port numbers 7777

Port 7777 is typically used for multiplayer online gaming and some streaming applications. It is commonly associated with the game “Unreal Tournament” as it was the default port used for online gameplay in that game. However, it can also be used for other gaming or streaming applications that require a dedicated port for communication purposes.

Ports those registered with IANA are shown as official ports. The same port number may be unofficialy used by various services or applications. The official usage are listed separately below its usage may change from time to time.

Unofficialy or sometimes with conflict, the same port may be used by different applications.

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How to set up port forwarding on your router

If you want to figure out how to pull off Port Forwarding, we’ll guide you through the process here. Just follow the instructions below.

How to set up Port Forwarding in your router’s settings

To set up port forwarding , you’ll need to first access your router’s settings page. Doing so for one router may require you to do something differently compared to another. However, the information required to access this panel can be found in your router’s documentation. Once you’re in your router’s settings, you’ll want to look for a settings group or page that deals with ports or routing. In the case of our Linksys router, the section was called “Applications and Gaming,” which has separate pages for single port and port range forwarding.

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To set up port forwarding with our Linksys router for the game Terraria, all we had to do is indicate the port we wanted to open (7777) in the External Port and Internal Port field, and in the “to IP Address” field, fill in the IP address of either your computer, or the machine the server is hosted on. If you aren’t sure how to find that, you can refer to our guide on how to find your IP address , and plug that number into your router settings.

As you can see in the above screenshot, we have the game Terraria set up for port forwarding. The game operates on port 7777–so the router is set to redirect traffic into the network through that port. In some cases, games and other services may require a range of ports to be configured. These requirements can change from one game, program or service to another, so if you’re having any connectivity issues, be sure to research any port forwarding requirements. If, for instance, you wanted to set up port forwarding for your game console, you’d have to enter the IP address assigned to your Xbox or PlayStation. Finally, you’ll need to hit Enabled, and then click Save Settings at the bottom.

Curious to learn more about networking issues? Feel free to check out our guide on how to change your router’s IP address , which covers instructions on how to assign a static IP via DHCP.

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how to enable port 7777

I am initiating file transfer using tcp on openfire server. But I am not able to open the port number 7777, from which I need to send files. I changed the security setting in the admin console panel of the aws. But still when I tried to send the files I am getting the error.

I tried to change the custom TCP rules, by opening only the 7777 port. But still I am not able to resolve it. Kindly help.

linux ubuntu

Is your FTP server actually listening on 7777? – Chopper3 Jul 4, 2011 at 8:29
@Chopper: How do I test it??? – Jeevan Dongre Jul 4, 2011 at 9:09
2 Well did you specifically change your ftp server config to listen on 7777? they dont just listen to every port for the hell of it - in fact port 7777 is usually used by a piece of malware/virus, certainly isn't a recommended port of ftp traffic. – Chopper3 Jul 4, 2011 at 9:14
1 A quick test would be netstat -an|grep 7777 , which doesn't need privilege to run. Let us know the output. – MadHatter Jul 4, 2011 at 9:20

It is possible that your AMI has a firewall enabled that is blocking port 7777. Ubuntu usually uses ufw to control it's firewall.

If it reports

then your problem lies elsewhere.

followed by a list of rules then you probably need to add a rule to allow access on port 7777

@lain: it was inactive first then I enabled it i got the msg saying"Rules updated" but I tried sudo ufw allow 777 but still the status is inactive, what will be the problem I have updated the security group to accept all TCP and UDP rules – Jeevan Dongre Jul 4, 2011 at 10:41
@JeevanDongre: If the firewall was inactive (like I said) your problem lies elsewhere. – user9517 Jul 4, 2011 at 13:53
@lian: let me brief u about the application which I am developing I have installed open fire xmpp chat server in the server and I am trying to initiate the p2p, that means sending files from one mobile to another mobile via port 7777, which is a default port in openfire server, but I am not able to open that particular port. Thanks a lot for guiding me :) – Jeevan Dongre Jul 5, 2011 at 4:11

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What Ports Should I Open For Online Gaming

Internet & Connectivity
Online Services

what-ports-should-i-open-for-online-gaming

Introduction

Online gaming has become increasingly popular in recent years, allowing players from all over the world to connect and compete in various virtual environments. Whether you’re an avid gamer or someone who enjoys playing games casually with friends, having a seamless online gaming experience is crucial. One factor that can greatly impact the quality of your gaming sessions is the network ports you have open.

Network ports are like digital gateways that allow data to flow in and out of your computer or gaming console. Each online game requires specific ports to be open for proper communication between your device and the game servers. Without these ports being open, you may encounter a range of issues, such as lag, connection drops, or even the inability to join multiplayer games.

Understanding the importance of opening ports for online gaming is essential for any avid gamer. In this article, we will delve into the basics of network ports, discuss why opening ports for online gaming is important, highlight some common ports used for gaming, explain the difference between TCP and UDP ports, and provide step-by-step instructions on how to open ports on your router for online gaming.

Whether you’re playing on a PC, gaming console, or mobile device, having a solid understanding of network ports can help optimize your gaming experience. So, let’s dive in and explore the world of network ports in the context of online gaming.

The Basics of Network Ports

Network ports are digital channels on your computer or gaming console that allow data to enter and exit. They act as doorways for information to flow between your device and the internet, enabling communication with the game servers.

Each network port is associated with a specific number, known as a port number, which helps identify the type of traffic that can pass through it. The most commonly used port numbers range from 0 to 65535. The port number combined with the IP address of your device forms a unique address that enables data to be routed correctly.

Network ports are categorized into two main types: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol). TCP ports ensure reliable and ordered data transmission, while UDP ports provide faster, but potentially less reliable, data delivery.

Some network ports are reserved for specific services or applications, while others can be dynamically assigned. For example, port 80 is commonly used for web traffic, while port 21 is dedicated to FTP (File Transfer Protocol).

To open a network port, you need to configure your router’s settings to allow incoming and outgoing traffic on that specific port. This process is commonly referred to as port forwarding or port mapping.

Network ports play a vital role in online gaming, as they enable the exchange of data required for multiplayer games, voice chat, and other online interactions. Each game may require different ports to be open, depending on the specific protocols it uses for communication.

The proper configuration of network ports is essential for a smooth gaming experience. When ports are closed or improperly set up, you may encounter issues such as NAT (Network Address Translation) type restrictions, limited connectivity, or difficulty joining multiplayer sessions with other players.

Understanding the basics of network ports is key to troubleshooting and optimizing your network settings for online gaming. In the following sections, we will delve deeper into the importance of opening ports for online gaming, explore common ports used for gaming, and provide step-by-step instructions on how to open ports on your router.

Why Opening Ports for Online Gaming is Important

Opening ports for online gaming is crucial to ensure a smooth and uninterrupted gaming experience. When you connect to a game server, your device needs to establish a direct line of communication with that server. This is where network ports come into play.

By opening the necessary ports on your router, you allow incoming and outgoing data to flow freely, improving the connection between your device and the game server. This ensures that game data, such as player inputs, game states, and audio, can be transmitted smoothly and without delay.

Here are a few key reasons why opening ports for online gaming is important:

Reduced Latency: Latency, also known as ping, is the time it takes for data to travel from your device to the game server and back. Opening the correct ports can reduce latency by minimizing the number of hops data has to take, resulting in a more responsive gaming experience.
Improved Connectivity: Opening ports allows your device to establish a direct and stable connection with the game server. It ensures that your gaming console or PC can easily send and receive data without any impediments, leading to a more reliable connection and fewer connection drops.
Enabling Multiplayer Functionality: Most online games rely on open ports to permit players to connect and interact with each other in multiplayer modes. Opening the necessary ports allows you to join and create game lobbies, team up with friends, and engage in multiplayer battles without any restrictions.
Seamless Voice Chat: Many online games feature built-in voice chat or require the use of external voice communication software. Opening the required ports ensures smooth and uninterrupted voice communication with other players, enhancing teamwork and coordination in multiplayer games.
Bypassing NAT Restrictions: Network Address Translation (NAT) is a common feature in routers that allows multiple devices to share a single public IP address. However, certain NAT types can limit the connectivity options for online gaming. By opening ports, you can overcome NAT restrictions, enabling better compatibility and connectivity with other players.

In summary, opening ports for online gaming is essential for reducing latency, improving connectivity, enabling multiplayer functionality, facilitating seamless voice chat, and bypassing NAT restrictions. By optimizing your network settings and ensuring the proper configuration of ports, you can enhance your online gaming experience and enjoy smooth, lag-free gameplay.

Common Ports Used for Online Gaming

When it comes to online gaming, different games and platforms utilize specific network ports to facilitate communication between players and game servers. Understanding the common ports used for online gaming can help you troubleshoot connectivity issues and ensure a seamless gaming experience.

Here are some of the most commonly used ports for online gaming:

Port 80: Port 80 is primarily used for HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) traffic, which is the protocol used for web browsing. While it is not directly related to online gaming, it may be necessary for certain game launchers, updates, or connectivity checks.
Port 443: Port 443 is used for secure web traffic over HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure). It is commonly used by game launchers, online game stores, or any gaming-related website that requires secure communication.
Port 27015: This port is frequently used for the Steam gaming platform. It handles matchmaking, server browsing, and game data transmission for various Steam games, including popular titles like Counter-Strike: Global Offensive and Team Fortress 2.
Port 3478-3480: These ports are often utilized by the Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) protocol, which enables devices on a network to discover each other and establish connections. Many gaming consoles, such as PlayStation and Xbox, use UPnP for NAT traversal and multiplayer functionality.
Port 5223: This port is commonly used for the Game Center service on Apple devices. It facilitates game matchmaking, multiplayer communication, and other Game Center features on iOS, macOS, and Apple TV.
Port 7777: This port is frequently associated with Unreal Tournament, a popular online multiplayer game. It is used for game data transmission, player connections, and server browsing.

Keep in mind that these are just a few examples of common ports used in online gaming. The actual ports required may vary depending on the specific game, platform, or online service you are using. It’s always best to consult the game’s documentation or support resources to determine the exact ports that need to be opened.

Opening these ports on your router will allow the necessary traffic to pass through, ensuring a seamless gaming experience and preventing any connectivity or matchmaking issues that may arise.

In the next section, we will explore the differences between TCP and UDP ports and why they are important in the context of online gaming.

TCP vs. UDP Ports

When it comes to network communication in online gaming, two main protocols are commonly used: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol). Each protocol utilizes different types of ports, and understanding their differences is important for optimizing online gaming performance.

TCP ports are reliable and ensure that data is delivered in the correct order. They establish a connection between the sending and receiving devices and use error-checking mechanisms to guarantee the integrity of the data. TCP is commonly used for tasks that require accuracy and guaranteed delivery, such as downloading game updates, authentication processes, or sending chat messages in online games.

On the other hand, UDP ports are faster and prioritize speed over reliability. Unlike TCP, UDP does not establish a connection between devices. Instead, it sends data as small, discrete packets. This makes UDP more suitable for real-time applications, such as real-time multiplayer gaming or streaming. While UDP does not ensure the same level of reliability as TCP, it excels in delivering data quickly, which is crucial for fast-paced online gaming experiences.

Many online games utilize a combination of TCP and UDP ports to handle different types of data transmission. For example, TCP may be used for initial authentication, downloading game content, and chat functionality, while UDP may be utilized for gameplay data, including player movements, actions, positions, and audio data.

It’s important to note that different ports are associated with different protocols. For instance, TCP ports typically have their own designated port numbers, such as port 80 for HTTP or port 443 for HTTPS. UDP ports, on the other hand, may share the same number as their TCP counterparts, but they are separate and operate using the UDP protocol.

Understanding the distinctions between TCP and UDP ports helps optimize network configurations for online gaming. It allows you to prioritize and ensure the smooth transmission of game data, maintaining a responsive and lag-free gaming experience.

In the next section, we will explore how you can check for open ports on your router, which is essential for troubleshooting and configuring your network for optimal gaming performance.

How to Check for Open Ports on Your Router

Checking for open ports on your router is an essential step in optimizing your network settings for online gaming. By determining which ports are open, you can ensure that the necessary communication for gaming is allowed through. Here are a few methods you can use to check for open ports on your router:

Port Scanning Tools: There are various online tools available that allow you to scan your router for open ports. These tools can scan specific ports or perform a full port scan to identify which ports are open and accessible from the internet. Simply enter your router’s IP address in the scanning tool of your choice, and it will provide you with a list of open ports.
Router Configuration Interface: Most routers come with a web-based configuration interface that allows you to access and configure various settings. To check for open ports using your router’s configuration interface, you’ll need to log in to your router, usually by entering its IP address in a web browser. From there, navigate to the “Port Forwarding” or “Virtual Server” section, where you should be able to view the list of forwarded ports, indicating which ports are open.
Port Checker Tools: Port checker tools work by attempting to establish a connection with a specific port on your router. If the connection is successful, it means the port is open. Simply enter the port number you want to check in the port checker tool, and it will inform you whether the port is open or not.
Network Monitoring Software: If you are more technically inclined, you can use network monitoring software, such as Wireshark or tcpdump, to capture and analyze network traffic. By monitoring the network activity on your router, you can identify which ports are being utilized and determine if they are open or closed.

Remember, when checking for open ports on your router, it is important to consider both incoming and outgoing ports. Some online games may require certain ports to be open for incoming traffic, while others may need specific ports to be open for outgoing traffic.

By using one or more of these methods, you can effectively determine which ports are open on your router. This information will be valuable when configuring port forwarding or troubleshooting connectivity issues for online gaming.

In the next section, we will provide step-by-step instructions on how to open ports on your router specifically for online gaming.

Steps to Open Ports on Your Router for Online Gaming

Opening ports on your router is a crucial step in optimizing your network settings for online gaming. By following these step-by-step instructions, you can configure port forwarding and ensure that the necessary ports are open for seamless gaming connectivity:

Identify the required ports: Determine which ports need to be opened for the specific game you are playing. You can usually find this information in the game’s documentation, support resources, or online forums.
Access your router’s settings: Using a web browser, enter your router’s IP address in the address bar. This will allow you to access your router’s configuration interface. If you don’t know your router’s IP address, you can usually find it in your router’s manual or by searching online for your specific router model.
Navigate to the port forwarding section: Once you’re in your router’s configuration interface, look for the “Port Forwarding” or “Virtual Server” section. The name may vary depending on your router’s brand and model.
Add a new port forwarding rule: In the port forwarding section, click on the option to add a new rule. You will typically need to provide the following information: the name of the rule (e.g., the game you’re playing), the protocol (TCP, UDP, or both), the port number or range, and the internal IP address of the device you’re playing on.
Save and apply the changes: After entering the necessary information, save and apply the changes in your router’s configuration interface. The router will then update its settings and open the specified ports for online gaming.
Restart your router and devices: To ensure that the changes take effect, restart both your router and the device you’re playing on. This will refresh the network connections and ensure that the new port forwarding settings are implemented.

It’s important to note that the exact steps and terminology may vary depending on your router’s brand and model. If you’re unsure about the process, refer to your router’s manual or consult the manufacturer’s website for specific instructions.

Remember to only open the necessary ports for online gaming and avoid leaving unnecessary ports exposed, as this can pose security risks. Regularly update your router’s firmware and keep it protected with a strong password to maintain network security.

By following these steps to open ports on your router, you can optimize your network settings for online gaming and enjoy a smoother, more reliable gaming experience.

Tips for Troubleshooting Port Forwarding Issues

While configuring port forwarding for online gaming can greatly enhance your gaming experience, you may encounter issues along the way. Here are some useful tips for troubleshooting port forwarding issues:

Check your port forwarding settings: Double-check that you have entered the correct port numbers, protocols (TCP or UDP), and IP addresses in your router’s port forwarding settings. Even a small error can prevent the ports from opening correctly.
Verify your external IP address : Ensure that the IP address displayed in your router’s configuration matches your actual external IP address. You can easily check your external IP address by searching “What is my IP address” on any web browser.
Disable any conflicting firewall or security software: Temporarily disable any third-party firewall or security software on your device. These programs can sometimes interfere with port forwarding and prevent the ports from being opened properly. Remember to re-enable them after troubleshooting.
Restart your router: Power cycling your router can resolve temporary issues and refresh its settings. Simply unplug the power cord, wait a few seconds, and then plug it back in. Allow the router to fully restart before testing your port forwarding again.
Ensure UPnP is enabled: If your router supports UPnP, make sure it is enabled. UPnP can automatically handle port forwarding for compatible devices, simplifying the configuration process. Check your router’s settings or user manual to enable UPnP if it’s currently disabled.
Use a different device for testing: If you’re experiencing issues on a specific gaming console or device, try testing the port forwarding on a different device. This can help determine if the problem is specific to the device or if it’s related to the router or network configuration.
Update your router’s firmware: Outdated firmware can cause compatibility issues and prevent port forwarding from functioning correctly. Visit your router manufacturer’s website and check for any available firmware updates. Follow the instructions provided to update your router’s firmware to the latest version.
Clear your device’s cache: Clearing the cache on your gaming device can help resolve connectivity issues. Restart your device or follow specific instructions provided by the manufacturer to clear the cache or network settings.

If you’ve tried these troubleshooting tips and are still experiencing issues with port forwarding, consider reaching out to your router manufacturer’s support or consulting online forums dedicated to networking and gaming. These resources can provide further guidance based on your specific setup and help resolve any persistent issues.

By following these tips, you can overcome common port forwarding problems and ensure that your ports are properly configured for online gaming.

Opening ports for online gaming is a crucial step in optimizing your network for a seamless gaming experience. By understanding the basics of network ports, the importance of opening ports for gaming, and the common ports used in online gaming, you can enhance connectivity and reduce latency.

Differentiating between TCP and UDP ports allows you to prioritize and optimize the transmission of game data, ensuring smooth gameplay and real-time interactions. Checking for open ports on your router and troubleshooting any port forwarding issues are essential tasks to ensure that the necessary ports are accessible and configured correctly.

By following the steps to open ports on your router and implementing the tips for troubleshooting port forwarding issues, you can effectively configure your network for optimal online gaming performance. Remember to prioritize network security by only opening the necessary ports and keeping your router’s firmware updated.

Ultimately, opening ports for online gaming improves connectivity, reduces lag, and enables seamless multiplayer experiences. With the right network configuration and open ports, you can fully immerse yourself in the gaming world and enjoy endless hours of fun and competition with players from around the globe.

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How to open TCP port 7777 in control panel?

I tried to change the custom TCP rules, by opening only the 7777 port. But still I am not able to resolve it. Kindly help.

Disable the firewall entirely - it serves no purpose. FTP needs to establish a connection back to your computer from the server on another random port to transfer files.

let me brief u about the application which I am developing I have installed open fire xmpp chat server in the server and I am trying to initiate the p2p, that means sending files from one mobile to another mobile via port 7777, which is a default port in openfire server, but I am not able to open that particular port. Thanks a lot for guiding me – Jeevan Dongre Jul 5, 2011 at 4:12

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Not the answer you're looking for browse other questions tagged networking aws ..

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Baltimore bridge collapse: Ships carrying cars and heavy equipment need to find a new harbor

The collapse of Baltimore’s Francis Scott Key Bridge is diverting driving and shipping around one of the busiest ports on America’s East Coast. Baltimore Harbor Tunnel expected to absorb traffic.

Shown is the wreckage of Francis Scott Key Bridge as seen from Dundalk, Md., on Wednesday, March 27, 2024, Recovery efforts resumed Wednesday for the construction workers who are presumed dead after the cargo ship hit a pillar of the bridge, causing the structure to collapse. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke)

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In this image taken from video released by the National Transportation and Safety Board, the cargo ship Dali is stuck under part of the structure of the Francis Scott Key Bridge after the ship hit the bridge, Tuesday, March 26, 2024, in Baltimore. (NTSB via AP)

Police dive boats work around part of the structure of the Francis Scott Key Bridge after the ship hit the bridge Wednesday, March 27, 2024, in Baltimore, Md. (AP Photo/Steve Helber)

Coast Guard Deputy Commandant for Operations Vice Admiral Peter Gautier listens as Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg speaks about the Francis Scott Key bridge collapse during a press briefing at the White House, Wednesday, March 27, 2024, in Washington. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci)

A cargo ship is stuck under the part of the structure of the Francis Scott Key Bridge after the ship hit the bridge Wednesday, March 27, 2024, in Baltimore, Md. (AP Photo/Steve Helber)

A container ship rests against the wreckage of the Francis Scott Key Bridge during a rainstorm on Wednesday, March 27, 2024, in Baltimore, Md. The ship rammed into the major bridge in Baltimore early Tuesday, causing it to collapse in a matter of seconds and creating a terrifying scene as several vehicles plunged into the chilly river below. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke)

A Coast Guard cutter patrols in front of a cargo ship that is stuck under the part of the structure of the Francis Scott Key Bridge after the ship hit the bridge Wednesday, March 27, 2024, in Baltimore, Md. (AP Photo/Steve Helber)

Manufacturers and shippers are scrambling to figure out where they can load or unload cargo while the main operations of the Port of Baltimore remain shut down due to Tuesday’s deadly collapse of the Francis Scott Key Bridge.

Supply chain experts say other ports up and down the East Coast are likely to absorb much of Baltimore’s traffic, avoiding a crisis. But not without some longer shipping times and upheaval.

“Ultimately, most trade through Baltimore will find a new home port,” Moody’s Analytics economist Harry Murphy Cruise wrote in a blog post.

U.S. Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg reiterated Wednesday that it was too soon to estimate how long it would take to clear the bridge structure from the 50-foot-deep (15 meters) Patapsco River channel, which leads to the port’s main terminal.

The port’s location makes it a key destination for freight. The Maryland Port Administration says the facility is an overnight drive from two-thirds of the U.S. population, and it’s closer to the Midwest than any other East Coast port.

Here’s a look at the goods that go through the Port of Baltimore and the potential impact of a prolonged port shutdown:

In this photo provided by the Key Bridge Response 2024 Unified Command, response crews begin removing shipping containers from the deck of the cargo ship Dali using a floating crane barge at the site of the Francis Scott Key Bridge, Sunday, April 7, 2024, in Baltimore. (Key Bridge Response 2024 Unified Command via AP)

WHAT GOODS ARE SHIPPED TO AND FROM BALTIMORE?

Baltimore is the ninth-busiest port in the nation for international cargo, but it leads U.S. ports in “roll on, roll off” cargo. That means goods with wheels, composed largely of automobiles but including construction and agricultural equipment.

The state of Maryland says the port moved 847,158 automobiles last year. About 70% of the wheeled cargo was imported.

The port also handles a large amount of wood, steel, aluminum, home appliances, furniture, sugar and liquefied natural gas . About 20% of U.S. coal exports pass through Baltimore, second only to the port in Norfolk, Virginia.

Shippers also use the port for containers, although other ports handle more of them. About 1 million containers went through Baltimore in the past year, about 2.8% of the container volume shipped through East Coast ports, according to S&P Global.

In all, the port handled a record 11.7 million tons of cargo last year, the state said.

“For everybody who is buying cars, for everybody who is (buying) farm equipment, we’re the largest port in the country that does that,” Maryland Gov. Wes Moore said. “So this is not just impacting Maryland.”

HOW MANY SHIPS STOP AT THE PORT?

More than 50 ocean shipping and cruise ship companies do business with the port, the state says, and their vessels visit the port about 1,800 times per year.

Last year, more than 444,000 passengers boarded cruise ships at the port from Royal Caribbean, Carnival, Norwegian and other cruise lines.

WHAT ARE BALTIMORE-BOUND SHIPS DOING NOW?

Many are waiting to get booked at other ports, pushing back their arrival dates for several weeks.

Windward Maritime said that from Monday to Tuesday, estimated time of arrival for Baltimore bound vessels doubled. The maritime risk management company predicted that ships scheduled to go to Baltimore would be delayed by at least 24 days.

The company also said its data shows a large increase in ships that are basically drifting in the North Atlantic, likely meaning they are waiting to see which port they will go to.

Some are anchored near Baltimore or nearby Annapolis, where a dozen vessels were waiting. Ships also are gathered near Norfolk.

WHERE ELSE WILL THE SHIPS GO?

Supply chain experts say it will take some time, and there will be disruption, but automakers and shipping companies will divert their cargo to ports up and down the East Coast.

Ports in Philadelphia, Wilmington, Delaware; Newark, New Jersey; Norfolk; Charleston, South Carolina; Jacksonville, Florida; and in Georgia also could see additional cargo.

The Georgia Ports Authority, which owns ports in Savannah and Brunswick, said it has capacity to take on more cargo. But it can’t make up for Baltimore by itself.

Baltimore still can handle some autos. Part of its operations are east of where the bridge collapsed and are still operational, the port said. BMW and Volkswagen said they would still be able to use Baltimore.

WILL THE INCREASED SHIPPING TIMES RAISE PRICES OF GOODS?

Perhaps, although Moody’s said finding substitute ports should minimize price adjustments for coal and vehicles. “That said, the reshuffle will squeeze other ports, potentially adding a smidge to shipping costs as delays spill to other goods,” analyst Murphy Cruise wrote.

HAVE OTHER PORTS HAD TO CLOSE AND WHAT HAPPENED THEN?

In September 2019, the South Korean freighter Golden Ray overturned shortly after leaving the Port of Brunswick in Georgia.

The crew was rescued, including four men trapped below its decks. But hauling away the shipwreck, including the cargo of 4,200 automobiles, turned out to be a slow and messy demolition effort that took over two years.

The port was closed for four days, reopening only after the U.S. Coast Guard determined it was safe for vessels to slowly sail on the shipping channel leading to the port.

The circumstances were much different from the bridge collapse in Baltimore, where sections of the structure lie across the river. Clearing a channel for ships likely will take far longer than four days.

During a briefing at the bridge collapse scene , U.S. Rep. David Trone said state and federal officials estimated the port’s closure would cost the economy at least $15 million per day.

The Port of Baltimore directly employs over 15,000 workers and indirectly supports nearly 140,000 jobs via other port activities, many of whom will either be temporarily out of work or work limited hours, according to Trone.

Krisher reported from Detroit. AP Business Writers Paul Wiseman in Washington and Anne D’Innocenzio in New York contributed to this report.

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Port Numbers and Network Protocols

Identify common TCP and UDP default port numbers
Explain the function of common networking protocols
Summarize DNS concepts and its components

We will analyze some of the most common Application Layer services that a network engineer will encounter on a daily basis, as well as learn the well-known default port numbers assigned to those application services. The objectives are to identify common TCP and UDP protocols, analyze their functionality, and learn the most common port numbers. The information presented in this chapter is very useful in various fields of computer networking and will assist in troubleshooting networks.

You configure and troubleshoot port numbers and services in our Cisco CCNA lab and video course .

Back to book index.

The most common protocols, organized by the TCP/IP layer they operate at, are presented in Table 5.1 below:

Table 5.1 – TCP/IP Layers and Their Protocols

We will analyze each of these protocols, starting with application protocols and continuing with management and networking protocols.

Port Numbers

Port numbers are assigned to different protocols and services so that a user will know how and what to access at the other end and to identify specific applications. They are also used to track the session associated with that protocol. As explained in Chapter 1, the TCP and UDP headers include a 16-bit source and destination port, so port numbers can be represented in the range of 0 to 65535 (the maximum decimal number that can be represented on 16 bits).

Port numbers fall into two categories:

Well-known port numbers
Temporary port numbers

Well-known port numbers are non-ephemeral ports, meaning they are permanently assigned to a protocol or a service. They can be used as a destination port by any network-enabled machine in order to reach specific protocols. A well-known port number helps to uniquely identify a Web server, for example. Even though the Web server might use a random port number, it usually uses port number 80 as a convention so other devices can know how to reach it. If the service used a non-standard port number, a client device could reach it only if it was specifically informed about the port number used. Well-known port numbers are usually those below 1024.

Temporary port numbers are ephemeral ports and are usually used as source ports in a two-way communication process. They are determined in real-time by the client workstation and are usually numbers above 1024. When the session is closed, the generated source port number disappears and a new session destined to the same service will usually use a different source port. The process of generating ephemeral port numbers is done automatically by the TCP/IP stack on the devices and it uses sequential or random port numbers. The allocation process of the unique source ports is accomplished at the Application Layer.

Even though the same port number can be used in both TCP and UDP, the services they identify can be completely different. For example, TCP port 80 identifies a different service/protocol than UDP port 80 does.

Do not confuse port numbers with protocol numbers. Port numbers uniquely identify network protocols, while protocol numbers identify Layer 3 protocols, for example:

TCP is protocol number 6
UDP is protocol number 17
ICMP is protocol number 1
IGMP is protocol number 2

Application Protocols

The most common application protocols are as follows:

E-mail protocols (SMTP, POP3, IMAP)

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the primary protocol used across the Internet between a browser and a Web server, which is a process known as Web browsing.

When a client PC (Web browser) makes a request, the type of request will determine the destination port number used. Websites are often listening on TCP port 80, a well-known port identifying the HTTP protocol, and they respond to request packets using TCP 80 as the source port, as depicted in Figure 5.1 below. This makes life easier for Web clients because if there were no standards regarding this approach, the communication between users and servers would be random.

Figure 5.1 – HTTP Flow Diagram

Anytime a Web browser wants to contact a Web server, it knows that the default port at the Application Layer that is used by the server to listen for traffic is TCP port 80.

Considering the traffic flow described above and moving down the protocol stack, you have the following information presented at each layer:

Application Layer: HTTP (port 80)
Transport Layer: TCP (HTTP uses TCP as the underlying protocol)
Internet Layer: IP (the HTTP request is destined to the IP address of the Web server)
Layer 2: whatever frame types are appropriate for the network type used (often Ethernet)
Layer 1: the actual bits being sent to the directly connected switch by the client machine

As a practical example, if you type the address www.cisco.com into a browser and make a packet capture of that particular interface, you will see the following:

Figure 5.2 – HTTP Packet Capture

If you analyze the captured packet, you can see some interesting information that confirms the traffic flow information above:

TCP is used as the protocol for Layer 4, because this is the protocol HTTP is based on at that particular layer.
The destination port in the TCP header is port 80, identifying HTTP. So at Layer 4, you will find specific information regarding Application Layer data.
The source port in the TCP header is a unique random high port number that was unused at that time. A unique port number is used for each connection opened by the client toward the server so that the server can individually respond to each request by sending a reply back to the specific port number (identifying each request).

While HTTP is one of the most commonly used protocols on the Internet today, it is not secure, as it sends traffic without encryption on the network. Without any protection, an intruder might capture the packets and easily read the conversation. The HTTP Secure (HTTPS) protocol was developed to overcome these security issues by ensuring a secure encrypted connection between the Web client and the Web server, as shown in Figure 5.3 below:

Figure 5.3 – HTTPS Flow Diagram

HTTPS uses a different port than HTTP by default: TCP port 443 instead of TCP port 80. This can be examined in the packet capture presented in Figure 5.4 below:

Figure 5.4 – HTTPS Packet Capture

The encryption used by the HTTPS protocol is accomplished using the Transport Layer Security/Secure Sockets Layer (TLS/SSL) mechanism. SSL was created by Netscape and this evolved into TLS, which is the updated IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) version of SSL. HTTPS encryption is still called generic SSL, even though TLS is used as the underlying mechanism.

E-mail Protocols

The most common protocols used for sending and receiving e-mail traffic are as follows:

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): TCP port 25
POP3 (Post Office Protocol): TCP port 110
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol): TCP port 143

POP3 and IMAP (currently at version 4) are used for receiving e-mail. POP3 was designed for intermittent connectivity, and is used for retrieving e-mails only on request or automatically at a pre-configured interval.

IMAP is a more evolved protocol that was developed in the last few years, as it offers more functionality and flexibility. It can manage all e-mail messages directly on the mail server, unlike POP3 which must download the messages in order to manage them locally. IMAP offers access to e-mails from everywhere, not just on the local workstation, and it can also transparently synchronize the local e-mail client with the e-mail server. Although IMAP offers extra functionality, all of these features make IMAP use more resources on the server.

Unlike POP3 and IMAP, SMTP is used to push (send) e-mails to a server, as well as for transferring e-mails between servers. SMTP offers advanced security features, including encryption.

Being familiar with the protocols used by e-mail applications can help a network engineer in many situations, including with tasks that involve filtering e-mail traffic. This can be accomplished by blocking the well-known e-mail ports using access control lists or other filters, but it doesn’t prevent situations in which the applications use non-standard ports.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is, just as the name says, a protocol that allows users to transfer files between the file systems of multiple devices, offering many functionalities in this regard. FTP is an advanced file transfer protocol and it works based on a client-server architecture, as illustrated in Figure 5.5 below:

Figure 5.5 – FTP Flow Diagram

A user who wants to access an FTP server usually uses a dedicated FTP client application that initiates a connection to the server. The FTP client sends a session request on port 21, and after the session to the server is initialized data is transferred using port 20. A unique particularity of FTP is that it uses two port numbers:

TCP port 20: FTP data
TCP port 21: FTP control (sends commands to the server)

The image in Figure 5.6 below depicts an FTP control packet capture. Notice that it uses TCP port 21 at the Application Layer.

Figure 5.6 – FTP Packet Capture

Other features offered by FTP include authentication based on username and password and advanced file management functionality on remote devices (e.g., list, delete, and other commands).

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is similar to FTP but it lacks its complexity and security enhancements. TFTP is an unreliable file transfer protocol that functions over UDP port 69. Unlike FTP, which uses TCP to ensure a connection-oriented session with packet tracking, sequence numbers, and acknowledgements, TFTP does not ensure the proper delivery of packets.

Because it does not use packet tracking or have the complexity of FTP, TFTP is an Application Layer service that provides less overhead but also less reliability. Some other important differences from FTP include the following:

TFTP provides only read and write functionality
TFTP does not provide authentication so it is not suitable for production environments

VoIP-Related Protocols

Voice over IP (VoIP) involves moving telephone traffic over an IP infrastructure. Voice packets are digitized and then sent on the IP network. VoIP communications have some particularities that require specific protocols to handle different aspects of the process. In this regard, two protocols are of interest:

SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol)

SIP and RTP are used for completely different aspects of VoIP transmission. SIP is a VoIP signaling protocol that is used to build and terminate media calls, while RTP is used to digitize voice packets and carry the media stream to the other side.

SIP can be used by a phone so that when the user initiates a call, it can logically connect to the other phone to open the conversation. This Application Layer protocol has been designed to run independent of the underlying Transport Layer, meaning it can run on either TCP or UDP.

After the call setup process is over, conversation streaming happens over UDP because of the low overhead, which is suitable for delay-sensitive traffic such as VoIP. The protocol that makes this happen is RTP, as it was designed for the actual delivery of the voice packets over the network.

Management Protocols

The most common management protocols are as follows:

Domain Name System (DNS) is a protocol that translates names into IP addresses. Whenever a client wants to interact with a Web server on the Internet, it will identify it by using a name (e.g., cisco.com) because names are easy to remember when compared to complex and random IP addresses. However, in order to communicate with the Web server, the client must have its IP address, and this is where the DNS service comes into play by translating the name into a Layer 3 address.

Figure 5.7 – DNS Basic Functionality

As depicted in Figure 5.7 above, when a DNS server receives a query from a client containing a name, it returns an IP address. The client computer knows where to send the DNS request because it is configured with a DNS server address, which is either entered manually or received via DHCP. After the client receives the IP address associated with the website it wants to communicate with, the connection is initialized and the Web server can be accessed. The DNS server listens for requests on port 53 (both TCP and UDP). UDP port 53 is used for normal DNS lookups and queries and TCP port 53 is used for zone transfers between DNS servers.

A standard DNS query is depicted in the packet capture below, in which you can see both the UDP port number at the Transport Layer and the actual query details at the Application Layer:

Figure 5.8 – DNS Query

Such a query is respond to by the server using a DNS reply similar to the one presented in the packet capture below, in which you can see the actual list of IP addresses returned for the specific website name:

Figure 5.9 – DNS Reply

DNS functions over UDP, so if no response is received in a timely manner, another DNS query will be sent. A TCP request is eventually sent out if no response is forthcoming.

To test DNS functionality on a Windows machine, you can use one of the two methods exemplified below:

Issue a ping command to the specific website from the command prompt. The website name will automatically be translated into the associated IP address, as depicted in the screenshot below:

Figure 5.10 – Windows DNS Query Test ( ping Command)

Issue an nslookup command from the command prompt. This will return comprehensive details about the DNS records associated with the specific website, which can be seen in the screenshot below:

Figure 5.11 – Windows DNS Query Test ( nslookup Command)

DNS Servers

The DNS service doesn’t work using a single server because it would not be capable of managing all the name-to-IP mappings on the Internet. Instead, DNS uses a collection of servers that work together to provide name-to-IP resolution. This collection of servers is organized hierarchically using a distributed database composed of multiple DNS servers, which include the following:

Root servers
Top-level domain (TLD) servers
Authoritative servers
Resolving servers

Usually, a client sends a query to a resolving DNS server first. As DNS servers do not have all the name-to-IP bindings, they use a hierarchical structure to communicate between each other and find the information they need. For example, when a client sends a DNS query for www.cisco.com, the following process occurs:

The client PC sends the request to the resolving DNS server (the IP address of this server is configured on the PC).
The resolving DNS server does not have the required information, so it forwards the request to the root server (superior in hierarchy).
The root server redirects the request to the servers responsible for the .com domains (top-level domain DNS servers).
The DNS request arrives at the top-level domain DNS server, which forwards it to the authoritative DNS server that specifically handles the cisco.com domain.
The authoritative DNS server for the cisco.com domain provides the resolving server with the final answer.
The resolving server caches the information to provide a direct response to future queries.

A simplified DNS hierarchy diagram is depicted in Figure 5.12 below:

Figure 5.12 – DNS Hierarchy

A generic DNS query flows over the path as follows: root name server à TLD server à authoritative server. The authoritative servers contain manually configured IP addresses that represent internal server or services names.

From a dimension standpoint, the Internet currently has around 13 root server clusters, 200 generic top-level domains (gTLDs), and 248 country code TLDs (ccTLDs). The most important reasons for using such a hierarchical distributed DNS server structure are redundancy and fault tolerance.

Combining every element presented by each level in the hierarchical DNS structure results in a Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQND), for example, www.cisco.com or mail.yahoo.com. The FQDN identifies a unique service or server.

DNS Records

DNS servers contain entries called resource records, also known as DNS records. All this information forms a database that contains naming, IP addresses, and other details. There are more than 30 DNS record types, but the most commonly used are the following:

A record: This type represents a standard IPv4 address and is the most commonly used DNS record on the Internet.
AAAA record: This type represents an IPv6 address (four As because the IPv6 address is four times larger than an IPv4 address: 128 bits vs. 32 bits). AAAA records allow for the use of the same DNS server for storing both IPv4 and IPv6 information, which is simpler than having dedicated DNS servers for IPv4 and IPv6 translations.
CNAME record: CNAME stands for canonical name and this type of record represents an alias of an existing record (i.e., additional names associated to a host). This is used when you have a single physical server but multiple associated services. For example, a single device might be a mail, a Web, and an ftp server for a small company. Instead of having multiple entries for these services, you can just refer them to a single server. This is useful if you have to change the record in the future because you can do this in a single place instead of affecting multiple entries.
MX record: MX stands for mail exchange and this type of record determines the host name for an e-mail server (not the IP address). It is often used by e-mail servers looking for other e-mail servers in order to communicate and send messages.
NS record: The name server (NS) record is used when you have multiple internal DNS servers in an organization and you want to designate where they are located.
PTR record: PTR stands for pointer record and, unlike a normal DNS lookup, it is useful if you want to perform a reverse lookup from an IP address in order to find the domain name. PTR records are the reverse of A or AAAA records.

Dynamic DNS

Dynamic DNS (DDNS) is a technique used in situations in which the IP addresses associated with specific names are often modified to prevent a denial of service to those services. If an IP address of a Web server changes, the server will not respond when identified by name because the name-to-IP binding is broken. In order to fix such situations, DDNS updates the DNS server records using a secure, automated process.

Dynamic DNS can be used by both large enterprises and home users. Enterprises might require DDNS because they use DHCP, which prevents servers of interest from having the same IP address over a long period of time. Dynamic DNS functionality is built into the Windows Active Directory and allows the domain’s controllers to register with the DNS and other computers in the domain to find AD services by issuing queries.

From a home-user perspective, DDNS functionality might be needed if the ISP allocates dynamic IP addresses, thus preventing the user from accessing home resources from other locations. An internal device cannot be identified if the public IP address keeps changing, so DDNS solves this issue by having a software application on the device automatically report the new IP to a central DDNS server on the Internet. The public third-party DDNS server creates an entry for each new IP address and this can be accessed at any point in time to access the home network.

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network protocol used by hosts to automatically obtain an IP address and other parameters (e.g., gateway, DNS server, etc.). DHCP is an evolution from the old BOOTP protocol, which was also used for allocating IP addresses but had very limited functionality.

DHCP uses UDP as its Transport Layer protocol and it has a couple of well-known ports associated with it:

UDP port 67 (on which the server is listening)
UDP port 68 (used by clients)

DHCP allows a computer to make a request for an IP address when it boots up (or at a later moment). A DHCP server that listens on the well-known port responds with a specific IP address (i.e., a DHCP Offer). The client accepts this and the server sends back an acknowledgement to confirm the allocation. The entire DHCP conversation contains two packets coming from the client side and two packets coming from the server side, as depicted in Figure 5.13 below:

Figure 5.13 – DHCP Process

Going into more detail on the conversation between the client and the server, the following sequence of events is involved in the DHCP allocation process:

Layer 2 Broadcast destination address of FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF; the local switch forwards this frame to all other ports so any device on the network will receive it
Layer 3 destination port: UDP 67 (bootps, DHCP servers are listening on this port)
Layer 3 source port: UDP 68 (bootpc)
The DHCP server responds with a DHCP Offer packet, which includes the proposed IP address, using 67 as the source port and 68 as the destination port.
The client accepts the offer with a DHCP Request packet.
The server confirms the allocation by issuing a DHCP Acknowledgement packet. It also sends other details like the default gateway address and the DNS server address. All of these parameters are called options and the client receives them from the server as part of the DHCP conversation.

If a Windows client cannot find a DHCP server, it uses an Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) address (e.g., 169.x.y.z), and it cannot communicate with any other device on the network.

Remote Access Protocols

Remote access protocols allow the remote management of network devices, meaning they can obtain console (command line interface) access. This can be done via either an unsecure communication channel, using the Telnet protocol, or a secure communication channel, using the SSH (Secure Shell) protocol. Using either of these two protocols can generate a session at the Application Layer toward a network device, which uses a software client on the management workstation to control the network device that is acting as a Telnet or SSH server.

One of the most commonly used Telnet and SSH software client is a free software utility called PuTTY, which allows a user to initiate a Telnet or SSH session with a network device and obtain control of the command line interface (CLI). The packet capture screenshots presented below illustrate a Telnet and a SSH session initiated by a client, respectively:

Figure 5.14 – Telnet Session (Client to Server)

Figure 5.15 – SSH Session (Client to Server)

From the packet captures presented above, you can see that both Telnet and SSH are considered Application Layer services that require TCP at the Transport Layer and they use the following ports:

Telnet: TCP port 23
SSH: TCP port 22

The source port in both cases is a random unallocated port on the client machine. When the session is over, the source port number disappears and the next session will probably use a different one. Analyzing the SSH packet capture, you can also see details regarding the applications used (PuTTY) in the Application Layer information field.

The reverse packet, coming from the server (the managed device) toward the client, will use the high port number as the destination and TCP port 23 or 22 as the source port. This is exemplified only for Telnet in the packet capture screenshot presented In Figure 5.16 below (SSH follows an identical logic):

Figure 5.16 – Telnet Session (Server to Client)

The problem with using Telnet is that all traffic is sent in clear text (unencrypted) over the wire, so it represents a major security risk as a possible attacker could capture the configuration sent/received from the network device. For this reason, SSH should be used instead of Telnet in production environments. SSH provides the same functionality, with the additional feature of encrypting the data.

Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a protocol used by network devices to synchronize time across the network infrastructure. With NTP, hosts and network devices can make periodic requests to an NTP server (destination port UDP 123) in order to synchronize their internal clocks. Even though the hosts use an unreliable protocol at the Transport Layer, they are still expecting time-related information from the server over UDP.

Most computers have information about NTP servers by default from the factory. Many free public NTP servers are available on the Internet at the moment, but the most exact servers from a time accuracy perspective are GPS-based machines.

Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is a well-known application that runs on TCP port 3389 and allows users to remotely connect and manage a computer. If the RDP service is running on a remotely managed machine, you can run a remote desktop application on the client PC, which makes a request to the RDP server (managed machine) to establish a connection.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an Application Layer protocol that runs over UDP port 161 and is used by network administrators to gather statistics and control network devices. SNMP is used to share management information between network devices, usually between a management workstation and routers, switches, or other devices. SNMP has two components:

The SNMP server (manager), which is usually a dedicated workstation
The SNMP agent, which is usually a service on the managed network device

SNMP has evolved during the years and has now reached version 3 (SNMPv3). Network designers and engineers should demand that every environment use SNMPv3, not the older, unsecure SNMP versions (1 and 2), because of the advanced security features it presents. SNMP is used by network administrators and engineers to:

Control network performance
Troubleshoot
Plan scalable enterprise solutions and intelligent services

SNMP accesses detailed information in Management Information Bases (MIBs) and it uses SNMP agents. The MIB is an object-oriented hierarchical database system stored locally on the network device. An MIB entry example is 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.20.0, with 1 being the root of the MIB tree and 0 being the final leaf.

The SNMP agent is used to send and receive information from the device to the Network Management Station (NMS), and vice versa. In order to do that, different types of SNMP messages are used. The NMS will run some kind of network management software that retrieves and displays the SNMP information in a graphical user interface (GUI) format. The information displayed is used for control, troubleshooting, and planning.

Another SNMP concept is represented by community strings, which are the access control method. A community is basically a password that controls which group of people has access to certain information on the device.

Using SNMP, the administrator can gather reports from the network device regarding parameters like CPU utilization, memory utilization, and interface bandwidth utilization. The managed device contains the SNMP agent and the MIB that stores all the information. Different types of messages are used to relay information from the NMS to/from the managed device (i.e., the monitored device). This is illustrated in Figure 5.17 below:

Figure 5.17 – SNMP Messages

The first message is called Get Request. This is sent to the managed device when the NMS wants to get a specific MIB variable from the SNMP agent that runs on that device. The Get Next Request is used to return the next object in the list after the Get Request message returns a value. The Get Bulk message works only in SNMPv3 environments and it can be used to retrieve a big chunk of data (e.g., an entire table); it also reduces the need to use many Get Request and Get Next Request messages. This reduces overhead on bandwidth utilization on the link.

The Set Request message is also sent by the NMS and is used to set an MIB variable on the agent. The Get Response message is the response from the SNMP agent to the NMS Get Request, Get Next Request, or Get Bulk messages.

A Trap is used by the SNMP agent to transmit unsolicited alarms to the NMS when certain conditions occur (e.g., device failure, state change, or parameter modifications). Different thresholds can be configured on the managed device for different parameters (like disk space, CPU utilization, memory utilization, and bandwidth utilization) and Traps are sent when the defined thresholds are reached. SNMPv3 introduced another message called Inform Request. This is similar to a Trap message and is what a managed device will send to the NMS as an acknowledgement to other messages.

Multiple SNMP versions were developed since SNMP was created, as follows:

SNMPv1: the initial implementation of the SNMP protocol, which offer limited security via community strings
SNMPv2c: the revised SNMP version, which includes multiple enhancements but still has limited security functionality via community strings
SNMPv3: the latest SNMP version, which offers advanced security features, including authentication and encryption; this is the recommended version to be used in production environments

SNMPv3 provides three security levels:

NoAuthNoPriv: no authentication and no privacy mechanisms
AuthNoPriv: authentication (MD5, SHA) but no privacy mechanisms
AuthPriv: the highest level of security; uses authentication (MD5, SHA) and privacy (e.g., DES).

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a maintenance protocol that operates at Layer 3 and sends control messages over the network. ICMP is identified as protocol number 1 in the Layer 3 header and it can transmit multiple message types to accomplish different maintenance tasks.

While ICMP has many different functions, the main one is sending Echo Requests to a machine to verify that it is up and running. If the specific machine is operating, it will send an ICMP Echo Reply message back to the source, confirming its availability. This process, also known as a ping, is shown below in Figure 5.18:

Figure 5.18 – ICMP Echo Request and Echo Reply

Figure 5.19 below illustrates an Echo Request packet capture:

Figure 5.19 – ICMP Echo Request

Figure 5.20 below illustrates a reply to the Echo Request:

Figure 5.20 – ICMP Echo Reply

Another ICMP function is determining whether you are trying to access a destination that is not reachable using Destination Unreachable messages. The most commonly used ICMP message types include the following:

Type 0: Echo Reply
Type 3: Destination Unreachable
Type 5: Redirect
Type 8: Echo Request
Type 11: Time Exceeded
Type 30: Traceroute

The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used in environments that run Multicast traffic, like video streaming or audio content. IGMP allows Multicast users to subscribe or disconnect from a Multicast stream. In order to understand Multicast protocols, network devices like switches and routers must be Multicast-enabled and properly configured.

Networking Protocols

The most common networking protocols are as follows:

TCP and UDP functionality has already been analyzed, so we will focus on the ARP protocol in this section.

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a network protocol that allows hosts to learn the Layer 2 address of a device it wants to communicate with by sending a query based on the Layer 3 address of the specific device.

When a host wants to communicate on the network, it does this by having Layer 3 information about the destination device (this may have been learned from a DNS query). In order to send the packet over the communication channel, the host/PC must first use the local Layer 2 address of the destination device and it does this by sending an ARP Request, as follows:

The PC determines it needs to know the Layer 2 address of a network device (usually the default gateway, which is often a router).
The PC broadcasts an ARP Request on the wire.
The switch receives the Broadcast ARP packet and forwards it to all other ports.
The destination device (router) receives the message, identifies itself in the Destination field, and sends an ARP Reply with its Layer 2 address.
The PC now knows the router MAC address so it can properly encapsulate Unicast frames toward that device.

Figure 5.21 below exemplifies the ARP Request/Reply behavior:

Figure 5.21 – ARP Process

As depicted in Figure 5.21 above, the process starts with the source device sending a Broadcast ARP Request packet, which contains the IP address of the destination device. The destination device sends a Unicast response back to the source, which contains its own source MAC address, thus offering the missing information.

The most common protocols, organized by the TCP/IP layer they operate at, are presented in Table 5.2 below:

Table 5.2 – TCP/IP Layers and Their Protocols

Well-known port numbers are non-ephemeral ports, meaning they are permanently assigned to a protocol or a service. They can be used as a destination port by any network-enabled machine to reach specific protocols. Temporary port numbers are ephemeral ports that are usually used as source ports in a two-way communication process. They are determined in real-time by the client workstation and are usually numbers above 1024.

Common network port numbers.

Configure port numbers and protocols in our 101 Labs – CompTIA Network+ book.

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External Resources SANS Internet Storm Center: port 777

Notes: Port numbers in computer networking represent communication endpoints. Ports are unsigned 16-bit integers (0-65535) that identify a specific process, or network service. IANA is responsible for internet protocol resources, including the registration of commonly used port numbers for well-known internet services. Well Known Ports: 0 through 1023. Registered Ports: 1024 through 49151. Dynamic/Private : 49152 through 65535. TCP ports use the Transmission Control Protocol, the most commonly used protocol on the Internet and any TCP/IP network. TCP enables two hosts to establish a connection and exchange streams of data. TCP guarantees delivery of data and that packets will be delivered in the same order in which they were sent. Guaranteed communication/delivery is the key difference between TCP and UDP. UDP ports use the Datagram Protocol. Like TCP, UDP is used in combination with IP (the Internet Protocol) and facilitates the transmission of datagrams from one computer to applications on another computer, but unlike TCP, UDP is connectionless and does not guarantee reliable communication; it's up to the application that received the message to process any errors and verify correct delivery. UDP is often used with time-sensitive applications, such as audio/video streaming and realtime gaming, where dropping some packets is preferable to waiting for delayed data. When troubleshooting unknown open ports, it is useful to find exactly what services/processes are listening to them. This can be accomplished in both Windows command prompt and Linux variants using the "netstat -aon" command. We also recommend runnig multiple anti-virus/anti-malware scans to rule out the possibility of active malicious software. For more detailed and personalized help please use our forums.

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7 Managing Connectivity

This chapter describes how to manage Oracle HTTP Server connectivity. It includes procedures for viewing port number usage, managing ports, and configuring virtual hosts.

This chapter includes the following sections:

Section 7.1, "Default Listen Ports"

Section 7.2, "Defining the Admin Port"

Section 7.3, "Viewing Port Number Usage"

Section 7.4, "Managing Ports"

Section 7.5, "Configuring Virtual Hosts"

7.1 Default Listen Ports

Automatic port assignment occurs only if you use createOHSInstance() or Fusion Middleware Control. The default, non-SSL port is 7777. If port 7777 is occupied, the next available port number, within a range of 7777-7877, is assigned. The default SSL port is 4443. Similarly, if port 4443 is occupied, the next available port number, within a range of 4443-4543, is assigned.

If you create instances using Configuration Wizard, then you must perform your own port management. The Configuration Wizard has no automatic port assignment capabilities.

For information about specifying ports when creating a new Oracle HTTP Server component, see Section 4.2, "Creating an OHS Instance" .

7.2 Defining the Admin Port

Automatic Admin or Proxy MBean port assignment occurs only if you use createOHSInstance() or Fusion Middleware Control. The Admin port is an additional SSL port (default value 9999) that is used internally by Oracle HTTP Server to communicate with Fusion Middleware Control. It is also used to monitor Oracle HTTP Server. This port is configured in the admin.conf file.

If you create instances using Configuration Wizard, then you must perform your own Admin port management. The Configuration Wizard has no automatic port assignment capabilities.

If for any reason you need to use the default port for another purpose, you can reconfigure the Admin port by using the Configuration Wizard to update the domain and manually reset ports there.

7.3 Viewing Port Number Usage

This section describes how to view ports using Fusion Middleware Control or WLST.

Section 7.3.1, "Using the Fusion Middleware Control to View Port Number Usage"

Section 7.3.2, "Using WLST to View Port Number Usage"

7.3.1 Using the Fusion Middleware Control to View Port Number Usage

To view the port number usage using Fusion Middleware Control, do the following:

Navigate to the Oracle HTTP Server home page.

Select Port Usage from the Oracle HTTP Server menu.

The Port Usage detail page shows the component, the ports that are in use, the IP address the ports are bound to, and the protocol being used, as illustrated in the following figure:

7.3.2 Using WLST to View Port Number Usage

If you are using Oracle HTTP Server in collocated mode, then you can use WLST commands to view the port number information on a given instance.

Launch WLST:

Connect to the AdminServer.

Use the editCustom() command to navigate to the root of the oracle.ohs MBean. You can use the editCustom() command only when WLST is connected to the Administration Server. Use cd to navigate the hierarchy of management objects, then get() to get the value of the Ports parameter:

WLST will return a value similar to the following:

7.4 Managing Ports

The ports used by Oracle HTTP Server can be set during and after installation. In addition, you can change the port numbers, as needed. This section describes how to create, edit, and delete ports using Fusion Middleware Control.

Starting Oracle HTTP Server Instances on a Privileged Port (UNIX Only)

Using Fusion Middleware Control to Create Ports

Using Fusion Middleware Control to Edit Ports

7.4.1 Using Fusion Middleware Control to Create Ports

To create ports using Fusion Middleware Control, do the following:

Select Administration from the Oracle HTTP Server menu.

Select Ports Configuration from the Administration menu.

Click Create .

Use the IP Address menu to select an IP address for the new port. Ports can listen on a local IP Address of an associated host or on any available network interfaces.

You can configure SSL for a port on the Virtual Hosts page, as described in Section 7.5.2, "Using Fusion Middleware Control to Configure Virtual Hosts" .

In Port , enter the port number.

Restart Oracle HTTP Server. See Section 4.3.4 .

7.4.2 Using Fusion Middleware Control to Edit Ports

To create the ports using Fusion Middleware Control, do the following:

Select the port for which you want to change the port number.

The Admin port cannot be edited by using Fusion Middleware Control. Although this is a port Oracle HTTP Server uses for its internal communication with Fusion Middleware Control, in most of the cases it does not need to be changed. If you really want to change it, manually edit the DOMAIN_HOME /config/fmwconfig/components/OHS/ componentName /admin.conf file.

Click Edit .

Edit the IP Address and/or Port number for the port.

7.4.3 Disabling a Listening Port in a Standalone Environment

While you can use Fusion Middleware Control to disable a listen port in a WebLogic Server environment, to do so in a standalone environment, you must directly update staging configuration file ( DOMAIN_HOME /config/fmwconfig/components/OHS/ componentName /httpd.conf) by commenting-out the line where port is exposed; for example:

7.5 Configuring Virtual Hosts

You can create virtual hosts to run more than one website (such as www.company1.com and www.company2.com ) on a single machine. Virtual hosts can be IP-based , meaning that you have a different IP address for every website, or name-based , meaning that you have multiple names running on each IP address. The fact that they are running on the same physical server is not apparent to the end user.

The current release of Oracle HTTP Server enables you to use IPv6 and IPv4 addresses as the virtual host name.

You can also configure multiple addresses for the same virtual host; that is, you can configure a virtual host to serve on multiple addresses. This allows requests to different addresses to be served with the same content from the same virtual host.

This section describes how to create and edit virtual hosts using Fusion Middleware Control.

Using Fusion Middleware Control to Create Virtual Hosts

Using Fusion Middleware Control to Configure Virtual Hosts

7.5.1 Using Fusion Middleware Control to Create Virtual Hosts

To create a virtual Host using Fusion Middleware Control, do the following:

Select Virtual Hosts from the Administration menu.

Enter a name for the virtual host field and then choose whether to enter a new listen address or to use an existing listen address.

New listen address - use this option when you want to create a virtual host that maps to a specific hostname, IP address, or IPv6 address, for example mymachine.com:8080 . This will create following type NameVirtualHost and VirtualHost directives:

Use existing listen address - use this option when you want to create a virtual host using an existing listen port and the one that maps to all IP addresses. This will create following type VirtualHost directive:

In this case, you must first add the Listen directive and then try to add the virtual host.

Enter the remaining attributes for the new virtual host.

Use the Type field to select whether the virtual host will be IP-based or name-based .

Removing Unnecessary Listen Directives

Creating a virtual host by using Fusion Middleware Control also adds the Listen directive for the virtual host. However, virtual host creation will add unnecessary Listen directives in the following situations:

A virtual host is being created for one host name and the Listen directive already exists for the different host name resolving to the same IP address.

A virtual host is being created for one host name and the Listen directive already exists for the IP address that the host name resolves to.

A virtual host is being created for multiple host names that resolve to the same IP address.

In these situations, Oracle HTTP Server will fail to start because there are multiple Listen directives for the same IP address. You must remove any extra Listen directives configured for the same IP address.

7.5.2 Using Fusion Middleware Control to Configure Virtual Hosts

You can use the options on the Configure menu to specify Server, MIME, Log, mod_perl, SSL, and mod_wl_ohs configuration for a selected virtual host.

To configure a virtual host using Fusion Middleware Control, do the following:

Highlight an existing virtual host in the table.

Click Configure .

Select one of the following options from Configure menu to open its corresponding configuration page. The values on these pages apply only to the virtual host. If the fields are blank, the virtual host uses the values configured at the server level.

Server Configuration : Configure basic virtual host properties, such as document root directory, installed modules, and aliases. See Section 5.2.1, "Specifying Server Properties by Using Fusion Middleware Control" .

MIME Configuration : Configure MIME settings, which are used by Oracle HTTP Server to interpret file types, encodings, and languages. Section 5.3.3, "Configuring MIME Settings" .

Log Configuration : Configure access logs that will record all requests processed by the virtual host. The logs contain basic information about every HTTP transaction handled by the virtual host. See Section 8.2, "Configuring Oracle HTTP Server Logs."

mod_perl Configuration : Configure the mod_perl module to embed the Perl interpreter into the virtual host, thereby eliminating startup overhead and enabling you to write modules in Perl. This module is disabled, by default. See Section 5.3.4, "Configuring mod_perl" .

SSL Configuration : For instructions on configuring SSL using Fusion Middleware Control, see "Enabling SSL for Oracle HTTP Server Virtual Hosts" in the Administering Oracle Fusion Middleware .

mod_wl_ohs Configuration : Configure the mod_wl_ohs module to allow requests to be proxied from an Oracle HTTP Server to Oracle WebLogic Server. See Section 5.3.5, "Configuring the Oracle WebLogic Server Proxy Plug-In (mod_wl_ohs)" .

Review the settings on each configuration page. If the settings are correct, click OK to apply the changes. If the settings are incorrect, or you decide to not apply the changes, click Cancel to return to the original settings.

Restart Oracle HTTP Server. See Section 4.3.4, "Restarting Oracle HTTP Server Instances" .

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‘A Lot of Chaos’: Bridge Collapse Creates Upheaval at Largest U.S. Port for Car Trade

A bridge collapse closed Baltimore’s port, an important trade hub that ranks first in the nation by the volume of automobiles and light trucks it handles.

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Shipping in the Port of Baltimore

Monthly cargo handled by the Port of Baltimore

By Peter Eavis and Jenny Gross

March 26, 2024

The Baltimore bridge disaster on Tuesday upended operations at one of the nation’s busiest ports, with disruptions likely to be felt for weeks by companies shipping goods in and out of the country — and possibly by consumers as well.

The upheaval will be especially notable for auto makers and coal producers for whom Baltimore has become one of the most vital shipping destinations in the United States.

As officials began to investigate why a nearly 1,000-foot cargo ship ran into the Francis Scott Key Bridge in the middle of the night, companies that transport goods to suppliers and stores scrambled to get trucks to the other East Coast ports receiving goods diverted from Baltimore. Ships sat idle elsewhere, unsure where and when to dock.

“It’s going to cause a lot of chaos,” said Paul Brashier, vice president for drayage and intermodal at ITS Logistics.

The closure of the Port of Baltimore is the latest hit to global supply chains, which have been strained by monthslong crises at the Panama Canal, which has had to slash traffic because of low water levels; and the Suez Canal, which shipping companies are avoiding because of attacks by the Houthis on vessels in the Red Sea.

The auto industry now faces new supply headaches.

Last year, 570,000 vehicles were imported through Baltimore, according to Sina Golara, an assistant professor of supply chain management at Georgia State University. “That’s a huge amount,” he said, equivalent to nearly a quarter of the current inventory of new cars in the United States.

The Baltimore port handled a record amount of foreign cargo last year, and it was the 17th biggest port in the nation overall in 2021, ranked by total tons, according to Bureau of Transportation Statistics.

Baltimore Ranks in the Top 20 U.S. Ports

Total trade in 2021 in millions of tons

Baltimore ranks first in the United States for the volume of automobiles and light trucks it handles, and for vessels that carry wheeled cargo, including farm and construction machinery, according to a statement by Gov. Wes Moore of Maryland last month.

The incident is another stark reminder of the vulnerability of the supply chains that transport consumer products and commodities around the world.

The extent of the disruption depends on how long it takes to reopen shipping channels into the port of Baltimore. Experts estimate it could take several weeks.

Baltimore is not a leading port for container ships, and other ports can likely absorb traffic that was headed to Baltimore, industry officials said.

Stephen Edwards, the chief executive of the Port of Virginia, said it was expecting a vessel on Tuesday that was previously bound for Baltimore, and that others would soon follow. “Between New York and Virginia, we have sufficient capacity to handle all this cargo,” Mr. Edwards said, referring to container ships.

“Shipping companies are very agile,” said Jean-Paul Rodrigue, a professor in the department of maritime business administration at Texas A&M University-Galveston. “In two to three days, it will be rerouted.”

But other types of cargo could remain snarled.

Alexis Ellender, a global analyst at Kpler, a commodities analytics firm, said he expected the port closure to cause significant disruption of U.S. exports of coal. Last year, about 23 million metric tons of coal exports were shipped from the port of Baltimore, about a quarter of all seaborne U.S. coal shipments. About 12 vessel had been expected to leave the port of Baltimore in the next week or so carrying coal, according to Kpler.

He noted that it would not make a huge dent on the global market, but he added that “the impact is significant for the U.S. in terms of loss of export capacity.”

“You may see coal cargoes coming from the mines being rerouted to other ports instead,” he said, with a port in Norfolk, Va., the most likely.

If auto imports are reduced by Baltimore’s closure, inventories could run low, particularly for models that are in high demand.

“We are initiating discussions with our various transportation providers on contingency plans to ensure an uninterrupted flow of vehicles to our customers and will continue to carefully monitor this situation,” Stellantis, which owns Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep and Ram, said in a statement.

Other ports have the capacity to import cars, but there may not be enough car transporters at those ports to handle the new traffic.

“You have to make sure the capacity exists all the way in the supply chain — all the way to the dealership,” said Mr. Golara, the Georgia State professor.

A looming battle is insurance payouts, once legal liability is determined. The size of the payout from the insurer is likely to be significant and will depend on factors including the value of the bridge, the scale of loss of life compensation owed to families of people who died, the damage to the vessel and disruption to the port.

The ship’s insurer, Britannia P&I Club, part of a global group of insurers, said in a statement that it was “working closely with the ship manager and relevant authorities to establish the facts and to help ensure that this situation is dealt with quickly and professionally.”

The port has also increasingly catered to large container ships like the Dali, the 948-foot-long cargo vessel carrying goods for the shipping giant Maersk that hit a pillar of the bridge around 1:30 a.m. on Tuesday. The Dali had spent two days in Baltimore’s port before setting off toward the 1.6-mile Francis Scott Key Bridge.

State-owned terminals, managed by the Maryland Port Administration, and privately owned terminals in Baltimore transported a record 52.3 million tons of foreign cargo in 2023, worth $80 billion.

Materials transported in large volumes through the city’s port include coal, coffee and sugar. It was the ninth-busiest port in the nation last year for receiving foreign cargo, in terms of volume and value.

The bridge’s collapse will also disrupt cruises traveling in and out of Baltimore. Norwegian Cruise Line last year began a new fall and winter schedule calling at the Port of Baltimore.

An earlier version of this article misstated the Port of Baltimore’s rank among U.S. ports. It was the nation’s 17th biggest port by total tons in 2021, not the 20th largest.

How we handle corrections

Peter Eavis reports on business, financial markets, the economy and companies across different sectors. More about Peter Eavis

Jenny Gross is a reporter for The Times in London covering breaking news and other topics. More about Jenny Gross

How-To Geek

How do i open a port on windows firewall.

Firewalls keep your PC safe, but they can also get in the way.

Quick Links

What do ports do, how to open a port on windows 10, key takeaways.

Firewalls block unsolicited traffic from the internet by default, but you may need to open a port to allow specific traffic through for programs like game servers.
To open a port on Windows 10, search for "Windows Firewall" and go to "Windows Defender Firewall." Click on "Advanced Settings" and create a new inbound rule for the specific port number.
You can choose when the rule applies (domain, private, public) and give it a name and description. If needed, you can disable the rule or repeat the steps to open ports for different programs.

Firewalls are there to protect you from threats on the internet (both traffic from the internet and from local applications trying to gain access when they shouldn't). Sometimes, though, you'll want to allow otherwise restricted traffic through your firewall. To do so, you'll have to open a port.

When a device connects to another device on a network (including the internet), it specifies a port number that lets the receiving device know how to handle the traffic. Where an IP address shows traffic how to get to a particular device on a network, the port number lets the receiving device know which program gets that traffic. By default, most unsolicited traffic from the internet is blocked by Windows Firewall. If you're running something like a game server, you might need to open a port to allow that specific kind of traffic through the firewall.

This article shows you how to open a port on a particular PC's firewall to let traffic in. If you have a router on your network (which you likely do), you will also need to allow the same traffic through that router by forwarding the port there.

Clicking Start, type "Windows Firewall" into the search box, and then click on "Windows Defender Firewall."

Once Windows Firewall opens, click on "Advanced Settings."

This launches Windows Defender Firewall with Advanced Security. Click the "Inbound Rules" category on the left. In the far right pane, click the "New Rule" command.

If you need to open a rule for outgoing traffic, instead of clicking "Inbound Rule," you'd click "Outbound Rule." Most apps are pretty good about creating their own outbound rules when you install them, but you might occasionally run into one that cannot.

On the Rule Type page, select the "Port" option and then click "Next."

On the next screen, you'll have to choose whether the port you're opening uses the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Unfortunately, we can't tell you specifically which to use because different apps use different protocols. Port numbers can range from 0-65535, with ports up to 1023 being reserved for privileged services. You can find an unofficial list of (most) TCP/UDP ports on the Wikipedia page , and you can also search for the app you're using. If you can't determine the specific protocol to use for your app, you can create two new inbound rules — one for TCP and one for UDP.

Select the "Specific Local Ports" option and then type the port number into the field provided. If you're opening more than one port, you can separate them by commas. If you need to open a range of ports, use a hyphen (-).

Click "Next" when you're done.

On the next page, click "Allow the Connection" and then click "Next."

For this guide, we'll be using the "Allow the Connection" option, as we trust the connection for which we're creating a rule. If you want a little more piece of mind, the "Allow the connection if it is secure" rule uses Internet Protocol security (IPsec) to authenticate the connection. You can try that option, but many apps do not support it. If you try the more secure option and it doesn't work, you can always come back and change to the less secure one.

Next, choose when the rule applies and click "Next." You can choose one or all of the following:

Domain: When a PC is connected to a domain controller that Windows can authenticate access to the domain.
Private: When a PC is connected to a private network, like a home network or a network that you trust.
Public: When a PC is connected to an open network, like a cafe, airport, or library where anyone can join, and the security is unknown to you.

In the final window, give your new rule a name and an optional, more detailed description. Click "Finish" when you're done.

If you want to disable the rule at any point, locate it in the list of Inbound or Outbound Rules, right-click it, and then click "Disable Rule."

That's all there is to it. If you need to open any other ports for a different program or with a different rule, repeat the steps above using a different set of ports to open.

Port Checker

Check for open ports and verify port forwarding setup on your router.

What is Port Checker ?

Port Checker is a simple and free online tool for checking open ports on your computer/device, often useful in testing port forwarding settings on a router. For instance, if you're facing connection issues with a program (email, IM client etc) then it may be possible that the port required by the application is getting blocked by your router's firewall or your ISP . In such cases, this tool might help you in diagnosing any problem with firewall setup . You could also find this useful for security purpose, in case you're not sure whether a particular port is open or closed. If you host and play games like Minecraft, use this checker to make sure the server port(25565) is configured properly for port forwarding, then only your friends will be able to connect to your server.

Most Commonly Used Ports

0-1023 - Well known ports (HTTP, SMTP, DHCP, FTP etc)
1024-49151 - Reserved Ports
49152-65535 - Dynamic/Private Ports

Well known ports

20 & 21 - FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
22 - SSH (Secure Shell)
23 - Telnet, a Remote Login Service
25 - SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
53 - DNS (Domain Name System)
80 - HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
110 - POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3)
115 - SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol)
123 - NTP (Network Time Protocol)
143 - IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
161 - SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol
194 - IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
443 - SSL / HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)
465 - SMTPS (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol over SSL)
554 - RTSP (Real Time Stream Control Protocol)
873 - RSYNC (RSYNC File Transfer Services)
993 - IMAPS (Internet Message Access Protocol over SSL)
995 - POP3S (Post Office Protocol 3 over SSL)
3389 - RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol)
5631 - PC Anywhere
3306 - MySQL
5432 - PostgreSQL
6379 - Redis
8333 - Bitcoin
11211 - Memcached
25565 - Minecraft

If you're looking for a full list of port numbers check out this wikipedia page . I've listed all the common ports above, feel free to enter any custom port number to check. By default, this site is taking your device's IP address as target ip address (the device through which you're visiting this web page), but you can change the IP input field to check for other IP addresses - remote clients and servers as well. But, please don't misuse this option otherwise, I would have to restrict the IP address to source again (as I had done earlier). Please keep in mind that if you're using a VPN or proxy server then it may not be able to get your device's IP correctly.

Understanding Port Forwarding

Port forwarding or port mapping involves translating the address (or port number to a new destination), accepting the packets and forwarding it (using routing table). It's typically used in connecting remote computers to specific programs running on computer (in a private LAN (Local Area Network)). For example : running a public server (HTTP, port 80) on a computer in a private LAN or granting SSH access to a specific computer in a private LAN etc. Read More on Wikipedia .

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Crisis in Haiti worsens after month-long siege on Port-au-Prince

A woman and her child, who was born in the tent in which they sit. There are 600 families now living at a former school in downtown Port-au-Prince.

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As a siege imposed by heavily armed gangs on Port-au-Prince, Haiti, stretches into a second month, the UN migration agency sounded an alarm on Thursday about the ever-worsening humanitarian situation.

The surge of violence since February this year has reached “unprecedented levels” resulting in rampant food insecurity and multiple displacements, according to the International Organization for Migration ( IOM ).

As the country grapples with this unparalleled crisis, IOM said families continue to struggle to secure even the most basic necessities as desperation exacerbates.

Unparalleled security challenges

“While assistance provision was easier during the aftermath of earthquakes, today, it is an increasingly daunting task,” said Philippe Branchat, head of IOM in Haiti.

“Humanitarian staff, including our own, are facing unparalleled security challenges, balancing the imperative to assist others with the stark realities of personal risk and displacement.”

The crisis extends its reach far beyond the confines of Port-au-Prince, affecting communities across Haiti and leaving over 360,000 people displaced nationwide, the UN agency said.

For the nearly 100,000 internally displaced people living in temporary sites, conditions are deplorable, amplifying the depths of suffering. Their needs include access to food, healthcare, water, psychological support, and hygiene facilities, IOM said.

Desperation is growing

The IOM psychosocial team said it has encountered cases of suicide tendencies which once was a taboo topic, but is now becoming more commonly disclosed, especially among displaced populations.

The lack of economic opportunities, coupled with a collapsing health system and shuttered schools, casts a shadow of despair, driving many to contemplate migration as their sole viable recourse, according to the IOM team.

However, for most Haitians, the prospect of regular migration remains an insurmountable hurdle, leaving irregular migration as their only semblance of hope, the agency reported.

Haitian migrants forcibly returned

Despite the worsening security situation, IOM said 13,000 migrants were forcibly returned to Haiti by neighbouring countries in March, 46 per cent more than the previous month.

Nearly 3,000 of them have received humanitarian assistance upon arrival, with an additional 1,200 migrants benefiting from psychosocial support, according to IOM.

IOM and partners are delivering assistance to the areas where it is most needed. In March, more than 1.5 million litres of water were delivered to sites hosting internally displaced people, reaching more than 23,500 people.

Essential items such as blankets, water containers, solar lamps, and kitchen sets have also been distributed to more than 18,000 people, the agency said.

Common Ports Cheat Sheet: The Ultimate List

Perhaps you’re angsty that you’ve forgotten what a certain port number meant. Rest assured, you don’t have to remember all 65,535 port numbers. With so much information to remember, it’s understandable if you forget a common port. That’s why we put together this cheat sheet of common network ports for you.

A crucial domain of expertise in IT-related certifications such as Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) and those of CompTIA is port numbers and associated services , which this common ports and protocols cheat sheet covers. If you want to remember a port number or protocol, this cheat sheet will help everyone, from students to professionals.

Get a copy of this common ports cheat sheet here to keep on your desk. When you're ready, scroll below to find the port you’re looking for.

Common Ports Cheat Sheet Search

Search our Common Ports cheat sheet to find the right cheat for the term you're looking for. Simply enter the term in the search bar and you'll receive the matching cheats available.

Common Ports and Protocols Cheat Sheet

The following tables cover services (and malware) that use common TCP ports and some UDP or SCTP ports.

Well-known/System Ports: 0 – 1023

Well-Known Ports: Unencrypted vs Encrypted - Graphic by author

Registered Ports: 1024 – 49151

The Registered Ports Used by Popular Services - Graphic by author

Dynamic/Private Ports: 49152 – 65535

You may use these ports for custom applications free from concerns that it may clash with existing processes.

The Most Common Ports for Exams

If you’re studying for IT certifications such as CCNA , focus on these ports:

We hope that you found this cheat sheet useful. Familiarity with ports and protocols is vital to building secure applications and troubleshooting problems on computer networks. Whether you're studying or working, this cheat sheet of common network ports will help you in academic and professional settings.

For further resources, or if you’re curious about how ports and protocols fit into cyber security, look into network security courses available with our StationX Accelerator Program .

Frequently Asked Questions

FTP: ports 20-21; SSH/SCP: port 22; HTTP: 80; HTTPS: 443; POP3: 110; POP3 over SSL: 995; IMAP: 143; IMAP over SSL: 993. We recommend you download the graphic in Well-known/System Ports .

It depends on whether you’re referring to system ports (1024) or want to include ports registered with apps (49152) because system ports range from 0 through 1023, and registered ports span 1024 – 49151.

FTP: ports 20-21; SSH/SCP: port 22; Telnet: 23; SMTP: 25; DNS: 53; HTTP: 80; POP3: 110; IMAP: 143; HTTPS: 443.

FTP: port 21; SSH/SCP: 22; Telnet: 23; SMTP: 25; DNS: 53; POP3: 110; IMAP: 145; HTTP: 80; HTTPS: 443; MySQL: 3306; RDP: 3389; VNC: 5900.

The following are the three types of ports with corresponding port number ranges: • Well-known/System ports: 0 – 1023 • Registered ports: 1024 – 49151 • Dynamic/Private ports: 49152 – 65535

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Nathan House is the founder and CEO of StationX. He has over 25 years of experience in cyber security, where he has advised some of the largest companies in the world. Nathan is the author of the popular "The Complete Cyber Security Course", which has been taken by over half a million students in 195 countries. He is the winner of the AI "Cyber Security Educator of the Year 2020" award and finalist for Influencer of the year 2022.

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Nathan, thank you for supplying this sheet. It comes in handy when you’re trying to remember what a particular port is used by.

Our pleasure.

Thank you, Nathan

This is a great single point to reference all default ports. Thank you!!!

Very good, it will be in front of me!

Ports on computers are required for networking, and without them, the computer would be completely isolated and it would be unable to communicate with other devices. So thank you for proving this list of the Common TCP and UDP Port numbers.

After resetting my router cause the password got changed and all the setting were changed to gain access to my computer. I spent about 20 minutes setting up the router. It appears the router never got set up from the cable company when it was installed. So if you have not done so lately check your router and settings.

Cool, Thanks for sharing!!

Sorry Nathan, i did not leave a comment for this “Common Ports” Chart last-week. I am glad i signed up to your news letter you are a good researcher. thank you for sharing with us all..

Nathan, I must thank you for these cheat sheets! They’ve been great on my learning and certification journey!

Thank you too!

Really really useful.Thanks a lot!!

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IMAGES

7777
Common & Popular Ports Number used in OS
Commonly used port numbers
IP Well Known Port Numbers/ Common TCP
CompTIA A+ Port Numbers: Important Things to Know in 2022
what are port numbers in networking

VIDEO

77777
7777
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Port numbers for Echo 4910 higher RPM
Numbers 1 to 7777
💫ANGEL NUMBERS#7777 PERSERVERANCE! IF U WANT TO SUCCEED KEEP GOING!#shorts#youtubeshorts#youtube

COMMENTS

List of TCP and UDP port numbers
This is a list of TCP and UDP port numbers used by protocols for operation of network applications. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol ... 7777-7788 Yes Common default Steam game server ports(Ark, L4D2, etc.) 7777-7788: Unofficial: Unreal Tournament series default server [citation needed] 7831:
Port 7777 (tcp/udp) :: SpeedGuide
SANS Internet Storm Center: port 7777. Notes: Port numbers in computer networking represent communication endpoints. Ports are unsigned 16-bit integers (0-65535) that identify a specific process, or network service. IANA is responsible for internet protocol resources, including the registration of commonly used port numbers for well-known ...
Port 7777
The same port number may be unofficialy used by various services or applications. The official usage are listed separately. ... Linux Ports; Mac Ports; Common Ports; Port 7777. Modified by: 05.05.2023. Port 7777 is typically used for multiplayer online gaming and some streaming applications. It is commonly associated with the game "Unreal ...
How to Set Up Port Forwarding on Your Router
The game operates on port 7777-so the router is set to redirect traffic into the network through that port. In some cases, games and other services may require a range of ports to be configured.
Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry
SCTP. Service names are assigned on a first-come, first-served process, as. documented in [ RFC6335 ]. Port numbers are assigned in various ways, based on three ranges: System. Ports (0-1023), User Ports (1024-49151), and the Dynamic and/or Private. Ports (49152-65535); the different uses of these ranges are described in.
linux
It is possible that your AMI has a firewall enabled that is blocking port 7777. Ubuntu usually uses ufw to control it's firewall. run . sudo ufw status If it reports . Status: inactive then your problem lies elsewhere. If it reports. Status: active followed by a list of rules then you probably need to add a rule to allow access on port 7777
What Ports Should I Open For Online Gaming
The most commonly used port numbers range from 0 to 65535. The port number combined with the IP address of your device forms a unique address that enables data to be routed correctly. ... Port 7777: This port is frequently associated with Unreal Tournament, a popular online multiplayer game. It is used for game data transmission, player ...
Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry
Port numbers are assigned in various ways, based on three ranges: System Ports (0-1023), User Ports (1024-49151), and the Dynamic and/or Private Ports ... Known Unauthorized Use on port 7777: cbt: 7777: udp: cbt [Tony_Ballardie] [Tony_Ballardie] Known Unauthorized Use on port 7777: interwise: 7778: tcp: Interwise [Joseph_Gray] [Joseph_Gray ...
How to open TCP port 7777 in control panel?
But I am not able to open the port number 7777, from which I need to send files. I changed the security setting in the admin console panel of the aws. ... that means sending files from one mobile to another mobile via port 7777, which is a default port in openfire server, but I am not able to open that particular port. Thanks a lot for guiding me
Port 7777
To a list entry: This is a redirect to a list in which the subject is an entry.. For redirects from a topic to a related list and not to an entry on that list, use {{R from list topic}} instead.
Oracle Application Server Port Numbers
See Section 4.3.3, "Changing the Oracle HTTP Server Listen Ports" to change the port number. 7777 - 7877. Without Web Cache: 7777 Foot 1 . With Web Cache: 7777. HTTP. Listen (SSL) port. This port is not used unless you enable SSL after installation. Refer to Oracle HTTP Server Administrator's Guide.
Baltimore bridge collapse: Ships carrying cars and heavy equipment need
The state of Maryland says the port moved 847,158 automobiles last year. About 70% of the wheeled cargo was imported. The port also handles a large amount of wood, steel, aluminum, home appliances, furniture, sugar and liquefied natural gas.About 20% of U.S. coal exports pass through Baltimore, second only to the port in Norfolk, Virginia.. Shippers also use the port for containers, although ...
Port Numbers
Default Port Number: The first port number Oracle Fusion Middleware attempts to assign to a component. It is usually the lowest number in the allotted port range. ... Oracle HTTP Server non-SSL Listen Port. 7777 or 8888. 7777-7877, 8888. Oracle HTTP Server SSL Listen Port. 4443. 4443-4543. Oracle WebLogic Server Listen Port for Administration ...
How to Port Forward on Your Router
To forward a port on your router, log into your router, find the "Port Forwarding" section, and then create a rule applying to the device you're using to host. You should also assign a static IP address to the host computer. Although modern Wi-Fi routers handle most functions automatically, some applications will require you to manually forward ...
What is a computer port?
Port 80: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). HTTP is the protocol that makes the World Wide Web possible. Port 123: Network Time Protocol (NTP). NTP allows computer clocks to sync with each other, a process that is essential for encryption. Port 179: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).
Port not added to iptables
I'm trying to add port 7777/udp to iptables on CentOS 7. The command I use is: iptables -t filter -I INPUT -p udp --dport 7777 -j ACCEPT iptables -t filter -I INPUT -p udp --dport 27015 -j ACCEPT ... Relationship between the squares of first n natural numbers and first n natural odd numbers. What is the meaning of 8va combined with the bracket? ...
Port Numbers and Network Protocols
The most common protocols used for sending and receiving e-mail traffic are as follows: SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): TCP port 25. POP3 (Post Office Protocol): TCP port 110. IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol): TCP port 143. POP3 and IMAP (currently at version 4) are used for receiving e-mail.
Port 777 (tcp/udp) :: SpeedGuide
Ports are unsigned 16-bit integers (0-65535) that identify a specific process, or network service. IANA is responsible for internet protocol resources, including the registration of commonly used port numbers for well-known internet services. Well Known Ports: 0 through 1023. Registered Ports: 1024 through 49151.
Managing Connectivity
It includes procedures for viewing port number usage, managing ports, and configuring virtual hosts. Go to main content ... or Fusion Middleware Control. The default, non-SSL port is 7777. If port 7777 is occupied, the next available port number, within a range of 7777-7877, is assigned. The default SSL port is 4443. Similarly, if port 4443 is ...
What are port numbers and how do they work?
well-known port numbers: The well-known port numbers are the port number s that are reserved for assignment by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) for use by the application end points that communicate using the Internet's Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP ) or the User Datagram Protocol ( UDP ). Each kind of ...
Baltimore Bridge Collapse Creates Upheaval at Largest U.S. Port for Car
The port has also increasingly catered to large container ships like the Dali, the 948-foot-long cargo vessel carrying goods for the shipping giant Maersk that hit a pillar of the bridge around 1: ...
How to Check Open TCP/IP Ports in Windows
Option One: View Port Use Along with Process Names. First, you'll need to open the Command Prompt in administrator mode. Hit Start, and then type "command" into the search box. When you see "Command Prompt" appear in the results, right-click it and choose "Run as administrator," or click "Run as Administrator" on the right.
How Do I Open a Port on Windows Firewall?
To open a port on Windows 10, search for "Windows Firewall" and go to "Windows Defender Firewall." Click on "Advanced Settings" and create a new inbound rule for the specific port number. You can choose when the rule applies (domain, private, public) and give it a name and description. If needed, you can disable the rule or repeat the steps to ...
Port Checker
Port numbers ranges from 1 to 65535, out of which well known ports are pre-defined as convention by IANA. 0-1023 - Well known ports (HTTP, SMTP, DHCP, FTP etc) 1024-49151 - Reserved Ports; 49152-65535 - Dynamic/Private Ports; Well known ports. 20 & 21 - FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
Crisis in Haiti worsens after month-long siege on Port-au-Prince
IOMHaiti. The crisis extends its reach far beyond the confines of Port-au-Prince, affecting communities across Haiti and leaving over 360,000 people displaced nationwide, the UN agency said. For the nearly 100,000 internally displaced people living in temporary sites, conditions are deplorable, amplifying the depths of suffering.
Common Ports Cheat Sheet: The Ultimate List
A crucial domain of expertise in IT-related certifications such as Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) and those of CompTIA is port numbers and associated services, which this common ports and protocols cheat sheet covers. If you want to remember a port number or protocol, this cheat sheet will help everyone, from students to professionals.

How to set up port forwarding on your router

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Port Numbers and Network Protocols

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7 Managing Connectivity

7.1 Default Listen Ports

7.2 Defining the Admin Port

7.3 Viewing Port Number Usage

7.3.1 Using the Fusion Middleware Control to View Port Number Usage

7.3.2 Using WLST to View Port Number Usage

7.4 Managing Ports

7.4.1 Using Fusion Middleware Control to Create Ports

7.4.2 Using Fusion Middleware Control to Edit Ports

7.4.3 Disabling a Listening Port in a Standalone Environment

7.5 Configuring Virtual Hosts

7.5.1 Using Fusion Middleware Control to Create Virtual Hosts

7.5.2 Using Fusion Middleware Control to Configure Virtual Hosts

‘A Lot of Chaos’: Bridge Collapse Creates Upheaval at Largest U.S. Port for Car Trade

Shipping in the Port of Baltimore

Baltimore Ranks in the Top 20 U.S. Ports

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Port Checker

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Most Commonly Used Ports

Well known ports

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