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Business Studies Class 12 Project: Marks Distribution, Topics, and More

Updated on
Jan 16, 2024

Looking for a Class 12 Business Project? CBSE has mandated students to prepare a project as part of the Class 12 Business Studies syllabus wherein they can conduct their own research, gather primary or secondary data and make inferences out of the results in a presentable way. If you are struggling to make a nice project and want to have good guidance, read on to find everything you need to know about the Business Studies class 12 project and BST project class 12 on marketing management , principles of management, stock exchange and more.

This Blog Includes:

CBSE BST Project Class 12 2023-24: Marks Distribution

CBSE Class 12 BST Project Topics 2023-24

Marketing management, elements of business environment , principles of management project in business studies, stock exchange, important guidelines, cbse bst project class 12 2023-24 : marks distribution.

The revised Business Studies Class 12 syllabus 2022-23 allotted 20 marks to the project work. Take a look at the distribution of marks for Class 12 Business Studies Project 2023-24:

Click here to download the official CBSE Class 12 Business Project Topics

Here are the best BST project class 12 topics:

Elements of Business Environment
Consumer Protection

Also Read: Controlling Class 12: Important Revision Notes

For this BST project class 12 on Marketing Management, The students can consider the following products and conduct research to gather information about the various aspects concerning the marketing of the product. Some of the most prominent and sought-after products are mentioned in the table below:

The students can choose either of the aforementioned or any of the products permissible by the teacher for their Business Studies Project. Taking any one of the products into consideration, the students will have to gather information on the following parameters.

Profit margin in percentage to the manufacturer, wholesaler and retailer
Packaging of the product
Selling price to the consumer
Promotion or marketing of the product
Identify the USP
Type/category of product
Grading and standardization
Channels of distribution

Also Read: Courses & Career Options in Commerce without Maths

In this topic of the Business Studies class 12 project, given below are the important elements of the business environment:

Changes witnessed in packaging and economic impact over the last few years in relation to products like fruits and vegetables, plastic/wooden furniture, milk, reuse of packages, packages as a means of advertisement, etc.
Reasons behind the changes in “ Coca Cola and Fanta in the 70s decade to Thums up and Campa Cola in the 80s decade to Pepsi and Cola in the 90s. ”
Changes in the patterns of export and import of different products.
The law, effects and implementation of the anti-plastic campaign.
Social factors affecting acceptance and rejection of an identified product (atta maker, dishwasher)
Effect of changes in the technological environment on employee behaviour.

Also Read: Top 20 Career Options in Commerce with Maths Stream

Under this subject of the Business Studies class 12 project, the students are required to visit any departmental store, fast food outlet or any industrial unit and perceive if applications like Fayol’s General Principles of Management or F.W. Taylor’s Scientific Management Techniques are applied or not. For clarification, have a look at the principles and techniques advocated by both the administrative gurus:

Also Read: Commerce Subjects in Class 12 [Download Updated PDF]

The students who opt for the third option in the business studies class 12 project will have to learn various aspects of the stock market, monitor the stock market trends and how calculate profit or loss in relation to stock. Through this topic, the students will be able to learn about the capital market and the sources of business finance along with a deep understanding of the concepts used in the stock exchange. Business Studies class 12 project will expect the students to work on the following parameters:

Create a brief report on the history of stock exchanges in India.
Prepare a hypothetical portfolio with a sum of INR 50,000 in any 5 top companies over a period of 20 working days.
Identify the reasons for fluctuations in prices, for example, change of seasons, strikes and accidents, political environment, the spread of an epidemic, international events, etc.
Find the value of the investments and update the portfolio accordingly through various graphical representations.

Also Read: Business Studies Class 11 Syllabus, Exam Pattern & More

Here are the official CBSE guidelines for the Class 12 Business Studies project:

The entire project must be completed between 25 to 30 pages
It is compulsory for class 12th students that the project must be handwritten
The project must be clubbed inside a neat and tidy transparent folder
Cover Page: Student information, School name and year
Index (List of Contents)
Acknowledgement and Preface
Introduction
Topic with a Unique Title/Heading
List of activities and planning done to gather information about the project (If any)
Observations from the places of visit
Conclusions
Photographs (if any)
Teacher’s remarks
Signature of the teachers

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CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Project 2023-24

CBSE Board , Class 12th
Last Updated On April 2, 2024

This article is curated to provide complete information on the Class 12 Business Studies Project 2023-24 given by the CBSE Board. CBSE Guidelines for BST Project say, only one specific Report File is needed to be submitted during the practical’s. The Business studies practical will hold in the month of February 2024. Students are supposed to submit the physical Report File to the teachers in the practical’s. Business Studies Project of Class 12 helps students to get the practical knowledge of what the students have studied in the class theoretically.

The CBSE Class 12 Commerce Date Sheet 2023-24 is announced by the CBSE Board, and the practical to be held in the month of February. So, all the class 12 students are supposed to prepare their Business Studies Project Of Class 12 for the academic session 2023-24 in the month of January to avoid any last-minute hassle. Students can also go through the Previous year question paper for BST class 12 .

In this proper Class 12th Business Studies Project Guide 2023-24, students will find all the necessary details about the project file, along with the proper guidelines of the CBSE Board syncing with the new and reduced syllabus of class 12 Business Studies. CBSE Business Studies Project for Class 12 topics are provided below for reference.

Also Check: Accounts Project Class 11

Download CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Project Guideline PDF

Let’s get started with the weightage of the 12th Class Business Studies Project 2023-24. Read more to get more details.

SiteMap of the CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Project

Students can check out the above table showing the sitemap of the complete CBSE Class 12 Bst Project 2023-24. The whole project is 20 marks, where the project includes 1 Report File. CBSE Board has given important points to be covered in the project work. On these specifications of the assessments, teachers will allot marks to the students. If students have covered all the 4 points in their project work and performed well in the viva, then scoring full marks would be not so far.

What are the CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Project Topics 2023-24?

CBSE Board has assigned the 4 important Business Studies Class 12 Project Topics to the class 12th Commerce Students. Students need to choose any 1 out of 4 Topics. The topics are given below:

Elements of Business Environment (Book-I)
Principles of Management (Book-I)
Stock Exchange (Book-II)
Marketing Management (Book-II)

These are the 4 important chapters of topics for the CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Project 2023-24. Students need to pick any topic and start preparing a very detailed project and gain as much information as they can. The VIVA test would be taken on the chosen topics, so it is advisable for the students to learn while preparing the project file.

Viva of Class 12th Business Studies Project 2023-24

The last test type for the CBSE curriculum is the Viva, also called an oral exam, and the school only schedules these exams in January.

The majority of Viva’s questions are project-related. The purpose of this Viva is to ensure that the students have gained deeper awareness and comprehension of the subject matter of their project.

Objectives of CBSE Class 12th Business Studies Project 2023-24

The class 12 business study project’s goal is to assist students in comprehending the business scenario and using the analysis tool related to the project’s subjects.

Additionally, it is meant to stimulate the ability needed to interpret business study data from business firms’ quarterly, half-yearly, or annual reports. The purpose of the class 12 business study project is also to analyze the data in accordance with the specified parameters.

How to Prepare the Class 12 Business Studies Project 2023-24?

Follow the below-mentioned CBSE guidelines before starting a project report:

Consult the relevant teacher for suggestions on alternative topics. Assignments can be completed individually or collaboratively, but each student needs to create a unique project file. When selecting a topic, bear the following in mind:

Make sure the topic you select is exclusively from the Class 12 Business Study syllabus.
Consult the relevant teacher about the issue before beginning to get any necessary recommendations.
Remember to study the subject in advance of the viva.
The project file should not be copied from another student. At least 40% of it should be unique from other students’ work.
Don’t write lengthy narratives or paragraphs for an accounting project.
To ensure that the job is executed easily, make sure you conduct in-depth research on the subject

Class 12 Business Studies Project On Elements of Business Environment

Students can take the help of their respective subject teachers while choosing any one of the following elements prescribed by the CBSE.

The changes in transportation of fruits and vegetables such as cardboard crates being used in place of wooden crates, etc. Reasons for above changes.
Milk being supplied in glass bottles, later in plastic bags and now in tetra-pack and through vending machines.
Plastic furniture [doors and stools] gaining preference over wooden furniture.
The origin of cardboard and the various stages of changes and growth.
Brown paper bags packing to recycled paper bags to plastic bags and cloth bags.
Re use of packaging [bottles, jars and tins] to attract customers for their products.
The concept of pyramid packaging for milk.
Cost being borne by the consumer/manufacturer.
Packaging used as means of advertisements.
Reasons of stopping the manufacturing of the above mentioned drinks in India THEN.
The introduction of Thums up and Campa cola range.
Re entry of Coke and introduction of Pepsi in the Indian market.
Factors responsible for the change.
Other linkages with the above.
Leading brands and the company having the highest market share.
Different local brands venturing in the Indian market.
The rating of the above brands in the market.
The survival and reasons of failure in competition with the international brands.
Other observations made by the students
Changing role of the women in the past 25 years relating to joint families, nuclear families, women as a bread earner of the family, changes in the requirement trend of mixers, washing machines, micro wave and standard of living.
The changes in the pattern of import and export of different Products.
The trend in the changing interest rates and their effect on savings.
A study on child labour laws, its implementation and consequences.
The state of ‘anti plastic campaign,’ the law, its effects and implementation.
The laws of mining /setting up of industries, rules and regulations, licences required for running that business.
Social factors affecting acceptance and rejection of an identified product. (Dish washer, Atta maker, etc)
Washing machines, micro waves, mixers and grinder.
Need for crèche, day care centre for young and old.
Ready to eat food, eating food outside, and tiffin centres.
Change in the man-machine ratio with technological advances resulting in change of cost structure.
Effect of changes in technological environment on the behaviour of employee

Principles Of Management Project for Class 12

For taking this topic, the students are required to visit any one of the following:

A departmental store.
An Industrial unit.
A fast-food outlet.
Any other organization approved by the teacher.

After visiting any one of the venues, students need to observe the application of the general principles of management advocated by Fayol.

What are Fayol’s principles?

Division of work.
Unity of command.
Unity of direction.
Scalar chain
Espirit de corps
Fair remuneration to all.
Subordination of individual interest to the general interest.
Initiative.
Centralization and decentralization.
Stability of tenure.

OR Students of class 12 Commerce may enquire into the application of scientific management techniques advocated by F.W. Taylor in the unit visited.

Functional foremanship.
Standardization and simplification of work.
Method study.
Motion Study.
Time Study.
Fatigue Study
Differential piece-rate plan.

Stock Exchange Project for Class 12

The aim and provision of the Class 12 Business Studies Project On Stock Exchange are to teach commerce students the proper way of investing and analyzing the stock market which is the major factor responsible for the country’s economy. This project also focuses on important lessons about the economy, financial responsibility, and mathematical calculations based on research. This BST project 2023-24 enables commerce students to know about the stock market while investing some fake money (practically) in certain stocks. Students, thus research and buy and sell according to the market and self-need. This project topic will also provide some knowledge to the students about how the stock market is being monitored by the brokers and will teach students to calculate profit and loss in the stocks. The Class 12 BST stock exchange project work will enable the students to:

understand the topics like sources of business finance and capital market
understand the concepts used in a stock exchange
inculcate the habit of watching business channels, reading business journals/newspapers, and seeking information from their elders.

Marketing Management Project of Class 12

Students can pick any product in the marketing management project of class 12. The only thing to remember while preparing the class 12th business studies project on marketing management is that the identified product should not be anything whose use or consumption is discouraged by the society or government such as pan masala, alcohol, tobacco, etc. marketing project topics for class 12 are given below so that students can pick one without being worried about the topics.

Identify or pick one product/service from the below list which you may like to manufacture/provide [pre-assumption].

Air conditioners
Baby diapers
Bathing Soap
Bathroom cleaner
Breakfast cereal
Cheese spreads
Cosmetology product
Fairness cream
Fruit candy
Infant dress
Ladies footwear
Learning Toys 40. Lipstick
Microwave oven
Moisturizer
Music player
Nail polish

Students can take any product/service they want, discussing with the teacher would help to make the appropriate Class 12 Business Studies Project on Marketing Management.

Marketing Management Project Must Include

On the basis of the work done by the students the Class 12 Business Studies Project Marketing Management should include the following:

Type of product /service identified and the (consumer/industries) process involved therein.
Brand name and the product.
Range of the product.
Identification mark or logo.
Labelling and packaging.
Price of the product and basis of price fixation.
Selected channels of distribution and reasons thereof.
Decisions related to transportation and warehousing. State reasons.
Promotional techniques used and starting reasons for deciding the particular technique.
Grading and standardization.

Presentation of Class 12 Business Studies Project

Project must have 25-30 pages.

CBSE Board says each class 12 project should at least have 25-30 pages. It is up to students to increase the number of pages to make it a detailed project. These pages include all the necessary formalities needed to be done at the starting and end of the project like the Student’s complete details, Acknowledgements, and preface, Introduction, Conclusion, Bibliography, etc.

The project should be Handwritten

CBSE accepts only handwritten projects on the boards. So, students prepare their report files with attractive handwriting. As presentation plays a very important role in scoring marks. If your hand-writing is good and the project file looks neat and clean, then even if you have some analytical mistake or less research, you would get the full marks.

Presented in Folder

Students should submit their project files in a neat folder. This is the proper way of submitting your board class 12 business studies project 2023-24. Teachers get more attracted by a neat and clean project which is presented nicely by students. If your cover is very sober yet classy, you can easily score the full marks.

Project Sheets Must be in Specified Sequence

The project report file of business studies should be drafted in the following sequence by covering every detail- The cover page should include the title of the Project, student information, school, and year. List of contents.

Acknowledgements and preface (acknowledging the institution, the places visited, and the persons who have helped).
Introduction.
Topic with a suitable heading.
Planning and activities are done during the project if any.
Observations and findings of the visit.
Conclusions (summarized suggestions or findings, the future scope of the study).  Photographs (if any).
Appendix, bibliography for bst project is also very necessary for teachers to know where have they taken the data from.
Teacher’s observation.
Signatures of the teachers.

CBSE Guidelines for Business Studies Class 12 Project 2023-24

Students of class 12 Commerce Stream are supposed to pick one topic out of four and are required to prepare only ONE project report file from the selected topic. (Consist of one project file of 20 marks)

Students can pick any ONE Unit out of the four with the help of teachers.
The BST Project topic will be assigned to every student after the discussion with the respective subject faculty and later are supposed to be discussed at every stage of the submission.
While preparing a CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Project 2023-24, teachers play the role of a facilitator who is there to supervise every student for completing the project report.
Students can ask their teachers to provide relevant study materials or suggest websites, or even obtain permits for visiting certain restricted places.
Do not fall prey to the readymade project reports, if caught by the teachers, they will be discarded at once.
Students need to have complete research on the project topic and prepare it wisely. This will help in answering questions in the VIVA Exam.
Students must take initiative to present their projects before the class.
Students can make their teachers proud by showing their hard work and self-esteemed creativeness on the Business Studies Project File.

Class 12 Commerce Students can acknowledge this research-based CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Project 2023-24. In this project guide, students will find all the necessary details to be included in the project, including CBSE prescribed topics, guidelines, and submission date with other necessary details. Students can also refer to CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Guide 2023-24 for more information on Business Studies and get answers to their every query. Students can also join CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Free Online Classes offered by the top online portal, VidyaSetu. As per the Business studies, new curriculum students should also make sure to go to business studies case studies class 12 .

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1. What is the Marking Scheme of the Class 12 Business Studies Project? It consists of 20 Marks which includes ONE File + Viva Test.

Q2. Can I choose any Random Topic for preparing the Class 12 BST Project? No, students can’t choose any topic of their choice. CBSE has prescribed the following 4 topics from which ONE topic is supposed to be selected.

Q3. How many Pages of Report File should be a Class 12 Business Studies Project 2023-24? There should be a minimum of 25-30 Pages.

Q4. When to submit the Business Studies Report File? At the time of CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Practical Exams, students are supposed to carry their project file, from which the examiner will ask VIVA questions.

Q5. How to prepare for the Class 12 Business Studies Project?

For preparing the Business Studies project, students can refer to the CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Project Guide (2023-24) for all material required for the project guidelines.

Q6. Can we get a Class 12 Business Studies Project Topic Idea from the NCERT Books?

The NCERT books are the best option for choosing the Business Studies Project Topic. However, students can get help from teachers and the internet for writing the project.

Q7. Is it compulsory to prepare for the CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Project?

It is compulsory for students to prepare for the CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Project as it contains a 20 marks project file.

Q8. How to prepare for Class 12 Business Studies Project Viva-Voice?

First and foremost, it is important for students to do a thorough research on their respective topics and write only the information relevant to their class 12 Business Studies syllabus. Examiners tend to ask the questions related to the topic.

Q9. What are the important questions for Business Studies VIVA?

Prepare the topic thoroughly that you have chosen as most of the questions are project or syllabus related only.

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CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Project Topics 2024

Author : Palak Khanna

Updated On : March 22, 2024

Why Read This Article: Gain insights into the marking scheme, potential Class 12 Business Studies Project Topics CBSE, and best practices for CBSE Class 12 Business Studies projects to ensure optimal learning and good scores in project work.

As part of the holistic learning approach, the CBSE Class 12 Business Studies curriculum includes project wor k.

These projects enable students to apply theoretical concepts to real-world situations, fostering a practical understanding of business and commerce.

The board suggests a couple of Class 12 Business Studies Project Topics CBSE you can choose to work on your project that carries 20 marks in the final exam.

Let’s check the Class 12 Business Studies Project Topics CBSE suggested by the board of CBSE.

Download Free Study Material for CBSE 2024 by SuperGrads

Objective of CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Project Topics 2024

Following their completion of the Business Studies project work, students will be able to:

Gain exposure to the operational environment in the field of business management and related services.
Develop a practical approach by utilizing modern technologies.
Inculcate critical abilities such as teamwork, problem-solving, time management, and the collection, processing, analysis, and synthesis of relevant data to arrive at insightful conclusions.
Become actively involved in the study process and show off their independence-working skills.
Make learning entertaining so you will remember it.

Class 12 Business Studies Project Topics CBSE 2024

In order to give pupils a solid understanding of the concepts and procedures pertaining to business (trade and industry), as well as their interaction with society, the course in business studies is introduced at the senior school level.

Business is a dynamic process that combines human initiative, natural resources, and technology in a continually shifting international environment.

Project Work has been added to the Business Studies Syllabus for Classes XI and XII by the CBSE in order to help students better grasp the context in which a business functions and how it interacts with the social, economic, technological, and legal environment.

Choosing a relevant and engaging topic is essential for a successful project. Here are some potential topics for consideration:

CBSE business studies project class 12 on marketing management topics are as follows -

CBSE business studies project for class 12 topics - Project One: Elements of Business Environment
Topics for business studies project for class 12 CBSE- Project Two: Principles of Management
Business studies marketing project topics for class 12 CBSE Project Three: Stock Exchange
CBSE class 12 business studies project on business environment topics Project Four: Marketing

Check: Courses after 12th Commerce

Presentation and Submission of Project Report

At the end of the stipulated term, each student will prepare and submit his/her project report.

The following essentials are required to be fulfilled for its preparation and submission.

1. The total length of the project will be 25 to 30 pages.

2. The project should be handwritten.

3. The project should be presented in a neat folder.

4. The project report should be developed in the following sequence-

The cover page should include the title of the Project, student information, school and year.
List of contents
Acknowledgements and preface (acknowledging the institution, the places visited and the persons who have helped).
Introduction.
Topic with a suitable heading.
Planning and activities are done during the project, if any.
Observations and findings of the visit.
Conclusions (summarized suggestions or findings, the future scope of the study).
Photographs (if any).
Appendix
Teacher’s observation.
Signatures of the teachers.
At the completion of the evaluation of the project, it should be punched in the centre so that the report may not be reused but is available for reference only.
The project will be returned after evaluation. The school may keep the best projects.

Check: CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Syllabus

How to prepare for CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Project 2024?

Preparing for the Class 12 Business Studies project involves a combination of research, organization, and presentation. Here's a step-by-step guide to help you effectively navigate this task:

Choose Your Topic Wisely

Select a topic that genuinely interests you. This will make the research process engaging rather than tedious.

Ensure the topic is relevant and aligns with the CBSE curriculum.

Understand the Project Objectives

Clearly define what you aim to achieve with the project. This will act as a roadmap throughout your work.

Check: Class 12 Business Studies Important Questions

Research Thoroughly

Use textbooks, online resources, libraries, and newspapers for your research.

When sourcing information from the internet, ensure the websites are credible.

If your topic requires, conduct surveys, interviews, or visit businesses.

Plan Your Structure

Begin with an introduction that outlines the purpose and significance of your study.

Clearly segment your project with headings and subheadings, such as objectives, research methodology, data analysis, conclusions, and recommendations.

Check: CUET Business Studies Syllabus

Data Collection and Analysis

Depending on the nature of your project, collect primary data (through surveys or interviews) and/or secondary data (from existing resources).

Use graphs, charts, and tables for a visual representation of your findings. This enhances clarity and makes the project visually appealing.

Drafting and Writing

Start by creating a rough draft. This helps you organize your thoughts and findings.

Keep your language clear and concise. Remember, the aim is to communicate your findings effectively.

Check: Class 12 Business Studies Sample Papers

Cite Your Sources

Always give credit to your sources of information. This avoids issues of plagiarism and showcases the authenticity of your work.

Practice Your Presentation

You'll likely need to present your project and undergo a viva. Familiarize yourself thoroughly with your content.

Prepare for potential questions that teachers might ask during the viva.

Review and Proofread

Before finalizing, review your work. Check for grammatical errors, ensure data accuracy, and see if the project flows logically.

Feedback Loop

It's always a good idea to have a peer, teacher, or mentor review your project. They might offer a fresh perspective or catch errors you missed.

Check: How to study Business Studies Class 12

Final Presentation

Use tools like PowerPoint for your presentation, if required.

Ensure that your written report is neatly bound and presented. First impressions do matter.

Check: Class 11 Business Studies Sample Papers

Be Ready for Feedback

After presenting, be open to feedback. This helps in learning and improving.

Tips:

Start early. Don't leave your project for the last minute. Spacing out your work will lead to better quality research and less stress.

Engage with the topic. A genuine interest will reflect in the quality of your work.

Business Studies equips individuals with skills that are applicable in a wide range of sectors and roles. The knowledge acquired often forms the foundation for successful careers in the dynamic world of business.

Marking Scheme of CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Project Topics 2024

The allocation of Marks for the CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Project is 20 Marks.

The marks will be allocated under the following heads:

Check: CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Viva Questions

Conclusion

The CBSE Class 12 Business Studies project is an opportunity for students to dive deep into the business realm and understand its nuances. Selecting a compelling topic and following the marking scheme not only secures good marks but also provides knowledge and insights into the world of commerce.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Can I choose a topic not listed in the CBSE guidelines?

Is it necessary to have primary data for the project?

Are group projects allowed?

Can I use digital tools for my project?

How do I prepare for the viva?

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Home / Blog / CBSE Class 12th Business Studies Project Guide (2023-24)

CBSE Class 12th Business Studies Project Guide (2023-24)

Last Updated on Dec 19, 2023

Business Studies is one of the main subjects in commerce stream class 12. It provides an extensive array of advanced information and concepts related to business. It provides a piece of good knowledge related to the subject that influences the growth, development, and earnings of a business. Students of class 12 are required to prepare a Report File on a subject to be submitted during practical.The practical for the subject is conducted before the main board exams in February. They will submit a report file to the respective teacher in the practical exam. Class 12 Business Studies Project will help students attain the practical knowledge of what they learned in theoretical class. In this business study project guide, you will read about necessary details like project guidelines, weightage, topics to consider, etc.

Furthermore, you can also check the CBSE Class 12 Economics Project Guide 2023-24.

Class 12th CBSE Business Study Project guidelines 2023-24

Class 12 commerce stream students need to pick a topic related to the subject and prepare a report file on it. You can choose any unit out of four from the subject.
Class 12th Business Studies Project file will be done by every student after discussing it with the teacher.
While preparing the project report for BST, they will discuss it with the teacher for supervision at every stage of the submission.
They can ask for study material or suggestions from the teacher to create a report file for their project.
Students have to do complete research on the chosen topic before beginning the project. The VIVA will be based on it, and research will help during the VIVA exam.
They have to make a project from scratch and not buy readymade projects.

Must Check CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Sample Paper 2023-24.

Marking scheme of CBSE class 12th Business Studies Project Work 2023-24

The business Studies project for class 12 CBSE is of 20 marks, including one project file and the VIVA exam. Teachers will allot marks to students based on the assessment specification provided by the CBSE board. Students need to ensure they do well in all 4 points of the project to get full marks. The table below shows the marking scheme of the Class 12th Business Studies Project.

Class 12th VIVI of Business Studies Project 2023-24

Viva for Class 12th Business Studies Project is an important part of the practical exam. It carries 4 marks out of 20 marks on the practical exam. The VIVA exam will be conducted on the basis of the report file prepared by the student. It is to assess the understanding and knowledge of students about the subject, report, and analysis. Students are required to study well and conduct good research while preparing their projects. They can prepare for the viva exam by going through FAQs related to the topic.

Objectives of CBSE Class 12th Business Studies Project 2023-24

The objective of a Business Studies project for class 12 CBSE is-

To develop an interest in practical and theoretical topics of business studies.
To make them familiar with the theoretical foundations of business operations.
To help them appreciate the social and economic significance of business activity.

Class 12th CBSE Business Studies Project Work Ideas 2023-24

The project of Business Studies is an important part of the syllabus. It is of 20 marks in total and consists of a report file and a viva exam. CBSE has assigned 4 important topics for the Class 12 Business Studies Project. They can make a project on any one topic mentioned below-

Business Studies class 12 project on principles of management
Class 12th Business Studies project on marketing management
Business Studies class 12 project on Elements of Business Environment
Business Studies class 12 project on the Stock Exchange

Here are some ideas for the Class 12th Business Studies Project-

Child Labour in India
Corporate Social Responsibility
Stock Exchange Report

How to Prepare the Class 12th Business Studies Project 2023-24?

Understanding syllabus- The first step to preparing a project is knowing your syllabus and the topics covered in it. Go through the CBSE business studies syllabus to get a hint of concepts and topics.

Research- A thorough and deep research before starting on the project is mandatory. Research as much as possible on the topic you selected. Refer to books, online resources, journals, and articles to learn more about it.

Don’t skip guidelines- Students must follow the guidelines provided by CBSE while preparing the Class 12 Business Studies Project.

Planning and organizing- When you begin a project, plan it to be on time during submission. Research, writing, and editing require time.

Ask for help- If they face any difficulty while making a project, they must ask for help from a teacher. It will help them save time.

1. How to prepare for the Class 12th Business Studies Project?

Understand the syllabus, choose a topic, research it, and follow the format and guidelines to prepare the project.

2. Can we get a Class 12th Business Studies Project Topic Idea from the NCERT Books?

Yes. Students need to make a business studies project on 1 out of 4 units from the syllabus.

3. Is it compulsory to prepare for the CBSE Class 12th Business Studies Project?

Yes. The project is worth 20 marks and is a mandatory part of the syllabus.

4. How to prepare for Class 12th Business Studies Project Viva-Voice?

The VIVA will be based on the project report. Make sure you research it and read it carefully.

5. What are the important questions for Business Studies VIVA?

The objective of the report, the significance of the topic, challenges you faced during project making, how your project topic helps to understand the subject, and what it implicates are a few basic questions asked during the viva.

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CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Project Topics 2024

Manali Ganguly ,

Mar 4, 2024

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CBSE Class 12 Business Studies project topics 2024 are Elements of Business Environment, Stock Exchange,Principles of Business Management, and Marketing. A viva is conducted on the project report. The report including the viva carries 20 marks.

CBSE Class 12 Business Studies project topics 2024 includes the Elements of Business Environment, Principles of Business Management, Stock Exchange, and Marketing. The project report for CBSE 12th board exams carries 20 marks. The students are helped by the teachers in the selection of the project topics.

The project report is included in the CBSE curriculum to give a practical knowledge of what the students read throughout the year. The students are supposed to visit the fields and organisations while creating the report which exposes them to the professional market as well, apart from increasing their knowledge on the topic.

Table of Contents

Project 1: Elements of Business Environment

Project 2: principles of business management, project 3: stock exchange, project 4: marketing, project report: presentation, submission, cbse class 12 business studies project: marks distribution, how to choose cbse class 12 business studies project topics 2024.

The students must work on the following topics as suggested by the Central Board of Secondary Education:

The students must choose one of the topics given below, under the supervision of teachers.

The alterations that the system of packaging has undergone in recent years. How has this impacted the economy?
Why did Coca Cola and Fanta change to Thums up and Campa Cola in the 70s and then Pepsi and Coke in the 80s?
How has there been a change in the role of women in the last 25 years, with respect to joint family, nuclear family, and women being the bread winners for the family.
The change in the pattern of export and import.
The rate of change of interest rates and an effect of the same on the savings.
Child labour laws.
The laws regulating the establishment of industries and the licences necessary for setting up the business.
The anti plastic campaign
What are the social factors that contribute to the acceptance or rejection of a particular product?
How can an environmental change affect the services in a particular place?

Also Read: CBSE Class 12th Business Studies Syllabus 2023-24: Download PDF

The students must visit any of the below mentioned places to complete the project:

Industrial Unit
Departmental Store
Fast Food Outlet
Any place suggested by the teacher

This project must contain the following components:

Graphical representation for the share prices for different companies or organisations on varying dates.
How factors like festivals, seasons, and human and natural disasters affect a share’s market value?
How does the market value of a share undergo change with change in the policies and the political environment?
Identify the top 10 out of 25 companies based on the market value of shares, irrespective of profit and loss.

Also Read: Business Studies Class 12th Notes

The students can create take any product or service and create a report keeping in mind the following points:

The product or service type and the process involved.
Brand name.
Product range.
Logo or identification mark.
Packaging and labelling.
Product price and the factors that are considered while fixing the price.
Channels of distribution and reason for selection of the same.
Warehousing and transportation of the product.
Promotional techniques applied.
Grading of the product and standardisation.

Also Read: CBSE Class 12 Books 2024: Download NCERT PDFs for All Subjects

The students must submit the project report at the end of the term. The project report report must essentially be made keeping in mind the following points:

The project must be written in hand.
The project must be neat and give a clear flow of information.
The cover page must include the information about the student such as the name, school, and year of submission.
A page must be dedicated to ‘Contents’.
The project report must contain an acknowledgement and a preface.
A page must contain the ‘Introduction’.
The topic must be written with a beautiful and catchy heading.
The plan and activities implemented in the project must also be written in the project report.
The observations must be listed down.
The project must have a page dedicated to ‘Conclusion’.
The appendix to the project must be included in the report.

Also Read: CBSE Class 12th Accountancy Syllabus 2023-24: Download PDF

The marks distribution for the project report is done considering a few elements. The scheme of distribution of marks has been shared below:

The CBSE class 12 students can consider the below mentioned points while selecting the topic of the project:

Wise Selection of Topic: The selection of the topic must be done very carefully. A topic must be chosen that the student finds interesting to work on. This will enhance their effort and outcome of the project.
Understand the Objective of the Project: In order to work on a project, it is crucial to understand the aims and objectives of the same. This will give a dimension to the project.
Structural Planning: Planning the structure of the project is crucial as this keeps the flow and connectivity between the different sections of the project.
Thorough Research Work: It is crucial to carry out a good research on the project-topic from reliable and authentic resources.
Creating a Rough Draft: Without investing much time in this part, a rough draft must be created prior to starting the project report. This will give directions to the project.
Collection and Analysis of Data: Data must be collected methodically and an analysis of the data must be done through graphs.
Citing the Resources: This is a very crucial part of the project. Proper citation and referencing is mandatory.
Proofreading and Reviewing: The project report must be revised thoroughly and proofread before final submission.

Also Read: CBSE Subject Codes for Class 12: Check Subject-Wise Code List

What is the total marks allotted to the Business Studies project in CBSE class 12?

How much marks is allotted to viva in CBSE class 12 Business Studies project?

What are the project topics for Business Studies in CBSE class 12?

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Class 12 (CBSE) project on principles of management (Business studies)

December 10, 2018 by studymumbai Leave a Comment

The students are required to visit any one of the following: A departmental store, An Industrial unit, A fast food outlet, Any other organization approved by the teacher. They are required to observe the application of the general principles of management advocated by Henri Fayol .

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I chose to visit branch of the Fast Food Outlet – Mc Donalds. It took me 3-4 viits of Mc Donalds’ to observe and analyse the application of Fayol’s 14 principles of management. For this, I took an interview of the Branch Manager, survey of employees of Mc Donalds and also of the customers visiting the outlet, so as to know their respective views regarding the organisation’s management. It also gave me an idea of customer’s expectation and views with respect to management. Overall, it was a great learning experience doing the project.

Mc Donalds: Case Study

Type: public Company Industry: Restaurants Founded Mc Donalds Corporation, April 15, 1955 in Desplaines, Illinois. Founder(s): Richard and Maurice Mc Donalds (Mc donalds Restaurant Concept) Ray Kroc (Mc Donalds corporation founder)

Headquarters: Mc Donalds Plaza, located in Oka Brook, Illinois, U.S. No of locations: 33,000+ worldwide Products: Fast food e.g hamburger, french fries, soft drinks, coffee, milk shakes, etc.

Revenue: US $24.075 billion Net Income: US $4.949 billion Total Assets: US $31.975 billion Total Equity: US $14.634 billion

Employees: 4,00,000

Mc Donalds corporation is the worlds largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants, serving customers daily in over hundred countries around the world.

A Mc Donalds restaurant is operated by either a franchisee or by an affiliate of the corporation. The corporation’s revenues come from the rent, royalties and fee paid by the franchises as well as sales in company-operated restaurants.

Mc Donalds’ primarily sells hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken burgers, french fries, soft drinks and milk shakes. In response to changing consumer tastes, the company has expanded its menu to include salads, wraps, smoothies and fruits.

Mc Donalds’ restaurants offer both counter service and drive-through service, with indoor as well as sometimes outdoor seating.

Mc Donalds certainly practices this principle of management as its employees are divided into departments that match their capabilities and expertise in order to produce effectively and efficiently. it is important that people who have an ability or special talent are placed at the correct department in order to maximize that ability as specialisation.

The company has a number of departments: Human Resource Department, Payroll Department, Property Department, Complaint Department, Marketing Department, etc. which subsequently leads to better work for the same effort.

Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest

This principle “Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest” is unquestionably followed in the organisation named Mc Donalds.

Employees are required to follow and implement the same plans and policies which are laid down by the apex level of hierarchy i.e. the top management. The interests of employees are not given priority over the interest of the organisation, which is accountable to a large number of stake holders – society, customers, owners, etc. All of these are to be dealt with. So, their interests cannot be ignored but are well taken care of. The employees who want to exert pressure on the organization or want to pursue their interests at the cost of the organisation are counselled.

Unity of Direction

This principle is definitely practiced in Mc Donalds. The overall objective of this organisation is to maintain its position as No 1 in the market, also the people working in various departments believe in achieving the target sales and production assigned to the respective departments. This enables the employees of the organization to stay on track and perform at their best if they are aimed at one specific objective. These following principles prove to be stepping stone to success for Mc Donalds.

Mc Donalds’ unquestionably applies this principle of management because the reputation of Mc Donalds and the variety of meals it provides are enough to prove it. A fast food outlet cannt achieve the position in the hearts of people which Mc Donalds has.

So good discipline is quite essential in any organisation.

The interview with the Manager of Mc Donalds and the survey I conducted for the employee helped me realize that there are clear and fair agreements regarding the hours of work and criterion for leave taking, which is an essential attribute of the principLe – DISCIPLINE.

Remuneration

The interview I conducted with the Branch Manager of Mc Donalds helped me realize that the principle of employees is being applied there. According to him, the salaries that they provide to their employees are adequate in relation to the tasks/job they perform. It may not give them a reasonable standard of living but is fair, justifiable and reasonable.

Unity of Command

‘Unity of command’ principle of management is unquestionably being practiced in Mc Donalds. As per the organisational structure of Mc Donalds, there is a clear superior authority for each and every subordinate working there.

For example, for employees of a branch, their superior is the Branch Manager and the Branch manager in turn is accountable to the other top level authorities.

Therefore, it is evident that each subordinate has to take orders from one and only one superior. Thus the principle ensures that there is no confusion on the part of employees, regarding whose tasks are to be done. This, subsequently, helps in avoiding conflicts between superiors and subordinates and leads to smooth function of the organisation.

Espirit De Corps

This principle is undoubtedly being followed in Mc Donalds. As per the information provided by the Branch Manager, the reason why it is such a huge success today is because of the harmony and unity within the organisation itself. Though it has clear lines of authority, it still promotes unity and harmony among its employees and staff. It is indeed necessary in any organisation because being too rigid would not bring out the best out of the members of an organisation.

Mc Donalds has grown into such a success today because of the contribution of each and every employee and when an organisation works enthusiastically and is built like a family, I personally feel it would reach heights and that is exactly what Mc Donalds has accomplished. Promoting spirit De Corps by superiors in an organization is a key to strong foundation and future triumph of the organisation.

Stability of Personnel

The organisational structure of Mc Donalds, being centralised, does not give flexibility to employees regarding initiative. Moreover, most of the employees work in the organisation on part time and the job agreements are on ad-hoc basis only. There are only a handful of employees who work as full time. Although employees are given a reasonable time to show results, yet they love to face frequent transfers in other branches which consequently has an adverse effect on the productivity and efficiency of employees. So, some of them who find it inconvenient tend to leave and the cycle for search of new employee thereby begins.

Centralisation and Decentralisation

Mc Donalds uses a predominantly centralised structure to ensure that control is maintained over their thousands of outlets. The need to ensure consitency of customers experience and quality of each location outlet is the main reason. It makes it easier for them to implement common policies and practices for the business as a whole and makes it easier for Mc Donalds to coordinate and control from the centre e.g. in case of deciding budgets for an year.

Although it helps them achieve economies of scale, violating this principle has certain adverse effects, such as:

It leads to delay in decision making. Strict control at the top management does not allow the Branch manager or employees to take initiative. It lowers the importance of an employee or subordinate, which consequently lowers the sense of belonging ness towards the organisation.

Scalar Chain

the principle of “Scalar Chain” propounded by Fayol is not followed in Mc Donalds within each branch, there is one and only one superior/boss – the Branch Manager, to whom all the employees of the respective branch are accountable. He is the only superior to be consulted and to seek advice from. Thus, the chain of superior and subordinates becomes invalid in this case. Be it an emergency or a casual message, the General Manager is to be told about the same.

Authority and Responsibilities

Fayol’s principle of “Authority & Responsibility” is practiced in Mc Donalds’. Each employee or subordinate is given adequate authority to perform their respective tasks along with the responsibility to complete it on time. For example, the cook is given a standard time to prepare a certain dish and is given authority on requisition of all things he/she requires for this purpose. Therefore, the employees are given authority and responsibility in balance, which is required by the principle.

‘Initiative’ principles of Management is particularly applied in Mc Donalds’ as all the employees of this organisation are departmentalized according to their expertise with a clear superior to report to and seek advice from. But employees to do not possess flexibility to come up with new and innovative ideas. Before a certain decision is actually made on the execution of the ideas, the central authority’s permission is essential. However violation of this principle has certain disadvantages as well, such as frustration among the employees, employees will not work to the best of their abilities if they are not consulted while making plans, etc.

According to the survey I conducted for the employees and the customoers of M’c Donalds and the interview with the manager, the 14 principles propounded by Henri Fayol regarding Management are mostly applicable in case of Mc Donalds.

Mc Donalds follows Division of Work. Authority and Responsibility, Equity, Order, Discipline, Remuneration, Subordination of individual interest to general interest, Unity of command, Unity of direction, and Espirt de corps.

It partially follows initiative principle and does not follow Scalar Chain Centralisation and Decentralisation and Stability of Personnel principle.

According to me, Mc Donalds has become more stringent towards the application of these principles in its general administration and it has been rightly said – “Management to the life giving element of every business; without it, the resources of production will only remain resources and shall never become production.

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Principles of Management Class 12 Notes CBSE Business Studies Chapter 2 (Free PDF Download)
Revision Notes

Download Free PDF of Revision Notes for CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 2

Revision Notes for Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 2 Principle of Management are provided here as per the new syllabus prescribed by CBSE. The Revision Notes are very helpful for students in their preparation for examinations. Students should go through these important questions of Chapter 2 - Principle of Management with solutions to score better in the exam.

These notes are written by subject experts keeping in mind the CBSE guidelines. Students can download the PDF of NCERT class 12 revision notes of Business Studies chapter 2 free of cost. These notes are written to impart accurate and reliable knowledge to the students free of cost. Students can achieve an in-depth understanding of Principles of Management after going through business studies class 12 chapter 2 revision notes.

In the Chapter Principle of Management, important concepts of Business Studies are discussed. The solutions are prepared by our subject matter experts in easy language so that students can grab the complex concepts of Business Studies easily through solutions.

Download CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Revision Notes 2024-25 PDF

Also, check CBSE Class 12 Business studies revision notes for other chapters:

Related Chapters

Access Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 2 - Principles of Management Notes

A principle is a statement which provides a guide to thought and action. Principle serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behaviour or for a chain of reasoning.

Principles of Management

Principles of management are broad and fundamental truths that establish a relation between cause and their effects.

These principles serve as guidelines for managerial decision-making and their course of action.

It is through principles that management predicts the result of their actions.

Management principles are not as rigid as principles of science as it deals with human behaviour and thus are to be applied creatively as the situation demands.

Nature of Principles of Management

The nature of principles of management is given below:

Universality: Principles of management have universal validity. These are applicable to all types of organisations, business as well as non-business, small as well as large enterprises and at different levels of authority. As these principles are universal, it can be applied in different managerial situations.

Human Behaviour: Management has to deal with human behaviour, therefore the principles aim at influencing human behaviour. They are general guidelines to action and can be applied according to the situation as they are based on complex human behaviour which cannot be controlled.

Created by Practice and Experimentation: Scientists through research, experiments, knowledge and expertise have developed the principles. The principles are used to solve different managerial problems with the help of observation, analysis and experience.

Dynamic & Flexible: These principles are not rigid and can be adapted and modified by the practising managers depending upon the situation and changes in the business environment. They are flexible and dynamic in nature.

Cause and Effect Relationship: They establish a relationship between cause and effect so that they can be used in different situations.

Contingent: The principles are relative and not absolute. Depending upon the current situation at a certain point of time, the principles are applied.

Significance of the Principles of Management

Providing Managers with Useful Insights into Reality: Through principles of management, managers get insights of real work situations. Use of principles will increase their knowledge, ability and understanding of various managerial situations and circumstances.

Optimum Utilisation of Resources and Effective Administration: Optimum utilisation of resources means maximum benefit with minimum cost. The principles have been developed from experience of various experts so as to improve managerial efficiency. The principles guide managers to work in a systematic way without wastage of time and resources so as to avail maximum benefit.

Scientific Decisions: Decisions must be based on facts, and should be justified in terms of intended purpose. They should be realistic, practical, and able to be measured and evaluated. Principles are free from bias and prejudice.

Meeting the Changing Environmental Requirements: Principles of Management are flexible and dynamic in nature and thus help the organisation to achieve its goal even in the changing business environment.

Fulfilling Social Responsibility: Principles of management also provides direction to the managers in fulfilling social responsibilities along with helping them in achieving organisational goals. Principles help managers to make optimum use of human and material resources. With efficient use of resources, there is an improvement in the quality of work and an increase in the standard of living of the society.

Management Training, Education and Research: Principles of management are an important aspect for managers and are helpful in enhancing their knowledge, which forms the basis for management training and research.

Taylor’s Scientific Management

“Scientific management is the art of knowing exactly what you want your men to do and then seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way.” — F.W. Taylor

F.W. Taylor also known as ‘Father of Scientific Management’ was the first expert to lay down the foundation of management as a science consisting of fundamental principles and use of these scientific methods to solve managerial problems.

Principles of Scientific Management:

The basic principles of scientific management are as follows:

Science, Not Rule of Thumb: Each and every task performed in an organisation should be based on a scientific study and analysis instead of the hit and trial method. There should be a scientific plan along with standardised equipment to do work efficiently and effectively. Hence to simplify the tasks, and promote ease in its performance, new techniques and methods need to be developed and the management should not keep using the age-old methods and techniques.

Harmony, Not Discord: There should be complete harmony between management and workers in order to achieve the organisational goals. It implies that there should be a healthy working environment. In order to respect each other’s roles and avoid any kind of conflict, Taylor brought a complete revolution in management policies (Mental Revolution).

Cooperation, Not Individualism: There should be complete cooperation and coordination between the labour and management so as to achieve organisational goals instead of individualism. Constructive suggestions from employees must be encouraged which will also refrain workers from going on a strike and making unreasonable demands.

Development of Each and Every Person to His or Her Greatest Efficiency and Prosperity: Taylor suggested management on scientific planning of operational work and that the workers should focus on the performance of quality work. The principle suggests taking action for the development of competencies of all people working in the organisation.

They should be selected through a proper scientific process and should be given rigorous training and thereafter as per the ability of the person, work should be assigned. This will increase the overall productivity by utilising the skills of the workers completely.

Techniques of Scientific Management

Functional Foremanship: Functional foremanship is a technique in which planning and execution are considered different. Supervision is divided into several specialised functions and each function is to be entrusted to a foreman. This principle is an extension of Fayol’s principle of division of work and specialisation. It takes place through eight personnel, namely divided under heads Planning and Production Incharge:

Planning Incharge

Instruction Card Clerk

Route Clerk

Time and Cost Clerk

Disciplinarian.

Production Incharge

Repair Boss

Standardisation and Simplification of Work: Standardisation refers to the process of developing standards for every business activity in order to maximise output. Simplification is a process to remove unessential varieties, sizes of products or services. The cost of labour, machines and tools can be saved through simplification and standardisation. It leads to optimum utilisation of resources and an increase in turnover.

Method Study: The purpose of the method study is to find out one the best possible way of doing the job in order to attain maximum efficiency and for optimum utilisation of resources and to improve quality and satisfaction of customers.

Motion Study: It is the science of identifying and eliminating wasteful movements in the process of work resulting from unnecessary, incidental and unproductive motions of the workers. This will help to complete the task in less time.

Time Study: It determines the standard time needed to perform a well-defined job. The objective of the time study is to determine the number of workers to be employed, frame suitable incentive schemes & determine labour costs.

Fatigue Study: A fatigue study determines the time and frequency of rest intervals in completing an assigned task. Workers will be able to replenish their lost energy during rest time, avoiding accidents, rejections, and industrial illness.

Differential Piece Wage System: This differentiates efficient and inefficient workers and links wages and productivity. The standard output per day is established and two-piece rates are used: higher for those who achieve equal to or more than standard output i.e. efficient workers and lower rates for the inefficient and slow-paced workers. Thus, efficient workers will be rewarded & inefficient will be motivated to improve their performance.

For example, the standard output per worker per day is 20 units and the workers who produce more than the standard will get Rs. 100 per unit and the ones who will produce less than the standard will be paid Rs. 80 per unit. An efficient worker making 21 units will get 21x100= Rs. 2100 per day whereas a worker who makes 18 units will get 18×80 = Rs. 1440 per day. The difference of Rs 660 will motivate the inefficient worker to work more efficiently and get higher wages.

Fayol’s Principles of Management

Henry Fayol, a French Industrialist through his experience and study developed the general theory of management. He suggested fourteen principles of management.

Principles of Management Developed by Fayol

Division of Work: Division of work means division of the total task into smaller jobs and allocating it to employees. The entire work is divided into small tasks and a trained specialist who is competent enough to perform that job does each work. Thus, it results in greater efficiency, specialisation and increased productivity.

For example, to open a bank account, there are different counters in a bank, and each employee handles a different task in the same procedure.

Authority and Responsibility: Authority refers to the power or right to take decisions and get the work done whereas responsibility refers to the obligation to complete the job assigned on time.

These two always go hand in hand. Mere responsibility without authority makes an executive less interested in discharging duties. Similarly, giving authority without assigning responsibility may lead to misuse of power.

Discipline: Discipline means obedience, respect of authority and following the rules and regulations. It is necessary to ensure a smooth working environment in an organisation. Good supervision at all levels and an established system of penalties will help to maintain discipline in the organisation.

Unity of Command: According to Fayol, for every individual employee there should be only one superior who can assign him responsibilities and to whom he is accountable. This will avoid confusion, conflict and duplication of work.

For example, an employee is asked by one superior to accept only cash payments, while the other superior asks him to accept both cash and credit card payments. Hence, no unity of command is there, which adds confusion to the employee’s mind.

Unity of Direction: All the units of an organisation should move towards the same objectives through coordinated and focused efforts. There should be only one head and one plan for a group of individuals having the same objective. Hence the unity of action is ensured through this principle.

Difference Between Unity of Command and Unity of Direction

Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest: The interest of an organisation should take priority over the interest of any individual employee. In simple words, the organisation's interest needs to be prioritised over individual interest.

For example, the organisational objective to achieve a certain objective should be prioritised over an individual’s personal objective to get higher salary with lowest work.

Remuneration of Employees: All the employees working in the organisation should have fair pay and compensation. To establish a reasonable standard of living, the employees should be given fair wages. The remuneration should be according to the paying capacity of the organisation.

Centralisation and Decentralisation: Centralisation means concentration of decisions making authority with centre, whereas its dispersal among more than one person is Decentralisation. No organisation can be completely centralised or completely decentralised, so a balance of both must be created.

Scalar Chain: The formal lines of authority and flow of communication between superiors and subordinates from the highest to the lowest ranks is known as scalar chain. This chain should not be violated but in case of emergency employees at the same level can contact through GangPlank by informing their immediate superiors in order to make quick communications.

Such as in the diagram, normally there is a certain route followed like by superior A to employee B, C, D or to employee G, H and I for communication but in case of emergency an employee C can communicate with employee H( because of same level), this is an exception to scalar chain, called as GangPlank.

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Order: In an organisation, there must be material and social order. According to Fayol “People and material should be in suitable places at appropriate times for maximum efficiency”. Material order means a place for everything and everything in the right place and social order means a place for everyone and everyone should be at their designated place.

Equity: Management should treat employees with justice and equality. Good sense and experience are needed to ensure fairness to all employees who should be treated as fairly as possible without any sort of discrimination. Hence, irrelevant favouritism or penalties should be avoided.

Stability of Personnel: To preserve organisational efficiency, employee turnover should be kept to a minimum. Personnel should be chosen and appointed after a thorough selection process, and the chosen person should be retained for a certain amount of time to let the employee demonstrate results, as learning and getting accustomed to a new job takes time.

Initiative: Workers should be motivated to develop and implement improvement plans. Initiative means taking the first step with self-motivation. It entails formulating and carrying out a strategy.

Esprit De Corps: Management should foster team spirit, unity and harmony among employees. Hence efforts should be made to ensure group cohesion in the organisation.

Fayol versus Taylor

Class 12 business studies principles of management revision notes.

A lot depends on your class 12 board exams score. Not only that these are foundational years for your higher studies in the field of Business and commerce. By going through NCERT solutions chapter 2 class 12 Business Studies revision notes PDF students will achieve a clear and logical understanding of all the concepts of the chapter.

Important Topics Covered in the Chapter - Principles of Management

Some important topics covered in Business Studies are as follows.

Principles of Management.

Significance.

Fayol’s principles of management.

Taylor’s scientific management.

Taylor’s management principles and techniques.

In order to give the students a step-by-step introduction to Principles of Management, Vedantu experts developed Revision Notes of this chapter of Class 12. The NCERT curriculum was carefully followed in the creation of all the content and solutions for Principles of Management Class 12 Revision Notes, allowing the students to use the content to get ready for the test.

FAQs on Principles of Management Class 12 Notes CBSE Business Studies Chapter 2 (Free PDF Download)

1. What is the significance of the Principles of Management?

These principles allow the manager to make the correct decisions at the correct time and is a learning process for the manager every time.

It is the responsibility of the manager to ensure the optimum use of all the resources and the workforce to achieve the organisation’s goal.

Decisions made should be scientific meaning they should be free from any personal bias.

Decision-making should be dynamic to ensure proper functioning during changing times.

Employees and managers should undergo proper training from time to time to ensure growth and smooth functioning of the organisation as a whole.

2. What are the Principles of Management developed by Taylor?

Taylor developed a scientific approach in his principles of management.

Any decision that is made should be made with scientific backing and not with a swing and miss method but we still should keep experimenting with new processes to incorporate any better changes.

Employees and employers should work in harmony to achieve the organisation’s goal to encourage respect among each other and eliminate conflicts.

Cooperation is the key to an organisation’s growth and success.

Every employee is important for the organisation and therefore time and effort should be put into improving the efficiency of each individual.

3. Where can you find important questions of Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 2?

You can find chapter-wise important questions in Business Studies on Vedantu. You can visit the Vedantu website (vedantu.com) for chapter-wise important questions of Class 12 Business Studies. These questions have appeared in previous year’s question papers. Along with the questions, you will get detailed answers which will help you to learn and understand the topics thoroughly and also get an idea about how to write the answers in your Class 12 Business Studies board exam easily.

4. What do you mean by management principles?

Management principles are helpful for managers as it allows them to make informed decisions and manage tasks accordingly. It is based on the principles of truth where it performs the role of a guide through which one can brainstorm ideas and thoughts. They can manage it economically, efficiently, and effectively. To survive in this competitive world, principle management plays a major role as it helps in creating a balanced and calculative approach. To revise these concepts, students can download the revision notes free of cost.

5. “Principles of management achieve results economically.” Explain.?

The principle of management sets some goal-oriented objectives. They are appreciated as it involves the strategy of all the employees. When an employee's strategy is involved in decision-making, they get motivated and consider the objective of the company as their objective. This way they give their best to achieve the target and objective. The output they give increases, which decreases the cost per unit which ultimately increases the profit.

6. Are the revision notes for Chapter 2 of Class 12 Business Studies important for students?

Yes, Revision Notes for Chapter 2 of Class 12 Business Studies is important for students as they have to give board exams in Class 12, which is very crucial from a future perspective. Students get into their dream colleges based on their percentage in Class 12. Board examinations are based on NCERT and having all the important questions and notes of this chapter is important to score well in the examination. You can find the revision notes and important questions of Chapter 2 of Class 12 Business Studies on the Vedantu website as well as the app.

7. Explain the principle of unity of direction.

Unity of direction as the name suggests depicts that there should be one senior over a particular objective and the objective should have one plan which should be executed. This unity helps in creating coordination and similar interest of people who are connected with the objective. The basics behind this thinking are that one idea should work for one objective and one person should head over one objective. If there are two different objectives then there should be two different people to head it.

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12 Business Studies notes Chapter 2 Principles of Management

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CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Revision Notes CHAPTER – 2 Principles of Management class 12 Notes Business Studies

A principle is a fundamental statement of truth that provides guidance to thought and action.

Principles of Management

Principles of management are broad and general guidelines for managerial decision making and behavior (i.e. they guide the practice of management).

Nature of Principles of Management

The nature of principles of management can be described in the following points:

1. Universal applicability i.e. they can be applied in all types of organizations, business as well as non-business, small as well as large enterprises.

2 . General Guidelines: They are general guidelines to action and decision making however they do not provide readymade solutions as the business environment is ever changing or dynamic.

3. Formed by practice and experimentation: They are developed after thorough research work on the basis of experiences of managers.

4 . Flexible: Which can be adapted and modified by the practicing managers as per the demands of the situations as they are man-made principles.

5 . Mainly Behavioural: Since the principles aim at influencing complex human behaviour they are behavioural in nature.

6. Cause and Effect relationship: They intend to establish relationship between cause & effect so that they can be used in similar situations.

7. Contingent: Their applicability depends upon the prevailing situation at a particular point of time. According to Terry, “Management principles are ‘capsules’ of selected management wisdom to be used carefully and discretely”.

Significance of the Principles of Management

The significance of principles of management can be derived from their utility which can be understood from the following points:

1. Providing managers with useful insights into reality: Management principles guide managers to take right decision at right time by improving their knowledge, ability and understanding of various managerial situations and circumstances.

2. Optimum utilization of resources and effective administration: Management principles facilitate optimum use of resources by coordinating

the physical, financial and human resources. They also help in better administration by discouraging personal prejudices and adopting an objective approach.

3. Scientific decisions: Decisions based on management principles tend to be more realistic, balanced and free from personal bias.

4 . Meeting the changing environmental requirements: Management principles provide an effective and dynamic leadership and help the organization to implement the changes.

5. Fulfilling social responsibility: Principles of management not only help in achieving organizational goals but also guide managers in performing social responsibilities. Example : “Equity” and “Fair” remuneration.

6. Management training, education and research : Management principles are helpful in identifying the areas in which existing and future managers should be trained. They also provide the basis for future research.

Fayol’s Principles of Management

About Henry Fayol: Henry Fayol (1841-1925) got degree in Mining Engineering and joined French Mining Company in 1860 as an Engineer. He rose to the position of Managing Director in 1988. When the company was on the verge of bankruptcy. He accepted the challenge and by using rich and broad administrative experience, he turned the fortune of the company. For his contributions, he is well known as the “Father of General Management”.

Principles of Management developed by Fayol

1. Division of work: Work is divided in small tasks/job and each work is done by a trained specialist which leads to greater efficiency, specialization, increased productivity and reduction of unnecessary wastage and movements.

2 . Authority and Responsibility: Authority means power to take decisions and responsibility means obligation to complete the job assigned on time. Authority and responsibility should go hand in hand. Mere responsibility without authority, makes an executive less interested in discharging his duties. Similarly giving authority without assigning responsibility makes him arrogant and there is fear of misuse of power.

3. Discipline: t is the obedience to organizational rules by the subordinates. Discipline requires good supervisors at all levels, clear and fair agreements and judicious application of penalties.

7 . Remuneration of Employees: The overall pay and compensation should be, fair to both employees and the organization. The wages should encourage the workers to work more and better. 6 . Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest: The interest of an organization should take priority over the interest of any one individual employee.

8. Centralization and Decentralization : Centralization means concentration of decisions making authority in few hands at top level. Decentralization means evenly distribution of power at every level of management. Both should be balanced as no organization can be completely centralized or completely decentralized.

11. Equity: The working environment of any organization should be free from all forms of discrimination (religion, language, caste, sex, belief or Basis Unity of Command Unity of Direction nationality) and principles of justice and fair play should be followed. No worker should be unduly favoured or punished.

12. Stability of Personnel: After being selected and appointed by rigorous procedure, the selected person should be kept at the post for a minimum period decided to show results.

13. Initiative: Workers should be encouraged to develop and carry out their plan for improvements. Initiative means taking the first step with self-motivation. It is thinking out and executing the plan.

14. Espirit De Corps: Management should promote team spirit, unity and harmony among employees. Management should promote a team work.

Taylor’s Scientific Management

Fredrick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) was a person who within a very short duration (1878-1884) rose from ranks of an ordinary apprentice to chief engineer in Midvale Steel Company, U.S.A. Taylor conducted a number of experiments and came to conclusion that workers were producing much less than the targeted standard task. Also, both the parties – Management and workers are hostile towards each other. He gave a number of suggestions to solve this problem and correctly propounded the theory of scientific management to emphasize the use of scientific approach in managing an enterprise instead of hit and trial method. For his contributions, he is well known as the “Father of the Scientific Management”. Scientific Management attempts to eliminate wastes to ensure maximum production at minimum cost.

Principles of Scientific Management

(1) Science, not rule of Thumb: There should be scientific study and analysis of each element of a job in order to replace the old rule of thumb approach or hit and miss method. We should be constantly experimenting to develop new techniques which make the work much simpler, easier and quicker.

(2) Harmony, Not discord: It implies that there should be mental revolution on part of managers and workers in order to respect each other’s role and eliminate any class conflict to realize organizational objectives.

(3) Cooperation not individualism: It is an extension of the Principle of Harmony not discord whereby constructive suggestions of workers should be adopted and they should not go on strike as both management and workers share responsibility and perform together.

1. Functional Foreman-ship: Functional foreman-ship is a technique in which planning and execution are separated. There are eight types of specialized, professionals, four each under planning and execution who keep a watch on all workers to extract optimum performance.

Planning Incharges:

1. Route Clerk to specify the exact sequence and route of production.

2. Instruction card clerk is responsible for drafting instructions for the workers.

3 . Time and cost clerk to prepare time and cost sheet for the job.

4. Shop Disciplinarian to ensure discipline and enforcement of rules and regulations among the workers.

Production Incharges:

1. Gang boss is responsible for keeping tools and machines ready for operation.

2. Speed boss is responsible for timely and accurate completion of job.

3. Repair boss to ensure proper working conditions of tools and machines.

4. Inspector to check quality of work.

2. Standardization and Simplification of work: Standardization refers to developing standards for every business activity whereas Simplification refers to eliminating superfluous varieties of product or service. It results in savings of cost of labour, machines and tools. It leads to fuller utilization of equipment and increase in turnover.

3. Method Study: The objective of method study is to find out one best way of doing the job to maximize efficiency in the use of materials, machinery, manpower and capital. (1) Which technique of scientific management is being violated here? (Hint: Functional Foreman ship.) (2) Write one consequence of this violation.

4. Motion Study: It is the science of eliminating wastefulness resulting from using unnecessary, ill-directed and inefficient motions by workers and machines to identify best method of work.

5 Time study: It determines the standard time taken to perform a well-defined job. The objective of time study is to determine the number of workers to be employed, frame suitable incentive schemes & determine labour costs.

6. Fatigue study: Fatigue study seeks to determine time and frequency of rest intervals in completing a task. The rest interval will enable workers to regain their lost stamina thereby avoiding accidents, rejections and industrial sickness.

7. Differential piece wage system: This system links wages and productivity. The standard output per day is established and two piece rates are used: higher for those who achieve upto and more than standard output i.e. efficient workers and lower for inefficient and slow workers. Thus, efficient workers will be rewarded & inefficient will be motivated to improve their performance.

For example: Standard task is 10 units. Rates are: Rs 50 per unit for producing 10 units or more and Rs 40 per unit for producing less than 10 units Worker A produces 11 Units; he gets Rs 550 (11 units x 50 per unit) Worker B produces 09 units; he gets Rs 360 (9 units x 40 per unit) This difference of Rs 190 will motivate B to perform better.

8. Mental Revolution: It involves a complete change in mental outlook and attitude of workers and management towards one another from competition to cooperation. The management should create pleasant working conditions & workers should work with devotion and loyalty. Instead of fighting over distribution of profits, they must focus attention on increasing it

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Marketing Management Project On Cars Manufacturing For Class 12 CBSE

Table of Contents

Acknowledgment

I want to take a moment to extend my heartfelt gratitude to everyone who played a pivotal role in the successful culmination of this project on car manufacturing. This journey has been a remarkable voyage of exploration and learning, and it wouldn’t have been possible without the unwavering support and contributions of numerous individuals and resources.

First and foremost, my deep appreciation goes to my esteemed teacher, [Teacher’s Name], whose guidance, encouragement, and invaluable insights have been the guiding lights throughout this project. Their profound expertise in the realm of marketing management has indelibly shaped the course of this endeavor.

I am equally thankful to my classmates and friends who generously provided feedback and constructive criticism, instrumental in refining this project. Our collaborative discussions and brainstorming sessions have been immensely beneficial.

I extend my sincere gratitude to the dedicated staff at [Your School/Institution Name] who provided access to essential resources, including the library, internet facilities, and research materials. These resources proved indispensable in my research.

I would also like to acknowledge the generosity of the automotive experts and professionals who graciously shared their wealth of knowledge and experiences during interviews and interactions. Their insights played an integral role in my grasp of the intricacies of car manufacturing and marketing.

Finally, I must express my deep gratitude to my family for their unyielding support, unwavering encouragement, and understanding during the demanding phases of this project. Their belief in me has remained an unwavering source of motivation.

Once more, I extend my sincerest gratitude to all those who have contributed directly or indirectly to this project. Your contributions have been immeasurable, and I am genuinely thankful for your assistance.

Introduction to the Car Manufacturing Industry

The car manufacturing industry stands as a dynamic and pivotal sector within the global economy. It encompasses the realms of design, production, marketing, and distribution of automobiles, playing a central role in propelling technological innovation, fostering employment opportunities, and fulfilling the evolving transportation needs of societies worldwide. This introduction serves as a comprehensive overview of the car manufacturing industry, shedding light on its historical evolution, its profound significance, the key players, and the factors that intricately shape its growth and trajectory.

Historical Evolution

The roots of the car manufacturing industry delve deep into the late 19th century, a time when visionaries such as Karl Benz and Henry Ford unveiled the world to the revolutionary concept of the automobile. Henry Ford’s groundbreaking assembly line methodology, which transformed car production in the early 20th century, made automobiles more accessible and affordable to the masses. Over the ensuing decades, this industry bore witness to momentous strides in technology, safety standards, and sustainability initiatives, ultimately shaping the modern automobile into a marvel of complexity and sophistication.

Significance

The car manufacturing industry emerges as a linchpin driving economic development across numerous countries. Its far-reaching impact is notably visible through substantial contributions to a nation’s GDP, the generation of employment across multifarious sectors, and its profound influence on innovation in realms such as engineering, materials science, and environmental sustainability. Moreover, this industry wields profound social implications, offering individuals the gift of mobility, independence, and convenience. It has entrenched itself as an integral facet of contemporary lifestyles.

Key Players

Dominating the global car manufacturing landscape are a select group of multinational corporations. Names like Toyota, Volkswagen, General Motors, Ford, and Hyundai stand resolute, renowned for their expansive product portfolios and commanding presence within the global market. These industry titans, alongside a myriad of niche players and pioneering startups, perpetually engage in spirited competition, vying relentlessly to meet the ever-evolving demands of consumers. Their mission: to enhance fuel efficiency, elevate safety features, and pioneer innovation in the domains of electric and autonomous vehicle technologies.

Influential Factors

The car manufacturing industry operates within a dynamic and multifaceted milieu, a landscape shaped by an intricate tapestry of influential factors:

Technological Advancements: The swift pace of technological evolution, epitomized by electric and autonomous vehicles, has ushered in transformative changes within the industry. These advancements are geared towards curtailing carbon emissions, bolstering safety, and enhancing the overall driving experience.
Environmental Regulations: A growing preoccupation with environmental sustainability has ushered in a regime of stringent emissions regulations. Car manufacturers are pressed to innovate and produce cleaner, more efficient vehicles that align with these exacting standards.
Consumer Preferences: The shifting sands of consumer preferences, marked by burgeoning interests in electric vehicles, fuel-efficient cars, and the seamless integration of smart technology, exert profound influence upon product design and marketing strategies.
Global Economic Trends: Economic tides, be they the swells of recession or the surges of economic prosperity, can decisively impact the demand for automobiles. Economic stability and the levels of disposable income wield unparalleled sway over consumer purchasing decisions.
Market Competition: Ferocious competition amongst car manufacturers relentlessly fuels the fires of innovation, cost-efficiency endeavors, and the relentless pursuit of improved quality.

As the car manufacturing industry forges ahead, adapting and responding to these influential factors, it effectively molds the future of transportation and urban planning. In doing so, it contributes towards the realization of a more interconnected and sustainable world.

This project, which lies before us, will delve deeper into the multifaceted tapestry of the car manufacturing industry. We shall explore its intricate marketing strategies, unravel the enigma of consumer behavior, illuminate the intricacies of supply chain management, and scrutinize the myriad challenges and opportunities that punctuate its trajectory in the contemporary business landscape. Our goal: to provide a comprehensive understanding of this ever-evolving industry and the diverse dimensions it encompasses.

Market Analysis

Market analysis stands as a pivotal component within the framework of marketing management, particularly within the labyrinthine contours of the car manufacturing industry. It entails the meticulous examination of an array of factors that collectively influence the ebb and flow of demand and supply for automobiles. It further entails gaining profound insights into the psyche of consumers and conducting a judicious evaluation of the competitive terrain. Within the following narrative, we embark upon an expedition into the key facets of market analysis, tailored to the nuanced nuances of the car manufacturing sector.

Market Size and Growth

At the heart of market analysis resides the pivotal quest to ascertain the size and growth trajectory of the car manufacturing industry. This quest hinges upon the meticulous curation of data pertaining to the total number of vehicles sold, revenue amassed, and the market shares commanded by disparate manufacturers. To navigate this terrain effectively, one relies upon the compass of market research reports, government datasets, and the insights harvested from industry publications. Through these sources, we glean a panoramic understanding of market dimensions and the prevailing trends that dictate its evolution.

Consumer Behavior

In the realm of car manufacturers, comprehending the intricate web of consumer behavior is nothing short of a virtuoso performance. It involves the meticulous study of consumer preferences, their purchasing patterns, and the inner workings of their decision-making apparatus. Factors such as brand loyalty, price sensitivity, and the sweeping influence of digital media in shaping consumer choices emerge as salient considerations. We voyage into the labyrinth of consumer minds, unraveling the mystique that drives their automotive inclinations.

Competitive Landscape

An astute assessment of the competitive panorama is an indispensable rudder in the navigation of the car manufacturing industry. This entails the discernment of principal competitors, an evaluation of their market share, and a probing exploration of their strengths, weaknesses, and strategic underpinnings. Furthermore, it necessitates an introspective examination of one’s

own strengths and frailties in juxtaposition to the competition. This symphony of insights forms the bedrock upon which competitive strategies are composed.

Market Segmentation

In the quest for market supremacy, car manufacturers frequently wield the scalpel of market segmentation. This strategy necessitates the meticulous division of the market landscape into distinct segments, each characterized by unique demographics, psychographics, and geographic markers. It is a surgical approach that empowers manufacturers to tailor their products and the resonance of their marketing messages, thereby maximizing market reach.

Regulatory Environment

The car manufacturing industry is a realm ensnared within the labyrinthine corridors of regulatory oversight. Navigating this labyrinth effectively requires a vigilant gaze upon the regulatory landscape. It is a realm where safety, emissions, and fuel efficiency standards are etched in stone, and compliance is the watchword. Here, the shifting sands of regulations can shape the contours of product development and marketing strategies.

Technological Trends

The march of technology, ceaseless and relentless, is the hallmark of the automotive industry. It is an industry characterized by unending technological advancements, with electric vehicles, autonomous driving, and connectivity features taking center stage. These technological orchestrations are intended to minimize carbon footprints, heighten safety, and redefine the driving experience.

Economic Factors

The economic tempests of inflation rates, interest rates, and consumer income levels sway the destiny of the automobile. They influence the affordability and the very demand for these mechanical marvels. Economic stability and the levels of consumer affluence carve their indelible imprints upon the decisions of the consumers.

Environmental Concerns

The specter of environmental concerns looms large in the horizon. A burgeoning environmental consciousness has ushered in a demand for eco-friendly vehicles. In response, car manufacturers must heed the clarion call for sustainability, weaving the fabric of fuel-efficient cars, emissions reduction, and the ethos of recycling and responsible disposal into their endeavors.

Distribution Channels

The quest for efficient distribution channels is a constant refrain within the symphony of market analysis. Effective product delivery to consumers demands a well-choreographed distribution ballet. Car manufacturers may traverse the avenues of traditional dealerships, virtual platforms, or the harmonious fusion of both. The performance of these channels holds the key to sales and customer satisfaction.

SWOT Analysis

Conducting a SWOT analysis, the intellectual compass that charts Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats, is an artful exercise within market analysis. It involves a perceptive examination of internal strengths and frailties and the scrutiny of external vistas brimming with opportunities and lurking threats. This analysis bestows the gift of strategic foresight.

A comprehensive market analysis in the car manufacturing industry lays the cornerstone for strategic decision-making. It is the clarion call to action, the solemn oath to chart a course through the turbulent waters of market dynamics. With it, companies discern the yawning chasms and promising vistas, and navigate the undulating terrain of a multifarious and ever-evolving consumer base.

Consumer Behavior in the Automobile Market

Consumer behavior, that intricate tapestry of preferences, motivations, and decision-making patterns, emerges as the leitmotif in the symphony of the automobile industry. In the intricate interplay of these factors lies the shaping of product development, the forging of marketing strategies, and the overall orchestration of success. Let us embark on a journey that unfurls the myriad facets of consumer behavior within the automotive realm.

Need Recognition: The automotive odyssey commences with a resonant chord: the recognition of a need or desire. Whether it’s the yearning for personal transportation, the aspiration for an upgrade, or the allure of a specific vehicle type, need recognition is the prologue to the automotive narrative.
Information Search: The quest for wheels ignites the flames of information search. Consumers traverse the digital highways, poring over details of features, brands, models, pricing, and the serenades of reviews. They gather knowledge from websites, social media, reviews, and the counsel of kin and comrades.
Evaluation of Alternatives: The consumer’s symphony reaches an crescendo as they contemplate an orchestra of automotive alternatives. Price, brand repute, fuel efficiency, safety features, technology, and design choreograph the decision-making ballet. The end result often takes the form of a shortlist of potential contenders.
Purchase Decision: The culmination of the automotive odyssey finds its manifestation in the purchase decision. It is a realm governed by an intricate ballet of factors: budget constraints, financing overtures, promotional overtures, and the delicate waltz of dealership interactions. Here, consumers elect to buy anew or pre-loved, lease, or embrace financing options based on their financial compass and proclivities.
Post-Purchase Evaluation: The final act of this theatrical performance commences with the post-purchase evaluation. It is the stage where consumers scrutinize their satisfaction with their chosen steed. The performance, reliability, and overall ownership experience meld to form the tapestry of contentment or ruefulness.
Brand Loyalty: Brand loyalty, that enduring melody, punctuates the consumer’s automotive journey. It is the harmonious chord that resonates due to trust, past harmonious encounters, or emotional connections. Brand loyalty frequently orchestrates repeated performances and vocal advocacy.
Environmental Considerations: An ecological overture now graces the automotive symphony. Many consumers sway to the rhythms of environmental awareness, casting glances upon carbon footprints, fuel efficiency, and emissions. This movement has kindled a fervent interest in the melodic strains of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid cars.
Technological Preferences: The musical score resonates with the crescendo of technological preferences. The technophilic consumer now covets arias laden with advanced infotainment systems, seamless connectivity, navigational serenades, and the rich symphony of driver-assistance features such as adaptive cruise control and autonomous driving capabilities.
Lifestyle and Demographics: The opus of lifestyle and demographics adds its own cadence. Age, family size, occupation, and geographical coordinates converge to influence the consumer’s opus. Families may extol the virtues of safety and spaciousness, while youthful voices may harmonize with the echoes of style and technology.
Peer Influence and Online Presence: The chorus of peer influence and online presence echoes through the hallowed halls of consumer decision-making. Word-of-mouth recommendations and the digital sonatas of social media and online reviews hold the power to sway potential maestros. The applause or dissonance of peers can dramatically alter the tune.
Economic Factors: The financial prelude is one that exerts significant gravitational pull. Economic conditions, be they the gusts of inflation, the currents of interest rates, or the ebbs and flows of personal financial wherewithal, direct the score of affordability and the demand for automobiles. Economic stability and the notes of disposable income are the conductors of consumer decisions.

Understanding these myriad notes and harmonies that compose consumer behavior is the anthem that car manufacturers and marketers seek to conduct with finesse. It is the endeavor to compose a symphony that resonates with consumer preferences and needs, ensuring a harmonious connection with a diverse and ever-evolving audience within the automotive realm.

Product Portfolio of Car Manufacturers

Car manufacturers, akin to skilled artisans, unfurl an expansive canvas

of vehicles, each a unique brushstroke of features, sizes, and attributes. Their product portfolios span a rich spectrum, catering to the kaleidoscope of preferences and needs that adorn the consumer landscape. Let us embark upon a journey through the diverse and multifaceted product portfolio that car manufacturers present to the world:

Compact Cars: The serenade of compact cars is one of compactness and fuel efficiency. They are the cherished choices of urban travelers, offering affordability and the ease of parking. Within their ranks, one finds the likes of the Toyota Corolla and Honda Civic.
Sedans: Sedans, elegant and poised, traverse the roads in various sizes, from compact to full-size. Their distinctive feature is the separate trunk compartment, offering a comfortable cocoon for passengers. This genre embraces illustrious names like the BMW 3 Series and Ford Fusion.
SUVs (Sport Utility Vehicles): SUVs, robust and versatile, have carved a symphony of their own. They are celebrated for their adaptability, spacious interiors, and their capacity to conquer rugged terrains. This genre boasts diverse sizes, including compact, midsize, and full-size, and presents models like the Toyota RAV4, Ford Explorer, and Range Rover.
Crossovers: Crossovers are the melodic fusion of SUVs and sedans. They command a higher driving position and offer more cargo space than traditional sedans, while retaining superior fuel efficiency. Their harmonious tunes are crooned by the likes of the Nissan Rogue and Honda CR-V.
Trucks and Pickup Trucks: Trucks and pickup trucks, sturdy and utilitarian, are the workhorses of the automotive world. They arrive in various configurations, spanning compact, midsize, and full-size, and are chosen for their towing prowess. In this ensemble, we encounter icons such as the Ford F-150, Chevrolet Silverado, and Toyota Tacoma.
Sports Cars: Sports cars, nimble and exhilarating, take center stage with their exceptional performance, agility, and sleek designs. Their engines roar with power, and they are the darlings of spirited driving enthusiasts. Among them, we find the Porsche 911, Chevrolet Corvette, and Mazda MX-5 Miata.
Electric Vehicles (EVs): Electric vehicles (EVs) are the heralds of environmental conscientiousness. Celebrated for their eco-friendly nature and cost-effective operation, they have carved a niche in the automotive landscape. Their ensemble includes the Tesla Model 3, Nissan Leaf, and Chevrolet Bolt EV.
Hybrid Vehicles: Hybrid vehicles harmoniously blend internal combustion engines with electric propulsion to compose a sonata of enhanced fuel efficiency. In this genre, the Toyota Prius and Honda Insight command the stage.
Luxury Cars: Luxury cars, resplendent and opulent, grace the roads with premium materials, cutting-edge technology, and lavish features. They evoke a premium driving experience, and their elite ranks include names like Mercedes-Benz, BMW, and Audi.
Convertibles: Convertibles, the symphony of open-air driving, spread their wings with retractable roofs that invite the wind and sun to dance with passengers. These vehicles are cherished for their style and the sensation of freedom. Within their ranks, we encounter the Mazda MX-5 Miata RF and Mercedes-Benz S-Class Cabriolet.
Vans and Minivans: Vans and minivans are the orchestras of passenger and cargo transportation. They present cavernous interiors that cater to the needs of families and businesses. Within this realm, we find vehicles such as the Chrysler Pacifica and Honda Odyssey.
Off-Road and 4×4 Vehicles: Off-road and 4×4 vehicles are the adventurers, designed to conquer rugged terrains and explore the path less traveled. They include SUVs like the Jeep Wrangler and Land Rover Defender, as well as specialized off-road models.

Car manufacturers, in their symphonic compositions, continuously fine-tune and expand their product portfolios. This diversity in offerings allows consumers to find vehicles that resonate with their unique requirements, driving habits, and lifestyles. It ensures that car manufacturers remain adaptive and responsive to the evolving and diverse palette of consumer desires.

Marketing Mix Strategies

In the grand orchestration of the business world, car manufacturers wield the baton of the marketing mix, a harmonious quartet known as the “4Ps.” This resonant framework, comprising Product, Price, Place, and Promotion, provides the symphonic structure through which manufacturers craft and enact their marketing strategies. Let us explore how car manufacturers artfully employ these strategies within the grand symphony of their industry:

Product Differentiation: Car manufacturers are virtuoso craftsmen, investing fervently in the design and engineering of vehicles that carve their own distinct sonatas in terms of features, design, performance, and safety. The art of product differentiation is a central strategy, with innovations like hybrid or electric models and technology-rich infotainment systems captivating the audience.
Product Development: The symphony of product development is a perpetual endeavor. Car manufacturers engage in ceaseless research and development, composing new models to harmonize with evolving consumer tastes and regulatory demands. Innovation strides forward in realms such as fuel efficiency, autonomous driving technology, and safety features.
Pricing Strategies: Within the hallowed halls of pricing strategies, car manufacturers navigate a complex melody. Their pricing decisions are orchestrated based on factors such as production costs, the target market, and competitive positioning. Premium pricing graces luxury vehicles, while value pricing adorns entry-level models. Promotional pricing and discounts grace the stage during seasonal sales events.
Financing and Leasing: A melodious overture of financing and leasing options wafts through the air. Car manufacturers offer a medley of financial compositions, including low-interest loans, enticing lease deals, and special financing arrangements for qualified buyers. These financial harmonies make their products accessible to a broader range of consumers.
Distribution Channels: The distribution orchestra strikes its notes as car manufacturers establish an extensive network of dealerships and authorized sellers. This ensures that their vehicles are accessible to consumers in diverse geographic regions. Moreover, online channels and virtual showrooms have entered the score, enabling consumers to explore and purchase vehicles from the comfort of their homes.
Supply Chain Management: The symphony of supply chain management entails orchestrating the procurement of raw materials, manufacturing, and the efficient delivery of vehicles to dealerships. Car manufacturers harmonize this process to optimize efficiency, reduce costs, and minimize lead times.
Advertising and Marketing: Promotion is the crescendo, the clarion call that reverberates through advertising and marketing campaigns. Car manufacturers invest significantly in multimedia marketing, encompassing television, radio, print, online, and social media. These campaigns harmonize captivating visuals, storytelling, and product features to enchant and captivate the audience.
Public Relations: The harmonious notes of public relations are sounded to cultivate positive relationships with media, influencers, and the community. Car manufacturers seek to compose a symphony of goodwill, responding to consumer feedback, addressing recalls, and engaging in corporate social responsibility initiatives.
Sales Promotions: The tempo quickens with the overture of sales promotions. Car manufacturers conduct promotional events, seasonal sales, and incentives to stimulate demand. These promotions may include cash rebates, low or zero-percent financing, and trade-in bonuses.
Digital Marketing: The digital overture gains prominence as car manufacturers venture into the realms of online marketing. They harness the power of social media, search engine optimization (SEO), and digital advertising to amplify their presence and resonate with a tech-savvy audience.
Sponsorships and Partnerships: The orchestration of sponsorships and partnerships lends its own harmonies. Car manufacturers join forces with sports teams, cultural events, and philanthropic causes to create positive associations and enhance brand visibility.

In the vibrant symphony of marketing mix strategies, car manufacturers seek to orchestrate a melodious and resonant performance. They finely tune their product offerings, set the right price notes, ensure accessibility through diverse distribution channels, and create captivating promotional compositions. It is through this symphony that they aim to captivate the hearts and minds of consumers and craft a lasting presence within the automotive industry.

Supply Chain Management in Car Manufacturing

Supply chain management in the car manufacturing industry is a meticulously choreographed ballet of logistics, sourcing, production, and distribution. It involves the harmonious coordination of numerous components and stakeholders to ensure the seamless flow of materials, parts, and vehicles from conception to the hands of consumers. Let us embark upon a journey through the intricate steps of supply chain management within the automotive realm:

Sourcing of Raw Materials and Components: The car manufacturing supply chain commences with the sourcing of raw materials and components. This includes procuring steel, aluminum, plastics, electronics, and countless other materials from suppliers. Manufacturers often establish relationships with multiple suppliers to ensure a consistent supply and mitigate risks.

Manufacturing and Assembly: Manufacturing is the epicenter of the automotive supply chain. It encompasses the fabrication of parts, assembly of components, and the construction of vehicles. Car manufacturers operate vast production facilities where the orchestration of robotics, human labor, and precision machinery craft vehicles with impeccable precision.

Quality Control and Assurance: Quality control is a constant refrain within the automotive symphony. Manufacturers implement rigorous quality assurance processes to detect defects and maintain consistent product quality. Vehicles undergo exhaustive testing, including crash tests, emissions testing, and performance evaluations.

Inventory Management: The movement of inventory within the supply chain is a harmonious endeavor. Car manufacturers optimize inventory levels to balance the costs of carrying excess stock against the risk of shortages. Just-in-time (JIT) inventory systems are frequently employed to minimize excess inventory.

Distribution and Logistics: The grand finale of supply chain management culminates with distribution and logistics. Manufacturers collaborate with a network of dealerships and distribution centers to deliver vehicles to customers. Transportation logistics ensure that vehicles reach their destinations efficiently and cost-effectively.

Global Sourcing and Production: The automotive supply chain often spans the globe. Car manufacturers may source components and materials from various countries and assemble vehicles in different regions. This global interplay introduces complexities related to international trade, tariffs, and cultural differences.

Supplier Relationships: Car manufacturers maintain deep and strategic relationships with their suppliers. These relationships extend beyond mere transactions to encompass collaboration on product development, cost reduction initiatives, and mutual growth. Suppliers become integral partners in the supply chain symphony.

Supply Chain Resilience: Supply chain resilience is a critical note in the automotive symphony. Car manufacturers invest in strategies to mitigate disruptions, such as natural disasters or geopolitical events. This includes diversifying sourcing locations, maintaining safety stock, and contingency planning.

Environmental Sustainability: The harmonious strains of environmental sustainability are increasingly woven into the fabric of supply chain management. Car manufacturers strive to minimize the environmental footprint of their supply chains by reducing emissions, conserving resources, and adhering to eco-friendly practices.

Technological Advancements: The march of technology adds its own resonance. Car manufacturers embrace digital technologies like IoT (Internet of Things), blockchain, and advanced analytics to enhance supply chain visibility, traceability, and efficiency. These technologies enable real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance. Supply chain management in the car manufacturing industry is a grand orchestration that demands precision, adaptability, and a keen ear for change. It is a symphony that spans the globe, from the sourcing of raw materials to the delivery of vehicles into the hands of consumers. Within this complex ballet, car manufacturers aim to conduct a harmonious performance that delivers quality, efficiency, and customer satisfaction.

Challenges and Opportunities in Car Manufacturing

The car manufacturing industry navigates a dynamic landscape, one characterized by challenges and opportunities that continuously reshape its trajectory. In this narrative, we will illuminate the multifaceted dimensions of both the challenges that loom large and the opportunities that beckon within the industry.

Challenges:

Evolving Consumer Preferences: The ever-shifting sands of consumer preferences present an enduring challenge. Manufacturers must constantly adapt to meet demands for eco-friendly vehicles, connectivity features, and changing mobility trends such as ride-sharing and car subscription services.
Stringent Environmental Regulations: The automotive industry contends with increasingly stringent environmental regulations. Emission standards, fuel efficiency targets, and the global drive toward electric vehicles necessitate significant investments in research and development to meet compliance.
Technological Advancements: While technology offers opportunities, it also poses challenges. The rapid pace of technological change, particularly in areas like autonomous driving and electric propulsion, demands substantial investments in research, development, and cybersecurity.
Supply Chain Disruptions: Supply chain disruptions, whether caused by natural disasters, geopolitical events, or pandemics, can have far-reaching consequences. Car manufacturers must build resilient supply chains that can weather unforeseen challenges.
Market Saturation: In some regions, the automotive market has reached a state of saturation, leading to intense competition and pricing pressures. Car manufacturers must innovate to capture market share and drive growth.

Opportunities:

Electric Vehicles (EVs): The rise of electric vehicles presents a transformative opportunity. Car manufacturers can invest in EV technology to meet growing demand for eco-friendly transportation options and capitalize on incentives and subsidies for EV production.
Autonomous Driving: Autonomous driving technology opens new horizons. Manufacturers can explore partnerships and investments in self-driving systems, potentially creating new revenue streams through ride-sharing and autonomous taxi services.
Connected Cars: Connectivity features in vehicles offer opportunities for enhanced user experiences, data-driven services, and subscription models. Car manufacturers can leverage IoT and data analytics to create innovative offerings.
Sustainability: Sustainability is not just a challenge but also a strategic opportunity. Manufacturers can develop eco-friendly materials, implement green manufacturing processes, and promote recycling and circular economy practices.
Global Expansion: Expanding into emerging markets presents growth opportunities. Car manufacturers can tap into the rising middle class in countries with increasing purchasing power.
Diversification of Mobility Services: Car manufacturers can diversify their offerings to include mobility services beyond traditional car ownership. This includes car-sharing, subscription models, and on-demand transportation solutions.
Digital Transformation: Digitalization offers opportunities for improved customer experiences, streamlined operations, and data-driven decision-making. Manufacturers can invest in digital tools and platforms to enhance their competitive edge.
Collaboration and Partnerships: Collaboration with tech companies, suppliers, and startups can yield innovative solutions and accelerate product development. Partnerships in areas like battery technology, software development, and mobility services are increasingly common.

The automotive industry is poised at the intersection of challenges and opportunities, creating a symphony of change and transformation. Success in this dynamic landscape requires car manufacturers to harmonize with evolving consumer desires, adapt to technological crescendos, navigate regulatory overtures, and orchestrate supply chains that dance to the rhythm of global demand. It is within this symphony that the industry finds its cadence and shapes the future of mobility.

In conclusion, the automotive industry is a dynamic and multifaceted symphony, marked by both challenges and opportunities. As car manufacturers navigate this ever-evolving landscape, they must harmonize with the changing tides of consumer preferences, adapt to the crescendo of technological advancements, and orchestrate resilient supply chains that can weather disruptions.

The challenges, including shifting consumer preferences, stringent environmental regulations, and supply chain vulnerabilities, demand nimble responses and innovative solutions. Car manufacturers must continuously fine-tune their strategies to remain competitive and sustainable.

However, amid these challenges, opportunities abound. The rise of electric vehicles, the promise of autonomous driving, the potential of connected cars, and the imperative of sustainability offer avenues for growth and transformation. Car manufacturers can seize these opportunities by embracing innovation, forging strategic partnerships, and diversifying their offerings.

As the automotive industry composes its future, it is essential to recognize that success lies in conducting a harmonious symphony, where the notes of consumer satisfaction, technological prowess, sustainability, and global expansion resonate in unison. It is within this symphony that car manufacturers find their rhythm and shape the future of mobility for generations to come.

Certificate of Completion

This is to certify that I, [Student’s Name], a [Class/Grade Level] student, have successfully completed the project on “Cars Manufacturing For Class 12 CBSE The project explores the fundamental principles and key aspects of the chosen topic, providing a comprehensive understanding of its significance and implications.

In this project, I delved into in-depth research and analysis, investigating various facets and relevant theories related to the chosen topic. I demonstrated dedication, diligence, and a high level of sincerity throughout the project’s completion.

Key Achievements:

Thoroughly researched and analyzed Marketing Management Project On Cars Manufacturing For Class 12 CBSE. Examined the historical background and evolution of the subject matter. Explored the contributions of notable figures in the field. Investigated the key theories and principles associated with the topic. Discussed practical applications and real-world implications. Considered critical viewpoints and alternative theories, fostering a well-rounded understanding. This project has significantly enhanced my knowledge and critical thinking skills in the chosen field of study. It reflects my commitment to academic excellence and the pursuit of knowledge.

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