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Planets and Solar System

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The Universe

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Eyewitness Workbooks: Stars & Planets

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SCIENCE is a way of learning about what is in the natural world, how the natural world works, and how the natural world became to be the way it is. Science relies on testing ideas with evidence gathered from the natural world. Science can lead to technological advances, as well as helping us learn about enormously important and useful topics, such as our health, the environment, and natural hazards.

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Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe - Worksheet | Printable and Distance Learning

Subject: Physics

Age range: 7-11

Resource type: Worksheet/Activity

Last updated

10 February 2024

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This worksheet contains basic questions about Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe.

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Earth and Space Sciences – The Universe

Grade 8 science worksheets, introduction.

Why does the sky change color from dark to bright and then dark again? Why do trees shed leaves and then grow them again? Why do waves advance and recede in the ocean? Why does the moon change position and shape at different times of the night or month? Why do we have summers and winters? Why do we have days and years?

Everything in our universe is in a state of motion. The Planets of our Solar System , including the earth, revolve around the Sun (our nearest star). Our Moon revolves around the earth. The earth spins on its own axis (which passes through the North and South Poles ). Even the axis tilts towards or away from the sun on the earth’s journey. All these emotions create the various phenomena we witness around us.

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• Day and Night

The earth spins on an imaginary line called its Axis . This gives us Day and Night on earth. When one part of the earth is in daylight the other part is experiencing night. Then, as the earth continues spinning on its axis, the night and day zones on earth are slowly interchanged. A 24-hour pattern of one day and one is called ‘ One Calendar Day’ .

The Four Seasons

As the earth moves around the sun, its axis tilts such that either the North Pole or the South Pole is tilted towards the sun. When the North Pole is nearer the sun, the Northern Hemisphere gets most of the sunlight, making it warm and creating Summer . At this time the Southern Hemisphere is not getting as much light from the sun, making it Winter there. Then the axis tilts again and the seasons change. In between summer and winter seasons we get the Spring and Autumn seasons. The four seasons make one year. Our calendar year is entirely determined by the motions of all these heavenly bodies.

Eclipses Explained

Why does the sun or moon appear to disappear at times?

Moving bodies often align with one another such that one blocks out the other. For example, when the moon aligns itself exactly in between the earth and the sun, it blocks the sun out momentarily. This is called a Solar Eclipse . When the earth aligns itself between the sun and the moon, the shadow of the earth falls on the moon making the moon ‘disappear’ for a while. This is called a Lunar Eclipse .

The Lunar Phases

The moon cannot glow by itself! We see the moon only because the sun’s rays fall on it. On a dark night the moon has completely blocked out the sun’s rays.So, although the moon is in the sky you don’t see it. Over the next few days, the moon moves to one side and a part of the moon becomes visible to us.From just a small bit, known as a Crescent Moon , it grows larger and becomes a Half Moon and finally a Full Moon . Then the cycle repeats itself.

Gravitation

What holds all the stars and planets and all other heavenly objects in their place in perfect harmony all the time? Gravitation, or the Force of Gravity . It is the force of attraction between objects. A body with greater mass attracts one with lesser mass. That’s why we fall towards earth and not away from it. That’s why the moon is held in place revolving around the earth. That’s why all the planets including the earth are held in place revolving around the sun. Without the force of gravitation everything in the universe would fly completely out of control!

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The moon also exerts a pull on the earth, which causes the water in our oceans to be pulled slightly away from the earth. This pull is felt on the part of the earth facing the moon, creating high tide there. At the same time, the part of the earth not facing the moon gets low tide .

All this and so much more to be learnt and understood about our Universe!

Check Point

• Name the four primary seasons.
• When the earth aligns itself between the sun and the moon, it causes a ______ eclipse.
• All of the above
• Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter

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• The Universe
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Science News

The universe may have a complex geometry — like a doughnut.

Scientists previously considered only a small subset of possible topologies

Scientists are considering whether the universe might have a complicated topology, represented by a doughnut shape in this artist’s conception.

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By Emily Conover

May 13, 2024 at 9:00 am

The cosmos may have something in common with a doughnut.

In addition to their fried, sugary goodness, doughnuts are known for their shape, or in mathematical terms, their topology. In a universe with an analogous, complex topology, you could travel across the cosmos and end up back where you started. Such a cosmos  hasn’t yet been ruled out , physicists report in the April 26  Physical Review Letters . 

On a shape with boring, or trivial topology, any closed path you draw can be shrunk down to a point. For example, consider traveling around Earth. If you were to go all the way around the equator, that’s a closed loop, but you could squish that down by shifting your trip up to the North Pole. But the surface of a doughnut  has complex, or nontrivial, topology  ( SN: 10/4/16 ). A loop that encircles the doughnut’s hole, for example, can’t be shrunk down, because the hole limits how far you can squish it. 

The universe is generally believed to have trivial topology. But that’s not known for certain, the researchers argue.

“I find it fascinating … the possibility that the universe might have nontrivial or different types of topologies, and then especially the fact that we think we might be able to measure it,” says cosmologist Dragan Huterer of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, who was not involved with the study.

A universe with nontrivial topology might be a bit like Pac-Man. In the classic arcade game, moving all the way to the right edge of the screen puts the character back at the left side. A Pac-Man trek that crosses the screen and returns the character to its starting point likewise can’t be shrunk down.

Scientists have already looked for signs of complex topology in the cosmic microwave background, light from when the universe was just 380,000 years old. Because of the way space loops back on itself in a universe with nontrivial topology, scientists might be able to observe the same feature in more than one place. Researchers have searched for identical circles that appear in that light in two different places on the sky. They’ve also hunted for subtle correlations, or similarities, between different spots, rather than identical matches. 

Those searches didn’t turn up any evidence for complex topology. But, theoretical physicist Glenn Starkman and colleagues argue, there’s still a chance that the universe does have something in common with a doughnut. That’s because earlier research considered only a small subset of the possible topologies the universe could have. 

That subset includes one type of nontrivial topology called a 3-torus, a cube that loops back on itself like a 3-D version of the Pac-Man screen. In such a topology, exiting any side of that cube brings you back to the opposite side. Searches for that simple 3-torus have come up empty. But scientists haven’t yet searched for some 3-torus variations. For example, the sides of the cube might be twisted relative to one another. In such a universe, exiting the top of the cube would bring you back to the bottom, but rotated by, for example, 180 degrees. 

The new study considered a total of 17 possible nontrivial topologies for the cosmos. Most of those topologies, the authors determined, haven’t yet been ruled out. The study evaluated the signatures that would appear in the cosmic microwave background for different types of topologies. Future analyses of that ancient light could reveal hints of these complex topologies, the researchers found. 

The search is likely to be computationally challenging, probably requiring machine learning techniques to speed up calculations. The researchers also plan to hunt for signs of nontrivial topology in upcoming data from surveys of the distribution of galaxies in the cosmos, for example from the European Space Agency’s  Euclid space telescope  ( SN: 12/20/23 ).

There’s good motivation to look for nontrivial topology, says Starkman, of Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland. Some features of the cosmic microwave background hint that the universe  isn’t the same in all directions  ( SN: 12/23/08 ). That kind of asymmetry could be explained by nontrivial topology. And that asymmetry, Starkman says, is “one of the biggest new mysteries about the universe that hasn’t gone away.” 

More Stories from Science News on Cosmology

The largest 3-D map of the universe reveals hints of dark energy’s secrets

Did the James Webb telescope ‘break the universe’? Maybe not

New JWST images suggest our understanding of the cosmos is flawed

JWST’s hunt for distant galaxies keeps turning up surprises

The James Webb telescope may have spotted stars powered by dark matter

Centuries on, Newton’s gravitational constant still can’t be pinned down

Astronomers spotted shock waves shaking the web of the universe for the first time

Scientists mapped dark matter around galaxies in the early universe

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