dairy farming business plan pdf in pakistan

• Study Abroad Guide
• Study Abroad Visa
• Study in Australia
• Study in Canada
• Study In china
• Study In Ireland
• Study in UK
• Study in USA
• Sample Papers
• Universities
• Accountancy
• Introduction
• Courses After 10th
• courses after 12th
• Engineering
• Mass Communication
• O/A Level Courses
• Research Thesis
• Short Courses
• Spoken English
• Islamic banks In Pakistan
• Educational Institutes
• Research Institutes in Pakistan
• Admission Fee
• Training & workshops
• Merit Lists
• Roll No Slip
• Technology News
• English Tests
• Amazing Tips
• Girls Fashion
• Latest technology Blog
• Student experience's
• Student jokes
• Ramzan ul Mubarak Special
• Career in Pakistan
• CV & RESUME
• Jobs in Karachi
• jobs in Lahore
• Sample Interview Questions
• Learning articles
• Learning English
• Pakistan Information
• Pakistan Issues
• B.A/BSC Past Papers
• Balochistan and AJK Board
• CSS Past Papers
• Punjab Board
• Sindh Board
• Great Personalities
• Inter Model Papers
• Matric Model Papers
• Scholarships
• Uncategorized
• Book Reviews
• Foreign Universities
• Pakistan Universities
• student stories
• Top Universities
• University Reviews

Dairy Farming in Pakistan Business Plan

Table of Contents

Dairy Farming is referred to the process or business of producing milk and milk products which are processes either on a farm or through the dairy plant for the sake of eventual sale of dairy products is known as Dairy Farming. Livestock Production is no doubt the integral part of Pakistan’s agriculture sector. The livestock also plays a vital role in the national economy of Pakistan. There is no organized level of dairy farming in Pakistan and almost 90% of farming is done on subsistence level but the processed milk is captured only 2% of the total milk market. So check Dairy Farming in Pakistan Business Plan Cost Feasibility Report from this page. There are 28 dairy plants in Pakistan in order to promote processed milk. Here you can easily find the comprehensive detail regarding the Dairy Farming in Pakistan Business Plan Cost Feasibility Report.  We are also going to discuss the leasing aspects and activities related to production and rising of dairy animals.also check How to start Cattle farming in Pakistan .

Dairy Farming in Pakistan Business Plan Cost Feasibility Report

Dairy Farming in Pakistan Business Plan:

Dairy farming is no doubt an angro-based project which is comprised of two aspects such as the production of the dairy product and Dairy Technology. First, of the dairy animals are purchased from dairy. Dairy Technology no doubts related to the most of the aspects of processing milk to converts into various products. And these dairy animals are fed on green fodder and protein sources dairy animal milked twice a day but the price of milk mostly varies from quality and season. The legal status of this business is wholly depending upon sole proprietorship. Below you can easily find the Business plan, its cost and the feasibility report for Dairy Farming in Pakistan.

Dairy Farming in Pakistan business Capacity:

The current feasibility suggests the proposed capacity of starting dairy farming Pakistan is up to 50 animals. No doubt the farm size of 50 animal will further increase from 50 to 100 within next ten years. In order to get maximum milk production, the herd consists of 70% cows whereas the 30% buffaloes are highly suitable or recommend as proposed capacity for dairy farming. The ratio of these dairy animals is divided into 35 cows and 15 buffaloes.

Dairy Farming in Pakistan Project Investment:

The total cost of the project is Rs. 5,128, 691 out of which capital cost of the project is Rs 4, 436, 011for the purchasing of animal and construction of shelter house for them and rest of the cost is left to meet the working capital requirements. The proposed pre-feasibility is based on the assumption of 50% debt and 50% equity. However, the investor can also change the debt and equity as per requirement.

Dairy Farming in Pakistan Success Factors:

• The Commercial Dairy farmers are totally dependent on land, labor, and It is highly complex because it includes breeding, management, feeding, housing, disease control, and hygienic level etc. the process or art of optimal utilization of resources and means for maximizing productivity and profits.
• The low yield animals and uneconomical to keep so they should be culled, the dairy animals on the high yielding hybrid level of forages and on high nutritious can be adopted.
• The dairy farmers must have practice in feeding for growth, lactation, pregnancy, or maintenance, hygienic milk production on the farm.
• Timely vaccination against Rinderpest, black Quarter, Foot and Mouth Diseases, mastitis and parasite control.

Dairy Farming in Pakistan Market Potential:

Pakistan is considered the 5 th country in the production of milk production over the world. The major cities of milk intakes are included Karachi and Lahore. In rural areas milk is used as Desi ghee, yogurt, whey, and butter. The ghee from buffalo milk is white whereas the ghee from a cow is yellow. Dahi or curd is also another popular dairy product and Khoya is also a popular sweet. Many companies are processing to formulate the different type of milk such as skimmed milk, pasteurized milk, UHT milk, condensed milk and milk powder are common. So check complete detail about Dairy Farming in Pakistan Business Plan Cost Feasibility Report.

As a dedicated career counselor, my mission is to empower Pakistani students in their educational and career pursuits. By identifying each student's unique strengths and interests. we aim to unlock your potential and align your aspirations with the evolving job market, guiding you towards a fulfilling career.

Creating a Successful Dairy Farm Business Plan in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Guide

Pakistan’s dairy industry is a significant sector that contributes substantially to the nation’s GDP and provides employment opportunities for a considerable portion of the population. To delve into this industry, it is crucial to have a well-thought-out, detailed, and feasible dairy farm business plan. This plan will serve as a roadmap, guiding you through the various stages while mitigating potential obstacles along the way. Here we present a comprehensive guide to creating a successful dairy farm business plan in Pakistan.

Market Analysis

To begin drafting a successful dairy farm business plan in Pakistan, understanding the market dynamics is essential. Analyzing the current market trends, consumer needs, and competitor actions can help you shape your business plan for better results.

Notably, Pakistan is the third-largest milk-producing country globally, indicating a vast local market. However, it is worth considering demand fluctuations due to economic changes, cultural trends, and shifting consumer preferences. Assessing these elements can help draft an effective market strategy, catering to the needs of the ever-evolving market.

Business Operations

Understanding and mapping the operational aspects of the dairy farm business are crucial. You must consider elements like raw material sourcing, farm location, and infrastructure availability, among others.

Ideally, the dairy farm should be in a rural area with ample space for the livestock. Besides this, critical infrastructure aspects include separate sheds for cattle, feed storage areas, milking parlance, and employee quarters.

It would be best to consider a regular water supply and electricity. Moreover, accessibility to transport facilities allows easy access to customers and transporting feeds and other supplies to the farm.

Livestock Management

Determining the cattle breed suitable for your business plan is essential. Breeds suitable for Pakistan’s climate, such as the Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Cholistani, Achai, and Bhagnari, are worth considering. Also, factor in the holistic requirements for animal care – food, health care, veterinary support, and adequate accommodation.

Consider the economics associated with the purchase of cattle. Think about how many cattle you can initially afford and plan your expansion accordingly. Remember, the welfare of your livestock directly impacts your profits.

Finance Management

An essential component of your dairy farm business plan is the financial planning. This includes budgeting for initial investments, running costs, and possible returns.

Remember to account for key costs such as land, infrastructure development, livestock purchase, feed costs, staff salaries, and veterinary expenses.

In terms of revenues, estimate the income through milk and milk product sales and livestock sales. Thoroughly understanding these economic aspects is critical to ensure your dairy farming venture’s long-term viability and profitability.

Marketing Strategy

To make your dairy farm business successful, having a concrete marketing strategy is integral. Given the fierce competition in Pakistan’s dairy industry, you need a cohesive plan to brand and market your products.

Your marketing strategy should be based on your market analysis. Developing a clear brand identity that aligns with the needs of Pakistan’s consumers can aid in setting your products apart from the competition. It is also crucial to set fair prices that appeal to consumers and maintain your profit margins.

Compliance with Regulations

Lastly, understanding and complying with regulations and standards is a must. You must familiarize yourself with Pakistan’s food safety standards, veterinary health regulations, environmental protection laws, and labor laws.

Creating a successful dairy farm business plan in Pakistan entails comprehensive market analysis, clear operational parameters, efficient livestock management, astute financial planning, effective marketing strategies, and strict adherence to regulations. With a sound business plan, you’re setting your dairy farm venture up for success. Remember, proper execution is as crucial as drafting the business plan itself. This comprehensive guide does not guarantee success but certainly provides an insightful place to start. It can be tailored according to your specific needs, and additional details can be added as needed as you navigate the journey of establishing a thriving dairy farm in Pakistan.

Pakistan's First Online Maweshi Mandi | movashimandi.com

Create an efficient business plan for dairy farm in pakistan.

Are you a dairy farmer in Pakistan looking to create an effective business plan? Are you interested in scaling up your farm but don’t know where to start? If so, this blog post is for you! Here, we will cover the essential elements of creating a successful business plan for a dairy farm in Pakistan.

Introduction

Starting a dairy farm in Pakistan is an exciting business opportunity. With a growing demand for milk in the country and with the right investments, you can make your business successful. However, it requires careful planning and due diligence to ensure that your business is profitable and can sustain itself in the long run. Here are some tips on how to create an efficient business plan for your dairy farm in Pakistan.

First of all, you need to understand the local dairy industry. Research about the local market, demand for milk, and competition. Understand the customer base and their needs so that you can tailor your business plan accordingly. Secondly, you need to do some research work like which breed of cattle is more suitable for commercial dairy farming. Thirdly, develop a strategic vision and business plan to identify goals, objectives, and strategies to reach those goals. Analyze your resources like land, materials, equipment, and financial resources to make sure you have enough to execute the plan. Moreover, choose an appropriate location for your farm that is easily accessible and has the right environmental conditions for dairy farming. After that you need to acquire necessary equipment and supplies like feeders, milking machines, storage tanks etc. Set up quality control systems to ensure that the milk and other products produced are of good quality. Create a marketing strategy to promote your business and build a customer base. Train employees in dairy management skills so that they can produce quality products efficiently. Establish financial goals and strategies to maximize profits and keep a

Research the Local Dairy Industry

Researching the local dairy industry is an important step when it comes to creating an efficient business plan for dairy farming in Pakistan. Understanding the current state of the market, the competition, and potential customer base is essential for success. Research should include an analysis of the local milk production and consumption patterns, as well as trends in milk prices. It is also important to understand the local regulatory requirements that are applicable to dairy farming in your area, as well as any incentives or subsidies that may be available to assist with your project. Additionally, research should include an assessment of the current technology and practices used in the industry, both locally and internationally, to ensure that your business plan is up-to-date. Finally, research should be conducted into potential customer base and distribution channels that can be utilized to maximize profits.

Understand Your Customer Base

When creating a business plan for your dairy farm in Pakistan, it is important to understand your customer base. It is important to research the local market and determine what type of products are in demand. You should also consider the potential size of the customer base in the local area, as well as any cultural or religious factors that might impact your sales. Additionally, it is important to consider the competition and how you can differentiate yourself from them. By understanding the needs and wants of your customers, you can create a business plan that meets their needs and positions you as a leading provider in the market.

Develop a Strategic Vision and Business Plan

Developing a strategic vision and business plan is essential for any successful dairy farming business. A strategic plan should include a market analysis, financial projections, and a risk management plan. A solid business plan will help you secure funding, attract investors, and establish a roadmap for success.

When creating a business plan, start by researching the local dairy industry. Consider the current demand for dairy products in the area, the competition, and any potential growth opportunities. Once you have a clear understanding of the context of the local market, you can begin to develop your vision for the dairy farm. Outline your goals, objectives, and strategies for achieving them.

You should also consider different methods of operation and determine which one best meets your needs. Think about how you will source animals and feed, how you will market your products, and how you will manage labor costs. Additionally, create a budget to ensure that you are able to cover all of your expenses without running into financial difficulties.

Finally, consider developing a risk management plan to protect your business from potential threats or losses. The plan should include strategies for dealing with unexpected events such as disease outbreaks or natural disasters. By taking these steps, you can create an efficient business plan for running a successful dairy farm in Pakistan.

Analyze Your Resources

When starting a dairy farm, it is important to analyze the resources available to you. This includes land, animals, and capital. Having access to a sufficient amount of land is essential for the success of a dairy farm. It is also important to purchase animals that are suitable for your climate and have the potential to produce high-quality milk. Capital is necessary to purchase the land, animals, and equipment needed to run the farm. Additionally, you should consider the labor requirements for your farm and determine if you have enough employees to manage the operations. Analyzing your resources is an important step in creating an efficient business plan for your dairy farm in Pakistan.

Choose an Appropriate Location

Choosing an appropriate location for a dairy farm is critical to its success. Location should be chosen based on factors such as the availability of grazing land, access to water, and proximity to markets for milk and milk products. It is also important to consider the local government regulations and zoning laws that might affect the farm’s operations. The ideal dairy farm location should have good soil quality, plenty of water, and enough land for grazing animals and growing feed. It should also be able to provide enough space for housing cows, calves, heifers, and other animals. Additionally, it should be close enough to markets for milk and milk products in order to reduce transportation costs. Finally, the location should be free from potential safety hazards such as flooding or disease. With careful consideration of all these factors, a good location can be chosen for a successful dairy farm business.

Acquire Necessary Equipment and Supplies

When starting a dairy farm in Pakistan, it is important to acquire the necessary equipment and supplies for successful operation. Depending on the size of the dairy farm and the type of production system, this may include milking machines, cooling tanks, fodder cutters, feed mixers, and other specialized equipment. It is important to consider all of the necessary equipment and supplies when developing the business plan. Additionally, it is important to ensure that all equipment is maintained in good condition to ensure the safety and quality of the milk produced. It is also essential to invest in adequate safety equipment for the health and safety of employees.

Create Quality Control Systems

Creating quality control systems is essential for any dairy farm business. Quality control systems help ensure that milk produced is safe and of the highest quality. Quality control systems should include testing milk for harmful bacteria, as well as other measures such as maintaining clean facilities and regularly inspecting animals. It is important to also have a system in place to monitor the overall health of the herd and to ensure that only healthy animals are used for milk production. Establishing quality control systems will help build a reputation for quality milk production, which is key for the long-term success of any dairy farm business.

Set Up a Marketing Strategy

Setting up a marketing strategy is essential for the success of a dairy farm business in Pakistan. It is important to identify the target customers and create an effective marketing plan that efficiently reaches out to them. The plan should include market research, competitive analysis, pricing strategies, promotional campaigns, and advertising budget. Additionally, creating a strong online presence through digital marketing channels such as social media, websites, and email campaigns is also important for creating visibility and generating leads. Farmers should also consider participating in agricultural fairs and trade shows to increase brand awareness and attract potential customers. Lastly, building partnerships with dairy product distributors and wholesalers can help in expanding the customer base and enhancing the reach of the products.

Train Employees in Dairy Management Skills

Training employees in dairy management skills is essential for the success of a dairy farm business in Pakistan. It is important to provide employees with the necessary knowledge and skills to ensure that they can effectively manage the operations of the dairy farm. This includes providing employees with training on animal husbandry, milking techniques, and food safety regulations. An effective training program should also cover topics such as record keeping, financial management, and marketing strategies. Providing employees with the necessary training and resources will ensure that they are able to manage the operations of the dairy farm efficiently and effectively.

Establish Financial Goals and Strategies

When starting a dairy farm in Pakistan, it is important to establish financial goals and strategies. This will help determine the amount of capital needed to invest in the business and develop a budget for ongoing expenses. It is essential to project future cash flows and calculate potential return on investment. A financial plan should also consider factors such as inflation, taxes, and insurance costs. It is also important to have an emergency fund in case of unexpected expenses. Additionally, it is important to create a budget that includes items such as feed, veterinary care, and labor costs. This will help ensure that the business can operate within its means and remain profitable in the long term.

Develop Risk Management Plans

Risk management is a critical component of any business plan, and dairy farming is no exception. It’s important to consider the potential risks and develop strategies to mitigate those risks. Risk management plans should consider the risks associated with not just the business, but also the environment, health & safety, animal welfare and food safety. Potential risks to consider include droughts, disease outbreaks, changes in weather patterns, natural disasters, theft, legal liabilities and more. It’s important to assess these risks and determine the best way to protect your farm. Develop strategies for managing these risks such as crop insurance policies, financial backups, preventative maintenance and more. Additionally, it’s important to ensure that all employees are aware of the potential risks and trained on how to manage them effectively. Having an effective risk management plan in place can help protect your farm from unforeseen losses and ensure its long-term success.

Determine Regulatory Requirements

Dairy farming in Pakistan is subject to various laws, regulations, and standards which must be followed in order to operate a successful dairy farm. It is important to be aware of local, regional, and national laws related to dairy farming. This includes laws related to animal health, food safety, and environmental protection. In addition, you should also investigate applicable zoning regulations, tax codes, and land use policies. Depending on the size of the farm, you may also need to acquire the necessary permits and licenses from local authorities. Compliance with these regulations is essential for the success of the dairy farm business.

Prepare for Future Challenges

As dairy farming continues to grow in Pakistan, it is important to plan for future challenges. Dairy farming is a long-term commitment and requires a proactive approach to ensure success. Developing a long-term strategy that includes contingencies and risk management plans will help to prepare for any unexpected situations that may arise. It is also important to analyze the local market and competition in order to develop a competitive edge. Additionally, staying up to date with the latest technology and industry trends can help ensure that the dairy farm business remains successful in the long run. Finally, it is essential to ensure that employees are well-trained and knowledgeable about best practices in dairy farming. By preparing for potential challenges and staying ahead of the competition, dairy farmers in Pakistan can ensure their business remains profitable for years to come.

Creating an efficient business plan for a dairy farm in Pakistan requires careful planning and research. It’s important to consider the local dairy industry, customer base, resources available, location, equipment and supplies, quality control systems, marketing strategy, training for employees, financial goals and strategies, risk management plans and regulatory requirements. With these steps in mind, dairy farmers in Pakistan can create an efficient business plan that will ensure success.

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

• Quarterly Activity Reports
• Directors Reports
• Visitors at the PBC
• Response to the Covid Crisis
• News & Media
• General Business Advocacy
• Make More/Make Better
• Serve More/Serve Better
• Grow More/Grow Better
• Export Policy
• Market Access
• Country Studies
• Trade Statsitics
• Fiscal Policy and Federal Budget Recommendations
• Company Law
• Financing Make in Pakistan
• Pakistan Economic Forum V
• Pakistan Economic Forum IV
• Pakistan Economic Forum III
• Pakistan Economic Forum II
• Pakistan Economic Forum I
• Pak-India Joint Business Forum
• 021-35630528-29
• 021-35630530

Search the Pakistan Business Council Website

Modernizing the dairy sector.

This study titled ‘Modernizing the Dairy Sector: Making safe milk and its value-added products ubiquitously available in Pakistan’ has been...

This study titled ‘ Modernizing the Dairy Sector: Making safe milk and its value-added products ubiquitously available in Pakistan’ has been completed by The Pakistan Business Council (PBC) as part of its “Make-in-Pakistan” initiative. To carry out this sector study, PBC conducted discussions with the stakeholders and secondary research. The study highlights the opportunity in the dairy sector to increase value addition and makes corresponding policy recommendations.

The development of the dairy sector is not just important for the growth of Pakistan’s agricultural economy but also to ensure that the people of Pakistan are well-nourished. With just five percent of the total milk stock being currently processed, there is an opportunity to increase the availability of locally produced dairy products. Measures can be taken to increase the volume of milk being channeled through the formal supply-chain, curtail wastage and adulteration, and increase the production of value-added dairy products such as powdered milk which also helps alleviate seasonal milk shortage. By encouraging the formal dairy sector to process more milk into value-added products, consumers in Pakistan will have safe and nutritious milk and dairy products available for better nourishment. The formal dairy sector is also better positioned to reduce the environmental impact of dairy farming which is gaining considerable attention.

Pakistan faces shortage of milk due to the seasonal fluctuation in demand and supply. At present, the informal market players adulterate milk and dairy companies import milk powder to reduce this demand-supply gap. The seasonal shortage of milk can be reduced by adopting better livestock and feed management practices and domestically producing more milk powder in the flush season and reconstituting it during the lean season to meet high demand.

The milk yield of Pakistan’s local breeds is about four times lower than that of the high-yielding international breeds. To increase milk yield, the dairy farmers can either import high-yielding breeds or genetically improve the local breeds through the process of artificial insemination, which at present is not common in Pakistan. The productivity is also affected by limited access to vaccines and veterinary extension services.

Of the total milk produced, only four percent (eight percent of the tradable milk) is pasteurized and UHT treated and another one percent is used in the production of other value-added dairy products. Around 15 percent of the total milk produced is wasted due to improper storage and handling. To reduce wastage of milk, it is important to encourage dairy processing by implementing and enforcing pasteurization laws by the provinces.

The federal and provincial governments need to formulate a long-term dairy plan to be consistently implemented over time. Sectoral growth strategies applied by Turkey and India provide good guidance for increasing dairy production. With appropriate policy measures, Pakistan can ensure sufficient production of milk and value-added dairy products. The key policy recommendations are summarized below.

• Conduct a national livestock census once every five years in order to formulate, implement and scale growth strategies that are more effective than those based on estimated data.
• Restrict export of animal feed and its components, including maize and encourage its utilization to make a balanced diet for animals in order to improve milk yield.
• Ease import of animal vaccines by minimizing documentation and time delays in completion of import procedures.
• Increase import duty on milk powder and encourage dairy processing companies to produce it locally during the period of milk shortage. The imposition of import duties may be kept conditional on Pakistan first producing enough milk powder to sustain consumption in the summer months.
• Ensure the implementation of the pasteurization law in Pakistan by establishing pasteurization infrastructure at milk sourcing points in the rural areas to encourage dairy processing and reduce wastage of milk in Pakistan.
• Roll-out a nation-wide FMD vaccination drive to improve animal productivity and milk production in Pakistan. The federal government, in coordination with the federating units, needs to ensure adequate availability and effective administration of animal vaccines across the country.
• Encourage consumption of pasteurized and UHT treated milk by carrying out awareness campaigns among the general public regarding the harmful effects of raw adulterated milk and health benefits of pasteurized and UHT treated milk. To make this happen, consistent efforts are required by the federal and provincial governments to run such awareness campaigns through various mediums.
• Create awareness regarding the environmental impact of the dairy sector to reduce GHG emissions that contribute to climate change. The provincial governments can create awareness regarding the environmental impact of dairy activities and encourage the sector to adopt mitigating measures. The provincial livestock departments’ advisory wing should run the awareness campaigns across the provinces through various mediums.
• Provide subsidized financing to small and medium sized farms to import high-yielding dairy breeds and for capital investments to set up large farms. Larger farm size will generate economies of scale for dairy farms. This will attract farm level investments in the sector and eventually increase milk production.
• Formulate a National Dairy Plan under the overarching policy contours that are mentioned above in order to support their implementation across provinces. The plan should be implemented in phases over a period of 20 years. The phases should consist of a series of initiatives such as: improved breeding programs and access to silage, control on sale of adulterated milk, establishment of milk collection centers and access to working capital financing. The proposed dairy plan should be formulated and implemented by the provincial livestock departments. The implementation of this plan will require consistent commitment by the present and future governments.
• Report on “Modernizing the Dairy Sector”
• Presentation on “Modernizing the Dairy Sector”
• Webinar Summary Report

The PBC is a private sector not-for-profit advocacy platform set-up in 2005 by 14 (now 87) of Pakistan’s largest businesses. PBC’s research-based advocacy supports measures which improve Pakistani industry’s regional and global competitiveness. 

Telephone: 021-35630528-29

Fax: 021-35630530

• Research & Initiatives

Agribusiness Pakistan Online Agribusiness Portal

HOW TO START A DAIRY FARMING BUSINESS IN PAKISTAN

The Problem with Dairy Farming Advice

When I was starting my dairy farming project, I had a clear objective in mind: I wanted the dairy farm to run on modern guidelines, treat it as a process-oriented business instead of a lifestyle and have time to pursue other projects as well!

The details as to why I wanted a dairy farm can be seen on this post here, but the problem with the advice I found on dairy farming in general, had the following two major problems:

• The advice I got did not suit an “urban lifestyle”. I do not have a village to go to and live life there! I wanted a dairy farm, run it REMOTELY so I can pursue and manage other projects as well! People usually told me that I had to live at the farm, stand on top of the staff to ensure they’re doing their job etc. It was good advice, please note, but it was coming from people who did not do the business like I wanted to do it.
• or advice was centered around a “rich businessman”! Especially the person heading SMEDA casually told me that if I did not have 50 lac of rupees, do not do dairy farming! WHAT!? I obviously did not have that kind of money but such advice was very, very problematic as it suggested that it is NOT POSSIBLE to start a dairy farm in Pakistan with smaller investments.

As you can see, I was in a fix at the time! Both sets of advice were given based on their own experiences, and it was not something I wanted.

So I just went ahead and found teachers who had done what I wanted to do! I suggest you find those people too. Actual dairy farmers who have done what you’re trying to do. In my case, it was harder to find such people, but once I did find them, I am glad to report, that it worked out just fine. Alhumdulillah!

Courtesy: Originally published at Momekh.com

Dairy Farming in Pakistan: Scope and Feasibility

Dairy farming in Pakistan is an occupation mainly held by the private sector at various scales, both in urban and rural areas. This sector is generally characterized as fragmented and subsistent. More than 20 dairy plant units in Pakistan ; their main products include pasteurized milk and UHT (Ultra High temperature) milk.

If we talk generally, there are more than six thousand dairy farms in Punjab, Pakistan. And other dairy farms have 10 to 500 high-yielding cow breeds in Pakistan. According to a 2019 survey, milk and milk-related products in Pakistan are approximately 46.99 million metric tons of milk on average.

Other than this, Pakistan is the 4th largest country in dairy production. Averagely 80% of milk is produced at a small scale in rural areas, 15% is produced in peri-urban and almost 5% in urban areas. Thus, dairy farming is one of the leading businesses in Pakistan.

If we talk about the significant value of dairy farming in Pakistan, dairy farms added approximately 55% of the agriculture sector and almost 11.5% of the National GDP recorded in 2010-2011. It also consists of more than 8.5% of the export values of Pakistan trading.

Scope Of Dairy Farming:

The dairy industry in Pakistan is one of the rising industries; as I have mentioned earlier, almost 55% of dairy farms are added in the agriculture sector.

Thus you can assume the scope and value of dairy production. According to dairy production, Pakistan is the 4th largest country, but if we work correctly in this field, our youngsters study or work in other areas, such as engineer, doctor, etc.

The role of dairy farming can be judged by the fact that more than 35 million people in Pakistan are engaged in dairy production, having 2-3 buffaloes/cattle, 6-10 sheep/goats, and more than 20-25% of income from it. Thus you can also start a dairy business from one or two animals and then gradually increase the rate of profit.

Feeds For Dairy Farming:

Dairy farming is an occupation that fulfills the need for milk production. Thus, for producing the maximum amount of milk, animals also need to have the proper and best feed to become healthy and produce the maximum quantity of milk.

The most common healthy feeds used for milk animals include these feeds:

• More than 50% of cattle feed into the grass for milk production. The grass is easy to access and reasonable feed for animals.
• Pasture grass, fodders , and silage are also important feeds for milk-producing animals and are required to meet the daily caloric requirements of animals.
• Dry forages and high-quality Alfalfa Hay are also suitable for animals.
• We can have these feeds by grazing, using feeding equipment, or a combination of both.

Export Value Of Dairy Products:

According to the research, Pakistan is ranked in the Top 5 largest dairy-producing countries.

The export value of dairy production in Pakistan, such as milk, has approximately reached $30 billion, while the export value of a fiscal year in 2020 was up to $680 million.

So, Pakistan has set its name on the list of dairy product trades. Other than this, according to the research of the United Nations COMTRADE database,

Pakistan’s exports of dairy products, such as milk, honey, eggs, and other edible products to Saudi Arabia, were $US 13.86 Million in 2020, an excellent export value in international charts.

Feasibility Of Dairy Farming:

Dairy farming in Pakistan is a hot topic, and different people like to proceed with this business but fail. One of the most valid reasons for the failure of the dairy farming sector is the lack of proper management and information.

The dairy farm is a long-term project and requires proper management and skills to proceed with this business. If we talk about the feasibility and investment report, small-scale dairy businesses usually can start from Rupees, 10-20 lacs, and proceed up to 1-10 crores in large-scale business.

The feasibility report of a small dairy farm having 35 cattle can be. 415-420 liters of milk are produced by 35 cattle in a day, while the average price of one liter is 60 rupees. Thus total income per day is almost 24960-25500, while the total expenditure cost per day is nearly 13000-14000. Hence the net profit of practically 11500 per day or 345000 per month is a huge deal.

Government Subsidies/Grants For Dairy Farming:

As we know, Dairy farming is one of the leading sectors in Pakistan. Thus, the government also contributes to this and has produced different schemes, plans, and projects for dairy farming.

The government of Pakistan passes different kinds of loans and subsidies; here, we will discuss some of them:

Dairy Development In Pakistan:

There are various plans for grants and loans for dairy farming, and livestock at different levels, According to a scheme, there is a 25% outlay as a back-ended subsidy for livestock in Pakistan.

Different governmental banks provide different grants for small-medium dairy farms. Such as NADRA, Bank Of Punjab, and other national sectors. There are various applications and eligibility criteria for having these grants.

Dairy and Meat Finance By MCB Pakistan:

The plan is aimed to improve dairy and meat production in Pakistan. Thus different forms of grants are generated to establish dairy farms. Farmers can have other loan plans for purchasing different animals and other equipment for dairy farm production.

Dairy And Livestock Finance By HBL Pakistan:

Cash loans in this project are given to deserving farmers under specific terms and conditions for purchasing animals, the workplace, and other things such as feeds, etc., for dairy farms.

Government Subsidies:

The government also offers 40% off machinery for boosting and promoting the livestock business in Pakistan. This helps farmers to purchase machinery at a low cost and help to increase their dairy production.

Agriculture Schemes, NBP Pakistan:

The national bank of Pakistan also generates different subsidies in agriculture sectors, such as for poultry farms, crops, livestock, and dairy products.

Nestle, DRDF Dairy Projects:

Through its support to the Dairy and Rural Development Foundation, Nestle Pakistan supports and guides rural dairy farmers and provides different small and long-term loans for proceeding with their business.

Nestle Loans:

More than 30 million collateral-free loans have been distributed to more than 150 dairy farmers who supply milk to Nestle Pakistan. Nestle Pakistan trains more than 38000 farmers for the dairy farm production business through different training sessions and meetings in different villages of Pakistan reported in 2017.

Challenges For Dairy Farming:

There are different challenges and problems which take place in the dairy industry of Pakistan.

The most important thing to consider is the lack of proper information.

Dairy farming or the dairy industry is a broad field, having tremendous scope, but unfortunately, the scope of dairy farming at the educational level is little or up to zero.

Students in Pakistan consider dairy production as a zero-level business and consider it a farmer’s job.

But the reality is totally opposite, and dairy farming is one of the leading occupations that can give you 100% profit at a certain time.

Here I am going to list down some of the specific problems of dairy farming in Pakistan:

• Poor Availability Of Nutrients:

Healthy nutrients are one of the essential components to increase milk production values. Thus lack of proper nutrients can be a cause, but most of the time, people used to import the nutrients for their cattle.

• Health Issues Of Animals:

Similarly, humans and animals also have health problems, so a lack of proper veterinary facilities can cause the life of animals in danger. These health issues can cause severe effects on milk production.

• Issues Of Peri-urban Dairy Colonies:

Urbanization itself has many problems; thus, the creation of dairy farms in peri-urban colonies can cause different issues.

• Lack Of Value Addition Facilities:

Value additions are significant for maintaining and producing high-profit rates and help set profitability at a maximum level of dairy production.

• Potential Threats Of Livestock Breeds:

Potential Threats to livestock include such as environmental degradation, climate change, diseases, and pests of animals.

• Institutional Constraint:

It means legal and other restrictions and administrative procedures and market transactions. These can also create different problems for starting dairy products.

• Marketing Related issues:

As I have mentioned before, there is no proper marketing of dairy production at the educational level, which is also the main problem for dairy production.

• Lack Of Proper Knowledge:

Most people start dairy production without proper knowledge, and it creates a significant loss on a large scale. Thus adequate knowledge of the dairy farm business is essential to start it at a considerable level.

• Poor Management Plans:

Inadequate management plans to start dairy production are also an issue. The dairy farm is a long-term occupation and requires proper management plans and strategies.

How To Start Dairy Farming Business In Pakistan:

Before starting the dairy farms business in Pakistan, you must know about this field correctly. For this purpose, you can survey different leading or small dairy farmhouses.

For starting this business, you need to know about the breeds you will proceed with for milk production. Thus you should know about the top milk breeds nationally or internationally so that you can maximize milk-production quantity.

There is a list of some things you really need to consider before starting a dairy farmhouse business.

So, let’s discuss them briefly.

• Major Equipment:

Equipment such as machinery, water tubs, feeders, and other cleaning tools are first needed. You should have proper equipment before starting the business so that you should not have any problems.

More than ten animals at the start of business are enough, but make sure to have healthy breeds and the most efficient breeds for milk production. After starting the farmhouse with ten animals, you can add animals gradually after profitability.

A proper shed with proper infrastructure is required for keeping animals. There are different styles and designs of sheds according to the number of animals you have. Fans and other vital things to set the proper temperature are also required to place in sheds.

The land of almost 30-50 canals would be required to start dairy farms, including sheds, proper water arrangement, the proper place for feed, and the area to dump.

On average, one employee is enough for almost ten animals. So you can hire employees according to the number of animals you have. Employees should be trained enough to look after animals and can adequately feed them at the appropriate time.

As I have discussed before, marketing is also an essential tool to notify while starting a dairy farm business. Your land should be near the market, and different buyers should know about your farmhouse to purchase milk from you.

Specific and proper food for animals is also important to have. Healthy nutritional food is required for the maximum quantity of milk production. Food includes grass, alfalfa, hay, and other nutrient seeds for animals.

• Freshwater:

Freshwater availability is an important thing for animals. They need more than 500 liters of animals per day. And may need water anytime. So you should have a proper arrangement of 24 hours water availability.

Conclusion:

Dairy farms are one of the top business fields of 2020. As I have discussed in this article, there are different things to notify while starting a dairy farm business.

According to the milk production Pakistan produces annually, there is a need to promote this business so that Pakistan Can become the number one country globally for the production of dairy products.

We are currently in the top 4th position, and the export value is pretty good, but we need to increase this business sector gradually.

All the essential points to consider about dairy farming in Pakistan have been discussed in this article. Thus you can take it as a detailed, informative guide, and before reading it thoroughly, you can definitely own your dairy farming business.

All you need is to understand the problems and challenges while starting this business so that it cannot create any future situation, or you can easily lead your dairy farming business for the long term.

Author description olor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed pulvinar ligula augue, quis bibendum tellus scelerisque venenatis. Pellentesque porta nisi mi. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Etiam risus elit, molestie 

Murray Cow: A Brief Description

Brahman cow : a comprehensive guide, leave a comment cancel reply.

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.

We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too.

Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective

Want to get in touch? Contact our London head office or media team here

Our team is growing all the time, so we’re always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing.

Home > Books > Milk Production, Processing and Marketing

Current Standing and Future Challenges of Dairying in Pakistan: A Status Update

Submitted: 13 August 2018 Reviewed: 12 December 2018 Published: 28 May 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.83494

Cite this chapter

There are two ways to cite this chapter:

From the Edited Volume

Milk Production, Processing and Marketing

Edited by Khalid Javed

To purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www.cbspd.com | [email protected]

Chapter metrics overview

3,256 Chapter Downloads

Impact of this chapter

Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com

Total Chapter Views on intechopen.com

Overall attention for this chapters

Pakistan is considered among the leading raw milk producing countries. Unlike the production systems in the developed countries, milk production systems in Pakistan represent smallholding with subsistence- or market-oriented-level farming followed by peri-urban or commercial-level farming. Historically, dairy sector has been owned and managed by the private sector. During the past two decades, new initiatives have been taken because of the active involvement of corporate private sector. These efforts have resulted in improvements like enlargement of herds and import of high-quality milk germ plasm, the productivity per animal, milk collection, processing and marketing, the supply of dairy inputs (machinery, equipment, feeds, semen, and elite dairy animals), and farmers knowledge, and skills on modern management practices. Conclusively, the dairy sector is performing at some sustainable level to meet the food requirements of the growing population and helping save a handful of foreign exchange. Yet, challenges like local replacements of high genetic potential dairy animals, health hazards of β-casein proteins, antibiotics and aflatoxins, and uneconomical operational costs facing the dairy industry in the near future need to be addressed. The main objective of this chapter is to identify the current trends in dairy industry of Pakistan and describe those factors, which can influence the sustainability and profitability of dairying in the near future.

• collection and processing
• dairy inputs
• food legislation
• large peri-urban dairy farming
• profitability
• sustainability

Author Information

Muhammad naeem tahir *.

• University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

Roshan Riaz

• Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Uludağ, Turkey

Muhammad Bilal

• Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan

Hafiz Muhammad Nouman

*Address all correspondence to: [email protected]

1. Introduction

Pakistan is considered among the leading raw milk producing countries. Unlike the production systems in the developed countries like United States of America and most of Europe, milk production systems in Pakistan have similar characteristics to the most developing countries of subcontinent. Characteristically, smallholding with subsistence- or market-oriented-level farming keeps the major share (about 90%) followed by peri-urban or commercial-level farming [ 1 ].

Current dairying in Pakistan is a combination of both traditional and commercial methods of raising dairy animals, and producing milk and milk products. During last two decades, commercial farming with imported dairy inputs has increased and reached roughly about 1% of the total raw milk production. With the changing human needs and urbanization, the traditional system are on the edge of converting from subsistence level to more commercial and large-scale production systems during the said period [ 2 ]. In addition, policy made at government level in 2007 (Pakistan’s first-ever Livestock Policy) placed considerable focus on dairy sector development. This has invited several private stake holders to invest in the farming, procurement, and processing of dairy and dairy products.

Despite the fact that the government has identified the dairy sector as one of the key priority sectors for development, the farmers being the main stakeholders are still facing constraints of inherent nature. They find limited opportunities to access consumers or industry directly and, therefore, have little control on the price or quality of milk owning to small-sized enterprises and limited resource inputs.

This chapter reviews last 10 years data and reports those significant changes that have been brought about in dairying in the country. The main objective of this chapter is to identify the current trends in dairy industry of Pakistan and describe those factors, which can influence the sustainability and profitability of dairying in the near future.

2. Milk production systems: general characteristics

Unlike the production systems in the developed countries like United States of America, milk production systems in Pakistan have similar characteristics to the most developing countries of subcontinent; smallholders with subsistence- or market-oriented-level farming keeping the major share followed by peri-urban or commercial-level farming [ 1 ]. Dairy farming in Pakistan is practiced mainly by the private sector on various scales, in both urban and rural settings. However, the sector is generally characterized as fragmented and subsistence. With the exception of some peri-urban units, most dairy farming is practiced in mixed crop-livestock systems.

Classically, dairy production systems in Pakistan fall into five main systems of milk production based on location, herd size, and level of management. These are smallholder subsistence, smallholder market-oriented, rural commercial, peri-urban, and large peri-urban. Figure 1 shows percentage contribution of different milk production systems in total annual milk production. These systems are explained in the following subsections.

Annual milk production from various milk production systems in Pakistan in 2016, based on Livestock Censes [ 4 ] and annual growth trends [ 5 ].

2.1 Smallholder subsistence production system

Smallholders produce milk to meet family requirements at minimal cost and have limited access to substantial milk market. The average subsistence unit consists of about three buffaloes, with at least two in milking. Average milk yields per animal are 3 L/day. The main inputs into these households’ dairy production are often noncash resources, such as family-owned land and labor. Some 70% of smallholder milk producers fall into this category [ 3 ]. Most of the milk produced is utilized as fluid for fulfilling the family needs, and the rest is converted into butter and ghee. This system implies the use of household labor and therefore high labor-intensive occupation. Almost 50–60% of the feed requirements of these animals are fulfilled from grazing along with wheat straw and some green fodder. No purchased concentrates are offered. The proportional contribution of this system is declining and is replaced by smallholder market-oriented production system.

2.2 Smallholder market-oriented production system

As presented earlier, rural subsistence production system is changing into rural market-oriented smallholder production system with passage of years. This system is identified by its typical number of animal holdings and surplus milk production than the family requirements. There are usually 5–7 animals per household, both cows and buffaloes. Of these, there are usually 3–4 adult lactating animals along with one or two heifers and one or two male calves. Breeding bulls are normally absent. Feeding requirements of lactating animals are fulfilled from fodder along with wheat straw and seed cake. More than 70% of milk produced is sold either directly to retail shops or through intermediaries. This system is practiced by those smallholders who have access to nearby livestock markets, and they are encouraged to produce in excess of family requirements [ 3 , 4 ].

2.3 Rural commercial production system

In 2006, dairy sector in Pakistan moved toward commercial side and this encouraged some progressive farmers to invest in milk production. A typical rural commercial dairy farm running on commercial basis consists of about 30 animals of which 70% are females, including some cows. Approximately 40% of these adult females are in milk during most of the year. Fodder crops provided 50% and straws about 35% of the feed requirements and concentrates made the rest of it. More than 90% of the milk produced at the farm is sold. Average milk yields per animal are 10 L/day. Potential channels for the marketing of milk in this system have changed from traditional system to selling to the commercial milk collection companies. This system presents the second largest source of milk collection by commercial dairy companies after large peri-urban commercial farming.

2.4 Peri-urban production system

Peri-urban production occurs in commercial-scale units located on the peripheries of major urban centers. With growing demand for milk in urban areas, rural commercial dairy farming moved toward peri-urban areas. These maintain herd sizes ranging from 20 to 200 (small) and from 200 to 2000 (large) head, and averaging 50 animals; 90% buffaloes and 10 % cows with nearly 90% of adult females in production [ 6 ]. These units employ family and hired labor, the latter being paid at local urban rates. Milk is delivered to the market twice a day. Major overheads in this system include hired labor costs, animal shelter, veterinary care, feed, water and electricity bills, and milk transport. Milk is usually sold through direct sale to retail shops in the city after decreaming with the target to sell almost total produced milk. Male calves are disposed off within first 2 weeks of birth. These animals are fed chopped green fodder and wheat straw and concentrate mixture with target to sell almost total milk produced. The current number of dairy farms falling into this category accounts for 200 units situated across the country.

2.5 Large peri-urban commercial dairy farming (key farms, mega farms, corporate farms, etc.)

A rapid increase in urbanization during the last two to three decades has encouraged shifting of peri-urban dairy farming to large peri-urban commercial dairy farming (corporate farming). The owners of these farms aim at getting maximum milk production with economical and quality feeding and good management. These farms are categorized as high inputs-high outputs production systems with no limits on provision of feeding (good quality green fodder or silage along with concentrate mixture) as well as other inputs (medicine, machinery, mechanization, etc.). Dairy animals maintained at these farms are considered elite animals from pure Holstein Friesian and crosses of Holstein Friesian and Jersey breeds; and their yields per day are considerably higher (25 L/day) than those maintained under other production systems. These farms are usually coupled with small-level milk processing (chilling, pasteurization, and packaging), and finished product is disposed of through outlets or departmental stores or supplied to dairy companies (chilled, unprocessed). These modern dairy farms represent less than 1% of total dairy animals and milk production in the country; however, peri-urban (Sections 2.4) and large peri-urban collectively make about 1% of the total. These farms are mostly located in the cultivated areas of the country especially central Punjab province (14) and Sindh (1) (data provided by the sector). The average number of exotic animals kept at these farms is between 2000 and 5000, and the farms with more than 5000 animals also exist. The farms produce large quantities of fluid milk ranging from 0.02 to 0.1 million L/day.

2.6 Trends in production systems

During the last 10 years, significant changes have occurred in dairy sector of Pakistan, and due to these changes, this sector is on the way to become an industry. A large number of modern dairy farms have been established in different areas. Such farms have adopted most modern management and feeding practices and well-trained man power. Milk produced on these farms is either sold out in processed/fresh form through outlets/departmental stores, etc. or supplied to dairy companies (data provided by the sector).

2.7 Trends in annual milk production and consumption

Approximately, 91% of milk is produced in rural areas, with peri-urban areas accounting for 19% now compared to previous corresponding figures of 80% (rural areas), 15% (peri-urban), and 5% (urban areas) [ 2 ] as presented in Figure 2 . Annual milk production from 2006 to 2016 is presented in Figure 3 , which shows that it increased by an average of 3.21% per year, or by an average of 1520 million L/year. Annual milk consumption increased at the same rate to that of milk production or by an average of 1216 million L/year. The extra volumes are a result of increased herd size, and cannot be attributed to enhanced animal productivity, which has remained constant.

Annual saleable milk production from various milk production systems in Pakistan in 2016, based on [ 6 , 7 ] and the data provided by the sector.

Total milk production in the country and consumption by humans from 2006 to 2016. Source: Economic survey of Pakistan (2016–2017).

3. Population of major milk producing species of the animals

Pakistan has 44.4 million cattle and 37.7 million buffaloes, producing 20 and 34 billion L of milk, respectively [ 5 ]. The indigenous breeds of buffalo and cows are considered as poor producers with lactation yields of 1800 and 1195 L [ 8 ] that remained constant across years. The population of major milk producing animals is increasing at a constant rate of 3.3% per annum ( Figure 4 ).

Population dynamics of major milk producing species of large ruminants with percentage increase per year from 2006 to 2016. Source: Economic survey of Pakistan (2016–2017).

3.1 Buffaloes

Buffaloes are the major milk producing animals in Pakistan, representing about 46% of the total dairy herd and providing 62% of total milk production [ 5 ]. The three principal breeds are Nili, Ravi and Kundi. The Nili and Ravi breeds have originated from within a large tract evolved in between the great rivers of Ravi, Sutluj, and Chenab, indicating deltas of Nili- and Sandal-bars. Most famous cities of this tract are Faisalabad, Jhang, Lahore, Sahiwal, Okara, and Sheikupura. The Kundi breed has been found all over Sindh province especially on the both side river Indus from Kashmore in the north to Shah Bandar in the south [ 9 ]. The Nili Ravi breed has evolved as a result of crossbreeding between the breeds: Nili and Ravi. The animals are massive and comparable to large imported breeds regarding feeding requirements. Their milk contains high contents of fat ( Table 1 ; [ 10 , 11 ]), which makes it possible to compare energy outputs in milk between buffalo and imported large dairy breeds of cows. There are currently breeding and performance evaluation programs established at various livestock research centers under the funding and supervision of the government, but farmers are largely excluded from the results of this research, thereby limiting its benefits. Buffalo farming at commercial levels is not common in the country because of less feed efficiency and other reproductive as well as managemental issues associated with the buffaloes. Therefore, the few set ups which were established in the past, e.g., Landhi Cattle Colony, Karachi and Fazal Dairy Farms, Muzaffargarh, are gradually shifting from buffalo to imported cattle.

Proximate parametric composition of raw milk from bubaline and bovine species. 1

Jensen et al. [ 10 ] and Tahir et al. [ 11 ].

3.2.1 Indigenous dairy cattle

The cattle population is slightly larger than that of buffaloes, but cows produce on average only about 58% of the yield of buffaloes. All Pakistan’s indigenous cattle are Zebu (humped type, Bos indicus ). There are 15 recognized breeds in the country, of which Red Sindhi and Sahiwal are well known internationally as tropical dairy cattle breeds. The home tract of Sahiwal cattle includes, Faisalabad, Jhang, Okara, and Sahiwal districts of central Punjab and Multan district of southern Punjab whereas that of Red Sindhi includes Dadu, Hyderabad, Karachi, and Thatta districts of province Sindh and Lasbela district of Baluchistan [ 9 ]. Cattle have traditionally been bred to produce bullocks for plowing and on-farm operations. Pure breeds account for 43% and nondescript for 44% [ 12 ].

3.2.2 Crossbred dairy cattle

A sizable population of cattle crossbreeds has recently emerged, and now represent 13% of Pakistan’s total cattle population. Breeding policy allows the crossbreeding of nondescript cattle with Holstein, Friesian, and Jersey breeds, with the desired level of exotic inheritance being between 50 and 75%.

The productivity of dairy cattle crossbreeds is far higher than that of local nondescript or pure breeds, with longer lactation periods, higher milk production per lactation, and shorter calving intervals. These advantages make crossbred cattle highly preferred for intensive and semi-intensive dairy farming systems. Semen for crossbreeding programs is imported from countries such as the United States of America, the Netherlands, Germany, and Australia by private sector firms.

3.2.3 Imported dairy cattle

More recently, because of the involvement of private sector and policies made by the Government of Pakistan, Australian, Dutch, German and American Holstein Friesian and Holstein Friesian and Jersey crossbred cows have been imported and kept under specific management conditions by the commercial farmers. A sizeable (about 0.058 million heads to date) population of these elite cows is present in the country at large peri-urban dairy farms. These animals cost very high and require highly specific, most modern management and feeding practices and well-trained man power. These cattle represent less than 1% of total dairy animals and milk production (235 million L per annum to date) in the country ( Figure 5a and b ).

Percentage contribution of imported dairy cattle in total population of large milk producing animals (a) and milk production (b), based on the data provided by the sector.

4. Safety of milk and dairy products

The demand for safe, high-quality foods with a long shelf-life is increasing day by day in the country. This reflects an improvement in the income as well as knowledge and awareness level of common masses. However, milk and milk products are biochemically unstable; i.e., they deteriorate very quickly and they accept foreign odors and materials very easily. Hence, maintaining the quality of milk poses a great challenge to the producers, collectors, and/or processors until it reached to the final destination. This is a fact that the dairy industry is highly unregulated in Pakistan, and the marketing chain is exclusively in the private sector. Generally, the milk is produced under compromised hygienic conditions that results in poor quality. Adulteration has been very common to increase milk volumes at farmer and intermediaries level in the past. The quality of milk is ensured by boiling at high temperatures during household consumption. Lack of hygiene, adulteration by various agents, and absence of a cold chain were identified as the primary contributors to low-quality milk in the past [ 2 ].

4.1 Measures being taken

Maintaining a high standard of hygiene is one of today’s most important milk production objectives. The hygiene level directly influences the production’s economical result, and dairies are enforcing this by steadily raising their quality requirements for raw milk. More importantly though, consumers are concerned about the safety of dairy products and the conditions under which these are produced. It is critically important to ensure the high quality at each step of this chain. It is, therefore, required that raw milk should be produced from healthy animals under good hygienic conditions and all control measures be applied from production to consumption to protect human health.

Several dairy development programs for the production, distribution, and processing of hygienic milk have been started during the last two decades at private sector. These programs seek to ensure the production of hygienic milk by providing farmer education, implementing strict quality tests, and establishing cold chain collection and supply systems.

4.1.1 Quality tests and hygienic measures

The corporate private sector has implemented various strategies to ensure milk quality and safety at collection. At the first place, various milk qualitative and quantitative tests at village (VMC) and regional milk collection centers (RMC) are performed. These include organoleptic, temperature, clot on boiling, fat%, solids not fat, total solids, and specific gravity. Tests for aflatoxins, antibiotics, and physiochemical characteristics are performed at RMC to ensure product processing quality and safety. A complete list of the tests performed at dairies is presented in Table 2 .

List of physiochemical, chemical, and organoleptic tests performed at regional milk collection centers and processing plants in Pakistan. 1

Based on the data provided by the sector.

At the second place during processing or intermediate steps, various systems for quality and safety management, e.g., ISO 9000, FSMS 22000, total quality management (TQM), hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP), and many other ISO certificates are adopted [ 13 ].

4.1.2 Farmers’ support

The large dairy organizations like Nestle and Engro have provided farmers with the dairy inputs that have facilitated enhance and good quality milk production. Nestlé Pakistan Ltd. through its Kisan Club ( https://www.nestle.pk/asset-library/documents/financial_reports/csv_report_2016.pdf : accessed October 19, 2018) aimed for major improvements in dairy farm sustainability by helping farmers decrease farm input cost and increase productivity resulting in better economic returns. Kisan Club helps achieve that by providing access to subsidized farm supplies like chillers and farm machinery, financial support through milk advances, and bank loans and technical services about health, breeding, and management. The results of this project showed an increased hygienic milk production and ensured supply to the collectors.

4.1.3 Rewards and punishments

Volume incentive will be paid to commercial dairy farmer (CDF; with 51–500 L/day milk production) and large farmers (LF; with more than 500 L/day) if either of these is supplying more than 51 L daily to the collection center. Different volume slabs per day above a minimum of 51 L/day corresponds to different incentives.

Loyalty incentive will be given @Rs. 1/L to either CDF or LF if he supplies milk to the company at least 28 days a month.

Total plate count (TPC) incentive will be given @Rs. 0.5/L to only CDF if his milk sample TPC falls under 200,000/mL of milk. The rate of this incentive is reduced to Rs. 0.2/L if TPC level falls between 200,000 and 300,000/mL of milk.

4.1.4 Establishment of cold chain

Under traditional system of milk collection and transportation, milk is transported over long distances, often in extreme weather conditions without cold storage facilities. Milk losses due to the lack of cold storage are estimated at about 15–20% of total milk production in some areas according to an Asian Development Bank report [ 14 ]. To minimize the effects of transportation on milk quality, the corporate private sector has maintained collection centers and established the cold chain.

4.2 Food safety legislation and regulation

Pure Food Ordinance, 1960

Pakistan Hotels and Restaurant Act, 1976

Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority (PSQCA) Act, 1996.

These laws had the capacity to achieve at least a minimum level of food safety; however, they were very poorly enforced.

As presented earlier, use of growth promoters such as (Boostin ® ), milk let down facilitators (Oxytocin ® ), and addition of water to increase physical milk volumes have been very common among the suppliers other than supplying to the dairies.

However, these malpractices have been banned by law (Punjab Pure Food Act, 2011; accessed September 28, 2018) and declining by strict actions of Punjab Food Authority and quality control units of private sectors.

The Punjab Food Authority [ 16 ], formed under the Punjab Food Authority Act 2011 and the Pure Food Rules 2011, has been very active since its inception on July 2, 2012 in various districts of Punjab province. The authority aims to ensure food safety & quality in the entire food chain in collaboration with manufacturers, food business operators, consumers, government departments, autonomous bodies, and other stakeholders. The authority issues guideline for the stakeholders related to the food industry, regulates and monitors the food business and certifies food items to ensure compliance with the food standards [ 16 ]. The authority also arranges awareness programs and takes part in educating people related to food business. In recent years, remarkable improvements in the keeping quality of milk can be partially attributed to the role of PFA.

A brief overview of PFA is given in Annexure 1. The new regulations [ 16 ] and Punjab Pure Food Rules (Punjab Pure Food Act, 2011; accessed September 28, 2018) have clearly stated definitions of various food items including all forms of milk, and explicitly prohibit or limit the use of harmful preservatives, including bacteria inhibitors such as penicillin and formalin, and other substances such as urea, sugar, and glucose. The use of oxytocin or any growth promoters is also prohibited by law. These laws also obligate rules and regulations for dairy processing corporations to provide hygienic milk through regulated quality testing, packaging, storage, distribution, and recalling.

5. Environmental consequences of dairying

Livestock activities play a significant role in the maintenance of surrounding environment, including, air land, soil, and water. These may have direct impact on subsoil water, rivers, and lakes by adding solid waste and pollutants, which emits nutrients, organic matter, pathogens, and drug residues or indirect, in the form of competition for natural resources. Animals and their waste contribute to climate change by emitting greenhouse gases or by changing land use resulting from increased demand for feed grains and grazing. Figure 6 shows a most recent estimate of greenhouse gas emissions from the livestock activities within agriculture sector of Pakistan.

Total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture sector in Pakistan. Source: FAOSTAT 2018 (accessed: September 25, 2018).

5.1 Sources of environmental pollution

The production systems and large dairy facilities have been identified as the two major sources of environmental degradation in Pakistan’s dairy sector [ 2 ].

5.1.1 Production systems

The data on the production systems indicate that there has been rapid growth in peri-urban and large peri-urban commercial dairy farming with intensive management conditions. This means that large numbers of animals are kept in small compounds. Under traditional management practices, the solid and liquid waste is often disposed of in major water bodies. Furthermore, the water used in farming operations is drained into main water resources. This not only contaminates public drinking water, but also leads to unchecked methane emissions. The second aspect of animal farming with respect to environmental consequences is the overgrazing and competition for food between animals and humans. The ever increasing livestock population [ 5 ] with poor level productivity poses serious threats on sustainability of range resources and cultivable lands for feed production [ 17 ].

5.1.2 Processing facilities

In the recent years, a sizeable number of milk processing plants is in operations. These plants pollute the surrounding environment and contribute to climate change by adding solid waste, liquid waste, soil pollution and noise, and air emissions. Of these, wastewater from washing and cleaning operations is the greatest pollutant, and is estimated to be between 5.5 and 30 cubic meter for every cubic meter of milk processed at a typical dairy unit [ 18 , 19 ].

5.2 Awareness and understanding of environmental consequences

There is a lack of understanding for environmental consequences of livestock in developing countries and the situation in Pakistan is no different, as demonstrated by the Livestock Policy’s (2007) failure to consider environment. Awareness and understanding of the environmental consequences of dairying are extremely limited in almost all sectors, especially the government sector and small-scale farming. The focus is on the more obvious contamination, such as flies and odor, rather than the serious threats of land degradation, water pollution, biodiversity erosion, and global climate change.

6. Improvements

Since last reviews in 2002 [ 1 ], 2011 [ 2 ], 2013 [ 20 ] and 2015 [ 21 ], various changes have been brought about in various subsectors of the dairy industry in Pakistan. Only significant improvements are being identified here and a summary is presented as Annexure 2.

Realizing the positive impact that development funding can have on raw milk production, the private sector has recently started to implement projects aiming at organizing farmers for milk collection and marketing, while providing them with information and access to market channels resulting in enhanced productivity. These projects, started under public-private partnership, reach large number of beneficiaries, and show relatively quick results. The rapidly increasing demand and high margins are additional driving forces behind private sector investments.

6.1 Enlargement of herds and import of high-quality milk germ plasm

To date, various companies are supplying elite class pedigreed dairy animals and high-quality semen imported from various countries including the United States of America, Australia, Germany, and the Netherlands. A total of about 0.058 million heads exotic dairy cattle have been imported during the last two decades and are being maintained at large peri-urban commercial dairy farms. These companies supply 3–7 months pregnant heifers with a farm gate price range of 2500–4700 US$ per imported animal (based on the data provided by the sector). The animals are usually ensured against any accidental injuries or death during the transportation and afterward. The semen doses from elite class pedigreed bulls are also available with a price range of 40–80 US$/dose.

6.2 Focus on improving the productivity per animal rather than improving their number

While looking at the statistical data for the last 10 years (2006–2016) or even before, it is clear that policy focus was mainly put on increasing the number of animals per year rather than on increasing the productivity per animal ( Figure 4 ). This indicates that any improvements in raw milk production are mainly caused by increase in number of animals every year. As presented previously, the indigenous dairy animals are characterized as poor producers with low daily milk yields (4.78 vs. 6.0 L), lactation yields (1195 vs. 1800 L), and less days in milk (250 vs. 300) [ 8 , 11 ]. With the introduction of crossbreeding, daily milk, and lactation yields are far better now (12 and 3600 L, respectively) with compromised milk fat content (6 vs. 3.6% for buffaloes and crossbred cattle, respectively) under rural commercial and peri-urban dairy farming. This provides some evidence that there has been improved productivity per animal; however, crossbred cattle represent a small proportion of total population [ 7 , 12 ].

6.3 Improvements in milk collection, processing, and marketing

In the past 10 years (2006–2016), the private sector dairy organizations namely Engro Foods Ltd./Frieslandcampina & Nestle Pakistan Ltd. played a vital role in milk collection and marketing. They mainly aimed at getting high-quality, safe, and secure milk. To ensure this, they have installed milk chillers at village level so that milk can be preserved safely on immediate basis after collection from individual farmers and maintained a cold supply chain, thus, providing with means for securing quality and wholesomeness of the product and successful marketing at the doorsteps of the farmers. According to a recent update, Nestle Pakistan Ltd. has installed about 2100, Engro Foods Ltd. installed 1250, whereas Nurpur installed 300 chillers with about 500 chillers installed by other dairy companies. Figure 7 shows trends in milk collection by private dairy sector (both traditional and commercial) in two base years of 2006 and 2016.

Milk collection by traditional and commercial methods in two base years (2006 inner circle and 2016 outer circle). Based on data provided by the sector.

Similarly, there has been a significant increase in the processing capacity of various dairies during this period of 10 years (2006–2016). Figure 8 shows that the total processing capacity for pasteurized and ultrahigh-treated fluid milk and milk products from all dairy processing was estimated to be 32 million L/year in 2006 [ 2 ], which reached to a corresponding value of 2326 million L/year in 2016. Some recent figures indicate that a total of about 15 dairy processing plants are functional in the country with varying capacity for product volume and assortment. Three big dairy companies, e.g., Nestle Pakistan Ltd., Engro Foods Ltd., and Nurpur Ltd. occupying the first, second, and third position, are processing about 1168, 584, and 237 million L/year, respectively. In addition to the fluid milk collected from inside the country, a large amount of dry milk is also imported. The large differences between collection and processing of fluid milk by dairies are explained through the import of dry milk, which had an estimated amount of 284 million L/year during 2016–2017. The dry milk is used after reconstitution for various purposes, during flush and lean periods.

Milk processing (fluid milk and dairy products) by large dairies in two base years (2006 and 2016), based on [ 2 ] and the data provided by the sector.

6.4 Improvements in the supply of dairy inputs

As the trend from traditional to commercial dairy farming is gaining fame and acceptance among the farmers and corporate stake holders, the demand for dairy inputs is on an increase on daily or monthly basis. These inputs range from seed stock dairy animals, modern dairy housing fixtures and equipment, commercial feeds including concentrate, silage and hay to medicine, vaccines, and semen. A significant number of multinational and local companies to supply dairy inputs has emerged in the recent past and continues to grow in the future. These firms are mostly located in Lahore or Karachi, and the surrounding of these cities are known as the hubs for peri-urban and large peri-urban dairy farming.

6.4.1 Establishment of commercial feed units and silage making

Little is known about the actual number of commercial feed units supplying concentrate, hay, or silage in 2006, as there number was so small to be included in the counting. Importantly, Ghazi Brothers and ICI, Pakistan are considered as two main companies who started their sale operations of animals inputs of medicine and supplements as early as 2000s. Then, the era came when more players started their business for supplying complete range of animal farming inputs. These companies were either sister companies of some most famous brands or were off-shoots of some international groups (Bovitech ® ). The animal inputs of feeding (commercial concentrate, bailed hay and silage, vitamin and mineral premixes, and growth promoters), treatment (de-wormers, vaccines, and medicines), and reproductive management are examples of year-round supplies by these companies (based on data provided by the sector).

6.4.2 Ensured supply of dairy farm machinery

The most updated dairy farm machinery and equipment are available in the country now. Many commercial companies are either preparing the required equipment at local market level or import from abroad. These companies not only provide inputs but also services and consultancy. The important farm machinery and farm structures may include, but not limited to, dairy sheds and layouts, milking machines, lines and parlors, milk chillers and utensils, forage harvesters, choppers and inoculants mixtures, and hay and silage bailers (based on the data provided by the sector).

6.5 Farmers’ education on modern management practices

As mentioned earlier, several farmers education programs related to dairy farming are in place now. In the recent past, Engro Foods Ltd. started and completed a large farmers and extension worker training program titled “Big Push,” in which they trained a total of 12,000 Basic Livestock Workers for basic dairy farming, keeping in hygienic, and clean milk production ( http://www.engrofoods.com/bigpush.html : accessed October 15, 2018). Among those trained, 750 persons got special training as livestock extension workers (LEW), artificial insemination technicians, and farm supervisors and village milk collectors. This program was completed in collaboration with Punjab Skills Development Foundation during a period of one and half year (February, 2017–June, 2018).

Similarly, Nestle Pakistan Ltd. has taken several initiatives to rural development by taking several steps to increase the knowledge and skill level of farmers for enhanced and good quality milk production and quality of life ( https://www.nestle.pk/asset-library/documents/financial_reports/csv_report_2016.pdf : accessed October 19, 2018). The company’s initiatives positively impacted the lives of small dairy farmers by imparting training to around 77,000 farmers through farmer help camps. Nestle, through its famous Dairy and Rural Development Foundation (DRDF) trained 48,600 dairy farmers and 500 commercial farmers and farm managers on best dairy farm management practices, trained and established 2450 AITs, trained and established 7000 Women LEWs as entrepreneurs serving farmers in 10,000 villages in South Punjab. They started a street theater and mass awareness campaign, which reached approximately 3 million dairy households to increase knowledge of best dairy farm practices. They upgraded 118 local farms to model farms to meet rural communities’ requirements and now serving as service and supply hubs for small farmers.

7. Future challenges

Conclusively, the dairy sector is performing at some sustainable level to meet the food requirements of the growing population and helping save a handful of foreign exchange to be expended on the import of milk and milk products, yet some challenges facing the industry in the near future need to be addressed.

7.1 Replacements considerations of high genetic potential dairy animals

Dairy heifer replacement raises significant attention among the stakeholders, and this issue should be taken as challenge if we want to keep the pace of commercial dairy farming. To the present day, in the absence of specific breeding plans adopted, the corporate and mega farms established in various parts of the country are importing their seed stock from various technological advanced countries. The first seed stock has completed their productive life or near to completion at many of these farms. To maintain the commercial activity and profitability, the older and spent seed stock needs to be replaced with the younger ones of same genetic potential for milk.

Import of dairy animals every time from the exporting countries requires high input costs and extensive paper work. It is also an indicator of poor sustainability of farm economics. Furthermore, many political situations around the globe may delay or cut off the supplies of these important dairy inputs. It is, therefore, required that the replacement stock should be raised locally. However, the production of high genetic potential heifers at low costs is challenging and requires huge resources to be spared for research and propagation of research outcomes.

7.2 Considerations for β-casein proteins

Among the milk protein, the casein constitute 80% and the whey proteins constitute the rest. There are several types of casein in milk, and β-casein is the second most common. β-casein exists in at least 13 different forms [ 22 ]. Two major forms of β-casein protein exist in the form of A1 and A2. A2 is the original β-casein protein in all dairy animals. Breeds like the Holstein, Friesian, Ayrshire, and British Shorthorn that originated in northern Europe produce milk that is generally high in A1 β-casein. Other breeds that originated in the Channel Islands and Southern France, and the rest of the world ( Bos indicus ) produce milk that is high in A2 β-casein. This includes breeds like the Guernsey, Jersey, Charolais, and Limousin in Europe and Sahiwal, Red-Sindhi, etc. in subcontinent [ 23 ].

Several health hazards are associated with β-casein A1 type protein. During processing and digestion of milk, several peptides are released due to enzymatic cleavage and have various beneficial effects on the body. These peptides are called bioactive peptides. Bioactive peptides vary due to the genetic polymorphism for β-casein protein. β-Casomorphin7 (BCM7), having opioid like properties, can be released easily from A1 type β-casein [ 24 , 25 ]. BCM7 has potential negative effect on the opioid receptors of nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system of the human body. BCM7 is associated with diabetes type 1, coronary heart disease, Autism, schizophrenia, and sudden infant death syndrome [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. However, Truswell [ 23 ] in his review on the A1 and A2 hypothesis, negated any association between the A1 type β-casein protein in milk and mentioned health issues.

A1 and A2 debate is still an open challenge to the dairy industry and for human health. Several techniques are available to quantify the A1 and A2 in individual milk, bulk milk, dairy products, and different breed milk. More precise and accurate research on the association of the A1 with different diseases and syndromes, and their tolerance levels adjustments is needed. The research should expand to include the milk from other species of the animals too. If the scientific studies rule out hazardous effects of A1 β-casein on the human health, a great shift in the current dairy farming practices is expected in the country and the world afterward.

7.3 Presence of antibiotics and aflatoxins

7.3.1 antibiotics.

Presence of antibiotics in milk is a worldwide issue. In countries like Pakistan with poor hygienic conditions, prevalence of various diseases is common. Antibiotic residues are regarded as the unacceptable antibiotic levels or their active metabolites in tissues or products from the treated animals. Over the last few decades, antibiotics residues and antibiotic resistance are posing the biggest challenge to the public health. The potential hazards of antibiotic residues can be classified as: those who directly affect human health by consuming animal products (cause allergic reaction to the sensitive persons, ototoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive effects, and teratogenicity), those which are excreted in animal feces and urine and pollute water and other land resources, and those which hinder the process of culturing during the production of dairy products.

In order to minimize the residues of the antibiotics in the milk, multiple international agencies like FAO, WHO, CAC, and EEC are working and they have set the standard maximum residual levels (MRLS) for animals and their products. Products containing residues more than these levels are considered illegal. Several awareness programs should be addressed at the public level to minimize antibiotic residue. These may include: improved hygienic management practices at farm, minimum use of antibiotics after the laboratory procedures and sufficient withdrawal period, grading of milk according to the presence of antibiotic residues, and rejection of milk with unacceptable antibiotics levels.

7.3.2 Mycotoxins

Mycotoxins have a great range of the diversity, but aflatoxin (AF) is the abundant toxic compound found in various food and feeds. Aflatoxins are the dangerous toxic chemical compound produced by the Aspergillus spp . of fungi predominantly A. flavus and A. parasiticus . The aflatoxin problem is worldwide even in the temperate zones where the temperature, humidity, and harvesting conditions favor the growth of this fungus. More than 20 different AF derivatives like B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, etc. are identified as the dominating derivatives. AF after ingestion or after entry through skin disseminate within the body and have serious health hazards like carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, retarded growth, impaired liver functions, and allergic reactions [ 30 ]. The public health problems depend upon the severity of exposure, duration of exposure and type of AF exposure, and on the basis of this, aflatoxicosis is considered as acute and chronic.

Large number of fatalities occurs due to acute aflatoxicosis, but due to chronic exposure, most of the animals and humans got infected. Annually, 4.5 billion of human population is presented to the chronic exposure of AF [ 30 ] causing immune suppression, decreased food intake, susceptibility to the other infections like plasmodium and HIV, and reduced production.

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the major (about 95%) excreted AF metabolite in the milk and is related to severe health issues. Trace amounts of AFM2, AFL, AFM4, and AFQ1 are also detected in milk but have less public health importance [ 31 ]. Long-term feeding of AFB1-contaminated feed results in the appearance of AFM1 in the milk [ 32 ]. Studies suggest that the highly producing animals secrete more AFM1 in milk due to the more consumption of highly concentrated feed. Rate of carryover of AFM1 in the milk from the dairy cows ranges from 0.3 to 6.5% [ 33 ].

Pasteurization decreases 7.62% of AFM1 from the milk

Milk concentration can reduce AFM1 by a factor of 60–70%

Development of proper standards and rules for AFS

Interaction with the international organizations like FAO and WHO for the adoption of standardization

Setting a standardized upper limit of the AF in food chain

Development of precise, specific, and economical innovative technologies for the detection of multiple AF in the feed, milk, and milk products

Development of resistant plants to the fungus growth.

Development of the breeds that have the genetic resistance to that biotransformation from AFB1 to AFM1 in the milk

Research on gene regulation of mycotoxin producing organisms.

7.4 Considerations for competitive operational costs

The current day dairy operations like starting the enterprise, feeding the animals, maintaining a high level of hygiene and cleanliness at farm, and disposal of milk are performed at relatively high costs because of high costs of various dairy input (elite dairy animals, feed ingredients, preventive medication, electricity bills, etc.). These high costs directly control the product price and reduce the profit margins, and are variable among different systems of milk production. As per estimates of collected data from farmers maintaining herds in different production systems, the farm-gate price for 1 kg milk production of cows ranges from 42 (rural subsistence and rural market oriented) to 52 PKR (all other cow milk production systems; the prices are usually discounted for dairy organizations as a reward of the dairy inputs provided by them to the farmers) and that of buffaloes ranges from 55 to 65 PKR. These prices are relatively higher than those incurred in the more developed countries of the world. This situation prevents the investors to invest in the dairy business and causes the import of milk and milk products to fulfill country’s requirements of milk. It is, therefore, suggested that farmers should be encouraged to produce milk at relatively low prices to make dairy sector of Pakistan to be more competitive with rest of the world. It is further suggested that a system for price determination of per kg milk production based on differences arising from species and system of milk production to propagate buffalo dairy farming and reduce malpractices in milk marketing may be introduced.

7.5 Research

7.5.1 to save environment and water resources.

Pakistan has been included among the countries to face severe shortage of clean and hygiene water in the near future. The underground water table is getting deeper, and the available surface water is facing a merciless run-off. As discussed earlier, milk production and processing activities require large quantities of clean and hygienic water. No resources are committed to research on and discussion of the environmental effects of the dairy sector either by private or public sector, although there has been some recent interest in the development of treatment plants of wastewater and biogas by the private dairy organizations [ 19 ]. Therefore, sincere efforts are required with focused strategies to: (1) accurately estimate the current emissions of greenhouse gases and waste water from the agricultural sector, especially livestock and (2) mitigate these emissions through available resources.

8. Conclusions

The dairy industry in Pakistan represents smallholding with subsistence- or market-oriented farming followed by peri-urban or commercial-level farming. Historically, dairy sector has been owned and managed by the private sector. The population of dairy animals as well as milk production from these animals is increasing at a constant steady rate every year. The per animal productivity of the local dairy cows and buffaloes remained the same over the years; however, crossbreeding and import of elite dairy cows tended to increase in pursuance of increased productivity per animal. During the past two decades, various changes have been brought about in various subsectors as a result of new initiatives taken by the corporate private sector. These efforts have resulted in enlargement in the size of dairy units, improvements in milk collection, processing and marketing, increased supply of dairy inputs (machinery, equipment, feeds, semen, and elite dairy animals), and enhanced farmers knowledge and skills on modern management practices.

Conclusively, the dairy sector is performing at some sustainable level to meet the food requirements of the growing population. Yet, challenges like local replacements of high genetic potential dairy animals, health hazards of β-casein proteins, antibiotics and aflatoxins, and uneconomical operational costs facing the dairy industry in the near future need to be addressed.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Sajjad Hussain, Dr. Khurram Shahzad, and Dr. Muhammad Qasim for their help with collection of data from dairy sector.

Conflict of interest

No conflict of interest is declared.

Annexure 1.

Responsibilities of Punjab Food Authority, 2011. 1

Punjab Pure Food Rules (2011).

Continue reading from the same book

Published: 17 July 2019

By Amjad Aqib, Muhammad Ijaz, Aftab Anjum, Muhammad K...

1298 downloads

By Rita Rahmeh, Husam Alomirah, Abrar Akbar and Jiwan...

2574 downloads

By Valente Velazquez-Ordoñez, Nancy Montoya-Garcia, A...

1074 downloads

How to Start Dairy Farming in Pakistan Business Plan Setup Cost Guide in Urdu

We provided these facts with the help of multiple online sources that this is by far the largest country that produces the dairy milk and also meat in each single year. The reason behind this achievement is that this business comes with great profits and cash. It is estimated that about 25 to 40 Million in numbers of people who are living in this country, they are involved in this livestock farming. Furthermore it is true that from last few years most of the Pakistanis are showing the interest to commence with their own Dairy Farming business. For this it’s necessary to knows that how to start this setup, its proper plan and guide of its cost in Pakistan. This all info is very easy to transcribe in Urdu.

Check out the Guide :

First, you have to do the proper planning of yours dairy building structure and its parts. You should know that the total and complete area of shed includes the Pasture Land, Area for Corrals so that you can hold down your cattle, Area for Barns, and lastly a major building structure is require for storing animal feed.

• You have to do the complete maintenance of your cattle shed. For all of these tasks, you need to finalize your budget.
• Then you have to decide that how much in number of animals and cattle you are in need! You have to come up with the exact and actual quantity. In this way, you will have a proper estimate of yours feasibility report. It is according to the related Department that you can have this much in number of cattle for per acre.

Then comes the part of proper budgeting. This budgeting will include the costs of your maintenance and also vaccination. It is a must for you to have your animals and cattle on time vaccinations.

The Hiring of a veterinary expert is a must for you. It is up to you if you want to utilize the combination of some inoculations and vaccinations, if you want to use some hormone injections and also supplements so that you can maximize milk production of your business.

• You need to have a caring staff as well. You should try to hire and appoint the cooperative and caring staff. If your staff will treat your animals all with Sympathy and care then it will put up a healthy and positive impact on the lives of your cattle overall living.

Estimate Cost :

• Make sure that you have 30 to 40 Lac Rupees in Hand to start a average setup.

You have to do the insurance of your cattle and animals. Because of the seasonal or due to the non seasonal diseases, your animals might get dead. If you will insure them, then your dairy farm business will remain on the safe side. It is lucrative and productive business. For sure you can start this one!

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

• Sazgar Rickshaw Price in Pakistan 2024
• Pakistan Railway Online Ticket Price 2024 Booking
• Juki Machine Price in Pakistan 2024
• (Kashmir) Askari Park Karachi Ticket Price 2024 Timing for Entry
• Hummer Jeep Price in Pakistan 2024 H2 H3 H4 Car
• Libra Daily Horoscope in Urdu 2015
• Kia Sportage 2024 Price in Pakistan, Launch Date, Fuel Average
• Toyota Grande 2024 Price in Pakistan
• Lawn Prints 2015 with Price in Karachi
• Why Interest-Free Banking?
• Power Crisis In Pakistan Essay
• Multan Board 5th & 8th Class Roll Number Slip 2014
• Toyota Corolla XLI 2019 Invoice Price In Pakistan
• How to Verify Telenor Sim Against CNIC From Biometric System
• Latest Colours Combination of Wedding Dresses of Pakistani Brides of…

• Chairman’s Message
• Aim & Objective
• Executive Committee
• General Body Members
• Election Schedule
• Final List of Eligible Voters
• Final List of Candidates
• Election Result
• Corporate Membership
• Associate Membership
• Benefits of PDA Membership
• List of Executive Committee Members
• List of General Body Members
• News & Activities

Pakistan Dairy Association aims to empower and develop the small dairy farmers.

“To provide safe and healthy dairy products to the consumers and empower & develop small dairy farmers.

Pakistan Dairy Association (PDA), established in 1985-86 is an entity, registered with Directorate General Trade Organization (Ministry of Commerce) and Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) as a non-profit organization u\s 42 of the Companies Ordinance, having members all over Pakistan to provide a forum for dairy sector and allied agro fields, professionals as well as farmers for the determination of knowledge and ideas in Research & Development, production, processing and marketing. One of the objectives of PDA is to establish strong backward & forward linkages amongst all the stakeholders in private as well as public sector and livestock farmers which ultimately result in uplift of socio economic standards of rural masses leading to substantial increase in national economy.

Our Services

Our Members

Upmetrics AI Assistant: Simplifying Business Planning through AI-Powered Insights. Learn How

Entrepreneurs & Small Business

Accelerators & Incubators

Business Consultants & Advisors

Educators & Business Schools

Students & Scholars

AI Business Plan Generator

Financial Forecasting

AI Assistance

Ai Pitch Deck Generator

Strategic Planning

See How Upmetrics Works  →

• Sample Plans
• WHY UPMETRICS?

Customer Success Stories

Business Plan Course

Small Business Tools

Strategic Planning Templates

E-books, Guides & More

• Sample Business Plans
• Food, Beverage & Restaurant

Dairy Farm Business Plan

High demand, an extensive marketplace, and a recurring revenue model make starting a dairy farm business a lucrative and rewarding profession.

Anyone can start a dairy farm, but you will need a detailed business plan when it comes to growing your business and raising funds for it.

Need help writing a business plan for your dairy farm? You’re at the right place. Our dairy farm business plan template will help you get started.

Free Business Plan Template

Download our free business plan template now and pave the way to success. Let’s turn your vision into an actionable strategy!

• Fill in the blanks – Outline
• Financial Tables

How to Write A Dairy Farm Business Plan?

Writing a dairy farm business plan is a crucial step toward the success of your business. Here are the key steps to consider when writing a business plan:

1. Executive Summary

An executive summary is the first section planned to offer an overview of the entire business plan. However, it is written after the entire business plan is ready and summarizes each section of your plan.

Here are a few key components to include in your executive summary:

Introduce your Business:

• This section may include the name of your dairy farm, its location, when it was founded, the type of dairy farm (E.g., conventional dairy farm, organic dairy farm, farmstead dairy farm), etc.

Market Opportunity:

Dairy farm products:.

• For instance, you may include milk and milk products as dairy farm products, and organic and grass-fed and pasture-raised cattle as some of your USPs.

Marketing & Sales Strategies:

Financial highlights:, call to action:.

Ensure your executive summary is clear, concise, easy to understand, and jargon-free.

Say goodbye to boring templates

Build your business plan faster and easier with AI

Plans starting from $7/month

2. Business Overview

The business overview section of your business plan offers detailed information about your company. The details you add will depend on how important they are to your business. Yet, business name, location, business history, and future goals are some of the foundational elements you must consider adding to this section:

Business Description:

• Conventional dairy farm
• Organic dairy farm
• Farmstead dairy farm
• Pasture-based dairy farm
• Describe the legal structure of your dairy farm, whether it is a sole proprietorship, LLC, partnership, or others.
• Explain where your business is located and why you selected the place.

Mission Statement:

Business history:.

• Additionally, If you have received any awards or recognition for excellent work, describe them.

Future Goals

This section should provide a thorough understanding of your business, its history, and its future plans. Keep this section engaging, precise, and to the point.

3. Market Analysis

The market analysis section of your business plan should offer a thorough understanding of the industry with the target market, competitors, and growth opportunities. You should include the following components in this section.

Target market:

• For instance, health-conscious individuals, specialty diet consumers, and organic shoppers would be an ideal target audience for a pasture-based dairy farm.

Market size and growth potential:

• For instance, the dairy farm industry was 59.3 billion dollars in 2022. It is extremely crucial to define the segment of your target market and its growth potential.

Competitive Analysis:

Market trends:.

• For instance, plant-fed dairy farming has a booming market; explain how you plan on dealing with this potential growth opportunity.

Regulatory Environment:

Here are a few tips for writing the market analysis section of your dairy farming business plan:

• Conduct market research, industry reports, and surveys to gather data.
• Provide specific and detailed information whenever possible.
• Illustrate your points with charts and graphs.
• Write your business plan keeping your target audience in mind.

4. Products And Services

The product and services section should describe the specific services and products that will be offered to customers. To write this section should include the following:

Milk Varieties:

Mention different varieties of milk you will offer at your dairy farm. This will include full-fat milk, low-fat milk, grass-fed derived milk, skimmed milk, etc.

Dairy products:

Mention the dairy farm products you will offer. This list may include dairy products like cheese, butter, yogurt, cream, ice cream, and much more. Also, mention the different varieties of these products you will offer.

Parts and Accessories:

Quality measures:.

• This may include ensuring animal health and welfare, milk testing and quality control, sanitation and hygiene practices, etc.

Additional Services

In short, this section of your dairy farm plan must be informative, precise, and client-focused. By providing a clear and compelling description of your offerings, you can help potential investors and readers understand the value of your business.

5. Sales And Marketing Strategies

Writing the sales and marketing strategies section means a list of strategies you will use to attract and retain your clients. Here are some key elements to include in your sales & marketing plan:

Unique Selling Proposition (USP):

• For example, grass-fed milk produce, organic and sustainable practices, and farm-to-table sales could be some of the great USPs for a local pasture-raised dairy farm.

Pricing Strategy:

Marketing strategies:, sales strategies:, customer retention:.

Overall, this section of your dairy farm business plan should focus on customer acquisition and retention.

Have a specific, realistic, and data-driven approach while planning sales and marketing strategies for your dairy farm, and be prepared to adapt or make strategic changes in your strategies based on feedback and results.

6. Operations Plan

The operations plan section of your business plan should outline the processes and procedures involved in your business operations, such as staffing requirements and operational processes. Here are a few components to add to your operations plan:

Staffing & Training:

Operational process:, equipment & machinery:.

• Explain how these technologies help you maintain quality standards and improve the efficiency of your business operations.

Adding these components to your operations plan will help you lay out your business operations, which will eventually help you manage your business effectively.

7. Management Team

The management team section provides an overview of your dairy farm management team. This section should provide a detailed description of each manager’s experience and qualifications, as well as their responsibilities and roles.

Founders/CEO:

Key managers:.

• It should include, key executives(e.g. CEO.), senior management, and other department managers (e.g. farm manager, herd manager.) involved in the dairy farm operations, including their education, professional background, and any relevant experience in the dairy farm industry.

Organizational structure:

Compensation plan:, advisors/consultants:.

• So, if you have any advisors or consultants, include them with their names and brief information consisting of roles and years of experience.

This section should describe the key personnel for your dairy farm services, highlighting how you have the perfect team to succeed.

8. Financial Plan

Your financial plan section should provide a summary of your business’s financial projections for the first few years. Here are some key elements to include in your financial plan:

Profit & loss statement:

Cash flow statement:, balance sheet:, break-even point:.

• This exercise will help you understand how much revenue you need to generate to sustain or be profitable.

Financing Needs:

Be realistic with your financial projections, and make sure you offer relevant information and evidence to support your estimates.

9. Appendix

The appendix section of your plan should include any additional information supporting your business plan’s main content, such as market research, legal documentation, financial statements, and other relevant information.

• Add a table of contents for the appendix section to help readers easily find specific information or sections.
• In addition to your financial statements, provide additional financial documents like tax returns, a list of assets within the business, credit history, and more. These statements must be the latest and offer financial projections for at least the first three or five years of business operations.
• Provide data derived from market research, including stats about the dairy farm industry, user demographics, and industry trends.
• Include any legal documents such as permits, licenses, and contracts.
• Include any additional documentation related to your business plan, such as product brochures, marketing materials, operational procedures, etc.

Use clear headings and labels for each section of the appendix so that readers can easily find the necessary information.

Remember, the appendix section of your dairy farm business plan should only include relevant and important information supporting your plan’s main content.

The Quickest Way to turn a Business Idea into a Business Plan

Fill-in-the-blanks and automatic financials make it easy.

This sample dairy farm business plan will provide an idea for writing a successful dairy farm plan, including all the essential components of your business.

After this, if you still need clarification about writing an investment-ready business plan to impress your audience, download our dairy farm business plan pdf .

Related Posts

Farming Business Plan

Organic Farm Business Plan

How to make Business Plan Outline

How to Start Cattle Farming Business

How to Choose a Business Location

400+ Free Business Plans Template

Frequently asked questions, why do you need a dairy farm business plan.

A business plan is an essential tool for anyone looking to start or run a successful dairy farm. It helps to get clarity in your business, secures funding, and identifies potential challenges while starting and growing your business.

Overall, a well-written plan can help you make informed decisions, which can contribute to the long-term success of your dairy farm.

How to get funding for your dairy farm business?

There are several ways to get funding for your dairy farm, but self-funding is one of the most efficient and speedy funding options. Other options for funding are:

• Bank loan – You may apply for a loan in government or private banks.
• Small Business Administration (SBA) loan – SBA loans and schemes are available at affordable interest rates, so check the eligibility criteria before applying for it.
• Crowdfunding – The process of supporting a project or business by getting a lot of people to invest in your business, usually online.
• Angel investors – Getting funds from angel investors is one of the most sought startup options.

Apart from all these options, there are small business grants available, check for the same in your location and you can apply for it.

What is the easiest way to write your dairy farm business plan?

A lot of research is necessary for writing a business plan, but you can write your plan most efficiently with the help of any dairy farm business plan example and edit it as per your need. You can also quickly finish your plan in just a few hours or less with the help of our business plan software .

How detailed should the financial projections be in my dairy farm business plan?

The level of detail of the financial projections of your dairy farm may vary considering various business aspects like direct and indirect competition, pricing, and operational efficiency. However, your financial projections must be comprehensive enough to demonstrate a complete view of your financial performance.

Generally, the statements included in a business plan offer financial projections for at least the first three or five years of business operations.

What key components should a dairy farm business plan include?

The following are the key components your dairy farm business plan must include:

• Executive summary
• Business Overview
• Market Analysis
• Products and services
• Sales and marketing strategies
• Operations plan
• Management team
• Financial plan

Can a good dairy farm business plan help me secure funding?

Indeed. A well-crafted dairy farm business plan will help your investors better understand your business domain, market trends, strategies, business financials, and growth potential—helping them make better financial decisions.

So, if you have a profitable and investable business, a comprehensive business plan can certainly help you secure your business funding.

About the Author

Upmetrics Team

Upmetrics is the #1 business planning software that helps entrepreneurs and business owners create investment-ready business plans using AI. We regularly share business planning insights on our blog. Check out the Upmetrics blog for such interesting reads. Read more

Plan your business in the shortest time possible

No Risk – Cancel at Any Time – 15 Day Money Back Guarantee

Popular Templates

Create a great Business Plan with great price.

• 400+ Business plan templates & examples
• AI Assistance & step by step guidance
• 4.8 Star rating on Trustpilot

Streamline your business planning process with Upmetrics .

• Agriculture Farming
• Livestock Farming

Project Reports

• Hydroponics
• Best Fertilizers
• Vertical Farming
• Sheep Farming
• Goat Farming
• Poultry Farming
• Fish Farming
• Pig Farming
• Dairy Farming
• Rabbit Farming
• Success Stories of Farmers
• Boost Fruit Yield
• District Wise Crop Production
• Schemes & Subsidies
• Agriculture Colleges
• Farm Insurance
• Disease Control And Management

Agriculture

Aquaculture

Horticulture

Agri Business

Dairy Farming Business Plan Guide

Table of contents, for frequently asked dairy farm questions: read here., for green fodder production: read here., for silage making process: read here., dairy farming business plan guide:.

Dairy Farming Business Plan – Introduction to Dairy Farming:- No matter what the season is and no matter what the place is “There is always a great demand for milk” in India. Due to the population increase and consumption of milk tremendously increasing day by day. The rising unemployment and people who are looking for starting a dairy farm in recent years are almost doubled. Milk production in India is expected to grow at about 3 to 4% every year. There are many people who want to get into the small-scale or large-scale dairy farming business. However, due to lack of knowledge and initial investment involved they are unable to set up a dairy unit. We advise you not to get into this dairy business unless you dedicate your effort and time on your farm round the clock. You are not necessarily starting a dairy farm on a commercial scale; you can start on a small-scale business and expand it to a large scale once you are aware of ins and outs of dairy farming.

Before starting a dairy farm, makes sure to follow these:

• Dairy Farming Business Plan #1- However as a beginner, you should definitely get some professional training from Agriculture Universities or Training centers of the Animal Husbandry Department or Krishi Vigyan Kendras or any private training dairy consultancies.
• Dairy Farming Business Plan #2 – Visit local dairy farms and talk to the management so you can get an idea of managing the farm. Always question them about “problems” and ask how they are overcoming them.
• Dairy Farming Business Plan #3 – Read any dairy magazines, online dairy blogs, and YouTube videos to get an overall idea of farming.
• Dairy Farming Business Plan #4 – If you don’t have capital investment and want to get a subsidy and loan the dairy farm, visit your local agriculture/co-operative banks for more information.
• Dairy Farming Business Plan #5 – As feed or fodder is the main component of dairy farming that directly impacts the profits; you must have good knowledge of green fodder cultivation practices and silage-making procedures. You can study the feed and fodder market in your region to find out the feasible and economical fodder solution.
• Dairy Farming Business Plan #6 – Initially, you must visit some cattle markets to observe animals on sale and talk with persons engaged with purchasing animals to get an idea of the best breed, animal prices, and milk yield of animals. You can also learn some negotiation skills.
• Dairy Farming Business Plan #7 – You should learn good labour management skills.

To encourage the rural agriculture sector and increase the milk production as per demand, NABARD (National Bank For Agriculture & Rural Development) helping farmers by providing subsidies on dairy farms and dairy farming loans through approved banks. One can avail of this by visiting your nearest commercial or co-operative or rural agriculture banks. One can get decent profits in dairy farming under good dairy management practices. In the following write-up, let us talk about the “Dairy Farming Business Plan” in detail. Let us take an example of 15 dairy cow farming.

Dairy Farming Business Plan – Requirements of Dairy Farming in India:- There are some components of dairy farming you should be aware of before setting up a dairy farm.

• Land – You must have some cultivated land for growing green fodder crops for your cattle on the farm. The land area depends on the number of animals (cows or buffalo’s). Usually, 2 acres of land is sufficient to feed about 15 cows.
• Shed – There must be a proper and covered secured shed in place before getting cows into your farm.
• Water – Clean and abundant water facility is required for both cattle and to grow the green fodder.
• Fodder – As cows need three types of fodder for best milk yield and high-fat content, you must have good fodder management from growing fodder to feeding fodder on daily basis. Dry fodder, green fodder, and feed concentrate (for extra nutrition) are required to feed the cows in your dairy.
• Breed Selection – Selection of a good breed of cows that yield more milk is essential in dairy farming. Good milk yielding cows such as “Jersy”, “Red Sindhi” “Holstein Friesian (HF cows)”, “Sahiwal”, “Gir”, “Deoni” and “Ongole” etc.
• Labour – Labour is a major task in dairy farming, the selected labour should be very good at handling the farm activities including growing green fodder. It is better to give one or two days of training so that they can understand the routine activities of dairy.
• Vaccinations – To control diseases and protect cow health, you must have a proper vaccination schedule. For this purpose, you can hire a veterinary doctor for routine checkups and medication of cows. For the vaccination schedule, see the vaccination schedule table at the bottom of this article.

Dairy Farming Business Plan – Shed Construction:- Well ventilated and the spacious shed is required for dairy farming. Hygienic conditions are very important in the shed for cattle health. When it comes to space, it is recommended to have 8 feet x 12 feet area for 1 cow. So total space required for 15 cows is about 120 feet x 12 feet. However, this area is not fixed and depends on cow size. Cow feeders should be constructed in between with a separation wall so that the cows can be fed from both sides facing head to head each other; this is what is called a “Head to Head arrangement”.

Care should be taken while constructing the dairy shed. The selected location should be elevated to prevent any water stagnation around the shed and it also provides well ventilation (sunlight and air). The dairy shed roof should be made with asbestos sheets and the floor should be made of either bricks or cement with enough inclination. This can provide good drainage for cattle urine and excrete. The shed should be cleaned daily to maintain hygienic conditions. Collect the manure on daily basis and store it somewhere outside of the shed. You can also make an outlet to the shed so that whenever the shed is cleaned the cow urine any leftover manure can flow into the field. All electrical fittings and water supply requirements should be fully filled as per need in hot areas, it may need to have fans and coolers for cows, especially in summer.

Dairy Farming Business Plan – Fodder Management:- Fodder management is very important in dairy farming. The daily milk yield of a cow depends on the type of fodder and the nutritional facts of the given fodder. High-yielding cows should be given 1 kg of concentrate along with mineral mixture to get 2.5 liters of milk yield. For example, if a cow yields 15 liters of milk daily then these cows should be given 6 kg of concentrate with a mineral mixture.

There are three types of fodder that can be provided under dairy fodder management practices.

• Dry fodder: wheat hay, kutti (rice / pady straw), chokar (wheat bran),
• Green fodder: Any leguminous crops which are good in protein supplements. For example Any gram crop, barseem, maize/corn, masoor, and hybrid grass-like CO-3 and CO-4, niper grass etc.. These green fodder crops can be utilized to make silage. This silage is very nutritious and milk yield will be increased. Silage making is very important and especially it is needed in dry periods. The link will be given at the bottom of the article about “steps in involved in silage making or how to make silage for cattle”. Generally, 2 to 3 acres of fertile land enough to grow green fodders for 15 cows. However, the yield of green fodder depends on many factors.
• Concentrate and Mineral Mixture: Mineral mixture:- It is necessary to provide concentrate feed along with a mineral mixer on regular basis to prevent cows from mineral deficiency. All three types such as dry green and mineral mixture should be accurate proportions for best milk yield.

Note: The cost of feed may depend on the animal milk capacity. On average, the feed may cost about 200 to 250 rupees/day/cow.

Dairy Farming Business Plan – Water Supply:- Clean water supply is required for drinking and cleaning purposes of the shed. Arrangements can be done by providing overhead tanks on the shed.

Dairy Farming Business Plan – Selection of Dairy Breeds:- Successful dairy farming requires a good breed selection of cows. Select the dairy cow/cattle breed that is suitable for your climatic conditions and high milking capacity. You can visit your local farms and can observe the different breed types that are suitable. A crossbreed of HF cows (Holstein Frisian) with Indian Sahiwal. Or Jersey with Sahiwal or Jersey with Red Sindhi is preferable for the good milk yield. It is preferred to select the breed which produces milk of 20 to 25 liters/day. Artificial insemination plays a major role to cross with high-yielding breeds.

Dairy Farming Business Plan – Cow and Calves Management and Care:- Artificial insemination or mating of cows should be carried out after every 3 months (90 days) of calving. Indian cattle breeds take 3 years in reaching the maturity phase whereas high yield  Jersey crossbreed or HF cows reach maturity at 16 to 18 months and they will be ready for mating. In general, for every 13 months, cows should be calving. The lactation period of cows should be 300 days and the service period should be 90-120 days. The gestation period of cows is going to be 266 days. More attention and care are needed in the case of pregnant cows as they need more nutrition during this stage. Concentrate & mineral mixture should be given during the gestation period of cows and this feed intake should be increased as time passes to ensure proper growth of calves and their udder.

Dairy Farming Business Plan – Vaccination Program in Dairy Cow Farming:- Before giving any vaccination in dairy, deworming should be done to get better results. However, deworming should be carried out frequently and the veterinary doctor is your point of contact for this. The following table is the typical vaccination schedule in dairy farming.

Dairy Farming Business Plan – Vaccination Schedule in Dairy Farming:

Dairy Farming Business Plan – Bottom Line:- The above write-up can be assumed for Dairy Farming Business Plan in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, and other states of India. However, the labour cost, Cow breeds, feed cost, or green fodder production cost and inputs may slightly vary from region to region. You can expect excellent profits with proper dairy management practices, perfect planning, and dedication completely to the farm 24/7.

In case if you are interested in this: Quail Farming Business Plan .

Types of Pesticides Used in Agriculture: A Beginner’s Guide

Economical aquaculture: a guide to low-budget fish farming, 15 common planting errors that can doom your fruit trees, how to make houseplants bushy: effective tips and ideas, innovative strategies for boosting coconut pollination and yield, pollination strategies for maximum pumpkin yield, the complete guide to chicken fattening: strategies for maximum growth.

• Natural Solutions for Tulip Problems: 100% Effective Remedies for Leaf and Bulb-Related Issues

Revolutionizing Citrus Preservation: Towards a Healthier, Greener Future

• Natural Solutions for Peony Leaf and Flower Problems: 100% Effective Remedies
• Maximizing Profits with Avocado Contract Farming in India: A Comprehensive Guide
• Natural Solutions for Hydrangea Problems: 100% Effective Remedies for Leaf and Flowers
• The Ultimate Guide to Choosing the Perfect Foliage Friend: Bringing Life Indoors
• From Sunlight to Sustainability: 15 Ways to Use Solar Technology in Agriculture
• The Ultimate Guide to Dong Tao Chicken: Exploring from History to Raising
• The Eco-Friendly Makeover: How to Convert Your Unused Swimming Pool into a Fish Pond
• Mastering the Art of Delaware Chicken Farming: Essentials for Healthy Backyard Flocks
• 20 Best Homemade Fertilizers for Money Plant: DIY Recipes and Application Methods

How to Craft a Comprehensive Free-Range Chicken Farming Business Plan

• Brighten Your Flock: Raising Easter Egger Chickens for Beauty and Bounty
• How to Optimize Your Poultry Egg Farm Business Plan with These Strategies
• Subsidy for Spirulina Cultivation: How Indian Government Schemes Encouraging Spirulina Farmers
• Ultimate Guide to Raising Dominique Chickens: Breeding, Feeding, Egg-Production, and Care
• Mastering the Art of Raising Jersey Giant Chickens: Care, Feeding, and More
• Ultimate Guide to Raising Legbar Chickens: Breeding, Farming Practices, Diet, Egg-Production
• How to Raise Welsummer Chickens: A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners
• How to Protect Indoor Plants in Winter: A Comprehensive Guide

54 COMMENTS

Hello, my name is Anuj purwar, I am a student. And want to start organic farming with two members team MAYANK SHINHA and rishab pandey. We planned for a loan by the bank and use hydraulic solar panels energy for electricity which help us in earning money because of this electricity were given to our nearly farmers who use petrol, diesel water pump by which we decrease less use of pratrol. We are 17-19 year old and planed for this. We need your support to prove ourselves and promote the organic forming and start online sale of our crops from us to customers directly.

I am not sure about your question. You say solar and talk about Organic.

Read here about : Organic Farming .

Selling electricity to anyone except the government is prohibited in india. Please make sure you are not breaking any law.

GUPTA DAIRY FARM KARNAL Supplying Pure Breed and vaccinated Murrah Buffalo, Sahiwal Breed Cattle, Jersey Cow, Dairy Cow, Cow Heifer, Buffalo Heifer, Australian Cow, American Cow, and other types of Cows and Buffaloes…

We don’t sell any livestock or agriculture produce.

we don’t call or have personal support. You can post comments and get reply.

Respected Concerned person/ / Can you deliver the cows and buffalos throughout india?

Dear sir, I want to open new dairy farm in Jhabua (MadhyaPradesh). I have required 10 Buffalo with good quality and can give 10-15 litre milk per day. please send me the details about buffalo , price, purchasing locations , transportation etc.

regards dinesh bhayal

We don’t sell any cattle/buffaloes.

You must be an adult for eligibility of the loan for dairy farming.

hi i want to set up dairy farm, kindly suggest me the details in pdf, want to do at odisha. if u have, [email protected]

Soon we will introduce farming or agriculture pdf’s to download.

Hello, Can any one suggest the process of dairy loan. I will start dairy farming immediately.

For Dairy farming subsidy and loan, read this: Dairy Farming Subsidy .

You mean for dairy shed construction and design?

Above article is really helping. I have around 7 Bigha land in Kotdwar-Uttarakhand and looking to get in to dairy farm business, Can I expect a professional help from you ? like in Planning the dairy farm, loans and subsidy, good milk yielding cows and buffalo.

Glad the information is helping at least some people. We don’t have personal consulting support at this point in time. However, you talk to NABARD branch in your city for qualified agriculture/farming loans.

Hai, my name is Mohith and I from Telagana state, I want to start Cow farm. Please guide me.

Well, Mohith Dairy farming needs investment, patience and hard work along with dedication. You can not trust the third person in this business as feed management and care is utmost priorities of dairy cow farming. From, NABARD you can get a subsidy and loan for setting up a dairy cow farm. Here is some information which may be helpful: Dairy Farming Subsidy .

Dairy Cow Farming Project Report t .

Sir, I am from Odisha. I am interested to start a Dairy Farming In Odisha where can I get assistance? and necessary help. Please advise.

NABARD is your point of contact for any livestock subsidy. You can read >DAIRY FARMING SUBSIDY .

Hi, I am Prashant Deshmukh. I really interested to start a new Dairy farm business in Maharashtra. How to start, please guide me.

Well, to start a dairy farm, you must have proper planning, dedication. It requires your hard work. First, decide which dairy breed, you would like to go for. Feed management is very important in dairy farming. Make sure you have enough laborers to handle the farm. Our advice is to start with less number of cows and start increasing as you get more experience. Apart from this marketing is another factor for your dairy products. Here is some information which may help you. Read: DAIRY COW FARMING PROJECT REPORT .

Hello Sir, I am Rohidas Sapke and looking to start my own dairy farm business. Can you advise me is there any private institute who gives training on How to handle dairy farms/animal care/business related things and all?

Very soon, we will update training and consulting services addresses.

I am exploring possibility of dairy farming near Raipur in Uttarakhand.The subject is new to me as I am not a professional from this field.I would like to see a viable business plan,if you have one,for a midsized investment. Regards

It is really a resourceful information on every aspect. Thank you Can you please write on financial breakups, for shed, cows , fodder cost etc all occurring expenses. just as a template it will give an idea for us on financial planning.

Check these:

Dairy Farming FAQ .

How To Get NABARD Subsidy and Loan .

Dairy Shed Design and Construction .

Dairy Cow Farming Project Report .

Sir, I am 37 yrs old from Barshi, in Solapur district. We have some farm land and wish to start a dairy business from scratch. How can I start?

Read this: Dairy Farming FAQ .

Dear Sir, I really appreciate the guideline for my knowledge I am an MBA qualified. I hate jobs, I love business have a full plan to start a dairy farm business I have 5 acre land in one place 4 acre land in other areas which are in a part. Anyhow, I made a contact in our area and there is no a single dairy farm. This would be a great opportunity for me. But need knowledge of this business.

Umar Saood from pakistan currently working in UAE

Dairy farming is not simple as you think. However, with proper planning, dedication and hard work defiantly will pay you off. You cannot depend and trust third person.

To have complete idea. You better read all the dairy farming articles.

Read: Dairy Farming Information .

I am Mahesh and I want to know whether Coorg, Karnataka is best suited for HF breed cows, since we have 2 to 3 acres of land is coorg but due to heavy rain during June to October, we are still worried whether we can go-ahead for dairy farming with HF breeds. Your guidance and suggestions will help us further.

Hi I am a pure science graduate and I have interest in polyhouse and hydroponic agriculture. I want to start cultivation of vegetables in a small area like 1000 sq.m for commercial purposes..n establish my career on it. I like to spread it through out my state working as a professional consultant too. For this, I need proper training and guide and financial resources. Now plz help me to know all about high tech poly house, hydroponics that can help me to build my financial path as a grower and as a consultant too. Plese, help me show me the way. Thank u.

Dear sir new dairy farming business open in my village Bila gujarat so plz help me loan and ideas 7778014786 my WhatsApp number

hello sir, i am 20 yrs old and i want to open dairy farm. can you tell me about problems we face in this field.

Hello Mr. Reddy, Thanks for your effort to put this content in internet, it is very much informative. I am very much interested to start a dairy farm, but need proper guidance to set up this. I’m gathering information from youtube channels and some blogs like your. I may contact you to get some information.

Thanks Sahoo

very useful information sir Thank you

Hello sir, Iam r kanaka raj Ex-Servicemen Army I live from andaman and nicobar Islands. I want to open dairy farm. Can you tell me about problems we face in this field.

Please suggest the training institutes for dairy farming short courses.

Regards Mahesh

Subject: New Dairy Farm

This is Harish (farmer) from Telangana state, I’m really interested to start to start new dairy farm in my village I am having 5 acres land, Hence pls could you advice that from where to get the good livestock’s and what is the cost per cow. Pls could you share with me the shed diagram how to build for at least 10-12 cows.

Kind regards: Harish

Hi, Can you explain this business in financial terms….like cost of animals…on average how much they can produce milk….cost of milk….animal maintenance cost etc…if you can provide a table then it will be very useful

Dear sir I have plan to start up a dairy farm but I don’t have any idea I need some guid line to start up I need some ideas can u tell how can help me on this can u help me on this

My name is Obeng Kingsley an M. PHIL student at University of Ghana pursuing Agricultural science. I am currently rearing sheep but facing challenges in the housing system. I need advise on housing management system. thanks

Dear sir, I want to open new dairy farm in CUMBUM (Andhra Pradesh). I have required 10 Buffalo with good quality and can give 20-30 litre milk per day. please send me the details about buffalo , price, purchasing locations , transportation etc. is it supporting goverment like subsidy and any extra allowance.let me know sir,i donot have any idea.ping me your phone number sir.i need to talk to you..ok sir.

regards, SUDHARSHANREDDY.J

Hi, Do you have any worksheet to make business plan? I need to calculate EBITDA for my Dairy Venture.

Thanks in advance.

thanks so much for such relevant information that will guide us in our development in business.

hi, I want to set up a dairy farm, kindly suggest to me the details in pdf, want to do it at Haveri.

can you please inform me about loans from centre govt subsidy and financial loans ?

i want starting small scale from kerala . please suggest to me rules and regulations

can you suggest names high feeding cows ?

I want to start Cow farming. How much amount will be required for 15 number Cow farming inclusive of Construction, feeder, medical treatment and labour cost etc.

How much monthly income i get with 15 cows?

Hi everyone I am planing for Dairy farming.can any one tell about the cost and land requirements & government rules

nice information

The information about diary farming are very nice. I am very interested to farm which my own please help me regarding this business.

LEAVE A REPLY Cancel reply

Save my name and email in this browser for the next time I comment.

Natural Solutions for Tulip Problems: 100% Effective Remedies for Leaf...

Natural solutions for peony leaf and flower problems: 100% effective..., maximizing profits with avocado contract farming in india: a comprehensive..., natural solutions for hydrangea problems: 100% effective remedies for leaf..., the ultimate guide to choosing the perfect foliage friend: bringing..., from sunlight to sustainability: 15 ways to use solar technology..., the ultimate guide to dong tao chicken: exploring from history..., the eco-friendly makeover: how to convert your unused swimming pool..., mastering the art of delaware chicken farming: essentials for healthy..., 20 best homemade fertilizers for money plant: diy recipes and..., brighten your flock: raising easter egger chickens for beauty and..., borewell drilling cost, pump price, and pipe cost, polyhouse subsidy, cost, profit, project report, tractor subsidy, bank loan, eligibility, schemes, process, malabar neem project report details guide, cold storage project report, cost and subsidy, mushroom farming project report, cost and profit analysis.

404 Not found

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

Business_Plan_on_dairy_farm_at_Agaro_Oro.pdf

Related Papers

Eduardo Fuentes

Cuadernos Dieciochistas

RAFAEL GARCIA FERNANDEZ

Jurnal Ilmu Politik dan Komunikasi

Enang Yusuf Nurjaman

This study uses a qualitative approach to ethnography of communication, the purpose of this research was to (1). Explain the communicative situation or context of the communication of students with special needs in inclusive classrooms (2). explain communication events that occur in school classrooms inclusive, (3). explain the communicative acts contained in the behavior of children with special needs in inclusive classrooms. Informants were selected by purposive sampling. Data was obtained through depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis. Supporting data were obtained from analysis of documents and interviews with relevant parties to the issue of inclusive schools and the education of students with special needs.

Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences

Mahir Arıkol

Lynn Roppolo

The Academic Life in Emergency Medicine (ALiEM) Approved Instructional Resources (AIR) Series and Approved Instruction Resources Professional (AIR-Pro) Series were created in 2014 and 2015, respectively, to address the need for curation of online educational content as well as a nationally available curriculum that meets individualized interactive instruction criteria. These two programs identify high-quality educational blog and podcast content using an expert-based approach. We summarize the accredited posts on respiratory emergencies that met our a priori determined quality criteria per evaluation by eight experienced faculty educators in emergency medicine.

Maviel Malto

Review of Policy Research

isabel bortagaray

Ariel S. Espinosa-Blanco

Virtual Archaeology Review

Rosalia-María Durán

The Roman wall, of rectangular plan and rounded corners, following the canonical military model, is the major evidence of the fortress built by the Legion VII Gemina in León in 74 AD. The archaeological interventions developed throughout the decades have confirmed that the defensive system consists of two adjacent walls: the first one dates back to the Low Empire, while the other, attached to the previous one by its external face, is dated Late Third to Early Fourth century AD. We, too, must add an internal rampart (agger) corresponding to a previous defensive system. The 3D virtual restitution we have undertaken allows us to contemplate, with further detail, the features of this almost 20 meters wide constructive complex that has conditioned the urban development of the city of León.

RELATED PAPERS

Advanced Materials Technologies

rafael de jesus

P. Bajor (red.) Bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe: aspekty metodologiczne i systemowe, Kraków, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Magdalena Lisińska

JASNA : Journal For Aswaja Studies

ghufron hamzah

Robert Săndulescu

Proceedings of the Singidunum International Tourism Conference - Sitcon 2017

Aleksandra Gagić

Chaos, Solitons & Fractals

Catherine Bor

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences

Paul Whitfield

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Viola Nyakato

Andreas Kraß

arXiv: Classical Analysis and ODEs

Elina Shishkina

Prof. Reima Al-Jarf

Davalyn Powell

RePEc: Research Papers in Economics

Maria Ines Pacenza

The Idea of an Essay

Landon Butaud

Scientific Reports

Olga Shibistova

Biomolecules

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

Today's Paper | April 26, 2024

Dairy exports to china on the cards.

LAHORE: Pakistan will soon start exporting dairy products to China through a state-of-the-art farm developed in Sheikhupura, says Punjab Livestock Secretary Masaud Anwar.

Speaking at the Pakistan Agricultural Coalition’s Agri-Connections 2024 Expo on Wednesday, he said a team from China Customs recently visited the farm and unofficially approved dairy imports from Pakistan.

Agriculture Secretary Iftikhar Sahoo said the incumbent government would invest Rs100 billion in the agriculture sector in two years, while Rs80 billion was additionally earmarked to modernise watercourses in three years. Faisalabad Agriculture University Vice-Chancellor Dr Iqrar Ahmad urged the private sector to invest in high-efficiency irrigation.

International Finance Corporation’s Principal Country Officer Naz Khan cautioned that by 2050, Pakistan’s population would be 400 million, so the agriculture sector was very important for meeting food needs.

Published in Dawn, April 25th, 2024

Bill to recover Rs2.7tr held up in tax litigation

US Ambassador Blome optimistic on Pak-IMF talks, says positive feedback to encourage investors

KSE-100 index breaches 72,000, creates new all-time high

Turnitin hosts academic roundtable on ‘The Synergy of AI and assessment’ in Islamabad

مردہ بھانجی کو تھامے فلسطینی خاتون کی تصویر نے ورلڈ پریس فوٹو ایوارڈ جیت لیا

سہیل احمد کے الزامات اور تنقید پر آفتاب اقبال کا ردعمل سامنے آگیا

مریم نواز 500 سے 800 روپے والا لان کا جوڑا پہنتی ہیں، عظمیٰ بخاری کا دعویٰ

Top News Stories: Leaders Of 18 Nations Call On Hamas To Release Hostages

What Does Intellectual Property Rights Mean?

Israel’s War On Gaza In Numbers

Pakistan Misses Foreign Loan Targets

“This Election Needs An Election Audit More Than Any Election Ever”

Top News Stories: Israel Says ‘Moving Ahead’ With Rafah Operation In Gaza

Explained: Why Are Students Protesting?

NYT Memo Censoring Gaza Conflict: All You Need To Know

Dear visitor, the comments section is undergoing an overhaul and will return soon.

Latest Stories

Balochistan Assembly Speaker Khaliq Achakzai reinstated by Supreme Court

PPP offered PTI to form govt in Centre: Sherry Rehman

Pakistan assails US rights report as lacking objectivity, politicising human rights agenda

Clinical New Zealand outlast Pakistan to win 4th T20I

More than 100 pilot whales stranded in Western Australia

3 terrorists killed in intelligence-based operation in Khyber district: ISPR

‘Your voice is deeply organic’: You’s Penn Badgley heaps praises on Arooj Aftab in new video

‘Thank you for everything’: Fans give Bismah Maroof a heartfelt sendoff as she retires from cricket

Malala Yousafzai reaffirms support for Gaza after being slammed over producing musical with Hillary Clinton

Most popular.

Business leaders in Karachi give PM food for thought

Pakistan suffers more due to Afghan problem than wars with India: Ambassador Durrani

Women can travel free of cost in Karachi’s pink buses for two months

Drug court hands down prison terms, fines in rare verdict

UAE announces $544m for repairs after record-breaking rains

Cartoon: 25 April, 2024

First woman to head Government College University in 160 years

IHC’s Justice Kayani questions whether self-accountability exists in intelligence agencies

The ministry of (dis)information and the ban on X

Despite the strengths it enjoys, the govt increasingly seems inadequate to the task before it

Editorial: Policymakers must realise role of accelerated digital development

Debt, climate, inflation

The looming test

Our rights wronged

EPI: 50 years on

Transported to another era

Digital growth

Nikah rights, campus crackdowns.

Ties with Tehran

Working together, farmers’ anxiety, shadab urges pakistan to learn from mistakes.