research paper on naxalism in india

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NAXALISM AS AN INTERNAL SECURITY THREATS OF INDIAN STATES: AN APPRAISAL OF STATE RESPONSE

The Naxal insurgency has challenged the Indian State's internal security since the 1970s decades. It emerged from Naxalbari region of West Bengal as a peasant revolt against socioeconomic injustice. It has gradually deviated from its original objectives which emerged as a violent resistance movement and posed the single biggest threat to internal security in India till 2006. The present study focuses on examining the history of Naxalism with tracing its origin, and causes. Another focused point of this paper is to examine the periodic responses of Indian state governments against the Naxal insurgency. To achieve these objectives, The data has been collected from secondary sources such as various government reports, scholarly views, periodical newspapers and news magazines etc. A major finding of this paper is that an integrated and comprehensive policy has been adopted as a joint effort by the Central and State Governments for the protection, development, rights of local communities, administration, and tackling threats of Naxal activities and Maoist ideology across the country. The Ministry of Home Affairs (GOI) has also taken various important initiatives in the context of Naxalite affected states that has led to tackle Naxal problems and to promote developmental approach in Naxal affected areas of the country.

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European Foundation for South Asian Studies (EFSAS)

India’s remarkable economic development in the last 30 years has earned it the rank of the fastest growing democracy in the world. However, three major issues in the country have threatened its advancement on the international scene, its development and its national unity. These are: the Jammu and Kashmir conflict (as old as independent India itself), the separatist movements in the North Eastern states ( which date back to the early 1950s) and the Naxalite insurgency (which started in West Bengal in the late 1960s). The latter insurgency is the focus of this paper.

In Michael Kugelman ed. India's Contemporary Security Challenges, Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2011.

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This paper explores the Naxalite insurgency in India in terms of causal mechanisms that lead to the intensification of rural civil conflict by focusing specifically on grievance, mobilisation and government responses to rebellion. Realist theory is inadequate when analysing the causal factors of complex insurgencies and the mechanisms leading to their continuation. This case illustrates some aspects of intra-state conflict in a very large country, in terms of geography and population, and how the rebels have mobilised grievances at local level. New Delhi has addressed the conflict as both a development and a security challenge, and consequently has oscillated between repression and concession in its responses. This approach has resulted neither in reduction of grievances through adequate rural development, nor in consistent armed response to the Naxalite threat. Without a comprehensive and clear set of state responses, the violence is likely to continue.

International Journal of Criminology and Sociology

Dalbir Ahlawat

The election of an indigenous (Adivasi) lady as the President of India added a new dynamic to the centuriesold Naxal insurgency in India. Not receiving a fair deal after India's independence, the Naxals adopted Maoist ideology. By 2010 the insurgency engulfed one-third of India and posed a serious security challenge. Since then, the Congress and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) governments have adopted different strategies to curtail the insurgency, but it still persists. Against this backdrop, this article briefly discusses the historical antecedents; delineates in detail the operational strategies adopted by the Naxals, the counter-insurgency strategies adopted by the Congress and BJP governments; developmental challenges faced by the Adivasis; and suggests recommendations for how the President of India, an Adivasi herself, can be instrumental in containing the Naxal insurgency threats through empowerment.

Gaurang Sahay

EM Burlingame

Evolving through three generations covering the periods of roughly 1967-1975, 1980-1990 and the late 1990’s till today, the Naxalite Insurgency in India has grown from a peasant revolt to a movement and into an increasingly sophisticated and violent insurgency. Rigorous academic thought and research has detailed and provided in-depth understanding for the roots of the movement, and the many influencers related to evolution from movement to insurgency and of the solutions engaged by the Indian government. Drawing upon this extensive work, the paper will focus instead on the less obvious but more important question of who benefits domestically, regionally and internationally from an India destabilized by a now forty seven year Maoist insurgency or from an independent Maoist state in what is today Eastern India.

Democracy and Security

Neeraj Adhikari

Shashi Singh

Limits to Power Naxalism and Caste Relations in a South Bihar Village This paper explores the general tendencies associated with the rise and decline of Naxalism in rural Bihar. It does not examine Naxalite organisations or activities, but reports on a case study of a single village in a very troubled region of south Bihar where contesting sections of the village community have tried to use Naxalism for their own ends. The emphasis is not on the political issues associated with Naxalism, but on delineating the concrete ways in which it becomes operative in village politics.

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News & Cases

New efsas study paper: a historical introduction to naxalism in india.

December 17, 2019

This paper aims to describe the extent to which the CPI-Maoists cause a threat to Indian integrity and development. It will provide a description of communist movements in India, and how schisms within these movements brought about the creation of Naxalism. Furthermore, it will explore the current ideology and tactics of the CPI-Maoists, and how the group aims to overthrow the democratic institutions in India through a protracted  ‘people’s war’ , as it perceives the Indian government to be feudal and imperialist. Finally, it will approach the State’s counter-insurgency policies and its population-centric development plans.

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