how to cite research report chicago

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Chicago Style / How to Cite a Report in Chicago/Turabian

How to Cite a Report in Chicago/Turabian

Reports are a commonly cited type of resource and are usually published by government agencies, non-profit organizations, or corporations. In Chicago style, citations for reports are similar to citations for books, although their formatting may change slightly depending on the type of information available for a report. This guide will show you how to create notes-bibliography style citations for print and online reports using the 17th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style .

Guide Overview

• Citing an online report
• Citing a print report
• Citing a report with the same author and publisher

Citing an Online Report

Chicago style online report citation structure:.

• First name Last name, Title of Work (Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication), URL.

Bibliography:

Last name, First name. Title of Work . Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication. URL.

Chicago Style Online Report Citation Example:

• Yulia Gorbunova, Laws of Attrition: Crackdown on Russia’s Civil Society After Putin’s Return to the Presidency (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2013), https://www.hrw.org/reports/2013/04/24/laws-attrition.

Gorbunova, Yulia. Laws of Attrition: Crackdown on Russia’s Civil Society After Putin’s Return to the Presidency. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2013. https://www.hrw.org/reports/2013/04/24/laws-attrition.

Note:  With this source, the report only specifies a publication country. To find the city of publication and other bibliographic data, search for the ISBN or publication title on a website like WorldCat.org (in this case, it is New York).

Citing a Print Report

Chicago style print report citation structure:.

• First name Last name, Title of Work (Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication).

Last name, First name. Title of Work . Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication.

Chicago Style Print Report Citation Example:

The main difference between the citation for an online report and a print report is that a URL will not be included for a print report.

• Turnitin, What’s Wrong with Wikipedia?: Evaluating the Sources Used by Students (Oakland: iParadigms, LLC, 2013).

Turnitin. What’s Wrong with Wikipedia?: Evaluating the Sources Used by Students . Oakland: iParadigms, LLC, 2013.

Citing a Report with the Same Author and Publisher

Often, for reports published by organizations, corporations, or government agencies, a specific author is not named. In this instance, you can usually treat the author and the publisher as the same entity. When citing a report where the author and the publisher are the same, the publisher’s name can be used in the author slot in addition to the publisher slot.

Chicago Style Report Citation Structure:

• Organization/Company Name, Title of Report , (Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication), URL.

Organization/Company name. Title of Report. Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication. URL.

Chicago Style Report Citation Example :

• Microsoft, Annual Report 2021 , (Redmond, WA: Microsoft, 2021), https://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar21/index.html.

Microsoft. Annual Report 2021 . Redmond, WA: Microsoft, 2021. https://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar21/index.html.

Note:  If the report was not written by the publisher and an author name still cannot be found, omit the author field and begin the citation with the title of the report instead. 

Chicago Formatting Guide

Chicago Formatting

• Book Chapter
• Conference Paper
• Musical Recording

Citation Examples

• Thesis or Dissertation
• Encyclopedia
• Sheet Music
• YouTube Video

How useful was this post?

Click on a star to rate it!

We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!

Let us improve this post!

Tell us how we can improve this post?

Chicago Citation Examples

Writing Tools

Citation Generators

Other Citation Styles

Plagiarism Checker

Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.

Get Started

Go to Index

Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide

Chicago-style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. If you already know which system to use, follow one of the links above to see sample citations for a variety of common sources. If you are unsure about which system to use, read on.

Notes and Bibliography or Author-Date?

The notes and bibliography system is preferred by many working in the humanities—including literature, history, and the arts. In this system, sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes. Each note corresponds to a raised (superscript) number in the text. Sources are also usually listed in a separate bibliography. The notes and bibliography system can accommodate a wide variety of sources, including unusual ones that don’t fit neatly into the author-date system.

The author-date system is more common in the sciences and social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and year of publication. Each in-text citation matches up with an entry in a reference list, where full bibliographic information is provided.

Aside from the use of numbered notes versus parenthetical references in the text, the two systems share a similar style. Follow the links at the top of this page to see examples of some of the more common source types cited in both systems.

Most authors choose the system used by others in their field or required by their publisher. Students who are unsure of which system to use will find more information here .

For a more comprehensive look at Chicago’s two systems of source citation and many more examples, see chapters 14 and 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style.

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Please note that although these resources reflect the most recent updates in the The Chicago Manual of Style  (17 th  edition) concerning documentation practices, you can review a full list of updates concerning usage, technology, professional practice, etc. at  The Chicago Manual of Style Online .

Introduction

The Chicago Manual of Style  (CMOS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation, and as such, it has been lovingly dubbed the “editor's bible.”

The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the two CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB) , which is used by those working in literature, history, and the arts. The other documentation style, the Author-Date System, is nearly identical in content but slightly different in form and is preferred by those working in the social sciences.

Though the two systems both convey all of the important information about each source, they differ not only in terms of the way they direct readers to these sources, but also in terms of their formatting (e.g., the position of dates in citation entries). For examples of how these citation styles work in research papers, consult our sample papers: 

Author-Date Sample Paper

NB Sample Paper

In addition to consulting  The Chicago Manual of Style  (17th edition) for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. Turabian's  Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations  (8th edition). This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMOS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts.

Notes and Bibliography (NB) in Chicago style

The Chicago Notes and Bibliography (NB) system is often used in the humanities to provide writers with a system for referencing their sources through the use of footnotes, endnotes, and through the use of a bibliography. This offers writers a flexible option for citation and provides   an outlet for commenting on those sources, if needed. Proper use of the Notes and Bibliography system builds a writer’s credibility by demonstrating their accountability to source material. In addition, it can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental uncredited use of source material created by others.

Introduction to Notes

In the Notes and Bibliography system, you should include a note (endnote or footnote) each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary. Footnotes are added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, while endnotes are compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document.

In either case, a superscript number corresponding to a note, along with the bibliographic information for that source, should be placed in the text following the end of the sentence or clause in which the source is referenced.

If a work includes a bibliography, which is typically preferred, then it is not necessary to provide full publication details in notes. However, if a bibliography is not included with a work, the first note for each source should include  all  relevant information about the source: author’s full name, source title, and facts of publication. If you cite the same source again, or if a bibliography is included in the work, the note only needs to include the surname of the author, a shortened form of the title (if more than four words), and the page number(s). However, in a work that does not include a bibliography, it is recommended that the full citation be repeated when it is first used in a new chapter.

In contrast to earlier editions of CMOS, if you cite the same source two or more times consecutively, CMOS recommends using shortened citations. In a work with a bibliography, the first reference should use a shortened citation which includes the author’s name, the source title, and the page number(s), and consecutive references to the same work may omit the source title and simply include the author and page number. Although discouraged by CMOS, if you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, it is also possible to utilize the word “Ibid.,” ( from the Latin ibidem, which means “in the same place,”) as the corresponding note. If you use the same source but a draw from different new page, the corresponding note should use “Ibid.” followed by a comma and the new page number(s).

In the NB system, the footnote or endnote itself begins with the appropriate full-sized number, followed by a period and then a space.

Introduction to Bibliographies

In the NB system, the bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given work. This page, most often titled Bibliography, is usually placed at the end of the work preceding the index. It should include all sources cited within the work and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited but provide further reading.

Although bibliographic entries for various sources may be formatted differently, all included sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) are arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. If no author or editor is listed, the title or, as a last resort, a descriptive phrase may be used.

Though useful, a bibliography is not required in works that provide full bibliographic information in the notes.

Common Elements

All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title, and publication information.

Author Names

The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name first and separating the last name and first name with a comma; for example, John Smith becomes Smith, John.

Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation marks .

Publication Information

The year of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name .

Punctuation

In a bibliography, all major elements are separated by periods.

For more information and specific examples, see the sections on  Books  and  Periodicals .

Please note that this OWL resource provides basic information regarding the formatting of entries used in the bibliography. For more information about Selected Bibliographies, Annotated Bibliographies, and Bibliographic Essays, please consult Chapter 14.61 of  The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition).

Chicago Citation Style (17th Edition): Pamphlets, Brochures, and Reports

• General Guidelines
• One Author or Editor
• Two or Three Authors or Editors
• More Than Three Authors or Editors
• Chapter or Article in a Multi-Author Book
• Chapter or Article in a Multi-Volume Work
• Organization as Author
• Reference Book
• Edition Other than the First
• Basic Journal Article
• Journal Article from an Online Periodical
• Journal Article from Database
• Magazine Article
• Magazine Article from an Online Magazine
• Newspaper Article
• Newspaper Article from an Online Newspaper
• Basic Web Page
• Government Publication
• Motion Picture (Video Recording)
• Online Multimedia
• Image from an Electronic Source
• Published Photograph
• Interviews & Personal Communications
• Pamphlets, Brochures, and Reports
• Scriptural References
• Secondary Sources
• Government Publications
• Ask for Help

Pamphlets, Brochures, and Reports (p. 756)

These types of sources are basically treated like books.

General Format 

1. Author First Name/Initial Surname,  Title: Subtitle  (Place of Publication: Publisher,        Year), page #(if there is one).

Concise Note:  

2. Author Surname,  Title , page # (if there is one). 

Bibliography:

Author Surname, First Name or Initial.  Title: Subtitle . Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.

1. Hazel V. Clark,  Mesopotamia: Between Two Rivers  (Mesopotamia, OH: End of        the Commons General Store, 1957).   

2. Clark,  Mesopotamia.

Clark, Hazel V.  Mesopotamia: Between Two Rivers . Mesopotamia, OH: End of the              Commons General Store, 1957.   

Formatting of papers in Chicago Style:

Citations and bibliographies in Chicago Style:

About Citing Other Sources

This guide is intended to cover only the Notes and Bibliography system for citing sources.

For each type of source in this guide, both the general form and a specific example will be provided.

The following format will be used:

Full Note  - use the first time that you cite a source. Concise Note  - use after the first time you cite a source. Bibliography  - use when you are compiling the Bibliography that appears at the end of your paper.

Information on citing and several of the examples were drawn from  The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.) .  

Numbers in parentheses refer to specific sections and pages in the manual.

• << Previous: Lecture
• Next: Scriptural References >>
• Last Updated: Jul 10, 2023 12:20 PM
• URL: https://libguides.westsoundacademy.org/chicago-citation

• Unitec Library
• Subject & Study Guides
• Referencing

Chicago Referencing (17th ed.)

Referencing Reports

• Introduction
• Citing Using Chicago
• Referencing Books
• Referencing ChatGPT
• Referencing Journal Articles
• Referencing Magazine & Newspaper Articles
• Referencing Theses & New Zealand Standards
• Referencing Images & Tables
• Referencing Audio Visual Materials
• Referencing Reference Works
• Referencing Other Information Sources
• Information not known
• Chicago 16th This link opens in a new window

Things to remember

Authors' names :

Footnotes :  All authors' names should be First Name, Initial, Surname  e.g. Eliza T. Dresang.

Bibliography:  First author should be inverted as Surname, First Name, Initial e.g.  Burnett, Kathleen.  Additional authors should be First Name, Initial,, Surname  e.g. Burnett, Kathleen and Eliza T. Dresang.

Editors' names :   If you are  referencing the whole book, the format for the editors' names should be the same as for an author in both the footnote and the bibliography.  If, however, you are referencing a chapter of an edited book the editor's name should be First Name, Initial, Surname. eg. edited by Paul M. Angle and Mary Stewart van Leeuwen 

Italics : Only the book title should be in italics.  If you are referencing a chapter in a book, the title of the chapter should not be in italics but should be surrounded by quote marks "....".

Capitalization : All major words in titles and subtitles should be capitalized.

Splitting a URL : If your URL needs to be split do not insert a hyphen. Break the URL before a punctuation mark.  Do not add a full stop at the end of URL as this may appear to be part of the URL and cause retrieval problems. URL links should not be live/linked, though Word makes them so as a default (to avoid this right click on the live link and select "Remove Hyperlink".)

Long Footnotes & Shortened Footnotes

The referencing examples provided include a Long Footnote, a Shortened Footnote and a Bibliography entry.  

The first time you cite a source (book, website, journal article etc.), you should use a Long Footnote .

Any subsequent times you cite that source, you can use a Short Footnote .  

If you need assistance with Chicago referencing, please get in touch with the Learning Advisors  team for help.

This page gives examples of how to reference reports.  Reports may include government, corporate or organisational reports.  

Note: For information on how to handle multiple authors, see the 'Referencing Books' tab.

Note: If the report lists a clear publication place and publisher, include that in the citation (putting the information in brackets (like the example for 'Print Report').  If there is no clear publication place, and publisher, you can leave it out (like the example for 'Online Report').

Print Report

Long Footnote

   1. BRE Trust and Cyril Sweett,   Putting a Price on Sustainability  (Watford, United Kingdom: BRE Bookshop, 2005), 19.

Shorterned Footnote

   2. BRE Trust and Cyril Sweett, Putting a Price on Sustainability , 19.

Bibliography

Online Report

   1. Price Waterhouse Coopers,  The Value of Design to New Zealand,  July 2017, 40, https://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/13020/Final%20-%20PwC%20-%20The%20value%20of%20design%20to%20New%20Zealand%20report%20%2821%20July%2017%29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

Shortened Footnote

   2. Price Waterhouse Coopers,  Value of Design,  40. 

Report with Named Authors

   1. I. McChesney, I. Cox-Smith, and L. Armitrano, Thermal Insulation in New Zealand Homes: A Status Report, a Report for Beacon Pathway Ltd,  March 2008, 29, http://www.beaconpathway.co.nz/images/uploads/Final_Report_TE210_Thermal_Insulation_in_NZ.pdf.

   1. McChesney, Cox-Smith and Armitrano,  Thermal Insulation in New Zealand Homes , 29.

Annual Report

   1. New Zealand Registered Architects Board,  2016/17 Annual Report,  October 2018, 9, https://www.nzrab.nz/Editable/Assets/AnnualReports/2017_NZRAB_Annual_Report.pdf.

    1. NZ Registered Architects Board,  2016/17 Annual Report,  9. 

Report which includes a report number

   1. N. R. Buckett,  Advanced Residential Construction Techniques: Opportunities and Implications for New Zealand.  Study Report SR311 (Judgeford, New Zealand: BRANZ, 2014), 41. https://www.branz.co.nz/cms_show_download.php?id=4a8fe57f274e0906d2c312acc538db1187fa89d7.

   2. Buckett,  Advanced Residential Construction Techniques ,   41.

Important notes to be aware of

Please be aware of the following important note when using Chicago Referencing (17th ed.)

Note 1: Don't use Ibid in Chicago 17th

In Chicago 16th edition and earlier, it was ok to use Ibid (from the Latin  ibidem  meaning "in the same place") when you are citing a source that is the same as the immediate previous footnote.  In Chicago 17th, this is discouraged.  You should use a short footnote  (The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed., section 14.34, 759).

Note 2: Don't use the 3-em dash for multiple works by one author

In Chicago 16th edition and earlier, it was ok to use a 3-em dash (------) in your Bibliography list if you had multiple works by one author.  In Chicago 17th, you should not do this.  Instead, you should list the author's name/s for all bibliography citation entries.

• << Previous: Referencing Magazine & Newspaper Articles
• Next: Referencing Theses & New Zealand Standards >>
• Last Updated: Sep 28, 2023 5:22 PM
• URL: https://guides.unitec.ac.nz/chicagoreferencing

Chicago Citation Guide: How do I Cite?

• Getting Started
• How do I Cite?
• In-Text Citations
• Bibliography and Sample Papers
• Additional Resources

Header Image

Comprehensive Chicago Guides

Chicago Style Guides   This website is organized by source type and provides details about, and examples of, correct Chicago citations.

Journal Articles

EXAMPLE : Journal articles (with and without a DOI)

1. Susan Satterfield, “Livy and the  Pax Deum ,”  Classical Philology  111, no. 2 (April 2016): 170. 2. Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,”  Journal of Human Capital  11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

Full bibliographic reference:

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.”  Journal of Human Capital  11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235. Satterfield, Susan. “Livy and the  Pax Deum .”  Classical Philology  111, no. 2 (April 2016): 165–76.

EXAMPLE : Websites

1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/. 2. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed May 1, 2017, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts. 3. Katie Bouman, “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole,” filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA, video, 12:51, https://www.ted.com/talks/ katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

Bouman, Katie. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51. https://www.ted.com/talks/ katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like. Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/. Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

EXAMPLE : Book with one author

1. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” in  The Making of the American Essay , ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

Haley, Alex. Roots: The Saga of an American Family. New York: Doubleday, 1976.

EXAMPLE : Book with two authors

King, Stephen, and Peter Straub. The Talisman. New York: Viking Press, 1984.

EXAMPLE : Book chapter from an edited volume

Schwartz, Paula. “Redefining Resistance: Woman’s Activism in Wartime France.” In Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars, edited by Margaret R. Higonnet, Jane Jenson, Sonya Michel, and Margaret C. Weitz, 141–53. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale UP, 1987.

• << Previous: Getting Started
• Next: In-Text Citations >>
• Last Updated: Jun 24, 2022 12:30 PM
• URL: https://paperpile.libguides.com/chicago

The Library building is temporarily closed. Library staff and some services have been relocated to the 4th and 5th floors of the Howe Center.

Visit the following link for services and hours available at Howe: Library Support and Services During Summer Closure .

How to Cite Your Sources

• Citation Basics
• Avoiding Plagiarism This link opens in a new window
• Citation Generators
• Citation Management Tools
• Writing Help
• MLA (9th ed.)
• APA (7th ed.)

About the Chicago Manual of Style

Chicago 16: how to cite a source -- notes-bibliography, chicago 16: how to cite a source -- author-date.

• Citing Sources: Business Documents & Reports
• Citing Sources: Patents & Code

The Chicago Manual of Style includes two methods of citing sources:

Notes and bibliography , which is more common in the humanities, author-date , more often used in the sciences.

• Chicago Manual of Style Citation Quick Guide Basic usage for the Chicago style.
• Chicago 16th ed, Chapter 14: Notes & Bibliography How to use the Chicago Notes and Bibliography style in your paper.
• Chicago 16th ed, Chapter 15: Author-Date References How to use Chicago's Author-Date citation style in your paper.
• << Previous: APA (7th ed.)
• Next: ACS (2020) >>
• Last Updated: Mar 25, 2024 12:16 PM
• URL: https://library.stevens.edu/citingsources

1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ 07030, 201.216.5200

• Journal Finder

Research Help

• Research Assistance
• Make an Appointment
• How to Cite
• Research Guides
• Borrow & Renew
• Interlibrary Loan
• Print & Copy
• Study Spaces
• Thesis/Dissertations

[email protected]

201-216-5200

Staff Directory

How To: Citation and Style Guides

• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Copyright & Fair Use
• Chicago Manual of Style

Quick Links

• Academic Coaching
• Databases A-Z
• Library Home
• Locations & Hours
• Password Reset
• Research Guides
• Reserve a Room or Testing Seat
• Wifi Access
• WNC OER Project
• WNC Homepage

Chicago Manual of Style Publication Manual

Chicago Manual of Style Basics

• Chicago Style Guide (Purdue OWL) Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) provides extensive explanation and examples of Chicago style.
• Turabian Quick Guide A brief overview of the most common examples of citation formats from Kate Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers.

Please note: Chicago Manual of Style has two different citation options:

• Notes-Bibliography Style
• Author-Date Reference Style

If you are unsure which one to use, please contact your instructor.

Chicago Manual of Style Formatting

Formatting Citations and the Works Cited/Reference List

• Chicago Style Citation Guide An excellent guide to using the Chicago style citation format from Western Oregon University Library.
• Chicago Style Citation Guide (Seattle)   This useful guide from the Seattle Central Community College Library covers the basics of the Chicago citation style in an easy to use format.
• Chicago Style Guide Chicago citation style guide from the Santa Fe College (Gainesville, FL) Library.

Other Resources

• Term Paper Handbook for Chicago (Turabian) Style A detailed guide on how to format your research paper in the Chicago citation style from the Sierra College Writing Center. Includes examples citations of notes and a bibliography.

Chicago Manual of Style Citation and Research Paper Examples

Citation Examples

• Citation Examples from the Chicago Manual of Style Online

Research Paper Examples

• Chicago Style Sample Paper (Purdue OWL)  An example of a paper written in the Chicago citation style, including extensive explanatory notes and examples. (Footnotes and bibliography.)
• Chicago Style Sample Research Paper: Notes/Bibliography Style  OWL (Online Writing Lab) at Purdue University. Notes and Bibliography (NB) Style
• Chicago Style Sample Paper: Author/Date Style  OWL (Online Writing Lab) at Purdue University. Author/Date Style

Chicago Manual of Style Tutorials

• Chicago Style: The Basics   A video tutorial created by the OWL at Purdue.​​​​​​​
• Chicago Manual of Style Citations Tutorial  This tutorial from Western Michigan University Libraries covers the difference between the two basic citation styles used in CMOS.
• << Previous: MLA Style
• Last Updated: Oct 24, 2023 1:54 PM
• URL: https://library.wnc.edu/citing-sources

Contact the Library at WNC

Carson Campus Library 2201 W. College Parkway Carson City, Nevada 89703 (775) 445-3229

Fallon Campus Library 160 Campus Way Fallon, Nevada 89406 (775) 445-3392

Report a problem Print Page Login to LibApps (Staff Only)

©2021 Western Nevada College | Privacy Policy | Title IX | WNC en Español

Citation guides

All you need to know about citations

How to cite an online report in Chicago

To cite an online report in a reference entry in Chicago style 17th edition include the following elements:

• Author(s) of the report: Give first the last name, then the name as presented in the source (e. g. Watson, John). For two authors, reverse only the first name, followed by ‘and’ and the second name in normal order (e. g. Watson, John, and John Watson). For more than seven authors, list the first seven names followed by et al.
• Title of the report: Give the title as presented in the source.
• Place of publication: Give the place of publication of the source.
• Publisher: Give the publisher name in full.
• Year of publication: Give the year of publication as presented in the source.
• Date of access: Give the month, day and year of publication.
• URL: Give the full URL from the direct source. Include http:// or https://.

Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of an online report in Chicago style 17th edition:

Author(s) of the report . Title of the report . Place of publication : Publisher , Year of publication . Accessed Date of access . URL .

Take a look at our reference list examples that demonstrate the Chicago style guidelines in action:

A report by an international organization found online

Department of Making Pregnancy Safer . Annual report, 2005 . Geneva, Switzerland : World Health Organization , 2006 . Accessed June 6, 2018 . https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/69505/WHO_MPS_07.01_eng.pdf .

A financial report by a government agency found online

Bureau of Fiscal Service, Department of Treasury . Financial Report of the United States Government . Washington, DC : U.S. Government , 2018 . Accessed August 14, 2019 . https://fiscal.treasury.gov/files/reports-statements/financial-report/2018/03282019-FR(Final).pdf .

This citation style guide is based on the Chicago Manual of Style (17 th edition).

More useful guides

• Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide for Government Documents

More great BibGuru guides

• MLA: how to cite an afterword
• Chicago: how to cite a documentary
• APA: how to cite an online magazine article

Automatic citations in seconds

Citation generators

Alternative to.

• NoodleTools
• Getting started

From our blog

• 📚 How to write a book report
• 📝 APA Running Head
• 📑 How to study for a test

Chicago Referencing Guide

• Notes - basic patterns
• Bibliography - basic patterns
• Chapters and other parts of a book
• Journal articles
• Magazine articles
• Newspaper articles
• Reference works
• Theses and dissertations
• Social media
• Graphic arts
• Live performances
• Exhibition catalogues
• Television and radio
• Advertisements
• Online videos
• Sound recordings
• Legal resources
• Lectures and paper presentations
• Personal communications, unpublished interviews and AI content
• Tables - Examples
• Figures - Examples
• Cite corporate or governmental reports like books. See  Corporation or organisation as author for guidance on citing corporate authors.
• In most cases, you can cite reports only in notes. Include them in your bibliography if they are critical to your argument or frequently cited.
• If you found the report online, include a URL. 

Bibliography:

• << Previous: Sound recordings
• Next: Legal resources >>
• Last Updated: May 11, 2024 8:57 PM
• URL: https://aut.ac.nz.libguides.com/turabian

Thursday, February 23: The Clark Library is closed today.

Chicago Style (17th Edition) Citation Guide: Websites

• Introduction
• Journal Articles
• Magazine/Newspaper Articles
• Books & Ebooks
• Government & Legal Documents
• Secondary Sources
• Videos & DVDs
• How to Cite: Biblical & Catholic Sources
• How to Cite: Other
• Short Form & Ibid.
• Additional Help

Table of Contents

Entire website - no separate pages or sections, page or section from a website.

Bibliography:

All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

All citations should use first line indent, where the first line of the footnote should be indented by 0.5 inches; all subsequent lines are not indented.

Footnotes should be the same font size and style as the rest of your paper.

See instructions for how to insert footnotes in Microsoft Word.

It can sometimes be difficult to find out who the author of a website is. Remember that an author can be a corporation or group, not only a specific person. Author information can sometimes be found under an "About" section on a website.

If there is no known author, start the citation with the title of the website instead.

The best date to use for a website is the date that the content was last updated. Otherwise look for a copyright or original publication date. Unfortunately this information may not be provided or may be hard to find. Often date information is put on the bottom of the pages of a website.

If you do not know the complete date, put as much information as you can find. For example you may have a year but no month or day.

Access Date

Chicago style does not recommend including access dates in the citation, unless no date of publication or last revision for the source may be located.

“Religion & Public Life.” Pew Research Center. Accessed January 26, 2021. https://www.pewforum.org.

1. “Religion & Public Life,” Pew Research Center, accessed January 26, 2021, https://www.pewforum.org.

“Roman Catholic Church.” Religious Groups. American Religion Data Archives. Accessed July 15, 2020. http://www.thearda.com/Denoms/D_836.asp.

1. “Roman Catholic Church,“ Religious Groups, Association of Religion Data Archives, accessed July 5, 2020, http://www.thearda.com/Denoms/D_836.asp.

• << Previous: Government & Legal Documents
• Next: Secondary Sources >>
• Last Updated: Feb 19, 2024 1:49 PM
• URL: https://libguides.up.edu/chicago

Cite A Report in Chicago Manual of Style citation style

Powered by chegg.

• Select style:
• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
• Dictionary entry
• Dissertation
• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
• Edited book
• Encyclopedia article
• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
• Religious text

Use the following template or our Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition) Citation Generator to cite a report. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator .

Notes-Bibliography Format

Reference list.

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

Author-Date Format

Popular chicago manual of style citation guides.

• How to cite a Book in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Website in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Journal in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a DVD, video, or film in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Online image or video in Chicago Manual of Style

Other Chicago Manual of Style Citation Guides

• How to cite a Archive material in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Artwork in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Blog in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Broadcast in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Chapter of an edited book in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Conference proceedings in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Court case in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Dictionary entry in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Dissertation in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a E-book or PDF in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Edited book in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Email in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Encyclopedia article in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Government publication in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Interview in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Legislation in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Magazine in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Music or recording in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Newspaper in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Patent in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Podcast in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Presentation or lecture in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Press release in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Religious text in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Report in Chicago Manual of Style
• How to cite a Software in Chicago Manual of Style

• NPS Dudley Knox Library
• Research Guides

Citation Guide

• Chicago Author-Date
• Examples & Rules
• Zotero Examples
• Examples & Rules
• BibTeX Code
• BibTeX Code ≤ v2.6
• Other Styles
• Generative AI

Chicago Author-Date (17th ed.): Citation Examples & Essential Rules

   For NPS theses, papers, and publications: to cite properly, follow the citation examples and apply the essential rules.

• Chicago AD Example List of References

Citation Examples

Essential rules, accessed dates.

Only include date accessed if the source material has no date.

Author Names: Honorifics

Do not include honorifics (Dr., Col., Professor, etc.) when citing author names. Including these titles in the body of your document is acceptable.

Identifying Authors of Official Documents

For the National Security Strategy , cite the president as the author.

For other official documents , the author is the organization immediately responsible for creating the document. In the example below, the author is the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the publisher is the Department of the Navy.

In the example above, the author is NOT an umbrella organization, signatory, or any of the following:

• Chief of Naval Operations
• Deputy Chief of Naval Operations
• W. F. Moran
• Department of Defense
• Navy Pentagon
• R. P. Burke
• United States of America​

Do not include acronyms for organizations listed as authors in the List of References or footnotes:

• YES: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.
• NO: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO or OCNO).
• NO: CNO or OCNO.

Bibliography vs. List of References

What is the difference between them.

• A List of References  includes all works cited in a text
• A Bibliography  lists all works cited  and consulted

The NPS Thesis Processing Office prefers a List of References for the following: 

• Capstone project report
• Dissertation

For papers, check with your professors for their preference.

Capitalization: Title Case vs. Sentence case

Note: Always format the information in your citations (titles, author names, etc.) according to the requirements of the citation style you are using, regardless of how it appears in the original source.

Country Names with Government Organizations

When naming government organizations, be consistent: for example, either Department of Defense or U.S. Department of Defense. If citing organizations from multiple countries, ensure that it is clear which organization is associated with which country—for example, Australian Department of Defence, South African Department of Defence, Sri Lanka Ministry of Defence, Singapore Ministry of Defence.

Figures / Images / Graphs

A citation is required if you did not wholly create the figure—i.e., if you used someone else's image or data. A citation is not needed when all elements of the figure are your own creation.

See Figure 1 for placement of the title and the in-text citation.

• Put a period and a space after the title.
• If you use the figure exactly as it appears in the source, use “Source: ___.”
• If you alter the original figure or use someone else's image or data to create the figure, use “Adapted from ___.”

Figure 1.    A Figure with a Citation in APA, Chicago Author-Date, or INFORMS Style. Source: Author (2017).

Figure 1.    A Figure with a Citation in APA, Chicago Author-Date, or INFORMS Style. Adapted from Author (2017).

For more details, see the Thesis Template .

• Thesis Template

How Often to Cite?

• Remember: one citation at the end of a string of sentences or a paragraph cannot “cover” the entire section.  
• Cite a source the first time it is used in each paragraph.  
• Note: always use a citation (even if you also use a signal phrase) every time you quote material.

In-text Citation Placement & Signal Phrases

Where in the sentence does my in-text citation go.

• If you name your source(s) in a given sentence, a parenthetical citation containing only the year always follows immediately after the name(s) of the author(s). Example: In contrast to earlier work by Abbott and Costello (1999), Laurel and Hardy (2008) propose an altogether different model for optimizing hat density.  
• “If the sentence ends with a quotation, close the quote, then place the citation between the quotation marks and the punctuation, like this” (Woolf 1931, 14).  
• Do not insert spaces between a parenthetical citation and the punctuation that follows it.

In the paragraph below, the   parenthetical in-text citations are highlighted in yellow , and the  s ignal phrases are in blue . Note that the second sentence is common knowledge, whereas the final sentence is clearly the opinion of the author.

• Using Signal Phrases Effectively

Missing Info

If any information is missing from a source (a journal with no volume number, for example), simply omit that information.  For sources consulted in hardcopy, omit the URL and any additional verbiage that introduces it. Anything retrieved online, however, MUST have a link. The only exception is journals retrieved from a subscription database such as ProQuest. 

Multiple Authors, et al.

• In the reference list, include all of them
• In the text, include all of them  
• In the text, list only the first author, followed by et al. (“and others”)  
• In the reference list, include only the first seven, followed by et al.
• In the text, list only the first author, followed by et al.

Multiple Works by the Same Author / Multiple Sources in One Citation

Examples given are for books; follow the appropriate style for the source type you are citing.

No Date Given

To cite an undated document, use n.d. (no date). Ensure a comma separates the author or organization name and the year in parenthetical citations. For example: (Househill, n.d.).

Page Numbers and Other Locators

In-text Citations

• Include page numbers in in-text citations when citing quoted material.
• Example: (Haynes 2009, 70)
• No page number is needed in an in-text citation when you are referring to the  source as a whole . For example: “George W. Bush’s  Decision Points  recounts pivotal moments during his time in office.”

If the source does not contain page numbers, often with electronic formats , include as much information as needed for the reader to locate the material. In citations especially of shorter electronic works presented as a single, searchable document, such locators may be unnecessary.

See  CMOS 15.23: Page and volume numbers or other specific locators in text citations .  

In the list of references/bibliography For portions of larger documents, such as journal articles and book chapters , include the  page range.

R:  Cordesman, Anthony H., Adam Mausner, and David Kasten. 2009. Introduction. In Winning in Afghanistan: Creating Effective Afghan Security Forces, edited by John Smith, 1–12. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

Print vs. Online Sources

When citing a source retrieved online, use the "online" format even when you or someone else printed out the material. For example, if you print out a thesis or your advisor provides you with a printed thesis, it is still categorized as an online document.

Only cite as a print source when the material has been produced by a publisher in hard copy. For example, if you obtain a print journal or book from the library stacks, it is categorized as a printed source.

Secondary / Indirect Sources

An indirect source is a source that cites some other work that you discuss in your text.

Whenever possible, consult primary sources and your sources’ sources yourself. Upon investigation of the primary source, you may find you disagree with the indirect source author’s analysis or methods.

How to Incorporate Indirect Sources

The following passage incorporates a properly credited indirect source. The indirect source information is highlighted in yellow; the primary source information is highlighted in blue.

Walker (200 8) describes Miguel Roig's 1999 experiment , which correlates inadequate paraphrasing in student writing with poor reading comprehension. Citing Roig’s data , Walker explains that "students do in fact possess skills necessary for paraphrasing but … may be impeded from applying those skills when dealing with rigorous text"  (387) .

Note:  Include only the  indirect source  (the source you consulted) in your reference list. 

For more information

See the TPO's " Citing Your Sources’ Sources " handout.

A citation is required if you did not wholly create the table—i.e., if you used someone else's data. A citation is not needed when all elements of the table are your own creation.

See Table 1 for placement of the title and the in-text citation.

• If you use the table exactly as it appears in the source, use “Source: ___.”
• If you alter the original table or if you use someone else's data to create the table, use “Adapted from ___.”

Table 1.    A Table with a Citation in APA, Chicago Author-Date, or INFORMS Style. Source: Author (2017).

Table 1.     A Table with a Citation in APA, Chicago Author-Date, or INFORMS Style. Adapted from Author (2017).

For more details, see the  Thesis Template .

Additional Resources

• << Previous: Zotero Examples
• Next: Examples & Rules >>
• Last Updated: May 10, 2024 8:40 AM
• URL: https://libguides.nps.edu/citation

411 Dyer Rd. Bldg. 339 Monterey, CA 93943

Start Your Research

• Academic Writing
• Ask a Librarian
• Copyright at NPS
• Graduate Writing Center
• How to Cite
• Library Liaisons
• Research Tools
• Thesis Processing Office

Find & Download

• Databases List
• Articles, Books, & More
• NPS Faculty Publications: Calhoun
• Journal Titles
• Course Reserves

Use the Library

• My Accounts
• Request Article or Book
• Borrow, Renew, Return
• Remote Access
• Workshops & Tours
• For Faculty & Researchers
• For International Students
• Print, Copy, Scan, Fax
• Rooms & Study Spaces
• Computers & Software
• Adapters, Lockers & More

Collections

• NPS Archive: Calhoun
• Restricted Resources
• Special Collections & Archives
• Federal Depository
• Homeland Security Digital Library
• Library Staff
• Special Exhibits
• Our Affiliates

NPS-Licensed Resources - Terms & Conditions

Copyright Notice

Naval Postgraduate School 1 University Circle, Monterey, CA 93943 Driving Directions | Campus Map

This is an official U.S. Navy Website |  Please read our Privacy Policy Notice  |  FOIA  |  Section 508  |  No FEAR Act  |  Whistleblower Protection  |  Copyright and Accessibility  |  Contact Webmaster

• Free Tools for Students
• Harvard Referencing Generator

Free Harvard Referencing Generator

Generate accurate Harvard reference lists quickly and for FREE, with MyBib!

🤔 What is a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style.

It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.

The generated references can be copied into a reference list or bibliography, and then collectively appended to the end of an academic assignment. This is the standard way to give credit to sources used in the main body of an assignment.

👩‍🎓 Who uses a Harvard Referencing Generator?

Harvard is the main referencing style at colleges and universities in the United Kingdom and Australia. It is also very popular in other English-speaking countries such as South Africa, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. University-level students in these countries are most likely to use a Harvard generator to aid them with their undergraduate assignments (and often post-graduate too).

🙌 Why should I use a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator solves two problems:

• It provides a way to organise and keep track of the sources referenced in the content of an academic paper.
• It ensures that references are formatted correctly -- inline with the Harvard referencing style -- and it does so considerably faster than writing them out manually.

A well-formatted and broad bibliography can account for up to 20% of the total grade for an undergraduate-level project, and using a generator tool can contribute significantly towards earning them.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Harvard Referencing Generator?

Here's how to use our reference generator:

• If citing a book, website, journal, or video: enter the URL or title into the search bar at the top of the page and press the search button.
• Choose the most relevant results from the list of search results.
• Our generator will automatically locate the source details and format them in the correct Harvard format. You can make further changes if required.
• Then either copy the formatted reference directly into your reference list by clicking the 'copy' button, or save it to your MyBib account for later.

MyBib supports the following for Harvard style:

🍏 What other versions of Harvard referencing exist?

There isn't "one true way" to do Harvard referencing, and many universities have their own slightly different guidelines for the style. Our generator can adapt to handle the following list of different Harvard styles:

• Cite Them Right
• Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU)
• University of the West of England (UWE)

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

Higher rates of cancer in minoritized communities across Chicago and U.S. driven by disparities

Despite the overall death rate from cancer in the U.S. falling by 33% between 1991 and 2020, many segments of the U.S. population experience a disproportionate cancer burden, according to the 2024 American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Cancer Disparities Progress Report .

Communities in Chicago suffer from multiple health disparities, particularly for cancer. The South Side’s 800,000 residents, the majority of whom are Black and historically marginalized, face significantly higher rates of cancer.

“Cancer affects everyone, but advances in cancer prevention, early detection and treatment have not benefited everyone equally,” said Kunle Odunsi, MD, PhD , who served on the steering committee responsible for issuing the report. He is the director of the National Cancer Institute-designated University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center  (UCCCC), one of two such centers in Illinois.

Black communities suffer worse disparities

Cancer disparities are most stark in Black and Indigenous populations, which have the highest overall cancer death rates of all U.S. racial or ethnic groups. Black men are twice as likely to die from prostate cancer compared to white men. Even though the incidence of breast cancer is similar in Black and white women, Black women have a 40% higher likelihood of dying from it. Similarly, Black individuals are twice as likely to be diagnosed with and die from multiple myeloma.

Many of these inequities are rooted in a long history of racism, segregation and discrimination against marginalized population groups in the U.S. — especially in large cities like Chicago. For example, as noted in the report, an analysis of U.S. cancer deaths in the context of residential segregation caused by decades of redlining (discriminatory housing practices) found that between 2015 and 2019, residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods had a 22% higher mortality rate for all cancers combined compared to other residents.

On Chicago's South Side, cancer is the second leading cause of death, with cancer death rates nearly twice the national average. Because of a lack of information, resources and access to care, South Side residents are frequently diagnosed with cancer later and have more issues getting treatment than those who live on the North Side.

Examining drivers of cancer disparities

Researchers are trying to better understand the major drivers of cancer disparities in order to identify ways to reduce them. The AACR report discussed biological, social and structural factors that adversely affect racial and ethnic minority groups and medically underserved populations.

Social drivers of health include factors such as place of residence, education, work opportunities, healthcare access, housing, transportation, exposure to racism, language and literacy, and access to healthy food, clean air, water and community resources.

Disparities between populations are also driven by biological factors related to ancestry and environmental exposures. These factors include not only inherited genetics and our bodies’ immune responses, but also contaminants in the air, water and food we consume and the settings in which we live and work.

Other major contributing factors discussed in the report are the lack of diversity in existing cancer genomics datasets; the underrepresentation of minority groups in clinical trials; and the lack of diversity in the cancer research and care workforce.

Pursuing equitable solutions

The AACR report emphasizes the complex and multifaceted nature of cancer disparities, which necessitates multidisciplinary and collaborative approaches to identify effective solutions.

“The UCCCC joins AACR in its commitment to prioritize cancer disparities research and ensure that no populations or communities are left behind,” Odunsi said.

Below are examples of how the UCCCC is putting research, education and community resources in place to address the critical challenges of cancer disparities and achieve health equity for all patients.

• UChicago Medicine is one of nine healthcare sites across the country enrolling hundreds of thousands of people from all racial, ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds in the Connect for Cancer Prevention study . Over time, the data generated by study participants will allow researchers to gain insights into how cancer develops and what can be done to prevent it. Bringing the Connect study to Hyde Park and surrounding communities enables underrepresented groups to participate in — and benefit from — biomedical research.
• The UCCCC launched The Center to Eliminate Cancer Inequity ( CinEQUITY ) in February 2024 to serve as a hub to catalyze research aimed at eliminating cancer inequities.
• In September 2023, UChicago Medicine began construction on Chicago’s first freestanding center  dedicated to cancer care and research. The new pavilion, slated to open in 2027, will provide patients and the South Side community access to the newest diagnostic innovations and leading-edge therapies.
• Odunsi was recently selected by the National Cancer Institute Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities to join the Cancer Equity Leaders group , a diverse team of premier cancer research leaders who will reimagine and transform the future of cancer health equity. This group will help guide NCI’s diversity training, biomedical workforce development, and community outreach and engagement initiatives.
• UChicago Medicine researchers received a grant from Stand Up To Cancer® (SU2C)  in 2023 to determine if employing new methods of patient outreach — with or without engagement of a community ambassador — increase clinical trial participation among the underserved community on Chicago’s South Side.
• The UCCCC’s Office of Community Engagement and Cancer Health Equity  forms strategic alliances with UChicago units and other healthcare organizations, as well as community, ethnic and faith-based groups, to create innovative programs that will increase access to care, reduce risk factors for cancer, reduce tobacco use, increase participation in cancer research and improve the quality of life for cancer patients and survivors.
• In the fall, the UCCCC will be holding its sixth Annual Cancer Disparities and Health Equity Symposium to foster science and discussion about advances in cancer health disparities research which are driving health equity locally and globally. The theme will center on environmental factors.
• At the UCCCC, many programs and pathways  have been established to reduce cancer disparities by building a more diverse and inclusive cancer research and care workforce. These programs allows young people, the majority of whom are women or from backgrounds otherwise underrepresented in the sciences — to gain hands-on experience in the laboratories of established cancer researchers at the University of Chicago.
• The UCCCC created a unique internship with City Colleges of Chicago with the goals of providing introductory education about--and increasing the diversity of--the cancer clinical research workforce.
• Representatives from the UCCCC regularly visit lawmakers in Springfield, Illinois and Washington, D.C., to advocate for legislation that increases diversity in clinical trials and expands access to lifesaving cancer screening.
• The UCCCC established working groups to increase the recruitment and accrual of under-represented populations and individuals across the lifespan to cancer clinical trials.

About the UCCCC

The University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center (UCCCC) celebrates 50 years as a National Cancer Institute-designated cancer center. NCI-Designated Cancer Centers are characterized by scientific excellence and the capability to integrate a diversity of research approaches to focus on the problem of cancer. In addition to the depth and breadth of their cancer research, they are recognized for their care, education and community outreach programs.

Neurobiology-based Cognitive Biotypes Using Multi-scale Intrinsic Connectivity Networks in Psychotic Disorders

• Find this author on Google Scholar
• Find this author on PubMed
• Search for this author on this site
• ORCID record for Pablo Andrés-Camazón
• ORCID record for Covadonga Martínez Diaz-Caneja
• ORCID record for Vince D. Calhoun
• ORCID record for Armin Iraji
• For correspondence: [email protected]
• Info/History
• Supplementary material
• Preview PDF

Objective Understanding the neurobiology of cognitive dysfunction in psychotic disorders remains elusive, as does developing effective interventions. Limited knowledge about the biological heterogeneity of cognitive dysfunction hinders progress. This study aimed to identify subgroups of patients with psychosis with distinct patterns of functional brain alterations related to cognition (cognitive biotypes).

Methods B-SNIP consortium data (2,270 participants including participants with psychotic disorders, relatives, and controls) was analyzed. Researchers used reference-informed independent component analysis and the NeuroMark 100k multi-scale intrinsic connectivity networks (ICN) template to obtain subject-specific ICNs and whole-brain functional network connectivity (FNC). FNC features associated with cognitive performance were identified through multivariate joint analysis. K-means clustering identified subgroups of patients based on these features in a discovery set. Subgroups were further evaluated in a replication set and in relatives.

Results Two biotypes with different functional brain alteration patterns were identified. Biotype 1 exhibited brain-wide alterations, involving hypoconnectivity in cerebellar-subcortical and somatomotor-visual networks and worse cognitive performance. Biotype 2 exhibited hyperconnectivity in somatomotor-subcortical networks and hypoconnectivity in somatomotor-high cognitive processing networks, and better preserved cognitive performance. Demographic, clinical, cognitive, and FNC characteristics of biotypes were consistent in discovery and replication sets, and in relatives. 70.12% of relatives belonged to the same biotype as their affected family members.

Conclusions These findings suggest two distinctive psychosis-related cognitive biotypes with differing functional brain patterns shared with their relatives. Patient stratification based on these biotypes instead of traditional diagnosis may help to optimize future research and clinical trials addressing cognitive dysfunction in psychotic disorders.

Competing Interest Statement

PAC has received travel support from Neuraxpharm and ROVI. CDC has received honoraria or travel support from Angelini and Janssen. JC, RB, VC, and AI report no financial relationships with commercial interests.

Funding Statement

PAC has received grant support from Programa Intramural de Impulso a la I+D+i 2023 (Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Gregorio Maranon). CDC has received grant support from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PI20/00721, JR19/00024) and the European Commission (grant 101057182, project Youth-GEMs). VC has received grant support from the National Institutes of Health (R01MH123610). AI has received grant support from the National Institutes of Health (R01MH123610).

Author Declarations

I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.

The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:

The storage and management of the data and access procedures are overseen by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) through the National Data Archive (NDA). The Institutional Review Board approved the project at each participating institution: Athens, GA (University of Georgia, B-SNIP2 only); Baltimore, MD (University of Maryland School of Medicine, B-SNIP1 only); Boston, MA (Harvard Medical School), Chicago IL (University of Illinois-Chicago for B-SNIP1 and University of Chicago for B-SNIP2); Dallas, TX (University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center), Detroit MI (Wayne State University, B-SNIP1 only); and Hartford, CT (Yale University School of Medicine).

I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.

I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).

I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable.

Data Availability

The storage and management of the data and access procedures are overseen by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) through the National Data Archive (NDA).

https://nda.nih.gov/

View the discussion thread.

Supplementary Material

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about medRxiv.

NOTE: Your email address is requested solely to identify you as the sender of this article.

Citation Manager Formats

• EndNote (tagged)
• EndNote 8 (xml)
• RefWorks Tagged
• Ref Manager
• Tweet Widget
• Facebook Like
• Google Plus One

Subject Area

• Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology
• Addiction Medicine (324)
• Allergy and Immunology (628)
• Anesthesia (165)
• Cardiovascular Medicine (2381)
• Dentistry and Oral Medicine (289)
• Dermatology (207)
• Emergency Medicine (380)
• Endocrinology (including Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Disease) (838)
• Epidemiology (11777)
• Forensic Medicine (10)
• Gastroenterology (703)
• Genetic and Genomic Medicine (3751)
• Geriatric Medicine (350)
• Health Economics (635)
• Health Informatics (2401)
• Health Policy (933)
• Health Systems and Quality Improvement (899)
• Hematology (341)
• HIV/AIDS (782)
• Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS) (13320)
• Intensive Care and Critical Care Medicine (768)
• Medical Education (366)
• Medical Ethics (105)
• Nephrology (398)
• Neurology (3510)
• Nursing (198)
• Nutrition (528)
• Obstetrics and Gynecology (675)
• Occupational and Environmental Health (665)
• Oncology (1825)
• Ophthalmology (538)
• Orthopedics (219)
• Otolaryngology (287)
• Pain Medicine (233)
• Palliative Medicine (66)
• Pathology (446)
• Pediatrics (1035)
• Pharmacology and Therapeutics (426)
• Primary Care Research (420)
• Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology (3180)
• Public and Global Health (6149)
• Radiology and Imaging (1280)
• Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Therapy (749)
• Respiratory Medicine (828)
• Rheumatology (379)
• Sexual and Reproductive Health (372)
• Sports Medicine (323)
• Surgery (402)
• Toxicology (50)
• Transplantation (172)
• Urology (146)

Crime and Public Safety | U. of C. study shows cops at high risk of…

Share this:.

• Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on X (Opens in new window)
• Click to print (Opens in new window)
• Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)
• Restaurants, Food and Drink
• Entertainment
• Immigration
• Sports Betting

Crime and Public Safety

Crime and public safety | u. of c. study shows cops at high risk of misconduct also at elevated risk for off-duty trouble.

The study, which examined 10 years of Chicago Police Department data as part of implementing the federal consent decree, found that police misconduct was predictable based on an officer’s history of complaints. It suggested that a relatively simple system of tracking past complaints to prevent future incidents could have a public value of “infinity,” considering the potential to avoid costly lawsuits that result from high-profile incidents of officer misconduct.

Payments to settle lawsuits stemming from allegations of police misconduct routinely cost Chicago taxpayers millions of dollars annually. The City Council in March approved payments totaling more than $57 million to settle three such cases. Between 2021 and 2023, settlement payments totaled more than $220 million.

Historically, CPD officers who work in “Tier 1” districts — those of the CPD’s 22 patrol districts that see the highest levels of violence and other serious felony offenses — are the subjects of more civilian misconduct complaints, especially officers who work in specialized, plainclothes units, though uniformed patrol officers are also the frequent subjects of complaints.

The newly released study also showed that while the officers at highest risk of misconduct make up a small percentage of the force overall, members of that group were at “greatly elevated risk” for on- and off-duty reports of bad behavior.

Researchers found that 1% of officers deemed the highest risk were 6.7 times more likely to receive complaints about on-duty misconduct and 6.2 times more likely to receive complaints off the job, whether about domestic incidents, issues with drugs or alcohol or off-duty altercations.

“It suggested that there might be something going on in that officer’s life or career that is affecting both,” said co-author Gregory Stoddard, a senior research director at the Crime Lab.

As part of the project, Stoddard said researchers led a series of focus groups with police officers of different ranks within the department, focused on “what keeps (them) up at night” and the kinds of bad events they would ideally be able to foresee and prevent.

The officers, Stoddard said, had a range of responses, from off-duty life stress such as aging parents or relationship problems to issues more directly related to work, such as “responding to grisly scenes.”

Whether preceding complaints resulted from officers’ on-duty stress infecting their private lives or vice versa, Stoddard said his team’s findings suggested that treating overall officer well-being may produce a public good.

“If you had an intervention that can help address some of those underlying issues, you might see both improvements to officer wellness as well as increased accountability,” he said.

Chicago Tribune’s Sam Charles contributed.

More in Crime and Public Safety

Crime and Public Safety | ‘It wasn’t a shooting range’: Man ordered held on charges he opened fire outside Wrigley Field

Crime and Public Safety | Brother of businessman convicted of bribing state officials pleads guilty to lying to feds about Chicago mob connections

Crime and Public Safety | Chicago homicides in 2024: 177 people slain. Here’s how that compares with previous years.

Norridge police officer stabbed in squad car, trending nationally.

A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

• Risk Factors
• Caring for Yourself and Others
• Living with Chronic Kidney Disease
• Chronic Kidney Disease: Common, Serious, and Costly
• About the CKD Initiative
• Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2023
• Chronic Kidney Disease Is Increasing in Mexican American Adults
• Publications

What to know

With chronic kidney disease (CKD), kidneys become damaged and over time may not clean the blood as well as healthy kidneys. If kidneys don't work well, toxic waste and extra fluid accumulate in the body and may lead to high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, and early death. However, people with CKD and people at risk for CKD can take steps to protect their kidneys with the help of their health care providers.

Download the full report‎

• More than 1 in 7 US adults—about 35.5 million people, or 14%—are estimated to have CKD. †
• As many as 9 in 10 adults with CKD do not know they have it.
• About 1 in 3 adults with severe CKD do not know they have CKD.

CKD by age, sex, and race/ethnicity

According to current estimates: †

• CKD is more common in people aged 65 years or older (34%) than in people aged 45–64 years (12%) or 18–44 years (6%).
• CKD is slightly more common in women (14%) than men (12%).
• CKD is more common in non-Hispanic Black adults (20%) than in non-Hispanic Asian adults (14%) or non-Hispanic White adults (12%).
• About 14% of Hispanic adults have CKD.

† How estimates were calculated for this page and full report: Percentage of CKD stages 1–4 among US adults aged 18 years and older using data from the 2017–March 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey based on 2021 CKD Epidemiology Collaboration GFR estimating equation, including serum creatinine, age, and sex. CKD stage 5 (that is, kidney failure) was not included. Severe CKD refers to stage 4. These estimates were based on a single measure of albuminuria or serum creatinine; they do not account for persistence of albuminuria or elevated creatinine as indicated by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes recommendations. Thus, CKD in this report might be overestimated. Estimates by sex and race/ ethnicity were age-standardized using the 2010 US Census population; the overall percentage is unadjusted. The number of adults with CKD stages 1–4 was estimated by applying the overall percentage to the 2019 US Census population aged 18 years and older. Blood pressure–lowering medicines included angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers; blood sugar–lowering medicines included GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, and DPP-4 inhibitors; diagnosed diabetes was self-reported.

Percentage of US Adults Aged 18 Years and Older With CKD,* by Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity

Suggested citation.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2023. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2023.

Get email updates‎

Chronic kidney disease.

The Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Initiative provides public health strategies for promoting kidney health.

For Everyone

Public health.

Middle East Crisis U.N. Lowers Count of Women and Children Killed, Citing Incomplete Information

• Share full article
• Palestinians search for survivors inside a destroyed building in Nuseirat, in central Gaza. Reuters
• Palestinian citizens of Israel marching near Haifa, Israel, to mark the 76th anniversary of the Nakba, when roughly 700,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled from their homes in what became the state of Israel, during the wars surrounding its creation. Ammar Awad/Reuters
• Near the site of a strike in Nuseirat. Ramadan Abed/Reuters
• A march in the southern Israel city of Sderot calling for Israel to reoccupy the Gaza Strip once the war is over. Maya Alleruzzo/Associated Press
• Displaced Palestinians clean rubble from a damaged school in Khan Younis to use as shelter. Associated Press
• Employees of UNRWA inspect a destroyed United Nations school in Nuseirat, in central Gaza. Mohammed Saber/EPA, via Shutterstock
• Watching the recovery effort from a balcony in Nuseirat. Ramadan Abed/Reuters
• Searching for casualties at the site of the strike in Nuseirat. Ramadan Abed/Reuters
• An Israeli military helicopter firing toward Gaza. Amir Levy/Getty Images
• Israeli police arrest an Ultra-Orthodox Jew during a protest against Israel's Independence Day in Jerusalem. Atef Safadi/EPA, via Shutterstock
• Palestinians wait to receive food rations in Khan Younis, in southern Gaza. -/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

How many of Gaza’s dead are women and children? For 10,000, the data is incomplete.

The United Nations has begun citing a much lower death toll for women and children in Gaza, acknowledging that it has incomplete information about many of the people killed during Israel’s military offensive in the territory.

As recently as May 6, the U.N’s Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs said in its regularly updated online report that at least 9,500 women and 14,500 children were among the dead, out of an overall death toll of 34,735.

Two days later, the U.N. said in another online update that 4,959 women, 7,797 children and 10,006 men had been killed. While the total number of deaths remained roughly the same, a U.N. official said that it was awaiting more identifying information from officials in Gaza for about 10,000 of the dead, so they were not included in the new breakdown of women, men and children.

The change in the U.N.’s numbers — and the confusion over the discrepancy — has added fuel to a debate over the credibility of the Gazan authorities’ tallies of fatalities in the war. The deaths of women and children are seen as an important, if incomplete, indication of how many civilians have been killed, a question that lies at the heart of the criticism of Israel’s conduct of the war.

The change came because the United Nations switched to citing a more conservative source for its numbers — the Gazan Ministry of Health — rather than using Gaza’s Government Media Office, as it had in recent weeks. Both offices are part of the Hamas-run government in the enclave.

Many international officials and experts familiar with the way the health ministry verifies deaths in Gaza — drawing from morgues and hospitals across the territory — say its numbers are generally reliable.

The health ministry says its count of women and children killed is based on the total number of people whose identities it can fully verify — 24,840 individuals in all as of May 13.

More than 10,000 other people have also been killed, the health ministry says, but it does not have their full names, official ID numbers or other information it needs to be certain of their identities. That is why they are not included in the breakdown of women and children killed that is now being cited by the U.N., officials said.

“There’s about another 10,000-plus bodies who still have to be fully identified,” Farhan Haq, a spokesman for the U.N., said on Monday. He added: “The details of those — which of those are children, which of those are women — that will be reestablished once the full identification process is complete.”

Mr. Haq said the United Nations was relying on the data coming out of the health ministry, as it has “in all previous conflicts.”

He added that the U.N. had started using figures from Gaza’s media office because there had been a pause in reporting from the health ministry. But now that the ministry’s casualty reporting was back on line, he said, the U.N. had returned to using its information.

What do Israel and other critics say?

Israeli officials say they are suspicious of the Gazan health ministry’s count. A spokesman for the Israeli military, Lt. Col. Nadav Shoshani, noted that the health ministry does not distinguish in its numbers between combatants and civilians. He also said that Israel sees every civilian death as a tragedy.

After the United Nations issued a lower documented death toll for women and children, Israel’s foreign minister, Israel Katz, called the new numbers “the miraculous resurrection of the dead in Gaza,” saying the United Nations had relied on “fake data from a terrorist organization.”

Elliott Abrams, a veteran American conservative, said in an article for the Council on Foreign Relations on Sunday that it has become “increasingly clear that these numbers represent Hamas propaganda.”

But figures cited by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel are not drastically different from those used by the United Nations. He said last week that Israeli forces had killed about 14,000 Hamas combatants and 16,000 civilians, for a total of around 30,000, without elaborating on the source for those numbers.

Are the new casualty numbers viewed as credible?

In a sign that the U.S. government views casualty figures supplied by the Gaza health authorities as reliable, President Biden cited their overall death toll in his State of the Union speech in March. The United Nations publishes the health ministry’s figures on a website and U.N. leaders refer to them frequently.

A few weeks ago, the health ministry released its latest list detailing the identities of the dead that it had fully documented. It has also released a series of detailed reports explaining how it compiles casualty figures.

Early in the war, when its figures were called into question, the health ministry released a list of names, ages and identification numbers of the dead. Researchers at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine analyzed that data, in a report published in November in The Lancet , and found “no obvious reason to doubt the validity of the data.”

Airwars, a British organization that assesses claims of civilian harm in conflicts, has matched the names of those reported killed with lists of names released by the health ministry. The vast majority of names match up, said Emily Tripp, the group’s director. Airwars also analyzed a ministry of health list of names issued earlier in the conflict and found that the proportion of children, women and men reported by the ministry roughly aligned with its own data collection, she said.

Neta Crawford, a professor of political science at Oxford University and the founder of the Costs of War project, which examines the consequences of the post 9/11 wars, argued that the figures appeared to have been produced to professional standards.

How are casualty numbers compiled?

International experts who have worked with health officials in Gaza during this and other wars say that hospitals and morgues in the enclave gather and report the names, ID numbers and other details of people who have been killed in the territory.

The detailed count excludes thousands of people reported at hospitals as missing but believed to be buried under rubble ; they are counted as dead only when their bodies are found.

The Gaza media office has consistently provided an overall death toll similar to the one given by the ministry of health, but different and often higher figures for the number of women and children killed.

Ismail Al Thawabateh, the office’s director general, said in an interview that the health ministry listed and categorized an individual as dead only when all of their details had been documented and verified by a next of kin. He did not explain why his office used a breakdown of women and children based on the overall death toll.

“The remaining 10,000 are bodies that have entered the hospitals but until this moment, the next of kin have not been reached yet to verify how they were martyred and completing their information,” he said.

When reached, Ashraf al-Qudra, the Gaza health ministry’s spokesman referred questions to the Ministry of Health’s latest report from May 13.

Patrick Kingsley and Ameera Harouda contributed reporting.

— Matthew Mpoke Bigg ,  Lauren Leatherby and Abu Bakr Bashir

Key Developments

Qatar says cease-fire talks are nearing an impasse, and other news.

Negotiations for a cease-fire in Gaza are at “almost a stalemate,” and the talks have been set back by Israel’s military offensive in Rafah , Qatar’s prime minister said Tuesday. The prime minister, Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani, was asked about the state of the talks at the Qatar Economic Forum in Doha. Qatar and Egypt have been acting as intermediaries between Israel and Hamas.

The International Court of Justice said it would hold hearings on Thursday and Friday on South Africa’s request for additional emergency measures to constrain Israel’s operation in Rafah. Last week, South Africa, which has filed a case at the court in The Hague accusing Israel of committing genocide in Gaza, asked the judges to order Israel to withdraw from Rafah , calling it “the last refuge” for Palestinians in the territory. Israel has strongly denied South Africa’s accusations at the court, which has no means of enforcing its orders.

The United Nations said on Tuesday that gunfire that hit the back of a U.N.-marked car in Rafah on Monday and killed a U.N. staff member came from a tank . A U.N. spokesman, Farhan Haq, said that the United Nations has yet to determine who was responsible, though he added that the Israeli military is the only force known to have deployed tanks in Gaza. The staff member who was killed was Col. Waibhav Anil Kale, an Indian citizen who worked for the U.N. Department of Safety and Security, Mr. Haq said. A Jordanian woman who worked for the same agency was wounded and is recovering in a hospital, he said.

Thousands of Israelis attended a far-right Independence Day march on Tuesday in the southern city of Sderot, where Israeli lawmakers, including the country’s national security minister, Itamar Ben-Gvir, and the country’s communications minister, Shlomo Karhi, called for the resettlement of Gaza by Israelis.

Britain’s foreign secretary, David Cameron, said attacks on aid trucks bound for Gaza were “appalling” and called for Israel to hold perpetrators to account. His statement on social media Tuesday came a day after a convoy of relief trucks was blocked and vandalized for hours, according to a right-wing Israeli group that planned the blockage. The Israeli police said that suspects had been arrested and that they were investigating.

Israel strikes on a home and a school building kill dozens of people, as fighting rages across Gaza.

Israeli airstrikes overnight killed dozens of people at a family home and a school in the central Gaza Strip, local residents and a hospital spokesman said on Tuesday, as fighting intensified across the territory, with Israeli troops and Hamas fighters battling in the south, while Israeli jets and tanks pounded the north and center.

Witnesses said an Israeli bomb on Monday night destroyed the home of the Karaja family in the town of Nuseirat, where workers spent hours digging through rubble, pulling out both survivors and the dead. Dr. Khalil Degran, a spokesman for Aqsa hospital in nearby Deir al-Balah, said in an interview that 30 people were killed at the house; a rescue worker, Hazem Abu Takyia, told the Reuters news agency that he knew of 15 deaths.

The Israeli military declined to comment on that attack, but confirmed that it had struck a school building early Tuesday in Nuseirat, killing 15 militants, including 10 Hamas fighters, some of whom it accused of participating in the Oct. 7 terrorist attack on southern Israel that ignited the war. In a statement, the military said the school had been used to plan attacks on Israeli soldiers in Gaza, and that some of those killed in the strike were from Hamas’s highly trained Nukhba brigade.

Juliette Touma, a spokeswoman for UNRWA, the primary U.N. aid agency in Gaza, said it could not confirm Israel’s claims.

Dr. Degran, the Aqsa hospital spokesman, said that 12 people were killed at the school and that he did not know their backgrounds.

Reuters and The Associated Press reported that the building, like many of Gaza’s schools, was being used as a shelter for displaced civilians.

In a video report on Tuesday, a U.N. employee, Abu Abdullah Zuhair Abu Rahma, told Reuters that people “came to the school to be safe.”

“The school was hit without any warning,” he said.

Classes were canceled across Gaza when the war broke out, and many schools became shelters for displaced Gazans fleeing from the fighting. A recent study by the Education Cluster, a research group that works with the United Nations, based on satellite imagery, found that well over 80 percent of the schools across the Gaza Strip have been destroyed or severely damaged since the war began, including all of its universities. More than 200 schools have suffered direct hits from missiles, bombs or artillery.

Last November , an Israeli strike on a U.N. school sheltering displaced people killed 24.

Over the weekend, Israel said its forces would return to areas of northern Gaza where it had routed Hamas months ago, because of “intelligence information regarding attempts by Hamas to reassemble.” The scale of the fighting on Tuesday suggests how far those efforts to regroup may have gone.

The Israeli military said its troops were carrying out operations in Jabaliya and Zeitoun in the north, both communities where Israel had claimed to have defeated Hamas earlier in the war.

The Gaza health ministry said on Tuesday that 82 people had been killed in the previous 24 hours.

Fighting also continued in Rafah, a southern city that Israeli forces entered last week, and where more than one million Palestinians had sought safety from months of Israeli bombardment in other parts of the enclave. The United Nations said Tuesday that in a little over a week, about 450,000 people had fled Rafah.

Israel said its forces killed members of “several armed terrorist cells in close-quarters encounters” near the Rafah crossing with Egypt, a vital entry point for humanitarian aid, which has been closed since Israeli forces seized control of it last week. Israeli and Egyptian officials have blamed each other for the closure.

On Tuesday, Hamas said it destroyed an Israeli troop carrier in eastern Rafah, killing and injuring several soldiers who were evacuated by helicopter. The Israeli military declined to comment specifically on this attack.

— Liam Stack and Nader Ibrahim Liam Stack reported from Tel Aviv and Nader Ibrahim reported from London.

Advertisement