claim tax benefits (that is, the increased credit amount described in section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii)) employers must ensure that laborers and mechanics are paid wages at rates not less than prevailing wage rates for the construction of the qualified facility. Additionally, Taxpayer E created procedures for a quarterly review of the applicable classifications of laborers and mechanics according to the actual duties performed by those laborers and mechanics and the actual wages paid to laborers and mechanics. In cases in which reviews found any instance that a laborer or mechanic was paid wages at rates less than the applicable prevailing wage rates, Taxpayer E promptly cured the failure. Considering all of the facts and circumstances, Taxpayer E's failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements would not be considered due to intentional disregard for purposes of this paragraph (c)(3) and Taxpayer E would not be subject to the enhanced correction and penalty payments described in paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section. Taxpayer E would be subject to the normal correction and penalty payments described in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section.

(v) Rebuttable presumption of no intentional disregard. If a taxpayer makes the correction and penalty payments required by paragraphs (c)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section before receiving notice of an examination from the IRS with respect to a claim for the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6), the taxpayer will be presumed not to have intentionally disregarded the Prevailing Wage Requirements in paragraph (a) of this section. The IRS may rebut this presumption based on the relevant facts and circumstances.

(4) Limitation on the availability of cure —(i) 180-day limit. In the case of a final determination by the IRS with respect to any failure by the taxpayer to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements in paragraph (a) of this section, the cure provision in paragraph (c)(1) of this section does not apply unless the correction and penalty payments described in paragraphs (c)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section are made by the taxpayer on or before the date Start Printed Page 53259 that is 180 days after the date of such determination.

(ii) Final determination. For purposes of paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section, a final determination occurs on the date the IRS sends to the taxpayer a notice stating that the taxpayer has failed to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements under paragraph (a) of this section.

(5) Exception for wages paid before a supplemental wage determination or additional classification and wage rate is issued by the U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division. If a taxpayer has requested a supplemental wage determination or an additional classification and wage rate from the Wage and Hour Division in accordance with paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section and the Wage and Hour Division makes a wage determination or issues an additional classification and wage rate determination after the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility has started, the taxpayer will not be considered to have failed to meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements under paragraph (a) of this section with respect to wages paid to any mechanic or laborer whose wage rate was subject to the request and who was paid below the prevailing wage rate before the determination by the Wage and Hour Division if the taxpayer makes a payment within 30 days of the determination to each laborer or mechanic equal to the difference between the amount of wages paid to such laborer or mechanic before the determination and the amount of wages required to be paid to such laborer or mechanic pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section during such period.

(6) Waiver of the penalty —(i) Availability of waiver. The penalty payment required by paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section to cure a failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements in paragraph (a) of this section is waived with respect to a laborer or mechanic employed in the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility during a calendar year if the taxpayer makes the correction payment required by paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section by the last day of the first month that follows the end of the calendar quarter in which the failure occurred, and:

(A) The laborer or mechanic is paid wages at rates less than the amount required to be paid under paragraph (b) of this section for not more than 10 percent of all pay periods of the calendar year (or part thereof) during which the laborer or mechanic was employed in the construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility; or

(B) The difference between the amount the laborer or mechanic was paid during the calendar year (or part thereof) and the amount required to be paid under paragraph (b) of this section is not greater than 5 percent of the amount required to be paid under paragraph (b) of this section.

(ii) Project labor agreements. The penalty payments required by paragraphs (c)(1)(ii) and (c)(3)(i)(B) of this section to cure a failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements in paragraph (a) of this section do not apply with respect to a laborer or mechanic employed in the construction, alteration, or repair work of a qualified facility if the work is done pursuant to a pre-hire collective bargaining agreement with one or more labor organizations that establishes the terms and conditions of employment for a specific construction project (Qualifying Project Labor Agreement) and any correction payment owed to any laborer or mechanic is paid on or before the date on which the increased credit amount is claimed under section 45(b)(6). In order to be considered a Qualifying Project Labor Agreement, such agreement must at a minimum:

(A) Bind all contractors and subcontractors on the construction project through the inclusion of appropriate specifications in all relevant solicitation provisions and contract documents;

(B) Contain guarantees against strikes, lockouts, and similar job disruptions;

(C) Set forth effective, prompt, and mutually binding procedures for resolving labor disputes arising during the term of the project labor agreement;

(D) Contain provisions to pay wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates in accordance with subchapter IV of chapter 31 of title 40 of the United States Code ;

(E) Contain provisions for referring and using qualified apprentices consistent with section 45(b)(8)(A) through (C) and guidance issued thereunder; and

(F) Be a collective bargaining agreement with one or more labor organizations (as defined in 29 U.S.C. 152(5) ) of which building and construction employees are members, as described in 29 U.S.C. 158(f) .

(iii) Transition Waiver. The penalty payment required by paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section to cure a failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements in paragraph (a) of this section is waived with respect to a laborer or mechanic who performed work in the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility on or after January 29, 2023, and prior to June 25, 2024, if the taxpayer relied upon Notice 2022-61, 2022-52 I.R.B. 560, or the Proposed Regulations (REG-100908-23) ( 88 FR 60018 ), corrected in 88 FR 73807 (Oct. 27, 2023), corrected in 89 FR 25550 (April 11, 2024), to determine when the activities of any laborer or mechanic became subject to the Prevailing Wage Requirements, and the taxpayer makes the correction payments required by paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section with respect to such laborer and mechanics within 180 days of June 25, 2024.

(iv) Examples. The provisions of this paragraph (c)(6) are illustrated by the following examples, which do not take into account any possible application of the enhanced correction and penalty payment requirements in the case of intentional disregard under paragraph (c)(3) of this section or the exception for wages paid before a determination by the U.S. Department of Labor under paragraph (c)(5) of this section. In each example, assume that the taxpayer uses the calendar year as the taxpayer's taxable year.

(A) Example 1. Taxpayer F starts construction of a qualified facility on February 1, 2023. The facility is placed in service on October 10, 2023, and Taxpayer F claims the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) on its 2023 tax return filed on April 15, 2024. Taxpayer F employs Laborer Z in the construction of the facility for a total of 36 weekly pay periods. Taxpayer F pays Laborer Z wages at the prevailing wage rate for all pay periods except for the pay periods ending on April 8, April 22, and May 20. Under the applicable prevailing wage rate, Laborer Z should have been paid a total of $35,000 in 2023, but was instead paid only $30,000. Taxpayer F ensures that all other laborers and mechanics employed in the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility are paid wages at the prevailing wage rate. Taxpayer F becomes aware of the failure on June 1, 2023. On June 19, 2023, Taxpayer F pays Laborer Z the correction payment required by paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section. The penalty waiver applies to Taxpayer F. Although the difference between the amount Laborer Z was paid in 2023 and the amount required to be paid under the applicable prevailing wage rate was greater than five percent ($5,000/$35,000 = 14.29%), Laborer Z was paid below the prevailing wage rate for only three out of 36 pay periods, or 8.3% of the applicable pay periods. Furthermore, Taxpayer F made the correction payment before the last day of the first month that follows the end Start Printed Page 53260 of the calendar quarter in which the failure occurred.

(B) Example 2. Taxpayer G starts construction of a qualified facility on February 1, 2024. The facility is placed in service on October 10, 2024, and Taxpayer G claims the increased credit under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) on its 2024 tax return filed on April 15, 2025. Taxpayer G hires Contractor M to assist in the construction, and Contractor M employs Laborer Y in the construction of the facility for a total of 36 pay periods. Contractor M pays Laborer Y wages at the prevailing wage rate for all pay periods except for the pay periods ending on February 24 and March 2 of 2024. Under the applicable prevailing wage rate, Laborer Y should have been paid a total of $50,000 in 2024, but was instead paid only $49,000. All other laborers and mechanics employed in the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility are paid wages at the prevailing wage rate. Taxpayer G learns on January 1, 2025, that Laborer Y was paid wages at rates that were less than the prevailing wage rates, and on January 19, 2025, Taxpayer G pays Laborer Y the correction payment required by paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section. The penalty waiver does not apply to Taxpayer G. Laborer Y was paid wages at rates below the prevailing wage rate for two out of 36 pay periods, or 5.5% of the applicable pay periods, and the difference between the amount Laborer Y was paid in 2024 and the amount required to be paid under the applicable prevailing wage rate was $1,000, which is only 2% of the amount required to be paid under the applicable prevailing wage rate. However, because Taxpayer G did not make the correction payments until January 19, 2025, which was later than the last day of the first month that followed the end of the calendar quarter in which the failure occurred, Taxpayer G does not qualify for the penalty waiver. Taxpayer G must pay a penalty of $5,000 with respect to the failure.

(C) Example 3. Taxpayer H starts the construction of a qualified facility on April 8, 2024. The facility is placed in service on December 1, 2024, and Taxpayer H claims the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) on its 2024 tax return filed on April 15, 2025. Taxpayer H employs Laborer X in the construction of the facility for a total of 34 pay periods. Due to a failure to classify workers in accordance with the wage determination, Taxpayer H pays Laborer X wages at rates below the prevailing wage rates for the first 12 pay periods. Under the applicable prevailing wage rate, Laborer X should have been paid $20,000 during those 12 pay periods, but was instead paid only $17,000. All other laborers and mechanics employed in the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility were paid wages at the prevailing wage rates. Taxpayer H becomes aware of the failure on July 15, 2024, and on July 30, 2024, Taxpayer H pays Laborer X the correction payments required by paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section. For the 22 pay periods from July 1, 2024, through December 1, 2024, Taxpayer H pays Laborer X the correct prevailing wage rate in amounts that total $41,000. The penalty waiver applies to Taxpayer H. Taxpayer H made the correction payment on July 30, 2024, which was before the last day of the first month that followed the end of the quarter in which the failures occurred. Although Laborer X was paid wages at a rate below the prevailing wage rate for 35% (12 pay periods with underpayments/34 total pay periods) of the applicable pay periods, the difference between the total amount Laborer X was paid in 2024 and the amount required to be paid under the applicable prevailing wage rate was $3,000, which is only 4.9% of the total amount required to be paid to Laborer X under the applicable prevailing wage rate ($3,000/$61,000).

(D) Example 4. Taxpayer I begins construction of a qualified facility on August 29, 2024. The facility is placed in service on June 30, 2025, and Taxpayer I claims the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) on its 2025 tax return. Taxpayer I employs Laborer W in the construction of the facility for a total of 25 weekly pay periods in 2025. Taxpayer I pays Laborer W wages at or above the prevailing wage rate for all pay periods except for the pay periods ending on April 12, May 10, and June 14. Under the applicable prevailing wage rate, Laborer W should have been paid $25,000 in 2025, but was instead paid only $20,000. Taxpayer I ensures that all other laborers and mechanics employed in the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility are paid at the prevailing wage rate. Taxpayer I has in place a pre-hire collective bargaining agreement, but the agreement does not contain a provision for referring and using qualified apprentices. Taxpayer I becomes aware of the failure to pay Laborer W at the prevailing wage rate on June 30, 2025, and on July 4, 2025, Taxpayer I pays Laborer W the correction payment required by paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section. The penalty waiver does not apply to Taxpayer I. The difference between the amount Laborer W was paid in 2025 and the amount required to be paid under the applicable prevailing wage rate was $5,000, which is 20% of the amount required to be paid under the applicable prevailing wage rate. Laborer W was paid below the prevailing wage rate for three out of 25 pay periods, or 12% of the applicable pay periods. Taxpayer I does not have in place a Qualifying Project Labor Agreement because the pre-hire collective bargaining agreement does not contain a provision for referring and using qualified apprentices as required by paragraph (c)(6)(ii)(E) of this section.

(E) Example 5. Taxpayer J intends to construct a qualified facility and claim the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii). Taxpayer J executes a contract for the construction of the facility and engages in construction activities as defined in paragraph (d)(3) of this section starting August 1, 2023. Taxpayer J began construction as of September 1, 2023, pursuant to the Physical Work Test in Notice 2022-61. During the period of August 1 to September 1 of 2023, Taxpayer J paid all laborers and mechanics wages at rates below the applicable prevailing wage rates in reliance on Notice 2022-61 regarding when construction began for purposes of satisfying the requirements of section 45(b)(7). After September 1, 2023, Taxpayer J paid all laborers and mechanics wages at the prevailing wage rate for the appropriate classification for work performed on the facility. Within 180 days of June 25, 2024, Taxpayer J makes correction payments to all affected laborers and mechanics for the period of August 1, 2023. to September 1, 2023, equal to the amount described in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section. Pursuant to paragraph (c)(6)(iii) of this section, the penalty under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section is waived.

(d) Definitions. Solely for purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:

(1) Apprentice. The term apprentice has the same meaning as qualified apprentice in § 1.45-8(g)(8).

(2) Bona fide fringe benefits. The term bona fide fringe benefits means fringe benefits described in 29 CFR part 5 . Bona fide fringe benefits include medical or hospital care, pensions on retirement or death, compensation for injuries or illness resulting from occupational activity, or insurance to provide any of the foregoing; unemployment benefits; life insurance, disability insurance, sickness insurance, or accident insurance; vacation or holiday pay; defraying costs of apprenticeship or other similar programs; or other bona fide fringe benefits (each as described in 29 CFR Start Printed Page 53261 part 5 and other U.S. Department of Labor guidance). Consistent with 29 CFR 5.29 , bona fide fringe benefits do not include benefits required by other Federal, State, or local law.

(3) Construction, alteration, or repair. The term construction, alteration, or repair generally means those activities, described in 29 CFR 5.2 as being construction, prosecution, completion, or repair that are performed with respect to a qualified facility as defined under section 45. Construction, alteration, or repair does not include any activities that are excluded from the requirement to pay prevailing wages under the definitions described in 29 CFR 5.2 . Repair work normally includes an activity that improves the facility, either by fixing something that is not functioning properly or by improving upon the facility's existing condition; involves the correction of individual problems or defects as separate and segregable incidents and is not continuous or recurring; or improves the facility's structural strength, stability, safety, capacity, efficiency, or usefulness. Construction, alteration, or repair does not include work that is ordinary and regular in nature that is designed to maintain and preserve existing functionalities of a facility after it is placed in service. Work designed to maintain and preserve functionality of a facility after it is placed in service includes basic maintenance such as regular inspections of the facility, regular cleaning and janitorial work, regular replacement of materials with limited lifespans such as filters and light bulbs, and the regular calibration of equipment. However, such work that occurs before the facility is placed in service may constitute construction for which prevailing wages must be paid in order to claim the increased credit amount. Maintenance generally includes work that is needed to keep the facility in its current condition so that it may continue to be used and work that does not improve the current condition or function of a facility. Maintenance is routinely scheduled and continuous or recurring. Ultimately, the determination of whether an activity can be categorized as construction, alteration, or repair is dependent on the facts and circumstances. This definition has no bearing on any other sections of the Code, including any determination of construction, alteration, repair, or maintenance under sections 162 or 263 of the Code, unless specified otherwise in the Code or in this chapter.

(4) Contractor. The term contractor means any person that enters into a contract directly with the taxpayer (or the taxpayer's designee, assignee, or agent) for the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility.

(5) Employed. The term employed means performing the duties of a laborer or mechanic for the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor (as applicable), regardless of whether the individual would be characterized as an employee or an independent contractor for other Federal tax purposes.

(6) General wage determination. The term general wage determination means a wage determination issued by the U.S. Department of Labor and published on the approved website. A general wage determination provides the minimum hourly wage rates (both the basic hourly rate of pay and bona fide fringe benefit rates) that the U.S. Department of Labor has determined are prevailing for laborers and mechanics in specified types of construction in a given geographic area.

(7) Geographic area and locality. The terms geographic area and locality mean the county, independent city, or other civil subdivision of the State in which a qualified facility is located. The terms geographic area and locality also include areas located offshore of the United States and within the outer continental shelf of the United States and the U.S. territories. If construction, alteration, or repair work is performed in multiple counties, independent cities, or other civil subdivisions, the geographic area may include all counties, independent cities, or other civil subdivisions in which the work will be performed. The locality in which a facility is located is defined as the physical place or places where the facility will be placed in service and remain. The locality of the facility also includes secondary locations where a significant portion of the facility is constructed, altered, or repaired provided that such construction is for specific use at that facility and does not simply reflect the manufacture or construction of a product made available to the general public, and provided further that the site is either established specifically for, or dedicated exclusively for a specific period of time to, the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility. A significant portion means one or more entire portion(s) or module(s) of the facility, such as a completed room or structure, with minimal construction work remaining other than the installation and/or final assembly of the portions or modules at the place where the facility will be placed in service and remain. A significant portion does not include materials or prefabricated component parts delivered to the location of a facility. A specific period of time means a period of weeks, months, or more, and does not include circumstances in which a site at which multiple facilities are in progress is shifted exclusively to a single facility for a few hours or days in order to meet a deadline. The locality of the facility also includes any adjacent or virtually adjacent dedicated support sites, including job headquarters, tool yards, batch plants, borrow pits, and similar facilities of a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor that are established specifically for or dedicated exclusively to the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility, and adjacent or virtually adjacent to either a primary construction site or a secondary construction site.

(8) Laborer and mechanic —(i) In general. The terms laborer and mechanic mean those individuals whose duties are manual or physical in nature (including those individuals who use tools or who are performing the work of a trade). The terms laborer and mechanic include apprentices and helpers. The terms do not apply to individuals whose duties are primarily administrative, executive, or clerical, rather than manual. Persons employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity as defined in 29 CFR part 541 are not deemed to be laborers or mechanics. Working forepersons who devote more than 20 percent of their time during a workweek to laborer or mechanic duties, and who do not meet the criteria for exemption of 29 CFR part 541 , are considered laborers and mechanics for the time spent conducting laborer and mechanic duties.

(ii) Examples —(A) Individual working in professional capacity. Taxpayer hires an architect (Architect) to design a qualified facility and general layout of the site including access roads and ancillary buildings to support the facility. Taxpayer engages a general contractor (Contractor) to construct the qualified facility based on the drafting plans of Architect. Contractor hires an electrical engineer (Engineer) to assist Architect and Contractor with design and placement of the electrical systems necessary to support the qualified facility. Engineer oversees and inspects construction of the electrical systems to ensure the systems conform to the facility's specifications and Architect's drafting plans. Architect and Engineer do not perform any actual duties of a laborer or mechanic during their employment with Taxpayer and Contractor. Architect and Engineer are working in a professional capacity as defined under 29 CFR part 541 and are exempt employees under the DBA. Architect and Engineer are not Start Printed Page 53262 considered laborers and mechanics for the duration of their employment for purposes of this section and Taxpayer does not need to ensure they are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing wage rates for purposes of claiming the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii).

(B) Working foreperson. A supervisory employee who is a working foreperson (Foreperson) spends 60% of the time during the workweek (24 hours of a 40 hour workweek) performing administrative functions such as preparing timecards, supervising work on the qualified facility and arranging for deliveries. Foreperson spends the remaining 40% (16 hours) of the time performing the duties of an electrician with respect to construction of a qualified facility. Because Foreperson devoted more than 20% of their time during the workweek to laborer or mechanic duties, Foreperson must be paid wages at rates not less than the electrician's applicable prevailing wage rate for the 16 hours spent doing the duties of an electrician for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements.

(9) Subcontractor. The term subcontractor means any person that enters into a contract with a contractor for the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility. The term subcontractor also includes any person that agrees to perform or be responsible for the performance of any part of a contract entered into between the taxpayer (or the taxpayer's designee, assignee, or agent) and a contractor (or between a contractor and another subcontractor) with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility.

(10) Taxpayer. The term taxpayer means any taxpayer as defined in section 7701(a)(14), including applicable entities described in section 6417(d)(1)(A). In the case of a credit transferred under section 6418, the term taxpayer means the eligible taxpayer that determines the eligible credit to be transferred and makes a transfer election under section 6418 to transfer any specified credit portion (including 100 percent) of an eligible credit determined with respect to any eligible credit property of such eligible taxpayer for any taxable year.

(11) Type of construction. The type of construction is the general category of construction as established by the U.S. Department of Labor for the publication of general wage determinations as defined in 29 CFR 1.2 .

(12) Wages. The term wages generally means wages as defined in 29 CFR 5.2 . In general, wages means the basic hourly rate of pay; any contribution irrevocably made by a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor to a trustee or to a third person pursuant to a bona fide fringe benefit fund, plan, or program; and the rate of costs to the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor that may be reasonably anticipated in providing bona fide fringe benefits to laborers and mechanics pursuant to an enforceable commitment to carry out a financially responsible plan or program, provided the commitment was communicated in writing to the laborers and mechanics affected. Whether amounts are wages for prevailing wage purposes is not relevant in determining whether amounts are wages or compensation for other Federal tax purposes.

(e) Applicability date. This section applies to qualified facilities placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, and the construction of which begins after June 25, 2024. Taxpayers may apply this section to qualified facilities placed in service in taxable years ending on or before June 25, 2024, and qualified facilities placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, the construction of which begins before June 25, 2024, provided that taxpayers follow this section in its entirety and in a consistent manner.

(a) Apprenticeship requirements —(1) In general. Except as provided in paragraphs (a)(2) and (f) of this section, a taxpayer claiming or transferring (under section 6418) the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) with respect to any qualified facility must satisfy the requirements of section 45(b)(8) and this section with respect to the construction of such facility (Apprenticeship Requirements). The taxpayer is solely responsible for ensuring that the Apprenticeship Requirements are satisfied. See paragraph (g) of this section for definitions of terms used in this section.

(2) Transition relief. Taxpayers are excepted from the Apprenticeship Requirements with respect to any activities that would be considered construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility and that occurred prior to January 29, 2023.

(b) Labor hours requirement —(1) Percentage of total labor hours. A taxpayer claiming or transferring (under section 6418) the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6) must ensure that qualified apprentices (hired by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor) perform not less than the applicable percentage of the total labor hours of the construction, alteration, or repair work (including work performed by any contractor or subcontractor) with respect to any qualified facility prior to the facility being placed in service, subject to the apprentice-to-journeyworker ratio described in paragraph (c) of this section. The percentage of total labor hours is calculated on a per qualified facility basis, aggregating all hours worked by all laborers and mechanics (including the hours of qualified apprentices) during construction of the facility and dividing the total hours work by all laborers and mechanics by the hours of the qualified apprentices.

(2) Applicable percentage. For purposes of paragraph (b)(1) of this section, and subject to paragraph (b)(3) of this section, the applicable percentage is—

(i) 10 percent in the case of a qualified facility, the construction of which begins before January 1, 2023;

(ii) 12.5 percent in the case of a qualified facility, the construction of which begins after December 31, 2022, and before January 1, 2024; and

(iii) 15 percent in the case of a qualified facility, the construction of which begins after December 31, 2023.

(3) Transition rule. Taxpayers may apply the rules set forth in Notice 2022-61, 2022-52 I.R.B. 560, or these regulations for determining when construction began for purposes of the applicable percentage of labor hours performed by qualified apprentices required under section 45(b)(8)(A) and paragraph (b)(2) of this section.

(c) Ratio requirement —(1) In general. The labor hours requirement under paragraph (b) of this section is subject to any applicable requirements for apprentice-to-journeyworker ratios of the U.S. Department of Labor or the applicable State apprenticeship agency.

(2) Ratio. The allowable ratio of apprentices to journeyworkers on the job site in any occupation and its corresponding classification on any day must comply with the applicable apprentice-to-journeyworker ratio of the registered apprenticeship program in accordance with 29 CFR part 29 . If a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor is performing construction, alteration, or repair work on a qualified facility in a geographic area other than the geographic area in which an apprenticeship program is registered, the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor must comply with the apprentice-to-journeyworker ratios applicable within the geographic area in which the construction, alteration, or repair work is being performed. If there is no applicable ratio for the geographic area of the qualified facility, the ratio Start Printed Page 53263 specified in the registered apprenticeship program standard must be observed.

(3) Failure to meet ratio requirements. For purposes of section 45(b)(8)(B) and paragraph (b) of this section, if on any day the ratio of apprentices to journeyworkers exceeds the ratio established in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section, subject to the requirements of the registered apprenticeship program, the labor hours performed by any qualified apprentice in excess of the ratio may not be counted as hours performed by qualified apprentices for purposes of the labor hours requirement. The hours devoted to the performance of construction, alteration, or repair work by any qualified apprentice in excess of the ratio will be counted towards the total labor hours, but will not be counted as hours performed by qualified apprentices for purposes of the labor hours requirement under paragraph (b) of this section.

(d) Participation requirement. Each taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor who employs four or more individuals to perform construction, alteration, or repair work with respect to the construction of a qualified facility must employ one or more qualified apprentices to perform work with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility prior to the facility being placed in service. The participation requirement applies if a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor employs four or more individuals in the construction of the qualified facility over the entire course of the construction, regardless of whether they are employed at the same location or at the same time.

(e) Examples. The provisions of paragraphs (b) through (d) of this section are illustrated by the following examples. For purposes of the following examples, assume that each taxpayer has a calendar year taxable year.

(i) Example 1. Taxpayer A starts construction of a qualified facility on April 1, 2023. Accordingly, Taxpayer A must ensure that at least 12.5% of the total labor hours are performed by qualified apprentices. The facility is placed in service on April 1, 2025, and Taxpayer A claims the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) on its 2025 tax return. A total of eight individuals performed construction, alteration, or repair work during the construction of the facility, all of whom were employed directly by Taxpayer A. Taxpayer A employed four journeyworkers and no qualified apprentices from April 1, 2023 through October 31, 2024. Taxpayer A hired four qualified apprentices and retained three journeyworkers to perform construction on the facility for the period of November 1, 2024 through March 31, 2025. The registered apprenticeship program from which Taxpayer A requested the apprentices required a ratio of one journeyworker for every apprentice. In the first year of construction, a total of 10,000 labor hours were performed on construction, alteration, or repair work of the facility, with each journeyworker working 2,500 hours. In the second year of construction, 7,000 labor hours were performed on construction, alteration, or repair work of the facility, with each qualified apprentice and journeyworker working 1,000 hours during this time. On each day of work during the second year of construction, the three journeyworkers oversaw the work of the four qualified apprentices. A total of 17,000 labor hours were spent on the construction, alteration, or repair work of the facility, requiring that 2,125 labor hours be performed by qualified apprentices. Only 3,000 labor hours performed by qualified apprentices count towards the labor hours requirement because the ratio requirement was only satisfied with respect to the work of three qualified apprentices. Taxpayer A satisfied the labor hours requirement under paragraph (b)(2) of this section because more than 12.5% (3,000 qualified apprentice hours/17,000 total labor hours = 17.6%) of the total labor hours were performed by qualified apprentices. Taxpayer A was also subject to the participation requirement because four or more individuals employed by Taxpayer A performed construction work on the facility. Taxpayer A satisfied the participation requirement because Taxpayer A hired at least one qualified apprentice to perform construction, alteration, or repair with respect to the facility.

(ii) Example 2. Taxpayer B intends to construct a qualified facility to claim the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) and executes a contract for the construction of the facility. On December 31, 2023, Taxpayer B expends sufficient funds to meet the 5 Percent Safe Harbor for beginning of construction in reliance on Notice 2022-61. Construction activities as defined in paragraph (d)(3) of this section start on January 1, 2024. In reliance on Notice 2022-61, Taxpayer B employs qualified apprentices for 12.5% of the total construction hours to complete the qualified facility. Because Taxpayer B applies the 12.5% applicable percentage in reliance on Notice 2022-61 for construction beginning before January 1, 2024, but after December 31, 2022, Taxpayer B has satisfied the Labor Hours Requirement, assuming all other provisions of the Labor Hours Requirement are also satisfied.

(iii) Example 3. Taxpayer C starts construction of a qualified facility on April 1, 2023, and complies with the Labor Hours Requirement, the Ratio Requirement, and the Participation Requirement with respect to the construction of the facility before it is placed in service on April 1, 2025. Taxpayer C claims the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) on its 2025 tax return. The qualified facility was repaired from September 1, 2025, through October 31, 2025. No qualified apprentices were employed for the repairs. Taxpayer C did not fail the Apprenticeship Requirements because the Apprenticeship Requirements do not apply after the qualified facility is placed in service.

(iv) Example 4. Taxpayer D starts construction of a qualified facility on April 1, 2023. Accordingly, Taxpayer D must ensure that at least 12.5% of the total labor hours are performed by qualified apprentices. The facility is placed in service on April 1, 2025, and Taxpayer D claims the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) on its 2025 tax return. Taxpayer D employed 12 individuals to perform the construction, alteration, and repair work on the qualified facility. Taxpayer D is subject to the participation requirement. For the first year of construction, a total of 25,000 labor hours were performed on the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility, 3,000 of which were performed by qualified apprentices. For the second year of construction, an additional 25,000 labor hours were performed on the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility, 3,250 of which were performed by qualified apprentices. The ratio requirement was satisfied for all labor hours performed by qualified apprentices. Taxpayer D has satisfied the labor hours requirement because 12.5% (6,250 labor hours divided by 50,000 labor hours) of the total labor hours were performed by qualified apprentices.

(v) Example 5. Taxpayer E starts construction of a qualified facility on January 1, 2024. Accordingly, Taxpayer E must ensure that at least 15% of the total labor hours are performed by qualified apprentices. The facility is placed in service on June 1, 2026. Taxpayer E claims the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) on its 2026 tax return. All individuals who performed the construction, alteration, Start Printed Page 53264 or repair work were employed directly by Taxpayer E. A total of 50,000 labor hours were spent on the construction, alteration, or repair work of the facility, 7,000 of which were performed by qualified apprentices and the ratio requirement was met for all 7,000 labor hours. Qualified apprentices also spent 500 hours in classroom training at a location other than the location of the qualified facility in preparation for the performance of construction, alteration, or repair work at the qualified facility. Taxpayer E did not satisfy the labor hours requirement under paragraph (b)(2) of this section because less than 15% of the total labor hours were performed by qualified apprentices. The hours spent on classroom training at a location other than the location of the qualified facility in preparation for the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility are not considered labor hours performed by qualified apprentices.

(f) Exceptions to the apprenticeship requirements. If a taxpayer fails to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements in paragraph (a) of this section with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of any qualified facility prior to the facility being placed in service, the taxpayer will nonetheless be deemed to have satisfied the Apprenticeship Requirements if the taxpayer has made a good faith effort to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements as described in paragraph (f)(1) of this section (Good Faith Effort Exception) or made the penalty payment provided in paragraph (f)(2) of this section (Apprenticeship Cure Provision) for any failures to which the Good Faith Effort Exception does not apply.

(1) Good faith effort exception —(i) In general. A taxpayer is deemed to have satisfied the Apprenticeship Requirements of this section with respect to a request for qualified apprentices if the taxpayer meets the following requirements:

(A) Request for qualified apprentices. The taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor must submit a written request for qualified apprentices to at least one registered apprenticeship program that has a geographic area of operation that includes the location of the qualified facility; trains qualified apprentices in the occupation(s) needed to perform construction, alteration, or repair with respect to the facility; and has a usual and customary business practice of entering into agreements with employers for the placement of qualified apprentices in the occupation for which they are training, consistent with the standards and requirements set forth in 29 CFR parts 29 and 30 , and any subsequent guidance issued by the Department of Labor. Such request must be in writing and sent electronically or by registered mail. The initial request to a registered apprenticeship program for qualified apprentices must be made no later than 45 days before the qualified apprentices are requested to start work. Any subsequent requests for qualified apprentices made to the same registered apprenticeship program after the initial request must be made no later than 14 days before the qualified apprentices are requested to start work. If there is no registered apprenticeship program that has a geographic area of operation that includes the location of the qualified facility; trains qualified apprentices in the occupation(s) needed to perform construction, alteration, or repair with respect to the facility; and has a usual and customary business practice of entering into agreements with employers for the placement of qualified apprentices in the occupation for which they are training, consistent with the standards and requirements set forth in 29 CFR parts 29 and 30 , and any subsequent guidance issued by the Department of Labor, the taxpayer will be deemed to satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception with respect to the qualified apprentices that the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor would have requested.

( 1 ) Content of valid request. The request of the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor must include the proposed dates of employment, occupation of qualified apprentices needed, location of the work to be performed, number of qualified apprentices needed, the number of labor hours expected to be performed by the qualified apprentices, and the name and contact information of the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor requesting employment of qualified apprentices from the registered apprenticeship program. Reasonable estimates of the foregoing information are permissible. The request must also state that the request for qualified apprentices is made with an intent to employ qualified apprentices in the occupation for which they are being trained and in accordance with the requirements and standards of the registered apprenticeship program and to employ qualified apprentices consistent with the expected number of hours and dates of employment specified in the request. If the employer of the requested qualified apprentices is not the same as the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor submitting the request for qualified apprentices, then the request must include the name of the employer.

( 2 ) Duration of request. If the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor submits a request in accordance with paragraph (f)(1)(i)(A) of this section and the request is denied or not responded to, the taxpayer will be deemed to have exercised a Good Faith Effort with respect to the request for the period described in the request but not exceeding 365 days (366 days in case of a leap year). For requests that are denied or not responded to and include a period of employment for qualified apprentices that exceeds 365 days (366 days in case of a leap year), the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor must submit one or more additional requests with respect to the period of such request in excess of 365 days (366 days in case of a leap year). The taxpayer will not be deemed to have exercised a Good Faith Effort beyond 365 days (366 days in case of a leap year) of a previously denied request unless the taxpayer submits an additional request. There is no limit on the number of requests a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor may submit to one or more registered apprenticeship programs for purposes of the Good Faith Effort Exception and the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor is not required to make subsequent requests to the same registered apprenticeship program in order to qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception. The 365 day (366 days in case of a leap year) duration of requests for qualified apprentices also applies in circumstances in which there is no registered apprenticeship program with a geographic area of operation that includes the location of the facility at the time a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor attempts to requests qualified apprentices from a registered apprenticeship program.

(B) Denial of request. If a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor submits a request in accordance with paragraph (f)(1)(i)(A) of this section and the request is denied (including after an initial acceptance and before the scheduled qualified apprentice work starts), the taxpayer will be deemed to satisfy the requirements of section 45(b)(8)(A) through (C), and paragraphs (b) through (d) of this section, provided that such denial is not the result of a refusal by the taxpayer or any contractors or subcontractors engaged in the performance of construction, alteration, or repair work with respect to such qualified facility to comply with the established standards and requirements of the registered apprenticeship program. The denial of a request is only valid for purposes of establishing a Good Faith Effort with respect to the portion(s) of the request that were denied. In the case of a partial Start Printed Page 53265 denial, a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor must accept the qualified apprentices offered in response to the request to satisfy the Good Faith Effort with respect to the portion of the request that was denied. If a request is partially denied, the qualified apprentice labor hours specified in the request that were denied that qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception are considered to be labor hours performed by qualified apprentices. Subject to the requirements of paragraph (f)(1)(i)(A)( 2 ) of this section, the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor does not need to follow up with the registered apprenticeship program after the initial request or after the receipt of a non-substantive response. The date on which a registered apprenticeship program received a request for qualified apprentices is determined by the date the electronic request is sent to the registered apprenticeship program or the date of delivery shown on a receipt from the registered mail delivery.

(C) Response to a valid request. A response to a valid request for qualified apprentices is a substantive written reply to the request that agrees, in whole or in part, to the specific requirements in the taxpayer's, contractor's, or subcontractor's request. If the registered apprenticeship program fails to provide a response to a request submitted in accordance with paragraph (f)(1)(i)(A) of this section within five business days after the date on which such registered apprenticeship program received the taxpayer's (or its contractor or subcontractor) request, then such request is deemed to be denied.

(D) Employer sponsored apprenticeship programs. A taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor that sponsors one or more internal registered apprenticeship programs and that is unable to employ a sufficient number of qualified apprentices through such programs to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements must submit a request for qualified apprentices to at least one registered apprenticeship program that it does not sponsor in order to satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception.

(ii) Examples. The provisions of this paragraph (f)(1) are illustrated by the following examples.

(A) Example 1. Taxpayer F submits a request to a registered apprenticeship program by email. The registered apprenticeship program responds three days later indicating that it has qualified apprentices ready to start work, but the reply email from the registered apprenticeship program is automatically forwarded to Taxpayer F's spam or junk mail folder, and Taxpayer F does not see the email response. Taxpayer F would not qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception with respect to this request because the registered apprenticeship program provided a substantive reply to the request that agreed to the specific requirements in Taxpayer F's request within five business days.

(B) Example 2. Contractor G submits a request for qualified apprentices from a registered apprenticeship program with an area of operation outside of the geographic area of the qualified facility. Contractor G's request is denied because the registered apprenticeship program does not operate in the geographic area where the qualified facility is located. Contractor G's request would not qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception because the registered apprenticeship program does not have a geographic area of operation that includes the location of the qualified facility.

(C) Example 3. Contractor H submits a request for qualified apprentices to a registered apprenticeship program. Under its established standards and requirements, the registered apprenticeship program requires contractors to enter into an agreement to partner with that registered apprenticeship program. Contactor H refuses to enter into the agreement, and as a result, the registered apprenticeship program denies Contractor H's request for qualified apprentices. The requirement to enter into the agreement to partner with the registered apprenticeship program applies to all employers who request apprentices from the registered apprenticeship program. Neither the Department of Labor nor a recognized State apprenticeship agency has found the requirement to enter into such an agreement to be contrary to Department of Labor guidance regarding the administration of registered apprenticeship programs. Contractor H's request would not qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception because Contractor H refused to comply with the established standards and requirements of the registered apprenticeship program.

(D) Example 4. Contractor I submits a request for qualified apprentices from a registered apprenticeship program on November 15, 2024. Contractor I's request states that it seeks to employ four qualified apprentices for the period starting on January 2, 2025, and ending June 30, 2025, for a total of 4,160 hours (1,040 hours × four qualified apprentices). On November 18, 2024, the registered apprenticeship program informs Contractor I that it can supply four qualified apprentices for the requested time period. On December 29, 2024, the registered apprenticeship program informs Contractor I that it is only able to supply two of the four qualified apprentices. Contractor I does not submit any additional requests for qualified apprentices from a registered apprenticeship program. Contractor I's request would qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception for 2,080 hours (1,040 hours for each of the two requested qualified apprentices that were denied after the request was initially accepted), provided Contractor I accepted the two qualified apprentices that were offered for the requested period.

(E) Example 5. Contractor J submits a written request for qualified apprentices from a registered apprenticeship program on June 1, 2025. Contractor J's request states that it seeks to employ three qualified apprentices for a period starting September 1, 2025, and ending December 31, 2026. The registered apprenticeship program denies the request on June 2, 2025. Contractor J's request satisfies the Good Faith Effort Exception with respect to the three qualified apprentices that were denied for the period beginning September 1, 2025, and ending August 31, 2026. Contractor J's request does not satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception with respect to the period beginning September 1, 2026, and ending December 31, 2026, because that is the portion of the denied request that exceeded 365 days (366 days in case of a leap year) and Contractor J did not submit an additional valid request for that period.

(2) Apprenticeship cure provision —(i) In general. A taxpayer that fails to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements in paragraph (a) of this section with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of any qualified facility prior to the facility being placed in service, will be deemed to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements if the taxpayer pays the IRS a penalty equal to $50 multiplied by the total labor hours for which the requirements described in paragraph (b) or (d) of this section were not satisfied with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair work on such qualified facility.

(A) Total labor hours for which the labor hours requirement is not met. For failures to meet the percentage of total labor hours requirement in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the total labor hours for which the requirement was not satisfied is calculated as the difference between the total labor hours performed by qualified apprentices that would be required to meet the applicable percentage under paragraph (b)(2) of this section and the sum of the labor hours actually worked by all Start Printed Page 53266 qualified apprentices consistent with the applicable ratio of apprentices to journeyworkers and the hours qualifying for the Good Faith Effort exception.

(B) Total labor hours for which the participation requirement is not met. For failures to meet the participation requirement in paragraph (d) of this section, the total labor hours for which the requirement was not satisfied is calculated as the total labor hours of construction, alteration, or repair work with respect to the facility performed by all laborers or mechanics employed by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor that failed to meet the participation requirement of the qualified facility divided by the number of laborers or mechanics employed by such taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor that performed construction, alteration, or repair work on the facility.

(C) Penalty payment not required if taxpayer ineligible for increased credit amount under section 45 ( b )( 6 )( B )( iii ). If the taxpayer claims the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) and does not satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements for the claimed increased credit amount, then the obligation to make the penalty payment under paragraph (f)(2)(i) of this section applies. If the IRS determines that a taxpayer claiming the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) failed to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements and the taxpayer does not make the penalty payment required under paragraph (f)(2)(i) of this section, then no penalty is assessed under paragraph (f)(2)(i) of this section, and the taxpayer is not eligible for the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii). Taxpayers that are not eligible to claim the increased credit amount may still be eligible to claim the base amount of the renewable electricity production credit under section 45(a) if they meet the requirements to claim the credit.

(D) Examples. The provisions of paragraph (f)(2)(i) of this section are illustrated by the following examples, which do not take into account any possible application of the exception for Good Faith Effort Exception under paragraph (f)(1) of this section, the enhanced penalty payment requirement in the case of intentional disregard under paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section, or the inapplicability of the penalty in the case of a Qualifying Project Labor Agreement under paragraph (f)(2)(v) of this section. In each example, assume that the taxpayer uses the calendar year as the taxpayer's taxable year.

( 1 ) Example 1. Taxpayer K starts construction of a qualified facility on April 1, 2023. Accordingly, Taxpayer K must ensure that at least 12.5% of the total labor hours are performed by qualified apprentices. The facility is placed in service on April 1, 2025, and Taxpayer K claims the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) on its 2025 tax return. All individuals who performed the construction, alteration, or repair work were employed directly by Taxpayer K, including two qualified apprentices. Taxpayer K employed enough journeyworkers to satisfy the Ratio Requirement. A total of 50,000 labor hours were spent on the construction, alteration, or repair work of the facility, 6,000 of which were performed by qualified apprentices. Taxpayer K has satisfied the participation requirement because Taxpayer K has employed at least one qualified apprentice. Taxpayer K failed to satisfy the labor hours requirement under paragraph (b)(2) of this section because less than 12.5% of the total labor hours were performed by qualified apprentices. Qualified apprentices must have performed at least 6,250 labor hours (50,000 × 12.5%), so the total labor hours by which the labor hours requirement was not satisfied is 250 (6,250−6,000). To cure Taxpayer K's failure to meet the labor hours requirement, Taxpayer K must pay a penalty of $12,500 (250 × $50).

( 2 ) Example 2. Taxpayer L starts construction of a qualified facility on February 10, 2023. Accordingly, Taxpayer L must ensure that at least 12.5% of the total labor hours are performed by qualified apprentices. The facility is placed in service on February 10, 2026, and Taxpayer L claims the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) on its 2026 tax return. Taxpayer L employs 10 individuals to perform construction, alteration, or repair work of the facility, two of whom are qualified apprentices. Taxpayer L employed enough journeyworkers to satisfy the Ratio Requirement. Taxpayer L also hires Contractor M, who employs five individuals to perform construction, alteration, or repair work of the facility, none of whom are qualified apprentices. A total of 50,000 labor hours were spent on the construction, alteration, or repair work of the facility, 6,500 of which were performed by qualified apprentices. Of the total 50,000 labor hours, 33,000 labor hours were performed by individuals employed by Taxpayer L and 17,000 labor hours were performed by individuals employed by Contractor M. Taxpayer L has satisfied the labor hours requirement under paragraph (b)(2) of this section because more than 12.5% of the total labor hours were performed by qualified apprentices. However, Taxpayer L failed to satisfy the participation requirement under paragraph (d) of this section because Contractor M employed five individuals but no qualified apprentices. The total labor hours for which the participation requirement was not satisfied is equal to the total labor hours performed by individuals employed by Contractor M (17,000) divided by the number of individuals employed by Contractor M (five) on the construction of the qualified facility, which is 3,400 hours (17,000/5). To cure the failure to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements, Taxpayer L must pay a penalty of $170,000 (3,400 × $50).

( 3 ) Example 3. Taxpayer N starts construction of a qualified facility on January 1, 2024. Accordingly, Taxpayer N must ensure that at least 15% of the total labor hours are performed by qualified apprentices. The facility is placed in service on January 1, 2025, and Taxpayer N claims the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) on its 2025 tax return. Taxpayer N employs 15 individuals to perform construction, alteration, or repair work of the facility, none of whom is a qualified apprentice. Taxpayer N also hires Contractor O, who employs five individuals to perform construction, alteration, or repair work of the facility, one of whom is a qualified apprentice. At the time Taxpayer N claims the increased credit amount, a total of 20,000 labor hours were spent on the construction, alteration, or repair work of the facility, 1,000 of which were performed by the qualified apprentice. Of the 20,000 total labor hours, 15,000 labor hours were performed by individuals employed by Taxpayer N and 5,000 labor hours were performed by individuals employed by Contractor O. Taxpayer N failed to satisfy the labor hours requirement under paragraph (b)(2) of this section because less than 15% of the total labor hours were performed by qualified apprentices. Qualified apprentices must have performed at least 3,000 labor hours, so the total labor hours by which the labor hours requirement was not satisfied is 2,000. Taxpayer N also failed to satisfy the participation requirement under paragraph (d) of this section because Taxpayer N employed 15 individuals but no qualified apprentices. The total labor hours for which the participation requirement was not satisfied is 1,000, which is equal to the total labor hours performed Start Printed Page 53267 by individuals employed by Taxpayer N (15,000) divided by the number of individuals employed by Taxpayer N (15), which is 1,000 (15,000/15). The total labor hours by which Taxpayer N failed to meet the labor hours and participation requirements is 3,000 (2,000 + 1,000). To cure Taxpayer N's failure to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements, Taxpayer N must pay a penalty of $150,000 (3,000 × $50).

( 4 ) Example 4. Taxpayer P starts construction of a qualified facility on April 1, 2023. Accordingly, Taxpayer P must ensure that at least 12.5% of the total labor hours are performed by qualified apprentices. The facility is placed in service on January 5, 2024, and Taxpayer P claims the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii) on its 2024 tax return. Taxpayer P hires Contractors Q, R, and S to perform the construction, alteration, and repair of the qualified facility. Contractor Q employs 10 journeyworkers who work 10,000 hours and one qualified apprentice who works 400 hours. Contractor R employs four journeyworkers who work 4,000 hours and five qualified apprentices who work 2,000 hours. Contractor S employs three journeyworkers who work 3,000 hours and one qualified apprentice who works 400 hours. The registered apprenticeship program for all of the qualified apprentices has prescribed a 1:1 apprentice-to-journeyworker ratio. For each day, all journeyworkers and qualified apprentices employed by the contractors are on the job site. The contractors have satisfied the participation requirement under paragraph (d) of this section because they each employed one or more qualified apprentices. The total labor hours are 19,800 hours, and the total hours worked by qualified apprentices are 2,800. However, Contractor R employed one qualified apprentice in excess of the apprentice-to-journeyworker ratio (five qualified apprentices: four journeyworkers) that was prescribed by the apprenticeship program. Because Contractor R employed one qualified apprentice in excess of the apprentice-to-journeyworker ratio on each day that Contractor R performed work on the facility, 400 of the qualified apprentice hours worked by Contractor R do not count towards the labor hour requirement. Thus, Taxpayer P has failed to meet the labor hours requirement under paragraph (b)(2) of this section because only 2,400 hours worked by qualified apprentices are counted for purposes of the labor hours requirement. The total labor hours by which Taxpayer P failed to meet the labor hours requirement is 75 (2,475 required hours (19,800 × 12.5%)−2,400 qualified apprentice hours worked). To cure Taxpayer P's failure to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements, Taxpayer P must pay a penalty of $3,750 (75 × $50).

(ii) Intentional disregard —(A) Application of section 45 ( b )( 8 )( D )( iii ). If the IRS determines that any failure to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements in paragraph (b) or (d) of this section is due to intentional disregard of those requirements, the amount of the penalty payment under paragraph (f)(2) of this section is increased to $500 multiplied by the total labor hours for which the requirements described in paragraph (b) or (d) of this section were not satisfied with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair work on such qualified facility.

(B) Meaning of intentional disregard. A failure to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements of paragraph (b) or (d) of this section is due to intentional disregard if it is knowing or willful.

(C) Facts and circumstances considered. The facts and circumstances that are considered in determining whether a failure to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements is due to intentional disregard include, but are not limited to—

( 1 ) Whether the failure was part of a pattern of conduct that includes repeated or systemic failures to ensure compliance with the Apprenticeship Requirements;

( 2 ) Whether the taxpayer took steps to determine or review the applicable percentage of labor hours required to be performed by qualified apprentices;

( 3 ) Whether the taxpayer sought to promptly cure any failures;

( 4 ) Whether the taxpayer has been required to make a penalty payment under paragraph (f)(2) of this section in previous years;

( 5 ) Whether the taxpayer included provisions in any contracts entered into with contractors that required the employment of qualified apprentices by the contractor and any subcontractors consistent with the labor hour requirement of section 45(b)(8)(A) and the participation requirement of section 45(b)(8)(C) and whether taxpayers regularly reviewed contractors' and subcontractors' use of qualified apprentices;

( 6 ) Whether the taxpayer required contractors and subcontractors to forward to the taxpayer requests to registered apprenticeship programs within five business days of when requests were made;

( 7 ) Whether the taxpayer made no attempt to comply with the Apprenticeship Requirements;

( 8 ) Whether the taxpayer developed and used a plan to utilize qualified apprentices in the construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility;

( 9 ) Whether the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor regularly followed up with registered apprenticeship programs regarding requests for qualified apprentices;

( 10 ) Whether the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor contacted the Department of Labor's Office of Apprenticeship or relevant State apprenticeship agency for assistance in locating a registered apprenticeship program;

( 11 ) Whether the taxpayer had in place procedures whereby individuals could report suspected failures to comply with the Apprenticeship Requirements, without retaliation or adverse action, whether taxpayer investigated such reports by individuals, and whether the taxpayer had internal controls to prevent the failures to comply with the Apprenticeship Requirements;

( 12 ) Whether the taxpayer investigated complaints of retaliation or adverse action resulting from reports of suspected failures to comply with the Apprenticeship Requirements, and took appropriate actions to remedy any retaliation or adverse action and prevent it from reoccurring; and

( 13 ) Whether taxpayer failed to maintain and preserve records sufficient to establish compliance with the apprenticeship requirements for relevant tax years.

(D) Examples. The provisions of paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section are illustrated by the following examples, which take into account certain facts and circumstances described in paragraph (f)(2)(ii)(C) of this section, that are considered in applying the enhanced penalty payment requirement in the case of intentional disregard. These examples do not take into account any possible application of the exception for Good Faith Effort Exception under paragraph (f)(1) of this section or the inapplicability of the penalty in the case of a Qualifying Project Labor Agreement under paragraph (f)(2)(v) of this section. In each example, assume that the taxpayer uses the calendar year as the taxpayer's taxable year.

( 1 ) Example 1. Taxpayer T failed to satisfy the labor hours requirement of section 45(b)(8)(A), the participation requirement of section 45(b)(8)(C), and the requirements described in Start Printed Page 53268 paragraphs (b) and (d) of this section. Taxpayer T did not create a plan to utilize qualified apprentices in the construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility. Taxpayer T did not include contract provisions that requires the hiring of qualified apprentices and the compliance with the labor hours requirement described in section 45(b)(8)(A) and the participation requirement described in section 45(b)(8)(C), nor did Taxpayer T require those contract provisions in any subcontracts. Neither Taxpayer T nor any contractors or subcontractors made any requests to a registered apprenticeship program for qualified apprentices. Taxpayer T also did not have procedures in place to audit whether contractors or subcontractors made a request to a registered apprenticeship program. Taxpayer T's failures to satisfy the labor hours requirement of section 45(b)(8)(A), the participation requirement of section 45(b)(8)(C), and the requirements described in paragraphs (b) and (d) of this section would be considered due to intentional disregard for purposes of paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section. After considering all of the facts and circumstances, Taxpayer T would be subject to the enhanced penalty payment described in paragraph (f)(2)(ii)(A) of this section.

( 2 ) Example 2. Taxpayer U failed to satisfy the labor hours requirement of section 45(b)(8)(A), the participation requirement of section 45(b)(8)(C), and the requirements described in paragraphs (b) and (d) of this section. Taxpayer U created a plan to utilize qualified apprentices in the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility. Taxpayer U included contract provisions that required the hiring of qualified apprentices and the compliance with the labor hours requirement described in section 45(b)(8)(A) and the participation requirement described in section 45(b)(8)(C) and required those contract provisions in any subcontracts. Taxpayer U and all contractors and subcontractors of Taxpayer U requested relevant qualified apprentices from registered apprenticeship programs. Taxpayer U also created procedures to audit whether contractors or subcontractors made a request to a registered apprenticeship program and ensured that the registered apprenticeship programs were contacted in writing. In cases in which a registered apprenticeship program replied to a proper request described in paragraph (f)(1)(i)(A)( 1 ) of this section with a non-substantive response, Taxpayer U encouraged follow-ups to the registered apprenticeship program. Additionally, Taxpayer U contacted and encouraged contractors and subcontractors to contact the Department of Labor's Office of Apprenticeship and the State apprenticeship agency in cases in which Taxpayer U, or any contractors or subcontractors, experienced difficulty in locating a registered apprenticeship program. After considering all of the facts and circumstances, Taxpayer U's failure to satisfy the labor hours requirement of section 45(b)(8)(A), the participation requirement of section 45(b)(8)(C), and the requirements described in paragraphs (b) and (d) of this section would not be considered due to intentional disregard for purposes of paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section.

(E) Rebuttable presumption of no intentional disregard. If a taxpayer makes the penalty payment required by this paragraph (f)(2) before receiving notice of an examination from the IRS with respect to a claim for the increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6), the taxpayer will be presumed not to have intentionally disregarded the Apprenticeship Requirements in paragraphs (b) and (d) of this section. The IRS may rebut this presumption based on the relevant facts and circumstances.

(iii) Deficiency procedures to apply. The penalty payment required by this paragraph (f)(2) is subject to deficiency procedures of subchapter B of chapter 63 of the Code.

(iv) Penalty payments in the event of a transfer pursuant to section 6418. To the extent an eligible taxpayer, as defined in section 6418(f)(2), has determined an increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6) and transferred such increased credit amount as part of a specified credit portion, the obligation to make a penalty payment under paragraph (f)(2)(i) of this section remains with the eligible taxpayer. The obligation for an eligible taxpayer to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements becomes binding upon the earlier of the filing of the eligible taxpayer's return for the taxable year for which the specified credit portion is determined with respect to the eligible taxpayer, or the filing of the return of the transferee taxpayer for the year in which the specified credit portion is taken into account. If the IRS determines that the eligible taxpayer failed to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements and the eligible taxpayer does not then make the penalty payments provided in paragraph (f)(2)(i) of this section, then no penalty is assessed under paragraph (f)(2)(i) of this section, and the eligible taxpayer is not eligible for the increased credit amount determined under section 45(b)(6)(B)(iii). Section 6418 and the regulations under section 6418 control for determining the impact of an eligible taxpayer's failure to cure on any transferee taxpayer.

(v) Project labor agreements. The penalty payment required by this paragraph (f)(2) to cure a failure to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements in paragraphs (b) and (d) of this section does not apply with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair work of a qualified facility if the work is done pursuant to a Qualifying Project Labor Agreement as defined in § 1.45-7(c)(6)(ii).

(g) Definitions. Solely for purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:

(1) Construction, alteration, or repair. The term construction, alteration, or repair has the same meaning as in § 1.45-7(d)(3).

(2) Contractor. The term contractor has the same meaning as in § 1.45-7(d)(4).

(3) Employed. The term employed has the same meaning as in § 1.45-7(d)(5).

(4) Established standards and requirements. The term established standards and requirements means those standards of apprenticeship required by 29 CFR parts 29 and 30 for registered apprenticeship programs, as well as any additional requirements established by the registered apprenticeship program for the placement of apprentices and applicable to all employers participating in the registered apprenticeship program. Such requirements must not be found by the U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Apprenticeship or a recognized State apprenticeship agency to be contrary to Department of Labor guidance regarding the administration of registered apprenticeship programs.

(5) Geographic area. The term geographic area for purposes of determining the geographic area of operation of a registered apprenticeship program has the same meaning as the term geographic area and locality defined in § 1.45-7(d)(7).

(6) Journeyworker. The term journeyworker means an individual who has attained a level of skill, abilities, and competencies recognized within an industry as having mastered the skills and competencies required for the occupation. Use of the term may also refer to a mentor, technician, specialist, or other skilled individual who has documented sufficient skills and knowledge of an occupation, either through formal apprenticeship or Start Printed Page 53269 through practical on-the-job experience and formal training.

(7) Labor hours. The term labor hours means the total number of hours devoted to the performance of construction, alteration, or repair work by any individual employed by the taxpayer or by any contractor or subcontractor. Labor hours do not include hours worked by foremen, superintendents, owners, or persons employed in bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacities (as defined in 29 CFR part 541 ).

(8) Qualified apprentice. The term qualified apprentice means an individual who is employed by the taxpayer or by any contractor or subcontractor and who is participating in a registered apprenticeship program. An individual is participating in a registered apprenticeship program if, the individual has entered into a written agreement with a registered apprenticeship program containing the terms and conditions of the employment and training of the apprentice and has been registered as an apprentice with the U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Apprenticeship or a recognized State apprenticeship agency during the time period in which work is performed by the apprentice for the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor, or the individual is in the first 90 days of probationary employment as an apprentice in a registered apprenticeship program and the individual has been certified by the U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Apprenticeship or a recognized State apprenticeship agency as eligible for probationary employment as an apprentice.

(9) Registered apprenticeship program. A registered apprenticeship program means a program that has been registered by the U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Apprenticeship or a recognized State apprenticeship agency, pursuant to the National Apprenticeship Act and its implementing regulations for registered apprenticeship at 29 CFR parts 29 and 30 , as meeting the basic standards and requirements of the Department of Labor for approval of such program for Federal purposes. Registration of a program is evidenced by a Certificate of Registration or other written indicia. Registered apprenticeship programs include those that taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors sponsor, create, or partner with and include joint and non-joint programs (as those terms are used in 29 CFR part 29 ).

(10) State apprenticeship agency. The term State apprenticeship agency means an agency of a State government that has responsibility and accountability for apprenticeship within the State and that has been recognized and authorized by the U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Apprenticeship to register and oversee apprenticeship programs and agreements for Federal purposes.

(11) Subcontractor. The term subcontractor has the same meaning as in § 1.45-7(d)(10).

(12) Taxpayer. The term taxpayer has the same meaning as in § 1.45-7(d)(11).

(h) Applicability date. This section applies to qualified facilities placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, and the construction of which begins after June 25, 2024. Taxpayers may apply this section to qualified facilities placed in service in taxable years ending on or before June 25, 2024, and qualified facilities placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, the construction of which begins before June 25, 2024, provided that taxpayers follow this section in its entirety and in a consistent manner.

(a) In general. The increased credit amount determined under section 45(b)(6) must be claimed in such form and manner as may be prescribed in IRS forms, instructions, publications, or guidance published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin. See § 601.601 of this chapter. Consistent with sections 45 and 6001 and § 1.6001-1(e), a taxpayer claiming or transferring (under section 6418) an increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(A) must maintain and preserve records sufficient to establish compliance with the requirements of sections 45(b)(6)(B), (b)(7), and (8), as applicable. In the case of any credit transferred under section 6418 reflecting an increased credit amount, the requirement to maintain and preserve sufficient records demonstrating compliance with the applicable prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements remains with the eligible taxpayer that determined and transferred the credit. For definitions of terms used in this section, see § 1.45-7(d) with respect to the prevailing wage requirements, and § 1.45-8(g) with respect to the apprenticeship requirements.

(b) Recordkeeping for the prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements. With respect to each qualified facility for which a taxpayer is claiming or transferring (under section 6418) a credit reflecting an increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6)(A)(iii), the taxpayer must maintain and preserve records sufficient to demonstrate compliance with the applicable prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements in sections 45(b)(7) and (8) and §§ 1.45-7 and 1.45-8, respectively. At a minimum, those records include payroll records for each laborer and mechanic (including each qualified apprentice) employed by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor in the construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility. If work is done pursuant to a Qualifying Project Labor Agreement as defined in § 1.45-7(c)(6)(ii), the taxpayer should also maintain and preserve records related to that Qualifying Project Labor Agreement.

(c) Recordkeeping for the prevailing wage requirements. In addition to payroll records otherwise maintained by the taxpayer, records sufficient to demonstrate compliance with the applicable prevailing wage requirements in section 45(b)(7) and § 1.45-7 may include Forms WH-347 completed fully and correctly with information for each laborer and mechanic (including each qualified apprentice) employed by the taxpayer, a contractor, or subcontractor with respect to each qualified facility. Records sufficient to demonstrate compliance with the applicable prevailing wage requirements in section 45(b)(7) and § 1.45-7 may also include the following other documents and records with respect to each qualified facility:

(1) Identifying information for each laborer and mechanic who worked on the construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility, including the name, the last four digits of a social security or tax identification number, address, telephone number, and email address;

(2) The location and type of construction of the qualified facility;

(3) The labor classification(s) the taxpayer applied to each laborer and mechanic for determining the prevailing wage rate and documentation supporting the applicable classification, including the applicable wage determination and copies of executed contracts for construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility with any contractor or subcontractor;

(4) The hourly rate(s) of wages paid (including rates of contributions or costs for bona fide fringe benefits or cash equivalents thereof) for each applicable labor classification described in paragraph (c)(3) of this section;

(5) Records to support any contribution irrevocably made on behalf of each laborer or mechanic to a trustee or other third person pursuant to a bona fide fringe benefit program, and the rate Start Printed Page 53270 of costs that were reasonably anticipated in providing bona fide fringe benefits to laborers and mechanics pursuant to an enforceable commitment to carry out a plan or program described in 40 U.S.C. 3141(2)(B) , including records demonstrating that the enforceable commitment was provided in writing to the laborers and mechanics affected;

(6) The total number of hours worked by each laborer and mechanic per pay period;

(7) The total wages paid to each laborer and mechanic for each pay period (including identifying any deductions from wages);

(8) Records to support wages paid to any qualified apprentices at less than the applicable prevailing wage rates, including records reflecting an individual's participation in a registered apprenticeship program and the applicable wage rates and apprentice- to-journeyworker ratios prescribed by the registered apprenticeship program;

(9) The amount and timing of any correction and penalty payments and documentation reflecting the calculation of the correction and penalty payments, including records to demonstrate eligibility for the penalty waiver in § 1.45-7(c)(6);

(10) Records to document any failures to pay prevailing wages and the actions taken to prevent, mitigate, or remedy the failure (for example, records demonstrating that the taxpayer (or an independent third party engaged by the taxpayer) regularly reviewed payroll practices, included requirements to pay prevailing wages in contracts with contractors, and posted prevailing wage rates in a prominent place on the job site); and

(11) Records related to any complaints received by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor that the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor was paying wages less than the applicable prevailing wage rate for work performed by laborers and mechanics with respect to the qualified facility.

(d) Recordkeeping for the apprenticeship requirements. Records sufficient to demonstrate compliance with the applicable apprenticeship requirements in section 45(b)(8) and § 1.45-8 may include the following information with respect to each qualified facility:

(1) Any written requests for the employment of qualified apprentices from registered apprenticeship programs, including any contacts with the U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Apprenticeship or a State apprenticeship agency regarding requests for qualified apprentices from registered apprenticeship programs;

(2) Any agreements entered into with registered apprenticeship programs with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility;

(3) Documents reflecting the standards and requirements of all registered apprenticeship programs from which taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors employed qualified apprentices with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility (including the applicable ratio requirement prescribed by each registered apprenticeship program);

(4) The total number of labor hours worked with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility, including and identifying hours worked by each qualified apprentice;

(5) Records reflecting the daily ratio of apprentices to journeyworkers;

(6) Records demonstrating compliance with the Good Faith Effort Exception in § 1.45-8(f)(1) (including requests for qualified apprentices, correspondence with registered apprenticeship programs, and denials of requests);

(7) The amount and timing of any penalty payments and documentation reflecting the calculation of the penalty payments;

(8) Records to document any failures to satisfy the apprenticeship requirements under section 45(b)(8) and § 1.45-8 and the actions taken to prevent, mitigate, or remedy the failure; and

(9) Records related to any complaints received by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor that the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor was not satisfying the apprenticeship requirements under section 45(b)(8) and § 1.45-8.

(e) Satisfaction of the recordkeeping requirements. Taxpayers may satisfy the recordkeeping requirements in this section as follows:

(1) Taxpayers may collect and physically retain relevant records from every contractor and subcontractor. The records may have personally identifiable information (PII) redacted to comply with applicable privacy laws. Unredacted information must be made available to the IRS upon request;

(2) Taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors may provide relevant records to a third party vendor to physically retain on behalf of the taxpayer. The records may have PII redacted to comply with applicable privacy laws. Unredacted records must be made available to the IRS upon request; or

(3) Taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors may each physically retain the relevant unredacted records for their own employees. Unredacted records must be made available to the IRS upon request.

(f) Applicability date. This section applies to qualified facilities placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, and the construction of which begins after June 25, 2024. Taxpayers may apply this section to qualified facilities placed in service in taxable years ending on or before June 25, 2024, and qualified facilities placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, the construction of which begins before June 25, 2024, provided that taxpayers follow this section in its entirety and in a consistent manner.

Par. 4. Sections 1.45L-1 through 1.45L-3 are added to read as follows:

(a) In general. With respect to a qualified residence described in section 45L(a)(2)(B), the credit determined under section 45L(a)(2)(B)(i) is $2,500 and the credit determined under section 45L(a)(2)(B)(ii) is $5,000 if the qualified residence described in section 45L(a)(2)(B)—

(1) Meets the requirements under section 45L(c)(1)(A) or 45L(c)(1)(B), as applicable;

(2) Is constructed by an eligible contractor;

(3) Is acquired by a person for use as a residence during the taxable year; and

(4) Satisfies the prevailing wage requirements of section 45(b)(7) and § 1.45-7, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of § 1.45-12, with respect to the construction of the qualified residence before such residence is acquired by a person for use as a residence.

(b) Definitions— (1) Qualified residence. For purposes of this section, a qualified residence means a qualified new energy efficient home as defined in section 45L(b)(2).

(2) Eligible contractor. For purposes of this section, an eligible contractor means an eligible contractor as defined in section 45L(b)(1).

(c) Applicability date. This section applies to any qualified new energy efficient home acquired for use as a residence in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, and the construction of which begins after June 25, 2024. Taxpayers may apply this section to any qualified new energy efficient home acquired for use as a residence in taxable years ending on or before June 25, 2024, and any qualified new energy efficient home acquired for use as a residence in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, the construction of which Start Printed Page 53271 begins before June 25, 2024, provided that taxpayers follow this section in its entirety and in a consistent manner.

Par. 5. Section 1.45Q-6 is added to read as follows:

(a) In general. If the requirements in paragraph (b) of this section are satisfied with respect to any qualified facility or any carbon capture equipment placed in service at that facility, then the credit determined under section 45Q(a) is multiplied by five.

(b) Qualified facility and carbon capture equipment requirements. The requirements of this paragraph (b) are satisfied if any of the following requirements are met—

(1) With respect to a qualified facility within the meaning of section 45Q the construction of which begins on or after January 29, 2023, and any carbon capture equipment within the meaning of section 45Q placed in service at such facility, the taxpayer meets the prevailing wage requirements of section 45(b)(7) and § 1.45-7 with respect to the construction of such facility and equipment and with respect to the alteration or repair of such facility and equipment for any taxable year, for any portion of such taxable year that is within the period described in section 45Q(3)(A) or (4)(A) after the facility or equipment was originally placed in service, the apprenticeship requirements of section 45(b)(8) and § 1.45-8, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of § 1.45-12;

(2) With respect to any carbon capture equipment within the meaning of section 45Q the construction of which begins on or after January 29, 2023, and that is installed at a qualified facility the construction of which began prior to January 29, 2023, the taxpayer meets the prevailing wage requirements of section 45(b)(7) and § 1.45-7 with respect to the construction of such equipment and with respect to the alteration or repair of such equipment for any taxable year, for any portion of such taxable year that is within the period described in section 45Q(3)(A) or (4)(A) after the equipment was originally placed in service, the apprenticeship requirements of section 45(b)(8) and § 1.45-8, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of § 1.45-12; or

(3) Carbon capture equipment within the meaning of section 45Q the construction of which began prior to January 29, 2023, and such equipment is installed at a qualified facility the construction of which began prior to January 29, 2023.

(c) Applicability date. This section applies to qualified facilities and carbon capture equipment placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, and the construction of which begins after June 25, 2024. Taxpayers may apply this section to qualified facilities and carbon capture equipment placed in service in taxable years ending on or before June 25, 2024, and qualified facilities and carbon capture equipment placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, the construction of which begins before June 25, 2024, provided that taxpayers follow this section in its entirety and in a consistent manner.

Par. 6. Sections 1.45U-1 through 1.45U-3 are added to read as follows:

(a) In general. If a qualified nuclear power facility satisfies the prevailing wage requirements of section 45(b)(7) and § 1.45-7 for any alteration or repair with respect to such qualified nuclear power facility within the meaning of section 45U(b)(1), and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of § 1.45-12, then the amount of the zero-emission nuclear power production credit for the taxable year is equal to the credit amount determined under section 45U(a) multiplied by five.

(b) Qualifying Project Labor Agreement for a qualified nuclear power facility. For the purposes of section 45U and § 1.45-7(c)(6)(ii), in order to be a Qualifying Project Labor Agreement, such agreement must, at a minimum:

(1) Be a collective bargaining agreement with a one or more labor organizations (as defined in 29 U.S.C. 152(5) ) of which employees of the qualified nuclear power facility are members and such agreement establishes the terms and conditions of employment at the qualified nuclear power facility;

(2) Contain guarantees against strikes, lockouts, and similar job disruptions;

(3) Set forth effective, prompt, and mutually binding procedures for resolving labor disputes arising during the term of the collective bargaining agreement; and

(4) Contain provisions to pay wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates in accordance with subchapter IV of chapter 31 of title 40 of the United States Code .

(c) Applicability date. This section applies to alterations and repairs of qualified nuclear power facilities that are performed after June 25, 2024, for taxable years beginning after June 25, 2024. Taxpayers may apply this section to alterations and repairs of qualified nuclear power facilities that are performed prior to June 25, 2024 provided that taxpayers follow this section in its entirety and in a consistent manner.

Par. 7. Sections 1.45V-1 through 1.45V-3 are added to read as follows:

(a) In general. If any qualified clean hydrogen production facility (as defined in section 45V(c)(3)) satisfies the requirements in paragraph (b) of this section, then the amount of the credit for producing qualified clean hydrogen determined under section 45V(a) with respect to qualified clean hydrogen described in section 45V(b)(2) is equal to the credit amount determined under section 45V(a) multiplied by five.

(b) Qualified clean hydrogen production facility requirements. A qualified clean hydrogen production facility satisfies the requirements ofthis paragraph (b) if it is one of thefollowing—

(1) A facility the construction of which began prior to January 29, 2023, and that meets the prevailing wage requirements of section 45(b)(7) and § 1.45-7 with respect to alterations or repairs of a qualified facility within the meaning of section 45V that occur after January 29, 2023 (to the extent applicable), and that meets the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of § 1.45-12; or

(2) A facility that meets the prevailing wage requirements of section 45(b)(7) and § 1.45-7, the apprenticeship requirements of section 45(b)(8) and § 1.45-8, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of § 1.45-12 with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility within the meaning of section 45V.

(c) Applicability date. This section applies to qualified clean hydrogen production facilities placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, and the construction of which begins after June 25, 2024. Taxpayers may apply this section to qualified clean hydrogen production facilities placed in service in taxable years ending on or before June 25, 2024, and qualified clean hydrogen production facilities placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, the construction of which begins before June 25, 2024, provided that taxpayers follow this Start Printed Page 53272 section in its entirety and in a consistent manner.

Par. 8. Sections 1.45Y-1 through 1.45Y-3 are added to read as follows:

(a) In general. If any qualified clean electricity production facility satisfies the requirements in paragraph (b) of this section, the amount of the credit for producing clean electricity determined under section 45Y(a) is the alternative amount described in section 45Y(a)(2)(B), subject to adjustment provided by section 45Y(c).

(b) Qualified clean electricity production facility requirements. A qualified facility satisfies the requirements of this paragraph (b) if it is one of the following—

(1) A facility with a maximum net output of less than one megawatt (as measured in alternating current);

(3) A facility that meets the prevailing wage requirements of section 45(b)(7) and § 1.45-7, the apprenticeship requirements of section 45(b)(8) and § 1.45-8, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of § 1.45-12 with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified clean electricity production facility within the meaning of section 45Y.

(c) Applicability date. This section applies to qualified clean electricity production facilities placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, and the construction of which begins after June 25, 2024. Taxpayers may apply this section to qualified clean electricity production facilities placed in service in taxable years ending on or before June 25, 2024, and qualified clean electricity production facilities placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, the construction of which begins before June 25, 2024, provided that taxpayers follow this section in its entirety and in a consistent manner.

Par. 9. Sections 1.45Z-1 through 1.45Z-3 are added to read as follows:

(a) In general. If any qualified facility (as defined in section 45Z(d)(4)) satisfies the requirements in paragraph (b) of this section, the applicable amount used to calculate the clean fuel production credit determined under section 45Z(a) is the alternative amount described in section 45Z(a)(2)(B) or 45Z(a)(3)(A)(ii), as applicable, subject to the inflation adjustment provided by section 45Z(c).

(b) Qualified facility for clean fuel production requirements. A qualified facility (as defined in section 45Z(d)(4)) satisfies the requirements of this paragraph (b) if it is one of the following—

(1) A qualified facility that is placed in service after December 31, 2024, that meets the prevailing wage requirements of section 45(b)(7) and § 1.45-7, the apprenticeship requirements of section 45(b)(8) and § 1.45-8, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of § 1.45-12 with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of such qualified facility; or

(2) A qualified facility that is placed in service before January 1, 2025, that meets the prevailing wage requirements of section 45(b)(7) and § 1.45-7 with respect to any alteration or repair of such qualified facility that is performed in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2024, the apprenticeship requirements of section 45(b)(8) and § 1.45-8 with respect to the construction of such qualified facility, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of § 1.45-12.

(3) Special transition rule for facilities placed in service before January 1, 2025. Solely for purposes of the apprenticeship requirements of section 45(b)(8) and § 1.45-8, taxpayers that place a qualified facility in service before January 1, 2025, must satisfy the apprenticeship requirements with respect to construction of the facility that occurs 90 days after June 25, 2024.

(c) Applicability date. This section applies to qualified facilities for clean fuel production placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, and the construction of which begins after June 25, 2024. Taxpayers may apply this section to qualified facilities for clean fuel production placed in service in taxable years ending on or before June 25, 2024, and qualified facilities for clean fuel production placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, the construction of which begins before June 25, 2024, provided that taxpayers follow this section in its entirety and in a consistent manner.

Par. 10. Sections 1.48C-1 through 1.48C-3 are added to read as follows:

(a) In general. If any qualifying advanced energy project (as defined in section 48C(c)(1)(A)) satisfies the prevailing wage requirements of section 45(b)(7) and § 1.45-7, the apprenticeship requirements of section 45(b)(8) and § 1.45-8, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of § 1.45-12, with respect to the re-equipping, expansion, or establishment of a qualifying advanced energy project within the meaning of section 48C, the qualifying advanced energy project credit determined under section 48C(a) for any taxable year with respect to credits allocated pursuant to section 48C(e) is an amount equal to 30 percent of the qualified investment for the taxable year. For purposes of this section, the term re-equipping, expansion, or establishment means those activities described in §§ 1.45-7(d)(3) and 1.45-8(g)(1) that are performed with respect to a qualifying advanced energy project within the meaning of section 48C before such project is placed in service.

(b) Applicability date. This section applies to qualifying advanced energy projects placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, and the re-equipping, expansion, or establishment of which begins after June 25, 2024. Taxpayers may apply this section to qualifying advanced energy projects placed in service in taxable years ending on or before June 25, 2024, and qualifying advanced energy projects placed in service in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, the re-equipping, expansion, or establishment of which begins before June 25, 2024, provided that taxpayers follow this section in its entirety and in a consistent manner.

Par. 11. Sections 1.179D-1 through 1.179D-3 are added to read as follows:

(a) In general. If any energy efficient commercial building property (as defined in section 179D(c)(1)), energy efficient building retrofit property (as defined in section 179D(f)(3)), or property installed pursuant to a qualified retrofit plan (as defined in section 179D(f)(2)) satisfies the requirements in paragraph (b) of this section, the applicable dollar value for determining the maximum amount of the deduction determined under section 179D(b)(2) is the increased amount Start Printed Page 53273 described in section 179D(b)(3)(A). For purposes of this section, installation means those activities described in §§ 1.45-7(d)(3) and 1.45-8(g)(1) that are performed with respect to energy efficient commercial building property, energy efficient building retrofit property, or property installed pursuant to a qualified retrofit plan within the meaning of section 179D before such property is placed in service.

(b) Certain energy efficient commercial building property requirements. Energy efficient commercial building property, energy efficient building retrofit property, or property installed pursuant to a qualified retrofit plan satisfies the requirements of this paragraph (b) if it is one of the following—

(1) Property the installation of which began prior to January 29, 2023; or

(2) Property that meets the prevailing wage requirements of section 45(b)(7) of the Code and § 1.45-7, the apprenticeship requirements of section 45(b)(8) of the Code and § 1.45-8, and the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of § 1.45-12, all with respect to the installation of any property.

(c) Applicability date. This section applies to energy efficient commercial building property, energy efficient building retrofit property, or property installed pursuant to a qualified retrofit plan installed in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, and the installation of which begins after June 25, 2024. Taxpayers may apply this section to energy efficient commercial building property, energy efficient building retrofit property, or property installed pursuant to a qualified retrofit plan installed in taxable years ending on or before June 25, 2024, and energy efficient commercial building property, energy efficient building retrofit property, or property installed pursuant to a qualified retrofit plan installed in taxable years ending after June 25, 2024, the installation of which begins before June 25, 2024, provided that taxpayers follow this section in its entirety and in a consistent manner.

Douglas W. O'Donnell,

Deputy Commissioner.

Approved: June 9, 2024.

Aviva R. Aron-Dine,

Acting Assistant Secretary of the Treasury (Tax Policy).

1. The provisions in sections 45L and 45U relating to increased credit amounts do not contain apprenticeship requirements. For simplicity, where possible, the preamble to these final regulations uses the acronym PWA to refer to the prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements generally, including the prevailing wage requirements in sections 45L and 45U.

2. The Prevailing Wage Requirements in sections 30C(g), 45L(g), 45Q(h), 45U(d), 45V(e), 48(a)(10), 48C(e), and 179D(b) are similar to the requirements provided under section 45(b)(7). Sections 30C, 45L, 48C, and 179D, however, do not require the payment of wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates after construction, re-equipping, expansion, establishment, or installation, as applicable, ends. Sections 45Y(g)(9) and 45Z(f)(6)(A) adopt by cross-reference the Prevailing Wage Requirements under section 45(b)(7). Section 48E(d)(3) adopts by cross-reference the Prevailing Wage Requirements under section 48(a)(10). Section 48(a)(10)(C) provides for a special 5-year recapture rule that applies for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements with respect to sections 48 and 48E.

3. Sections 30C(g)(3), 45Q(h)(4), 45V(e)(4), 45Y(g)(10), 45Z(f)(7), 48(a)(11), 48C(e)(6), 48E(d)(4), and 179D(b)(5) cross-reference the Apprenticeship Requirements in section 45(b)(8). Sections 45L and 45U do not have Apprenticeship Requirements.

4. Effective November 25, 2022, 29 CFR part 29 is no longer divided into subparts A and B because subpart B (Industry Recognized Apprenticeship Programs) was rescinded in a final rule published on September 26, 2022 ( 87 FR 58269 ). On January 17, 2024, the DOL released a notice of proposed rulemaking that would once again place apprenticeship standards in subpart A of part 29. See 89 FR 3118 .

5. Notice 2022-61 defines facility as qualified facility, property, project, or equipment.

6. Notice 2013-29, 2013-20 I.R.B. 1085; clarified by Notice 2013-60, 2013-44 I.R.B. 431; clarified and modified by Notice 2014-46, 2014-36 I.R.B. 520; updated by Notice 2015-25, 2015-13 I.R.B. 814; clarified and modified by Notice 2016-31, 2016-23 I.R.B. 1025; updated, clarified, and modified by Notice 2017-04, 2017-4 I.R.B. 541; Notice 2018-59, 2018-28 I.R.B. 196; modified by Notice 2019-43, 2019-31 I.R.B. 487; modified by Notice 2020-41, 2020-25 I.R.B. 954; clarified and modified by Notice 2021-5, 2021-3 I.R.B. 479; clarified and modified by Notice 2021-41, 2021-29 I.R.B. 17.

7. Notice 2020-12, 2020-11 I.R.B. 495.

8. Notice 2018-59; modified by Notice 2019-43; modified by Notice 2020-41; clarified and modified by Notice 2021-5; clarified and modified by Notice 2021-41.

9. All references to the DBA regulations throughout this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions include updates to the DBA regulations published in a final rule on August 23, 2023 ( 88 FR 57526 ).

10. In accordance with, Oxford English Dictionary, https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?scope=Entries&q=in+accordance+with (last visited Aug. 8, 2023); see Accordance, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed. 2006) (meaning agreement, conformity).

11. IRA § 13404(f).

12. IRA § 13101(k).

13. IRA § 13304(f).

14. IRA § 13104(i)(1). The amendments made to the definition of a qualified section 45Q facility apply to facilities or equipment the construction of which begins after the date of enactment of the IRA (that is, after August 16, 2022).

15. IRA § 13701(c).

16. IRA § 13105(c).

17. IRA § 13204(a)(5).

18. IRA § 13704(c).

19. IRA § 13501(e).

20. IRA§ 13303(d).

21. 40 U.S.C. 3142(a) and (c) .

22. Emma Waitzman & Peter Philips, UC Berkeley Labor Ctr., Project Labor Agreements and Bidding Outcomes: The Case of Community College Construction in California 3,51 (2017) ((finding no statistically significant difference in costs between PLA and non-PLA projects); Peter Philips & Scott Littlehale, Did PLAs on LA Affordable Housing Projects Raise Construction Costs? (Univ. of Utah Dep't of Econ., Working Paper No. 2015-03, 2015) (finding no statistically significant difference in costs between PLA projects and non-PLA projects); Cong. Research Serv., R41310, Project Labor Agreements at 9 (2012) (surveying the empirical literature about the effects of PLAs on costs and finding that it was inconclusive).

23. 40 U.S.C. 3142(c)(1) .

24. See, e.g., Rev. Rul. 94-31, 1994-1 C.B. 16.

25. Accordingly, as applicable, the PWA requirements apply under section 30C with respect to a qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling project described in section 30C(g)(1)(B) (consisting of one or more qualified properties within the meaning of section 30C(c) that are part of a single project); under section 45L with respect to a qualifying residence described in section 45L(a)(2)(B) (that meets the requirements of section 45L(c)(1)(A) or (B), as applicable); under section 45Q, with respect to a qualified facility and any carbon capture equipment placed in service at that facility within the meaning of section 45Q(d); under section 45U with respect to a qualified nuclear power facility within the meaning of section 45U(b); under section 45V with respect to a qualified clean hydrogen production facility within the meaning of section 45V(c)(3); under section 45Y with respect to a qualified facility within the meaning of section 45Y(b); under section 45Z, with respect to a qualified facility within the meaning of section 45Z(d)(4) producing transportation fuel (as defined in section 45Z(d)(5)) or sustainable aviation fuel (as defined in section 45Z(a)(3)(B)); under section 48C, with respect to a qualified investment (as defined in section 48C(b)) in a qualifying advanced energy project within the meaning of section 48C(c)(1)(A); and under section 179D, with respect to energy efficient commercial building property within the meaning of section 179D(c)(1), and energy efficient building retrofit property pursuant to a qualified retrofit within the meaning of section 179(f); and in each case including any guidance issued thereunder the relevant Code section.

26. This rule does not apply with respect to sections 30C, 45L, 48C, and 179D as those Code sections do not include a continuing obligation for the payment of prevailing wages with respect to any alterations or repairs that occur after the placed in service date.

27. U.S. Dept. of Labor, Davis-Bacon and Related Acts (DBRA) Frequently Asked Questions, § III.11, https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/government-contracts/construction/faq .

28. Under 29 CFR 5.2 , the term “contract” means any prime contract that is subject wholly or in part to the labor standards provisions of any of the laws referenced by 29 CFR 5.1 and any subcontract of any tier thereunder, let under the prime contract.

29. Dep't of Labor, ALL AGENCY MEMORANDUM NO. 130 (March 17, 1978).

30. The DOL Field Operations Handbook for administering the DBA can be found at https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/field-operations-handbook/Chapter-15 .

31. The DOL Prevailing Wage Resource Book can be found at https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/government-contracts/prevailing-wage-resource-book/determining-which-labor-standards-apply#_SCA-covered_maintenance_work .

32. The Proposed Regulations relied on a prior version of the PWRB. These final regulations reflect updates to the PWRB made in April of 2024.

33. See Norsaire Systems Inc., WAB Case No. 94-06, 1995 WL 90009 (Feb. 28, 1995) (explaining that the distinction between covered construction work and non-covered service and maintenance work depended on using a number of nondeterminative factors to closely examine actual work performed); see also ITT Base Services, Inc., B-220518.2 (Nov. 10, 1986) (noting that distinguishing between construction and maintenance activities may be difficult, and some repair activities could reasonably be categorized as either Davis-Bacon Act or Service Contract Act repair work depending upon the context in which they are performed); Four Star Maintenance, B-229703 (Apr. 7, 1988) (noting that the determination of whether items of work involve basic maintenance within the coverage of the Service Contract Act, or are more in the nature of construction, alteration, or repair within the scope of the Davis-Bacon Act, is largely a matter of judgment).

34. On January 17, 2024, the DOL published a notice of proposed rulemaking (ETA-2023-0004) in the Federal Register ( 89 FR 3118 ), to revise the regulations for registered apprenticeships. Under proposed 29 CFR 29.8(a)(19) each registered apprenticeship program must have a written set of standards of apprenticeship that includes the program's specific numeric ratio of apprentices to journeyworkers. National Apprenticeship System Enhancements, 89 FR 3118 , 3279 (proposed Jan. 17, 2024).

35. On January 17, 2024, the DOL released an NPRM proposing to update the DOL Apprenticeship Standards contained in 29 CFR part 29 . See 89 FR 3118 .

36. Under 29 CFR 29.5(a) , registered apprenticeship programs must have an organized, written plan embodying the terms and conditions of employment, training, and supervision of one or more apprentices in an apprenticeable occupation, as defined in 29 CFR part 29 , and subscribed to by a sponsor who has undertaken to carry out the apprentice training program. Additionally, under 29 CFR 29.5(b)(3) , a registered apprenticeship program's program standards must contain provisions that outline the work process in which the apprentice will receive supervised work experience and training on the job. Accordingly, taxpayers are required to make requests to programs that provide meaningful training to qualified apprentices. The DOL's proposed 29 CFR 29.8(a) provides that each registered apprenticeship program must have a written set of standards of apprenticeship that will govern the conduct and operation of that program. 89 FR 3118 , 3278 .

37. Additional information on taxpayer compliance burdens can be found in Publication 5743, IRS Taxpayer Compliance Burden, https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p5743.pdf .

[ FR Doc. 2024-13331 Filed 6-18-24; 8:45 am]

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