business plan income statement sample

Free Small Business Income Statements, Spreadsheets, and Templates

By Andy Marker | April 6, 2022

Share on Facebook
Share on LinkedIn

Link copied

We’ve compiled a collection of the most helpful small business income statements, worksheets, and templates for small business owners and other stakeholders, free to download.

Included on this page, you’ll find a small business income statement template , a small business balance sheet and income statement template , a simple small business cash flow template , and a small business comparative income statement . Plus, you’ll find helpful tips on using a small business income statement template .

Printable Small Business Income and Expenses Template

Download Printable Small Business Income and Expenses Template Microsoft Excel | Microsoft Word | Adobe PDF | Google Sheets

Use this printable small business income and expenses template to determine your net income over a period of time. Enter values into the customizable line-item rows, and the template will calculate your revenue and cost of goods sold (COGS) to determine your gross profit. Enter your expenses (such as rent, utilities, and office supplies) to see your total net income. This template is a great tool to track your business's finances over time.

Read our article on free small business expense templates to find additional resources and to get the most out of your small business budgeting.

Yearly Small Business Income Statement Template

Download Yearly Small Business Income Statement Template Microsoft Excel | Google Sheets

Use this yearly small business income statement template to manage your profit and losses over a three-year timeline. Track your costs in the customizable Expenses column, and enter your revenue and expenses to determine your net income. The template also includes a built-in tax rate calculator for a more accurate account of your net profit.

To find more resources, check out our comprehensive roundup of free profit and loss templates .

Monthly Small Business Income Statement Template

Download Monthly Small Business Income Statement Template Microsoft Excel | Google Sheets

Use this monthly small business income statement template to track and manage your small business finances. Enter the number of customers and the average sale per customer to determine your total monthly sales. Then, enter your operating, payroll, and office expenses to determine your total expenses. The template will automatically calculate these totals to show your net profit.

Sample Small Business Income Statement Template

Download Sample Small Business Income Statement Template Microsoft Excel | Google Sheets

Use this simple small business income statement template for an overall analysis of your net income. You can customize the Revenue and Expenses lines to include items specific to your business; additionally, the template includes a Years Represented column that allows you to compare numbers over a two-year timeline. This is the perfect tool for taking a quick snapshot of your business cash flow.

To find more resources, check out our small business budget templates.

Printable Monthly Small Business Income and Expenses Worksheet Template

Download Printable Monthly Small Business Income and Expenses Worksheet Template Microsoft Excel | Adobe PDF | Google Sheets

This simple, printable template is the perfect tool for tracking your business’s income, expenses, and transactions. The template includes three separate worksheets — simply enter monthly financial data, and the template will automatically calculate yearly totals. Help ensure you meet your financial goals, accurately predict projections, and make necessary adjustments with this template.

Freelance Income Statement Template

Download Freelance Income Statement Template Microsoft Excel | Google Sheets

Self-employed individuals can use this template to track their business income from clients, along with any business expenses. Enter your personalized expenses, including rent, office supplies, and insurance, to see your cash outflow. Then, enter your taxes, and the template will automatically calculate your net income. This is a must-have tool for small business owners looking to understand their business profits.

Daily Income and Expenditure Template for Small Business

Download Daily Income and Expenditure Template for Small Business Microsoft Excel | Google Sheets

For a daily analysis of your small business’s cash flow, use this template to track cash receipts, cash payments, and operating expenses. The template automatically calculates these totals on a daily basis to provide you with a detailed financial report. The template also shows your monthly ending cash position, so you can avoid any shortcomings.

Check out our profit and loss templates for more resources on tracking your business’s cash flow.

Small Business Balance Sheet and Income Statement Template

Download Small Business Balance Sheet and Income Statement Template Microsoft Excel | Google Sheets

Use this income and expenses spreadsheet to help ensure that you never lose sight of your small business’s financial outlook. Enter your revenue and expenses, and the template will automatically calculate your net income. Plus, the customizable year columns enable you to compare your net income over a five-year timeline so that you can easily forecast your business’s economic health.

Read our article on small business balance sheet templates for more resources on tracking your business expenses.

Small Business Income Statement Template

Download Small Business Income Statement Template Microsoft Excel | Google Sheets

This simple small business income statement template calculates your total revenue and expenses, including advising, equipment, and employee benefits, to determine your net income. Use this template to track and compare your finances over a two-year timeline. Save the document so that you always have quick insight into the financial status of your business.

Startup Business Income and Expenses Template

Download Startup Business Income and Expenses Template Microsoft Excel | Adobe PDF | Google Sheets

Use this startup business income and expenses template to track your business’s cash flow. Compare your budgeted expenses and funding to your actual spending to understand any discrepancies. Overall, this template can help you make well-informed, financially accurate predictions so that you can reach your business goals.

Simple Small Business Cash Flow Template

Download Simple Small Business Cash Flow Template Microsoft Excel | Google Sheets

Use this simple small business cash flow template to monitor your cash increase or decrease over a certain period of time. Enter your cash receipts, payments, COGS, and operating expenses, and the built-in formulas will calculate your total cash payments, net cash change, and month-ending cash position.

Simple Small Business Profit and Loss Template

Download Simple Small Business Profit and Loss Template Microsoft Excel | Google Sheets

Regardless of your industry, you can use this simple small business profit and loss template to analyze your business’s financial status over a specific period of time. Customize your expenses by adding or removing line items, and the built-in formulas will calculate your gross profit and net income.

Read our article on small business profit and loss templates to find additional resources and to get the most out of your small business’s profit and loss tracking.

Small Business Comparative Income Template

Download Small Business Comparative Income Template Microsoft Excel | Google Sheets

Use this detailed small business comparative template to closely maintain watch over your financial position. Enter line items for income and expenses to compare your budget to actual calculations. With detailed use, this template will enable you to never lose sight of your business's cash flow.

What Is a Small Business Income Statement Template?

A small business income statement template is a financial statement used to report performance. Templates include calculations for revenue, expenses, and overall profit and loss, and they are used to document, analyze, and project business finances.

If you are a current or prospective small business owner, it’s imperative that you track your income and expenses, as doing so will ensure you have accurate information regarding how your company spends and makes money. An income statement template helps you to identify areas of risk and patterns in profit and loss, and to make educated decisions around your budget.

A small business income statement template typically includes the following line items for tracking your business's financial status:

Budget: A budget is a spending plan for your business based on your estimated income and expenses.
Cash Ending Position: This refers to the money your business has at any specific point in time.
Cash Flow: This is the amount of money that moves in and out of your business.
Cost of Goods Sold (COGS): This is any money spent that is associated with your product, such as packaging and labor.
Expenses: List anything on which you spend money to run your business, such as rent, advertising, equipment, insurance, phone, and employee salaries.
Gross Profit: Determine this number by subtracting the COGS from your total sales.
Gross Revenue: The formula to calculate gross revenue is total revenue less the COGS.
Income: List anything that brings money into your business, such as sales and donations.
Net Income or Net Profit: This number reflects the amount earned from sales.
Revenue: Calculate revenue by adding together the total amount of income made by sales and services.
Tax: This includes any mandatory monetary contributions made to the government.

Manage Income Statements and Drive Success with Smartsheet for Small Businesses

Discover a better way to connect your people, processes, and tools with one simple, easy-to-use platform that empowers your team to get more done, faster.

With Smartsheet, you can align your team on strategic initiatives, improve collaboration efforts, and automate repetitive processes, giving you the ability to make better business decisions and boost effectiveness as you scale.

When you wear a lot of hats, you need a tool that empowers you to get more done in less time. Smartsheet helps you achieve that. Try free for 30 days, today .

Connect your people, processes, and tools with one simple, easy-to-use platform.

Starting a Business
Growing a Business
Small Business Guide
Business News
Science & Technology
Money & Finance
For Subscribers
Write for Entrepreneur
Entrepreneur Store
United States
Asia Pacific
Middle East
South Africa

Write Your Business Plan | Part 1 Overview Video
The Basics of Writing a Business Plan
How to Use Your Business Plan Most Effectively
12 Reasons You Need a Business Plan
The Main Objectives of a Business Plan
What to Include and Not Include in a Successful Business Plan
The Top 4 Types of Business Plans
A Step-by-Step Guide to Presenting Your Business Plan in 10 Slides
6 Tips for Making a Winning Business Presentation
3 Key Things You Need to Know About Financing Your Business
12 Ways to Set Realistic Business Goals and Objectives
How to Perfectly Pitch Your Business Plan in 10 Minutes
Write Your Business Plan | Part 2 Overview Video
How to Fund Your Business Through Friends and Family Loans and Crowdsourcing
How to Fund Your Business Using Banks and Credit Unions
How to Fund Your Business With an SBA Loan
How to Fund Your Business With Bonds and Indirect Funding Sources
How to Fund Your Business With Venture Capital
How to Fund Your Business With Angel Investors
How to Use Your Business Plan to Track Performance
How to Make Your Business Plan Attractive to Prospective Partners
Is This Idea Going to Work? How to Assess the Potential of Your Business.
When to Update Your Business Plan
Write Your Business Plan | Part 3 Overview Video
How to Write the Management Team Section to Your Business Plan
How to Create a Strategic Hiring Plan
How to Write a Business Plan Executive Summary That Sells Your Idea
How to Build a Team of Outside Experts for Your Business
Use This Worksheet to Write a Product Description That Sells
What Is Your Unique Selling Proposition? Use This Worksheet to Find Your Greatest Strength.
How to Raise Money With Your Business Plan
Customers and Investors Don't Want Products. They Want Solutions.
5 Essential Elements of Your Industry Trends Plan
How to Identify and Research Your Competition
Who Is Your Ideal Customer? 4 Questions to Ask Yourself.
How to Identify Market Trends in Your Business Plan
How to Define Your Product and Set Your Prices
How to Determine the Barriers to Entry for Your Business
How to Get Customers in Your Store and Drive Traffic to Your Website
How to Effectively Promote Your Business to Customers and Investors
What Equipment and Facilities to Include in Your Business Plan
How to Write an Income Statement for Your Business Plan
How to Make a Balance Sheet
How to Make a Cash Flow Statement
How to Use Financial Ratios to Understand the Health of Your Business
How to Write an Operations Plan for Retail and Sales Businesses
How to Make Realistic Financial Forecasts
How to Write an Operations Plan for Manufacturers
What Technology Needs to Include In Your Business Plan
How to List Personnel and Materials in Your Business Plan
The Role of Franchising
The Best Ways to Follow Up on a Buisiness Plan
The Best Books, Sites, Trade Associations and Resources to Get Your Business Funded and Running
How to Hire the Right Business Plan Consultant
Business Plan Lingo and Resources All Entrepreneurs Should Know
How to Write a Letter of Introduction
What To Put on the Cover Page of a Business Plan
How to Format Your Business Plan
6 Steps to Getting Your Business Plan In Front of Investors

How to Write an Income Statement for Your Business Plan Your income statement shows investors if you are making money. Here's everything you'll need to create one.

By Eric Butow • Oct 27, 2023

Key Takeaways

An income statement is your business's bottom line: your total revenue from sales minus all of your costs.

Opinions expressed by Entrepreneur contributors are their own.

This is part 2 / 11 of Write Your Business Plan: Section 5: Organizing Operations and Finances series.

Financial data is always at the back of the business plan, but that doesn't mean it's any less important than up-front material such as the description of the business concept and the management team. Astute investors look carefully at the charts, tables, formulas, and spreadsheets in the financial section because they know that this information is like the pulse, respiration rate, and blood pressure in a human being. It shows the condition of the patient. In fact, you'll find many potential investors taking a quick peek at the numbers before reading the plan.

Related: How to Make Realistic Financial Forecasts

Financial statements come in threes: income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement. Taken together they provide an accurate picture of a company's current value, plus its ability to pay its bills today and earn a profit going forward. This information is very important to business plan readers.

Why You Need an Income Statement

In his article, How to Do a Monthly Income Statement Analysis That Fuels Growth , Noah Parsons writes: "In short, you use your income statement to fuel a greater analysis of the financial standing of your business. It helps you identify any top-level issues or opportunities that you can then dive into with forecast scenarios and by looking at elements of your other financial documentation.

Related: How to Make a Balance Sheet

You want to leverage your income statement to understand if you're performing better, worse or as expected. This is done by comparing it to your sales and expense forecasts through a review process known as plan vs actuals comparison. You then update projections to match actual performance to better showcase how your business will net out moving forward."

What Is In an Income Statement

An income statement shows whether you are making any money. It adds up all your revenue from sales and other sources, subtracts all your costs, and comes up with the net income figure, also known as the bottom line.

Related: How to Make a Cash Flow Statement

Income statements are called various names—profit and loss statement (P&L) and earnings statement are two common alternatives. They can get pretty complicated in their attempt to capture sources of income, such as interest, and expenses, such as depreciation. But the basic idea is pretty simple: If you subtract costs from income, what you have left is profit.

To figure out your income statement, you need to gather a bunch of numbers, most of which are easily obtainable. They include your gross revenue, which is made up of sales and any income from interest or sales of assets; your sales, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenses; what you paid out in interest and dividends, if anything; and your corporate tax rate. If you have those, you're ready to go.

Related: Tips and Strategies for Using the Balance Sheet as Your Franchise Scorecard

Sales and Revenue

Revenue is all the income you receive from selling your products or services as well as from other sources such as interest income and sales of assets.

Gross Sales

Your sales figure is the income you receive from selling your product or service. Gross sales equals total sales minus returns. It doesn't include interest or income from sales of assets.

Interest and Dividends

Most businesses have a little reserve fund they keep in an interest-bearing bank or money market account. Income from this fund, as well as from any other interest-paying or dividend-paying securities they own, shows up on the income statement just below the sales figure.

Related: How to Measure Franchise Success With Your Income Statement

Other Income

If you finally decide that the branch office out on County Line Road isn't ever going to turn a decent profit, and you sell the land, building, and fixtures, the income from that sale will show up on your income statement as "other income." Other income may include sales of unused or obsolete equipment or any income-generating activity that's not part of your main line of business.

Costs come in all varieties—that's no secret. You'll record variable costs, such as the cost of goods sold, as well as fixed costs—rent, insurance, maintenance, and so forth. You'll also record costs that are a little trickier, the prime example being depreciation.

Related: How to Use Financial Ratios to Understand the Health of Your Business

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold, or COGS, includes expenses associated directly with generating the product or service you're selling. If you buy smartphone components and assemble them, your COGS will include the price of the chips, screen, and other parts, as well as the wages of those doing the assembly. You'll also include supervisor salaries and utilities for your factory. If you're a solo professional service provider, on the other hand, your COGS may amount to little more than whatever salary you pay yourself and whatever technology you may use for your business.

Related: My Company Hears Hundreds of Pitches Every Year — Here's What Investors Are Actually Looking For.

Sales, General, and Administrative Costs

You have some expenses that aren't closely tied to sales volume, including salaries for office personnel, salespeople compensation, rent, insurance, and the like. These are split out from the sales-sensitive COGS figure and included on a separate line.

Depreciation

Depreciation is one of the most baffling pieces of accounting wizardwork. It's a paper loss, a way of subtracting over time the cost of a piece of equipment or a building that lasts many years even though it may get paid for immediately.

Related: 10 Mistakes to Avoid When Pitching Investors (Infographic)

Depreciation isn't an expense that involves cash coming out of your pocket. Yet it's a real expense in an accounting sense, and most income statements will have an entry for depreciation coming off the top of pretax earnings. It refers to an ongoing decrease in asset value.

If you have capital items that you are depreciating, such as an office in your home or a large piece of machinery, your accountant will be able to set up a schedule for depreciation. Each year, you'll take a portion of the purchase price of that item off your earnings statement. Although it hurts profits, depreciation can reduce future taxes.

Paying the interest on loans is another expense that gets a line all to itself and comes out of earnings just before taxes are subtracted. This line doesn't include payments against the principal. Because these payments result in a reduction of liabilities—which we'll talk about in a few pages in connection with your balance sheet—they're not regarded as expenses on the income statement.

Related: How to Craft a Business Plan That Will Turn Investors' Heads

The best thing about taxes is that they're figured last, on the profits that are left after every other thing has been taken out. Tax rates vary widely according to where your company is located, how and whether state and local taxes are figured, and your special tax situation. Use previous years as a guidepost for future returns. If you are just opening your business, work carefully with your accountant to set up a system whereby you can pay the necessary taxes at regular intervals.

Buzzword: EBIT

EBIT stands for earnings before interest and taxes. It is an indicator of a company's profitability, calculated as revenue minus expenses, excluding tax and interest.

Related: Don't Make This Huge Mistake on Your Financial Model

Important Plan Note

Don't confuse sales with receipts. Your sales figure represents sales booked during the period, not necessarily money received. If your customers buy now and pay later, there may be a significant difference between sales and cash receipts.

More in Write Your Business Plan

Section 1: the foundation of a business plan, section 2: putting your business plan to work, section 3: selling your product and team, section 4: marketing your business plan, section 5: organizing operations and finances, section 6: getting your business plan to investors.

Successfully copied link

Planning, Startups, Stories

Tim berry on business planning, starting and growing your business, and having a life in the meantime., standard business plan financials: projected profit and loss.

Continuing with my series here on standard business plan financials, all taken from my Lean Business Planning site, the Profit and Loss, also called Income Statement, is probably the most standard of all financial statements. And the projected profit and loss, or projected income (or pro-forma profit and loss or pro-forma income) is also the most standard of the financial projections in a business plan.

It starts with Sales, which is why business people who like buzzwords will sometimes refer to sales as “the top line.”
It then shows Direct Costs (or COGS, or Unit Costs).
Then Gross Margin, Sales less Direct Costs.
Then operating expenses.
Gross margin less operating expenses is gross profit, also called EBITDA for “earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization.” I use EBITDA instead of the more traditional EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes). I explained that choice and depreciation and amortization as well in Financial Projection Tips and Traps , in the previous section.
Then it shows depreciation, interest expenses, and then taxes…
Then, at the very bottom, Net Profit; this is why so many people refer to net profit as “the bottom line,” which has also come to mean the conclusion, or main point, in a discussion.

The following illustration shows a simple Projected Profit and Loss for the bicycle store I’ve been using as an example. This example doesn’t divide operating expenses into categories. The format and math start with sales at the top. You’ll find that same basic layout in everything from small business accounting statements to the financial disclosures of large enterprises whose stock is traded on public markets. Companies vary widely on how much detail they include. And projections are always different from statements, because of Planning not accounting . But still this is standard.

A lean business plan will normally include sales, costs of sales, and expenses. To take it from there to a more formal projected Profit and Loss is a matter of collecting forecasts from the lean plan. The sales and costs of sales go at the top, then operating expenses. Calculating net profit is simple math.

Keep your assumptions simple. Remember our principle about planning and accounting. Don’t try to calculate interest based on a complex series of debt instruments; just average your interest over the projected debt. Don’t try to do graduated tax rates; use an average tax percentage for a profitable company.

Notice that the Profit and Loss involves only four of the Six Key Financial Terms . While a Profit and Loss Statement or Projected Profit and Loss affects the Balance Sheet because earnings are part of capital, it includes only sales, costs, expenses, and profit.

Hi, In case of bank financing for machineries and working capital, how can it be broken down in to the expense stream? ( capital + interest)

When you spend on assets is not deductible from income, and is therefore not an expense. What you spent to repay the principle of a loan is not deductible, and therefore not an expense. The interest on a loan is deductible, and is an expense.

Excuse me, may I know if the project profit & loss should plan for the first year only or for year 1-3 in business plan of a new company?

Kattie Wan, I recommend for normal cases the projected profit and loss monthly for the first 12 months, and two years annually after that. There are always special cases, though; every business is different.

The quickest way to turn a business idea into a business plan

Fill-in-the-blanks and automatic financials make it easy.

No thanks, I prefer writing 40-page documents.

Discover the world’s #1 plan building software

Business Essentials
Leadership & Management
Credential of Leadership, Impact, and Management in Business (CLIMB)
Entrepreneurship & Innovation
Digital Transformation
Finance & Accounting
Business in Society
For Organizations
Support Portal
Media Coverage
Founding Donors
Leadership Team

Harvard Business School →
HBS Online →
Business Insights →

Business Insights

Harvard Business School Online's Business Insights Blog provides the career insights you need to achieve your goals and gain confidence in your business skills.

Career Development
Communication
Decision-Making
Earning Your MBA
Negotiation
News & Events
Productivity
Staff Spotlight
Student Profiles
Work-Life Balance
AI Essentials for Business
Alternative Investments
Business Analytics
Business Strategy
Business and Climate Change
Design Thinking and Innovation
Digital Marketing Strategy
Disruptive Strategy
Economics for Managers
Entrepreneurship Essentials
Financial Accounting
Global Business
Launching Tech Ventures
Leadership Principles
Leadership, Ethics, and Corporate Accountability
Leading with Finance
Management Essentials
Negotiation Mastery
Organizational Leadership
Power and Influence for Positive Impact
Strategy Execution
Sustainable Business Strategy
Sustainable Investing
Winning with Digital Platforms

How to Prepare an Income Statement

Business professional preparing an income statement

09 Dec 2021

When it comes to financial statements , each communicates specific information and is needed in different contexts to understand a company’s financial health.

The income statement is one of the most important financial statements because it details a company’s income and expenses over a specific period. This document communicates a wealth of information to those reading it—from key executives and stakeholders to investors and employees. Being able to read an income statement is important, but knowing how to generate one is just as critical.

Here’s an overview of the information found in an income statement, along with a step-by-step look at the process of preparing one for your organization.

Access your free e-book today.

What Is an Income Statement?

An income statement is a financial report detailing a company’s income and expenses over a reporting period. It can also be referred to as a profit and loss (P&L) statement and is typically prepared quarterly or annually.

Income statements depict a company’s financial performance over a reporting period. Because the income statement details revenues and expenses, it provides a glimpse into which business activities brought in revenue and which cost the organization money—information investors can use to understand its health and executives can use to find areas for improvement.

Related: How to Read & Understand an Income Statement

An income statement typically includes the following information:

Revenue: How much money a business took in during a reporting period
Expenses: How much money a business spent during a reporting period
Costs of goods sold (COGS): The total costs associated with component parts of whatever product or service a company makes and sells
Gross profit: Revenue minus costs of goods sold
Operating income: Gross profit minus operating expenses
Income before taxes: Operating income minus non-operating expenses
Net income: Income before taxes
Earnings per share (EPS): Net income divided by the total number of outstanding shares
Depreciation: Value lost by assets, such as inventory, equipment, and property, over time
EBITDA: Earnings before interest, depreciation, taxes, and amortization

Related: 13 Financial Performance Measures Managers Should Monitor

Steps to Prepare an Income Statement

1. choose your reporting period.

Your reporting period is the specific timeframe the income statement covers. Choosing the correct one is critical.

Monthly, quarterly, and annual reporting periods are all common. Which reporting period is right for you depends on your goals. A monthly report, for example, details a shorter period, making it easier to apply tactical adjustments that affect the next month’s business activities. A quarterly or annual report, on the other hand, provides analysis from a higher level, which can help identify trends over the long term.

2. Calculate Total Revenue

Once you know the reporting period, calculate the total revenue your business generated during it.

If you prepare the income statement for your entire organization, this should include revenue from all lines of business. If you prepare the income statement for a particular business line or segment, you should limit revenue to products or services that fall under that umbrella.

3. Calculate Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)

Next, calculate the total cost of goods sold for any product or service that generated revenue for your business during the reporting period. This encompasses direct and indirect costs of producing and selling products or services, including:

Direct labor expenses
Material expenses
Parts or component expenses
Distribution costs
Any expense directly tied to the production of your product or service

4. Calculate Gross Profit

The next step is to determine gross profit for the reporting period. To calculate this, simply subtract the cost of goods sold from revenue.

Financial Accounting| Understand the numbers that drive business success | Learn More

5. Calculate Operating Expenses

Once you know gross profit, calculate operating expenses (OPEX).

Operating expenses are indirect costs associated with doing business. These differ from cost of goods sold because they’re not directly associated with the process of producing or distributing products or services. Examples of expenses that fall under the OPEX category include:

Office supplies

6. Calculate Income

To calculate total income, subtract operating expenses from gross profit. This number is essentially the pre-tax income your business generated during the reporting period. This can also be referred to as earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT).

7. Calculate Interest and Taxes

After calculating income for the reporting period, determine interest and tax charges.

Interest refers to any charges your company must pay on the debt it owes. To calculate interest charges, you must first understand how much money you owe and the interest rate being charged. Accounting software often automatically calculates interest charges for the reporting period.

Next, calculate your total tax burden for the reporting period. This includes local, state, and federal taxes, as well as any payroll taxes.

8. Calculate Net Income

The final step is to calculate net income for the reporting period. To do this, subtract interest and then taxes from your EBIT. The number remaining reflects your business’s available funds, which can be used for various purposes, such as being added to a reserve, distributed to shareholders, utilized for research and development, or to fuel business expansion.

Income Statement Example

Below is an example income statement for a fictional company. As you can see at the top, the reporting period is for the year that ended on Sept. 28, 2019.

Sample Income Statement, followed by a link to an alternative version

Go to the alternative version .

During the reporting period, the company made approximately $4.4 billion in total sales. It cost the business approximately $2.7 billion to achieve those sales. As a result, gross profit was about $1.6 billion.

Next, $560.4 million in selling and operating expenses and $293.7 million in general administrative expenses were subtracted. This left the company with an operating income of $765.2 million. To this, additional gains were added and losses subtracted, including $257.6 million in income tax.

At the bottom of the income statement, it’s clear the business realized a net income of $483.2 million during the reporting period.

Credential of Readiness | Master the fundamentals of business | Learn More

A Critical Skill for Business Leaders

Although the income statement is typically generated by a member of the accounting department at large organizations, knowing how to compile one is beneficial to a range of professionals.

Whether you’re an individual contributor, a member of the leadership team in a non-accounting role, or an entrepreneur who wears many hats, learning how to create an income statement can provide a deeper understanding of the financial metrics that matter to your business. It can also help improve your financial analysis capabilities .

Do you want to take your career to the next level? Consider enrolling in Financial Accounting —one of three courses comprising our Credential of Readiness (CORe) program —which can teach you the key financial topics you need to understand business performance and potential. Not sure which course is right for you? Download our free flowchart .

Data Tables

Company b income statement.

For Year Ended September 28, 2019 (In thousands)

Go back to the article .

About the Author

Business Plan Income Statement: Everything You Need to Know

Business plan income statement is an important financial document, which shows a company's profitability in a given period of time. 3 min read updated on February 01, 2023

Business plan income statement is an important financial document, which shows a company's profitability in a given period of time.

Understanding an Income Statement

An income statement or a profit and loss statement helps to understand a company's sources of revenue and various items of expenses. In other words, it tells you where the money is coming from and where it's going. A glance at the income statement can tell anyone whether the business is profitable. Basically, an income statement lists out various items and amounts of revenue and expenses, with the net profit figure at the bottom.

You might have heard people talking about a company's bottom line. It's the last line in an income statement, which shows you the amount of net profit of a company in a given period of time after meeting all expenses.

This is the “profit” referred to in a profit and loss statement or the letter “P” of “P & L” account. The “loss” or “L” is the figure that appears if the total amount of expenses exceeds the total amount of revenue.

An income statement is probably the most common and standard financial statement. Another similar statement called the projected profit and loss statement is a standard financial projection tool used in business planning.

Breakdown of a Business Plan Income Statement

It's essential to include a projected income statement in your business plan. Whether you are planning for the internal purpose of the company or preparing a financial document to present before your investors, it's important to know whether you expect the business to be profitable over a specific period of time.

You should start a business plan with an executive summary, followed by other standard components. It must include a financial plan section, complete with a projected balance sheet, cash flow, and income statement. In business planning, the word “projected” is often replaced with the word “pro-forma,” but it means the same thing.

An income statement typically includes the following components:

Direct cost of sales.
Production expenses.
Gross margin.
Operating expenses.
Marketing expenses.
Depreciation .
Utility expenses.
Insurance premiums.
Payroll taxes .
Profit before interest and taxes.
Interest expenses.
Net profit.

Sales or Revenue

The top line in your income statement represents revenue from sales. It's the net sales amount remaining after deducting goods returns and sales discounts. All the direct expenses associated with sales will be deducted from this figure.

Direct Costs of Sales

The cost of goods sold includes all the direct costs incurred in making and delivering the products or services that contributed to sales. It does not include office rent, salaries, and other expenses that are not directly connected with sales.

Gross Margin or Gross Profit

Subtracting the direct cost of goods sold from the number of net sales gives you gross margin. This is the profit before considering operating expenses and taxes.

Operating Expenses

Except for the cost of goods sold, all other expenses necessary to run the business are covered under this head. Rent, utilities, payroll, and marketing costs are examples of operating expenses.

Operating expenses include marketing and administrative expenses like:

Sales salaries.
Collateral and promotions.
Advertising.
Travel, meetings, client meals, etc.
Office salaries.

Operating Income

Operating income or earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) is the most reliable indicator of a company's profitability.

If the company is making any interest payments on a loan, it should be included under this head.

Total Expenses

This is the sum total of all expenses, excluding taxes and interest.

Depreciation and Amortization

These are the expenses incurred on tangible and intangible assets. Since the assets do not lose their utility in a single accounting period, the total cost of assets is spread over their total lifetime. The cost applicable for a single accounting period is deducted from revenue as depreciation.

Net Income Before Taxes

This figure represents total earnings of the business before paying income taxes.

This item represents the amount of income tax paid or owed to the federal, state, and local governments. Some companies allocate an estimated amount of taxes they expect to pay in the future.

Net Income or Net Profit

This is the net profit of the business remaining after paying income taxes. This is the bottom line figure that tells at a glance whether a company is making profits or incurring losses.

If you need help with business plan income statement, you can post your legal need on UpCounsel's marketplace. UpCounsel accepts only the top 5 percent of lawyers to its site. Lawyers on UpCounsel come from law schools such as Harvard Law and Yale Law and average 14 years of legal experience, including work with or on behalf of companies like Google, Menlo Ventures, and Airbnb.

Hire the top business lawyers and save up to 60% on legal fees

Content Approved by UpCounsel

S Corp Business Expenses
Business Income Tax
Cost of Doing Business Definition
What Is Liability Business - Everything You Need to Know
Schedule C 1040
Partnership Start Up Costs
Do Corporations Pay State Taxes
LLC Schedule C
Are Incorporation Fees Tax Deductible?
Statement of Information

Everything that you need to know to start your own business. From business ideas to researching the competition.

Practical and real-world advice on how to run your business — from managing employees to keeping the books.

Our best expert advice on how to grow your business — from attracting new customers to keeping existing customers happy and having the capital to do it.

Entrepreneurs and industry leaders share their best advice on how to take your company to the next level.

Business Ideas
Human Resources
Business Financing
Growth Studio
Ask the Board

Looking for your local chamber?

Interested in partnering with us?

Start » startup, business plan financials: 3 statements to include.

The finance section of your business plan is essential to securing investors and determining whether your idea is even viable. Here's what to include.

If your business plan is the blueprint of how to run your company, the financials section is the key to making it happen. The finance section of your business plan is essential to determining whether your idea is even viable in the long term. It’s also necessary to convince investors of this viability and subsequently secure the type and amount of funding you need. Here’s what to include in your business plan financials.

[Read: How to Write a One-Page Business Plan ]

What are business plan financials?

Business plan financials is the section of your business plan that outlines your past, current and projected financial state. This section includes all the numbers and hard data you’ll need to plan for your business’s future, and to make your case to potential investors. You will need to include supporting financial documents and any funding requests in this part of your business plan.

Business plan financials are vital because they allow you to budget for existing or future expenses, as well as forecast your business’s future finances. A strongly written finance section also helps you obtain necessary funding from investors, allowing you to grow your business.

Sections to include in your business plan financials

Here are the three statements to include in the finance section of your business plan:

Profit and loss statement

A profit and loss statement , also known as an income statement, identifies your business’s revenue (profit) and expenses (loss). This document describes your company’s overall financial health in a given time period. While profit and loss statements are typically prepared quarterly, you will need to do so at least annually before filing your business tax return with the IRS.

Common items to include on a profit and loss statement :

Revenue: total sales and refunds, including any money gained from selling property or equipment.
Expenditures: total expenses.
Cost of goods sold (COGS): the cost of making products, including materials and time.
Gross margin: revenue minus COGS.
Operational expenditures (OPEX): the cost of running your business, including paying employees, rent, equipment and travel expenses.
Depreciation: any loss of value over time, such as with equipment.
Earnings before tax (EBT): revenue minus COGS, OPEX, interest, loan payments and depreciation.
Profit: revenue minus all of your expenses.

Businesses that have not yet started should provide projected income statements in their financials section. Currently operational businesses should include past and present income statements, in addition to any future projections.

[Read: Top Small Business Planning Strategies ]

A strongly written finance section also helps you obtain necessary funding from investors, allowing you to grow your business.

Balance sheet

A balance sheet provides a snapshot of your company’s finances, allowing you to keep track of earnings and expenses. It includes what your business owns (assets) versus what it owes (liabilities), as well as how much your business is currently worth (equity).

On the assets side of your balance sheet, you will have three subsections: current assets, fixed assets and other assets. Current assets include cash or its equivalent value, while fixed assets refer to long-term investments like equipment or buildings. Any assets that do not fall within these categories, such as patents and copyrights, can be classified as other assets.

On the liabilities side of your balance sheet, include a total of what your business owes. These can be broken down into two parts: current liabilities (amounts to be paid within a year) and long-term liabilities (amounts due for longer than a year, including mortgages and employee benefits).

Once you’ve calculated your assets and liabilities, you can determine your business’s net worth, also known as equity. This can be calculated by subtracting what you owe from what you own, or assets minus liabilities.

Cash flow statement

A cash flow statement shows the exact amount of money coming into your business (inflow) and going out of it (outflow). Each cost incurred or amount earned should be documented on its own line, and categorized into one of the following three categories: operating activities, investment activities and financing activities. These three categories can all have inflow and outflow activities.

Operating activities involve any ongoing expenses necessary for day-to-day operations; these are likely to make up the majority of your cash flow statement. Investment activities, on the other hand, cover any long-term payments that are needed to start and run your business. Finally, financing activities include the money you’ve used to fund your business venture, including transactions with creditors or funders.

CO— aims to bring you inspiration from leading respected experts. However, before making any business decision, you should consult a professional who can advise you based on your individual situation.

Applications are open for the CO—100! Now is your chance to join an exclusive group of outstanding small businesses. Share your story with us — apply today.

CO—is committed to helping you start, run and grow your small business. Learn more about the benefits of small business membership in the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, here .

Subscribe to our newsletter, Midnight Oil

Expert business advice, news, and trends, delivered weekly

By signing up you agree to the CO— Privacy Policy. You can opt out anytime.

More tips for your startup

How to change your ein, or how to fix an incorrect ein, micro-business vs. startup: what’s the difference, micro businesses: what are they and how do you start one.

By continuing on our website, you agree to our use of cookies for statistical and personalisation purposes. Know More

Welcome to CO—

Designed for business owners, CO— is a site that connects like minds and delivers actionable insights for next-level growth.

U.S. Chamber of Commerce 1615 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20062

Social links

Looking for local chamber, stay in touch.

Customer Reviews
Net 30 Account
Wise Services
Steps & Timeline
Work at a Glance
Market Research at a Glance
Business Plan Writing Services
Bank Business Plan
Investor Business Plan
Franchise Business Plan
Cannabis Business Plan
Strategic Business Plan
Corporate Business Plan
Merge and Acquisition Business Plan (M&A)
Private Placement Memorandums (PPM)
Sample Business Plans
Professional Feasibility Study
PowerPoint Presentations
Pitch Deck Presentation Services
Business Plan Printing
Market Research
L-1 Business Plan
E-2 Business Plan
EB-5 Business Plan
EB-5 Regional Centers
Immigration Attorneys
Nonprofit Business Plan
Exit Business Planning
Business Planning
Business Formation
Business License
Business Website
Business Branding
Business Bank Account
Digital Marketing
Business Funding Resources
Small Business Loans
Venture Capital
Net 30 Apply

Income Statement Templates

Get in-depth insight of your business performance with income statement. download these easy to use example income statement templates..

What is Income Statement?

An income statement gives an overview of a company’s income and expenses. It is a type of financial statement used to evaluate the company’s performance in the short term. Since most other financial statements are prepared annually or biannually, an income statement is also created monthly or quarterly. An income statement is also called a profit and loss statement, earnings statement, or statement of operations.

An income statement helps managers and investors make decisions in the short term. It helps assess the company’s growth trajectory.

The income statement is primarily used for measuring profitability, not cash flow.

Why use an income Statement

An Income Statement is prepared monthly and quarterly. Unlike other financial statements and reports, the income statement gives business profitability information on a monthly basis. A monthly report can help identify immediate threats and opportunities and a business can avoid nose dive.

You can also use this income statement template in financial planning of your business plan . Having a template for income statement will save you time and hassle in writing your business plan .

Investors may also ask for income statements in addition to the balance sheet and other financial reports. The reason is the same as the income statement focuses more on the short term.

Income Statement Template for Business Plan

A forecast income statement is an essential part of a business plan. Along with cash flow statement and balance sheet, income statement makes the financial planning part of the business plan.

This income statement template for business plan can be used without any additional changes; download income statement template, populate it with forecast numbers and your income statement for business plan is ready.

Download Free Income Income Statement Templates

There are two basic types of income statements, Single-step income statements, and multi-step income statements. Here is a short side-by-side comparison of the two. When you are unsure about it, use Single Step Income Statement.

We have prepared these three income statement templates. You can also download income statement excel format. You can also use the income statement template for business plan.

Basic Single Step Income Statement

Traditional Income Statement

Multi-step income statement

Download single or simple income statement template in excel format here. Put in your business numbers in the templates and see how your business is doing!

Download Single Step Income Statement Template Excel

Traditional income statement is easy to use. Download the traditional income statement template and make financial statement for your business.

Download Traditional Income Statement Template

Multi Step Income Statement gives an in-depth analysis of your business. Download this free multi step income statement template to look closely into your business performance.

Download Multi Step Income Statement Template

Comparison of Single Step Income Statement vs Multi Step Income Statement

A single step income statement is prepared with simple accounting equation that subtracts ‘losses and expenses’ from ‘revenues and gains’. Whereas the multi step income statements also include the the expenses and revenues from non-operational resources and follows a three step approach to calculate net income. An example of income statement will include all the list items mentioned here.

Income Statement Formula

In one line, the income statement formula is:

“ total revenues – total expanses= Net income”

An income statement gives a comparison and overview of the company’s revenue and expenses. It helps understand the business growth trajectory in the short term.

If your business’s revenues are greater than the expenses, your company is making a profit. Whereas, if your expenses are more than your revenues, your company needs to look closely into the income statement and take the necessary steps for making it profitable again.

The income statement displays the net profitability of a business. It serves as a tool for investors and owners and it shows the company’s profitability.

An income statement is a better financial report for checking the performance of a business in the short run.

What goes on an income statement?

For most businesses, the income statement items will be different. However, the structure stays the same. Most templates can be used for any industry after a few changes. You will find these list items on any income statement example.

Cost of Goods Manufactured
Gross Margin
Amortization
Depreciation
Rent expense
Salaries and Wages
Phone and internet
Operating Income (EBIT)
Interest Expense
Earnings Before Tax (EBT)

How to Prepare an Income Statement?

We have provided simple income statement templates and you can use them as guidelines for preparing an income statement. Our templates are compatible with Microsoft Excel; you can download and use them for your business.

The following steps will be helpful for you in preparing an income statement.

1. Select a Reporting Period

An income report shows revenues and expenses for a certain time period. You can choose any time period from one month to many years.

Mostly income statement is created on a monthly, quarterly, bi-annually, or yearly basis. Most companies create monthly income statements to keep a close eye on their performance.

2. Prepare a Trial Balance Report

You will need to create a standard trial balance report for creating an income report. A trial balance report gives end balance numbers for each account which is necessary for the income statement. If you are using an accounting tool, you can easily prepare and print out the trial balance report in a few clicks.

3. Calculate Revenue

Next, you will need to calculate all the revenues your firm has earned in the selected time period. Revenues will include everything you have earned from selling your goods or services in the reporting period, whether you have received the payment or not.

4. Calculate Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold includes the labor cost, materials cost, and overhead costs you have made in offering your goods or services.

From your trial balance, add the ‘cost of goods sold items and put the number on the income statement below revenue line items.

5. Calculate Gross Margin

Subtract ‘cost of goods sold’ from ‘Revenues’ and you will have your Gross Margin number.

6. Include Operating Expenses

Take all the operating expenses line items from your trial balance and put the final number in ‘selling and administrative expanses’ in the income statement.

7. Calculate your Income

When you take out the ‘selling and administrative’ expanses from ‘Gross Income’, you will get your income before taxes.

8. Include Income Tax

Find your state’s tax rate, multiply it with your pretax income and you will get the income amount you will have to pay. The income tax number will go below the pretax income in the income statement.

Pro Tips: learn how to to calculate income tax with our income tax calculator .

9. Calculate Net Income

Take out the income tax from pretax income and you will get your net income. Your net income will give you an overview of your business performance and profitability.

10. Finalize the Income Statement

Add the ‘Income Statement’ in the header of the income statement report for easier identification. Your income statement is complete now.

In case you are using income statement template in a business plan, you will put the expected, forecast numbers in the template to prepare the income statement.

Need help creating other essential business reports?

Download our 15+ designer approved business templates for free and make your clients feel impressed.

Frequently Asked Questions

A Profit and loss statement (P&L statement) is also called an income statement. An income statement or P&L statement is the summary of revenues, expenses, cost of goods sold, administrative expenses, and taxes for a specific time period.

Income statement and balance sheet are not the same. Both of these reports give important information about the business; an income statement gives a profit and loss assessment of a business while balance sheets tell about the financial situation of a business at a certain point in time.

Income statement can be prepared for both cash and accrual-based accounting. However, the revenues and expenses calculation method will be different as we will only be recording the revenues received and expenses made.

Income Statement shows the current profitability of a business. It details the revenues and expenses of a business. The income statement can be negative if the expenses and costs are more than the total revenue.

An income statement includes the following expenses.

Cost of goods sold- the expenses you incur for the materials and labor.

Selling, General and Administrative Expanses-this head include all indirect expenses, advertising expenses, overhead expenses, rentals, etc.

Depreciation and Amortization- Depreciation shows the decrease in the value of tangible assets like machinery, automobiles, etc; amortization is the decrease in the value of intangible assets like patents and trademarks.

Research and Development-If your business has a research and development facility, you will need to add these costs to the income statement.

There are two basic types of income statements; single-step income statements and multistep income statements. A multistep income statement has more details and includes incomes and expenses.

Get in Touch

Investor Business Plans
M&A Business Plan
Private Placement
Feasibility Study
Hire a Business Plan Writer
Business Valuation Calculator
Business Plan Examples
Real Estate Business Plan
Business Plan Template
Business Plan Pricing Guide
Business Plan Makeover
SBA Loans, Bank Funding & Business Credit
Finding & Qualifying for Business Grants
Leadership for the New Manager
Content Marketing for Beginners
All About Crowdfunding
EB-5 Regional Centers, A Step-By-Step Guide
Logo Designer
Landing Page
PPC Advertising

Business Entity
Business Licensing
Virtual Assistant
Business Phone
Business Address
E-1 Visa Business Plan
EB1-A Visa Business Plan
EB1-C Visa Business Plan
EB2-NIW Business Plan
H1B Visa Business Plan
O1 Visa Business Plan
Business Brokers
Merger & Acquisition Advisors
Franchisors

Proud Sponsor of

1-800-496-1056

(613) 800-0227

+44 (1549) 409190

+61 (2) 72510077

ZenBusinessPlans

Home » Business Plans

How to Write a Business Plan Financial Projection [Sample Template]

How do you prepare a business plan financial statement? Do you need help developing business plan financial projections? Do you need a business plan projections template? Then i advice you read on because this article is for you.

What is a Business Plan Financial Statement?

The financial statement is a distinct section of your business plan because it outlines your financial projections. A business lives and dies based on its financial feasibility and most importantly its profitability. Regardless of how hard you work or how much you have invested of your time and money, people, at the end of the day, only want to support something that can return their investments with profits.

Your executive summary may be brilliantly crafted, and your market or industry analysis may be the bomb. But your business plan isn’t just complete without a financial statement to justify it with good figures on the bottom line.

Your financial statement is what makes or mars your chances of obtaining a bank loan or attracting investors to your business. Even if you don’t need financing from a third party, compiling a financial statement will help you steer your business to success. So, before we dig further into how to prepare a financial statement, you need to understand what a financial statement is not.

What’s the Difference Between a Financial Projection Statement and Accounting Statement?

However, you need to keep in mind that the financial statement is not the same as an accounting statement. Granted, a financial statement includes financial projections such as profit and loss, balance sheets, and cash flow, all of which makes it look similar to an accounting statement.

But the major difference between them is that an accounting statement deals with the past, while the financial projections statement of your business plan outlines your future spending and earnings. Having made this point clear, let’s now look at the steps involved on preparing a financial statement for your business plan.

So what exactly do you have to include in this section? You will need to include three statements:

Income Statement
Balance Sheet
Cash-Flow Statement

Now, let’s briefly discuss each.

Components of a Business Plan Financial Statement

Income statement.

This beautiful composition of numbers tells the reader what exactly your sources of revenue are and which expenses you spent your money on to arrive at the bottom line. Essentially, for a given time period, the income statement states the profit or loss ( revenue-expenses ) that you made.

Balance sheet

The key word here is “ balance, ” but you are probably wondering what exactly needs to be weighed, right? On one side you should list all your assets ( what you own ) and on the other side, all your liabilities ( what you owe ), thereby giving a snapshot of your net worth ( assets – liabilities = equity ).

Cash flow statement

This statement is similar to your income statement with one important difference; it takes into account just when revenues are actually collected and when expenses are paid. When the cash you have coming in ( collected revenue ) is greater than the cash you have going out ( disbursements ), your cash flow is said to be positive.

And when the opposite scenario is true, your cash flow is negative. Ideally, your cash flow statement will allow you to recognize where cash is low, when you might have a surplus, and how to be on top of your game when operating in an uncertain environment.

How to Prepare a Business Plan Financial Projections Statement

1. Start by preparing a revenue forecast and a forecast profit and loss statement

Also, prepare supporting schedules with detailed information about your projected personnel and marketing costs. If your business has few fixed assets or it’s just a cash business without significant receivables, you don’t need a forecast balance sheet.

2. Using your planned revenue model, prepare a spreadsheet

Set the key variables in such a way that they can be easily changed as your calculations chain through. To ensure that your projected revenues are realistic and attainable, run your draft through a number of iterations. For each year covered in your business plan, prepare a monthly forecast of revenues and spending.

3. If you plan to sell any goods, then include a forecast of goods sold

This applies the most to manufacturing businesses. Give a reasonable estimate for this cost. And be of the assumption that the efficiency of your products would increase with time and the cost of goods sold as a percentage of sales will decline.

4. Quantify your marketing plan

Look at each marketing strategy you outlined in the business plan and attach specific costs to each of them. That is, if you are looking at billboard advertising, TV advertising, and online marketing methods such as pay-per-click advertising and so on; then you should estimate the cost of each medium and have it documented.

5. Forecast the cost of running the business, including general and administrative costs

Also, forecast the cost of utilities, rents, and other recurring costs. Don’t leave out any category of expenses that is required to run your business. And don’t forget the cost of professional services such as accounting and legal services.

6. In the form of a spreadsheet, forecast the payroll

This outlines each individual that you plan to hire, the month they will start work, and their salary. Also include the percentage salary increases (due to increased cost of living and as reward for exemplary performance) that will come in the second and subsequent years of the forecast.

Additional tips for Writing a Business Plan Financial Statement

Don’t stuff your pages with lots of information, and avoid large chunks of text. Also, use a font size that is large enough. Even if these would spread out your statement into more pages, don’t hesitate to spread it out. Legibility matters!
After completing the spreadsheets in the financial statement, you should summarize the figures in the narrative section of your business plan.
Put a table near the front of your financial statement that shows projected figures, pre-tax profit, and expenses. These are the figures you want the reader to remember. You can help the reader retain these figures in memory by including a bar chart of these figures, too.

As a final note, you should keep in mind that a financial statement is just an informed guess of what will likely happen in the future. In reality, the actual results you will achieve will vary. In fact, this difference may be very far from what you have forecast.

So, if your business is a start-up, prepare more capital than your projections show that you will need. Entrepreneurs have a natural tendency to project a faster revenue growth than what is realistic. So, don’t let this instinct fool you.

Resources for Your Growing Business

Sample balance sheet & small business income statement (with examples).

By examining a sample balance sheet and income statement, small businesses can better understand the relationship between the two reports. Every time a company records a sale or an expense for bookkeeping purposes, both the balance sheet and the income statement are affected by the transaction. The balance sheet and the income statement are two of the three major financial statements that small businesses prepare to report on their financial performance, along with the cash flow statement.

With FreshBooks, you don’t need to become an accountant overnight to run your business the way it deserves.

Your balance sheet will be separated into two main sections, cash and cash equivalent assets on the one side, and liabilities and equity on the other. Documenting the financial details of your business will give you a thorough understanding of available cash flows so that you can make informed decisions about the viable future of your business.

FreshBooks provides a range of income statement and balance sheet examples to suit a variety of businesses, no matter if you have just started out or if you are looking for a different solution.

Find the best finance statement templates for you and your business.

These topics will show you the connection between financial statements and offer a sample balance sheet and income statement for small businesses:

Income Statement vs Balance Sheet

How do you prepare a balance sheet from an income statement, difference between an income statement and balance sheet, sample income statement, sample balance sheet.

The income statement and the balance sheet report on different accounting metrics related to a business’s financial position. By getting to know the purpose of each of the reports you can better understand how they differ from one another.

A balance sheet format can be broken down into two main sections – assets on one side, and liability and equities on the other. These sections will need to be recorded in a balanced format, meaning when an entry is inserted in one column, a corresponding entry will be made in the other column.

What Goes on an Income Statement?

An income statement, also called a profit and loss statement , lists a business’s revenues, expenses and overall profit or loss for a specific period of time. An income statement reports the following line items:

Sales: Revenue generated from the sale of goods and services
Cost of Goods Sold: Including labor and material costs
Gross Profit: The cost of goods sold subtracted from sales
General and Administrative Expenses: Includes rent, utilities, salary, etc.
Earnings Before Tax: Your business’s pre-tax income
Net Income: The total revenue minus total expenses, which gives the profit or loss

The end goal of the income statement is to show a business’s net income for a specific reporting period. If the net income is a positive number, the business reports a profit. If it’s a negative number, the business reports a loss.

What Goes on a Balance Sheet?

A balance sheet reports a business’s assets, liabilities and equity at a specific point in time. A balance sheet is broken into two main sections: assets on one side and liabilities and equity on the other side. The balance sheet formats require the two sides must balance out, meaning they should be equal to one another. It reports the following line items:

Current Assets: Assets that will be converted to cash within a year, including accounts receivable , inventory and prepaid expenses
Long-Term Assets: Assets that won’t be converted to cash within a year, including land, buildings and equipment
Current Liabilities: Debts owed within a year, including rent, utilities, taxes and payroll
Long-Term Liabilities: Long-term business loans, pension fund liabilities
Shareholders Equity: A business’s net assets, including money generated by the business and donated capital
Amortization Expenses: These are also called depreciation expenses, and account for any long-term assets over the life span of their use (such as cars or expensive technology)
Account Balances: The amount of money that is in your financial accounts at any given time, after debits and credits have been accounted or. This includes any long term saving accounts or checking accounts.

The balance sheet tells you what your business owns and what it owes to others on a specific date. It gives a snapshot of the business’s overall worth.

A business’s financial statements are all interconnected and they report some of the same information, but for different purposes. Because some of your financial statements draw from data reported on other statements, there’s a particular order you should follow when preparing them, which is why we have prepared the following financial statement example:

Income Statement
Balance Sheet
Cash Flow Statement

To prepare a balance sheet, you need to calculate net income. Net income is the final calculation included on the income statement, showing how much profit or loss the business generated during the reporting period. Once you’ve prepared your income statement, you can use the net income figure to start creating your balance sheet.

Using a balance sheet template will streamline the next step of the process, so that you don’t have to manually insert all of the fields yourself. This is a vital step towards understanding the core strength of a company, and to assess the business performance .

On the balance sheet, net income appears in the retained earnings line item. Net income affects how much equity a business reports on the balance sheet.

The Relationship Between Income Statement and Balance Sheet

In double-entry bookkeeping, the income statement and balance sheet are closely related. Double-entry bookkeeping involves making two separate entries for every business transaction recorded. One of these entries appears on the income statement and the other appears on the balance sheet.

To have a more thorough look at how double-entry bookkeeping works, head to FreshBooks for a gallery of income statement templates.

Every time a sale or expense is recorded, affecting the income statement, the assets or liabilities are affected on the balance sheet. When a business records a sale, its assets will increase or its liabilities will decrease. When a business records an expense, its assets will decrease or its liabilities will increase.

In this way, the income statement and balance sheet are closely related. Balance sheets will show a more thorough overview of the security and investment health of a business, however they are both indispensable financial statements.

Dummies.com put together this helpful illustration demonstrating just how closely the two reports tie together:

Income statement balance sheet relationship

The income statement and balance sheet report different financial accounting information about your business. The key differences between the two reports include:

Line Items Reported: The income statement reports revenue, expenses and profit or loss, while the balance sheet reports assets, liabilities and shareholder equity.

Timing: The income statement reports on financial performance for a specific time range, often a month, quarter or year. The balance sheet reports on financial activity for one specific date.

Metrics: The line items on the income statement are compared to the sales figure to find your company’s gross margin, operating income and net income, as percentages. The line items on the balance sheet can be used to understand the liquidity of your business. Recording financial business activities in this section helps keep track of the strength of the company.

This sample income statement from Accounting Coach shows the different figures used to calculate net income, the layout of the report and how it differs from a balance sheet:

To see more balance sheet samples, head to FreshBooks. The blank balance sheet template can be downloaded in a range of formats to suit your preferred software program, from Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word to Google Docs or Google Spreadsheets.

Accessing balance sheet and income statement software is a surefire way to save you time, stress, and money — as you make the right decisions towards letting your business be the best that it can be.

This sample balance sheet from Accounting Coach shows the line items reported, the layout of the document and how it differs from an income statement:

Forecasting a Balance Sheet | The Small Business Guide to Financial Forecasts

Save Time Billing and Get Paid 2x Faster With FreshBooks

Want More Helpful Articles About Running a Business?

Get more great content in your Inbox.

By subscribing, you agree to receive communications from FreshBooks and acknowledge and agree to FreshBook’s Privacy Policy . You can unsubscribe at any time by contacting us at [email protected].

👋 Welcome to FreshBooks

To see our product designed specifically for your country, please visit the United States site.

How to Write a Small Business Financial Plan

Stairs leading up to a dollar sign. Represents creating a financial plan to achieve profitability.

Noah Parsons

4 min. read

Updated April 22, 2024

Creating a financial plan is often the most intimidating part of writing a business plan.

It’s also one of the most vital. Businesses with well-structured and accurate financial statements are more prepared to pitch to investors, receive funding, and achieve long-term success.

Thankfully, you don’t need an accounting degree to successfully create your budget and forecasts.

Here is everything you need to include in your financial plan, along with optional performance metrics, funding specifics, mistakes to avoid , and free templates.

Key components of a financial plan

A sound financial plan is made up of six key components that help you easily track and forecast your business financials. They include your:

Sales forecast

What do you expect to sell in a given period? Segment and organize your sales projections with a personalized sales forecast based on your business type.

Subscription sales forecast

While not too different from traditional sales forecasts—there are a few specific terms and calculations you’ll need to know when forecasting sales for a subscription-based business.

Expense budget

Create, review, and revise your expense budget to keep your business on track and more easily predict future expenses.

How to forecast personnel costs

How much do your current, and future, employees’ pay, taxes, and benefits cost your business? Find out by forecasting your personnel costs.

Profit and loss forecast

Track how you make money and how much you spend by listing all of your revenue streams and expenses in your profit and loss statement.

Cash flow forecast

Manage and create projections for the inflow and outflow of cash by building a cash flow statement and forecast.

Balance sheet

Need a snapshot of your business’s financial position? Keep an eye on your assets, liabilities, and equity within the balance sheet.

What to include if you plan to pursue funding

Do you plan to pursue any form of funding or financing? If the answer is yes, then there are a few additional pieces of information that you’ll need to include as part of your financial plan.

Highlight any risks and assumptions

Every entrepreneur takes risks with the biggest being assumptions and guesses about the future. Just be sure to track and address these unknowns in your plan early on.

Plan your exit strategy

Investors will want to know your long-term plans as a business owner. While you don’t need to have all the details, it’s worth taking the time to think through how you eventually plan to leave your business.

Financial ratios and metrics

With your financial statements and forecasts in place, you have all the numbers needed to calculate insightful financial ratios.

While including these metrics in your plan is entirely optional, having them easily accessible can be valuable for tracking your performance and overall financial situation.

Key financial terms you should know

It’s not hard. Anybody who can run a business can understand these key financial terms. And every business owner and entrepreneur should know them.

Common business ratios

Unsure of which business ratios you should be using? Check out this list of key financial ratios that bankers, financial analysts, and investors will want to see.

Break-even analysis

Do you want to know when you’ll become profitable? Find out how much you need to sell to offset your production costs by conducting a break-even analysis.

How to calculate ROI

How much could a business decision be worth? Evaluate the efficiency or profitability by calculating the potential return on investment (ROI).

How to improve your financial plan

Your financial statements are the core part of your business plan that you’ll revisit most often. Instead of worrying about getting it perfect the first time, check out the following resources to learn how to improve your projections over time.

Common mistakes with business forecasts

I was glad to be asked about common mistakes with startup financial projections. I read about 100 business plans per year, and I have this list of mistakes.

How to improve your financial projections

Learn how to improve your business financial projections by following these five basic guidelines.

Brought to you by

Create a professional business plan

Using ai and step-by-step instructions.

Secure funding

Validate ideas

Build a strategy

Financial plan templates and tools

Download and use these free financial templates and calculators to easily create your own financial plan.

Sales forecast template

Download a free detailed sales forecast spreadsheet, with built-in formulas, to easily estimate your first full year of monthly sales.

Download Template

Accurate and easy financial forecasting

Get a full financial picture of your business with LivePlan's simple financial management tools.

Get Started

See why 1.2 million entrepreneurs have written their business plans with LivePlan

Noah is the COO at Palo Alto Software, makers of the online business plan app LivePlan. He started his career at Yahoo! and then helped start the user review site Epinions.com. From there he started a software distribution business in the UK before coming to Palo Alto Software to run the marketing and product teams.

Start stronger by writing a quick business plan. Check out LivePlan

Table of Contents

What to include for funding

6 Min. Read

How to Write Your Business Plan Cover Page + Template

10 Min. Read

How to Write a Competitive Analysis for Your Business Plan

How to Set and Use Milestones in Your Business Plan

24 Min. Read

The 10 AI Prompts You Need to Write a Business Plan

The Bplans Newsletter

The Bplans Weekly

Subscribe now for weekly advice and free downloadable resources to help start and grow your business.

We care about your privacy. See our privacy policy .

The quickest way to turn a business idea into a business plan

Fill-in-the-blanks and automatic financials make it easy.

No thanks, I prefer writing 40-page documents.

Discover the world’s #1 plan building software

400+ Sample Business Plans
WHY UPMETRICS?

Customer Success Stories

Business Plan Course

Strategic Planning Templates

E-books, Guides & More

Entrepreneurs & Small Business

Accelerators & Incubators

Business Consultants & Advisors

Educators & Business Schools

Students & Scholars

AI Business Plan Generator

Financial Forecasting

AI Assistance

Ai Pitch Deck Generator

Strategic Planning

See How Upmetrics Works →

Sample Plans

Small Business Tools

How to Prepare a Financial Plan for Startup Business (w/ example)

Free Financial Statements Template

Ajay Jagtap

December 7, 2023

13 Min Read

If someone were to ask you about your business financials, could you give them a detailed answer?

Let’s say they ask—how do you allocate your operating expenses? What is your cash flow situation like? What is your exit strategy? And a series of similar other questions.

Instead of mumbling what to answer or shooting in the dark, as a founder, you must prepare yourself to answer this line of questioning—and creating a financial plan for your startup is the best way to do it.

A business plan’s financial plan section is no easy task—we get that.

But, you know what—this in-depth guide and financial plan example can make forecasting as simple as counting on your fingertips.

Ready to get started? Let’s begin by discussing startup financial planning.

What is Startup Financial Planning?

Startup financial planning, in simple terms, is a process of planning the financial aspects of a new business. It’s an integral part of a business plan and comprises its three major components: balance sheet, income statement, and cash-flow statement.

Apart from these statements, your financial section may also include revenue and sales forecasts, assets & liabilities, break-even analysis , and more. Your first financial plan may not be very detailed, but you can tweak and update it as your company grows.

Key Takeaways

Realistic assumptions, thorough research, and a clear understanding of the market are the key to reliable financial projections.
Cash flow projection, balance sheet, and income statement are three major components of a financial plan.
Preparing a financial plan is easier and faster when you use a financial planning tool.
Exploring “what-if” scenarios is an ideal method to understand the potential risks and opportunities involved in the business operations.

Why is Financial Planning Important to Your Startup?

Poor financial planning is one of the biggest reasons why most startups fail. In fact, a recent CNBC study reported that running out of cash was the reason behind 44% of startup failures in 2022.

A well-prepared financial plan provides a clear financial direction for your business, helps you set realistic financial objectives, create accurate forecasts, and shows your business is committed to its financial objectives.

It’s a key element of your business plan for winning potential investors. In fact, YC considered recent financial statements and projections to be critical elements of their Series A due diligence checklist .

Your financial plan demonstrates how your business manages expenses and generates revenue and helps them understand where your business stands today and in 5 years.

Makes sense why financial planning is important to your startup, doesn’t it? Let’s cut to the chase and discuss the key components of a startup’s financial plan.

Say goodbye to old-school excel sheets & templates

Make accurate financial plan faster with AI

Plans starting from $7/month

Key Components of a Startup Financial Plan

Whether creating a financial plan from scratch for a business venture or just modifying it for an existing one, here are the key components to consider including in your startup’s financial planning process.

Income Statement

An Income statement , also known as a profit-and-loss statement(P&L), shows your company’s income and expenditures. It also demonstrates how your business experienced any profit or loss over a given time.

Consider it as a snapshot of your business that shows the feasibility of your business idea. An income statement can be generated considering three scenarios: worst, expected, and best.

Your income or P&L statement must list the following:

Cost of goods or cost of sale
Gross margin
Operating expenses
Revenue streams
EBITDA (Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation , & amortization )

Established businesses can prepare annual income statements, whereas new businesses and startups should consider preparing monthly statements.

Cash flow Statement

A cash flow statement is one of the most critical financial statements for startups that summarize your business’s cash in-and-out flows over a given time.

This section provides details on the cash position of your business and its ability to meet monetary commitments on a timely basis.

Your cash flow projection consists of the following three components:

✅ Cash revenue projection: Here, you must enter each month’s estimated or expected sales figures.

✅ Cash disbursements: List expenditures that you expect to pay in cash for each month over one year.

✅ Cash flow reconciliation: Cash flow reconciliation is a process used to ensure the accuracy of cash flow projections. The adjusted amount is the cash flow balance carried over to the next month.

Furthermore, a company’s cash flow projections can be crucial while assessing liquidity, its ability to generate positive cash flows and pay off debts, and invest in growth initiatives.

Balance Sheet

Your balance sheet is a financial statement that reports your company’s assets, liabilities, and shareholder equity at a given time.

Consider it as a snapshot of what your business owns and owes, as well as the amount invested by the shareholders.

This statement consists of three parts: assets , liabilities, and the balance calculated by the difference between the first two. The final numbers on this sheet reflect the business owner’s equity or value.

Balance sheets follow the following accounting equation with assets on one side and liabilities plus Owner’s equity on the other:

Here is what’s the core purpose of having a balance-sheet:

Indicates the capital need of the business
It helps to identify the allocation of resources
It calculates the requirement of seed money you put up, and
How much finance is required?

Since it helps investors understand the condition of your business on a given date, it’s a financial statement you can’t miss out on.

Break-even Analysis

Break-even analysis is a startup or small business accounting practice used to determine when a company, product, or service will become profitable.

For instance, a break-even analysis could help you understand how many candles you need to sell to cover your warehousing and manufacturing costs and start making profits.

Remember, anything you sell beyond the break-even point will result in profit.

You must be aware of your fixed and variable costs to accurately determine your startup’s break-even point.

Fixed costs: fixed expenses that stay the same no matter what.
Variable costs: expenses that fluctuate over time depending on production or sales.

A break-even point helps you smartly price your goods or services, cover fixed costs, catch missing expenses, and set sales targets while helping investors gain confidence in your business. No brainer—why it’s a key component of your startup’s financial plan.

Having covered all the key elements of a financial plan, let’s discuss how you can create a financial plan for your startup.

How to Create a Financial Section of a Startup Business Plan?

1. determine your financial needs.

You can’t start financial planning without understanding your financial requirements, can you? Get your notepad or simply open a notion doc; it’s time for some critical thinking.

Start by assessing your current situation by—calculating your income, expenses , assets, and liabilities, what the startup costs are, how much you have against them, and how much financing you need.

Assessing your current financial situation and health will help determine how much capital you need for your startup and help plan fundraising activities and outreach.

Furthermore, determining financial needs helps prioritize operational activities and expenses, effectively allocate resources, and increase the viability and sustainability of a business in the long run.

Having learned to determine financial needs, let’s head straight to setting financial goals.

2. Define Your Financial Goals

Setting realistic financial goals is fundamental in preparing an effective financial plan. So, it would help to outline your long-term strategies and goals at the beginning of your financial planning process.

Let’s understand it this way—if you are a SaaS startup pursuing VC financing rounds, you may ask investors about what matters to them the most and prepare your financial plan accordingly.

However, a coffee shop owner seeking a business loan may need to create a plan that appeals to banks, not investors. At the same time, an internal financial plan designed to offer financial direction and resource allocation may not be the same as previous examples, seeing its different use case.

Feeling overwhelmed? Just define your financial goals—you’ll be fine.

You can start by identifying your business KPIs (key performance indicators); it would be an ideal starting point.

3. Choose the Right Financial Planning Tool

Let’s face it—preparing a financial plan using Excel is no joke. One would only use this method if they had all the time in the world.

Having the right financial planning software will simplify and speed up the process and guide you through creating accurate financial forecasts.

Many financial planning software and tools claim to be the ideal solution, but it’s you who will identify and choose a tool that is best for your financial planning needs.

Create a Financial Plan with Upmetrics in no time

Enter your Financial Assumptions, and we’ll calculate your monthly/quarterly and yearly financial projections.

Start Forecasting

4. Make Assumptions Before Projecting Financials

Once you have a financial planning tool, you can move forward to the next step— making financial assumptions for your plan based on your company’s current performance and past financial records.

You’re just making predictions about your company’s financial future, so there’s no need to overthink or complicate the process.

You can gather your business’ historical financial data, market trends, and other relevant documents to help create a base for accurate financial projections.

After you have developed rough assumptions and a good understanding of your business finances, you can move forward to the next step—projecting financials.

5. Prepare Realistic Financial Projections

It’s a no-brainer—financial forecasting is the most critical yet challenging aspect of financial planning. However, it’s effortless if you’re using a financial planning software.

Upmetrics’ forecasting feature can help you project financials for up to 7 years. However, new startups usually consider planning for the next five years. Although it can be contradictory considering your financial goals and investor specifications.

Following are the two key aspects of your financial projections:

Revenue Projections

In simple terms, revenue projections help investors determine how much revenue your business plans to generate in years to come.

It generally involves conducting market research, determining pricing strategy , and cash flow analysis—which we’ve already discussed in the previous steps.

The following are the key components of an accurate revenue projection report:

Market analysis
Sales forecast
Pricing strategy
Growth assumptions
Seasonal variations

This is a critical section for pre-revenue startups, so ensure your projections accurately align with your startup’s financial model and revenue goals.

Expense Projections

Both revenue and expense projections are correlated to each other. As revenue forecasts projected revenue assumptions, expense projections will estimate expenses associated with operating your business.

Accurately estimating your expenses will help in effective cash flow analysis and proper resource allocation.

These are the most common costs to consider while projecting expenses:

Fixed costs
Variable costs
Employee costs or payroll expenses
Operational expenses
Marketing and advertising expenses
Emergency fund

Remember, realistic assumptions, thorough research, and a clear understanding of your market are the key to reliable financial projections.

6. Consider “What if” Scenarios

After you project your financials, it’s time to test your assumptions with what-if analysis, also known as sensitivity analysis.

Using what-if analysis with different scenarios while projecting your financials will increase transparency and help investors better understand your startup’s future with its best, expected, and worst-case scenarios.

Exploring “what-if” scenarios is the best way to better understand the potential risks and opportunities involved in business operations. This proactive exercise will help you make strategic decisions and necessary adjustments to your financial plan.

7. Build a Visual Report

If you’ve closely followed the steps leading to this, you know how to research for financial projections, create a financial plan, and test assumptions using “what-if” scenarios.

Now, we’ll prepare visual reports to present your numbers in a visually appealing and easily digestible format.

Don’t worry—it’s no extra effort. You’ve already made a visual report while creating your financial plan and forecasting financials.

Check the dashboard to see the visual presentation of your projections and reports, and use the necessary financial data, diagrams, and graphs in the final draft of your financial plan.

Here’s what Upmetrics’ dashboard looks like:

Upmetrics financial projections visual report

8. Monitor and Adjust Your Financial Plan

Even though it’s not a primary step in creating a good financial plan, it’s quite essential to regularly monitor and adjust your financial plan to ensure the assumptions you made are still relevant, and you are heading in the right direction.

There are multiple ways to monitor your financial plan.

For instance, you can compare your assumptions with actual results to ensure accurate projections based on metrics like new customers acquired and acquisition costs, net profit, and gross margin.

Consider making necessary adjustments if your assumptions are not resonating with actual numbers.

Also, keep an eye on whether the changes you’ve identified are having the desired effect by monitoring their implementation.

And that was the last step in our financial planning guide. However, it’s not the end. Have a look at this financial plan example.

Startup Financial Plan Example

Having learned about financial planning, let’s quickly discuss a coffee shop startup financial plan example prepared using Upmetrics.

Important Assumptions

The sales forecast is conservative and assumes a 5% increase in Year 2 and a 10% in Year 3.
The analysis accounts for economic seasonality – wherein some months revenues peak (such as holidays ) and wanes in slower months.
The analysis assumes the owner will not withdraw any salary till the 3rd year; at any time it is assumed that the owner’s withdrawal is available at his discretion.
Sales are cash basis – nonaccrual accounting
Moderate ramp- up in staff over the 5 years forecast
Barista salary in the forecast is $36,000 in 2023.
In general, most cafes have an 85% gross profit margin
In general, most cafes have a 3% net profit margin

Projected Balance Sheet

Projected Cash-Flow Statement

Projected Profit & Loss Statement

Break Even Analysis

Start Preparing Your Financial Plan

We covered everything about financial planning in this guide, didn’t we? Although it doesn’t fulfill our objective to the fullest—we want you to finish your financial plan.

Sounds like a tough job? We have an easy way out for you—Upmetrics’ financial forecasting feature. Simply enter your financial assumptions, and let it do the rest.

So what are you waiting for? Try Upmetrics and create your financial plan in a snap.

Build your Business Plan Faster

with step-by-step Guidance & AI Assistance.

Frequently Asked Questions

How often should i update my financial projections.

Well, there is no particular rule about it. However, reviewing and updating your financial plan once a year is considered an ideal practice as it ensures that the financial aspirations you started and the projections you made are still relevant.

How do I estimate startup costs accurately?

You can estimate your startup costs by identifying and factoring various one-time, recurring, and hidden expenses. However, using a financial forecasting tool like Upmetrics will ensure accurate costs while speeding up the process.

What financial ratios should startups pay attention to?

Here’s a list of financial ratios every startup owner should keep an eye on:

Net profit margin
Current ratio
Quick ratio
Working capital
Return on equity
Debt-to-equity ratio
Return on assets
Debt-to-asset ratio

What are the 3 different scenarios in scenario analysis?

As discussed earlier, Scenario analysis is the process of ascertaining and analyzing possible events that can occur in the future. Startups or businesses often consider analyzing these three scenarios:

base-case (expected) scenario
Worst-case scenario
best case scenario.

About the Author

Ajay is a SaaS writer and personal finance blogger who has been active in the space for over three years, writing about startups, business planning, budgeting, credit cards, and other topics related to personal finance. If not writing, he’s probably having a power nap. Read more

Reach Your Goals with Accurate Planning

No Risk – Cancel at Any Time – 15 Day Money Back Guarantee

Popular Templates

Search Search Please fill out this field.
Building Your Business

How To Create Financial Projections for Your Business

Learn how to anticipate your business’s financial performance

Understanding Financial Projections & Forecasting

Why Forecasting Is Critical for Your Business

Key financial statements for forecasting, how to create your financial projections, frequently asked questions (faqs).

Maskot / Getty Images

Just like a weather forecast lets you know that wearing closed-toe shoes will be important for that afternoon downpour later, a good financial forecast allows you to better anticipate financial highs and lows for your business.

Neglecting to compile financial projections for your business may signal to investors that you’re unprepared for the future, which may cause you to lose out on funding opportunities.

Read on to learn more about financial projections, how to compile and use them in a business plan, and why they can be crucial for every business owner.

Key Takeaways

Financial forecasting is a projection of your business's future revenues and expenses based on comparative data analysis, industry research, and more.
Financial projections are a valuable tool for entrepreneurs as they offer insight into a business's ability to generate profit, increase cash flow, and repay debts, which can be attractive to investors.
Some of the key components to include in a financial projection include a sales projection, break-even analysis, and pro forma balance sheet and income statement.
A financial projection can not only attract investors, but helps business owners anticipate fixed costs, find a break-even point, and prepare for the unexpected.

Understanding Financial Projections and Forecasting

Financial forecasting is an educated estimate of future revenues and expenses that involves comparative analysis to get a snapshot of what could happen in your business’s future.

This process helps in making predictions about future business performance based on current financial information, industry trends, and economic conditions. Financial forecasting also helps businesses make decisions about investments, financing sources, inventory management, cost control strategies, and even whether to move into another market.

Developing both short- and mid-term projections is usually necessary to help you determine immediate production and personnel needs as well as future resource requirements for raw materials, equipment, and machinery.

Financial projections are a valuable tool for entrepreneurs as they offer insight into a business's ability to generate profit, increase cash flow, and repay debts. They can also be used to make informed decisions about the business’s plans. Creating an accurate, adaptive financial projection for your business offers many benefits, including:

Attracting investors and convincing them to fund your business
Anticipating problems before they arise
Visualizing your small-business objectives and budgets
Demonstrating how you will repay small-business loans
Planning for more significant business expenses
Showing business growth potential
Helping with proper pricing and production planning

Financial forecasting is essentially predicting the revenue and expenses for a business venture. Whether your business is new or established, forecasting can play a vital role in helping you plan for the future and budget your funds.

Creating financial projections may be a necessary exercise for many businesses, particularly those that do not have sufficient cash flow or need to rely on customer credit to maintain operations. Compiling financial information, knowing your market, and understanding what your potential investors are looking for can enable you to make intelligent decisions about your assets and resources.

The income statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flow are three key financial reports needed for forecasting that can also provide analysts with crucial information about a business's financial health. Here is a closer look at each.

Income Statement

An income statement, also known as a profit and loss statement or P&L, is a financial document that provides an overview of an organization's revenues, expenses, and net income.

Balance Sheet

The balance sheet is a snapshot of the business's assets and liabilities at a certain point in time. Sometimes referred to as the “financial portrait” of a business, the balance sheet provides an overview of how much money the business has, what it owes, and its net worth.

The assets side of the balance sheet includes what the business owns as well as future ownership items. The other side of the sheet includes liabilities and equity, which represent what it owes or what others owe to the business.

A balance sheet that shows hypothetical calculations and future financial projections is also referred to as a “pro forma” balance sheet.

Cash Flow Statement

A cash flow statement monitors the business’s inflows and outflows—both cash and non-cash. Cash flow is the business’s projected earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization ( EBITDA ) minus capital investments.

Here's how to compile your financial projections and fit the results into the three above statements.

A financial projections spreadsheet for your business should include these metrics and figures:

Sales forecast
Balance sheet
Operating expenses
Payroll expenses (if applicable)
Amortization and depreciation
Cash flow statement
Income statement
Cost of goods sold (COGS)
Break-even analysis

Here are key steps to account for creating your financial projections.

Projecting Sales

The first step for a financial forecast starts with projecting your business’s sales, which are typically derived from past revenue as well as industry research. These projections allow businesses to understand what their risks are and how much they will need in terms of staffing, resources, and funding.

Sales forecasts also enable businesses to decide on important levels such as product variety, price points, and inventory capacity.

Income Statement Calculations

A projected income statement shows how much you expect in revenue and profit—as well as your estimated expenses and losses—over a specific time in the future. Like a standard income statement, elements on a projection include revenue, COGS, and expenses that you’ll calculate to determine figures such as the business’s gross profit margin and net income.

If you’re developing a hypothetical, or pro forma, income statement, you can use historical data from previous years’ income statements. You can also do a comparative analysis of two different income statement periods to come up with your figures.

Anticipate Fixed Costs

Fixed business costs are expenses that do not change based on the number of products sold. The best way to anticipate fixed business costs is to research your industry and prepare a budget using actual numbers from competitors in the industry. Anticipating fixed costs ensures your business doesn’t overpay for its needs and balances out its variable costs. A few examples of fixed business costs include:

Rent or mortgage payments
Operating expenses (also called selling, general and administrative expenses or SG&A)
Utility bills
Insurance premiums

Unfortunately, it might not be possible to predict accurately how much your fixed costs will change in a year due to variables such as inflation, property, and interest rates. It’s best to slightly overestimate fixed costs just in case you need to account for these potential fluctuations.

Find Your Break-Even Point

The break-even point (BEP) is the number at which a business has the same expenses as its revenue. In other words, it occurs when your operations generate enough revenue to cover all of your business’s costs and expenses. The BEP will differ depending on the type of business, market conditions, and other factors.

To find this number, you need to determine two things: your fixed costs and variable costs. Once you have these figures, you can find your BEP using this formula:

Break-even point = fixed expenses ➗ 1 – (variable expenses ➗ sales)

The BEP is an essential consideration for any projection because it is the point at which total revenue from a project equals total cost. This makes it the point of either profit or loss.

Plan for the Unexpected

It is necessary to have the proper financial safeguards in place to prepare for any unanticipated costs. A sudden vehicle repair, a leaky roof, or broken equipment can quickly derail your budget if you aren't prepared. Cash management is a financial management plan that ensures a business has enough cash on hand to maintain operations and meet short-term obligations.

To maintain cash reserves, you can apply for overdraft protection or an overdraft line of credit. Overdraft protection can be set up by a bank or credit card business and provides short-term loans if the account balance falls below zero. On the other hand, a line of credit is an agreement with a lending institution in which they provide you with an unsecured loan at any time until your balance reaches zero again.

How do you make financial projections for startups?

Financial projections for startups can be hard to complete. Historical financial data may not be available. Find someone with financial projections experience to give insight on risks and outcomes.

Consider business forecasting, too, which incorporates assumptions about the exponential growth of your business.

Startups can also benefit from using EBITDA to get a better look at potential cash flow.

What are the benefits associated with forecasting business finances?

Forecasting can be beneficial for businesses in many ways, including:

Providing better understanding of your business cash flow
Easing the process of planning and budgeting for the future based on income
Improving decision-making
Providing valuable insight into what's in their future
Making decisions on how to best allocate resources for success

How many years should your financial forecast be?

Your financial forecast should either be projected over a specific time period or projected into perpetuity. There are various methods for determining how long a financial forecasting projection should go out, but many businesses use one to five years as a standard timeframe.

U.S. Small Business Administration. " Market Research and Competitive Analysis ."

Score. " Financial Projections Template ."

Business Planning

Business Plan Financial Projections

Written by Dave Lavinsky

Financial projections are forecasted analyses of your business’ future that include income statements, balance sheets and cash flow statements. We have found them to be an crucial part of your business plan for the following reasons:

They can help prove or disprove the viability of your business idea. For example, if your initial projections show your company will never make a sizable profit, your venture might not be feasible. Or, in such a case, you might figure out ways to raise prices, enter new markets, or streamline operations to make it profitable.
Financial projections give investors and lenders an idea of how well your business is likely to do in the future. They can give lenders the confidence that you’ll be able to comfortably repay their loan with interest. And for equity investors, your projections can give them faith that you’ll earn them a solid return on investment. In both cases, your projections can help you secure the funding you need to launch or grow your business.
Financial projections help you track your progress over time and ensure your business is on track to meet its goals. For example, if your financial projections show you should generate $500,000 in sales during the year, but you are not on track to accomplish that, you’ll know you need to take corrective action to achieve your goal.

Below you’ll learn more about the key components of financial projections and how to complete and include them in your business plan.

What Are Business Plan Financial Projections?

Financial projections are an estimate of your company’s future financial performance through financial forecasting. They are typically used by businesses to secure funding, but can also be useful for internal decision-making and planning purposes. There are three main financial statements that you will need to include in your business plan financial projections:

1. Income Statement Projection

The income statement projection is a forecast of your company’s future revenues and expenses. It should include line items for each type of income and expense, as well as a total at the end.

There are a few key items you will need to include in your projection:

Revenue: Your revenue projection should break down your expected sales by product or service, as well as by month. It is important to be realistic in your projections, so make sure to account for any seasonal variations in your business.
Expenses: Your expense projection should include a breakdown of your expected costs by category, such as marketing, salaries, and rent. Again, it is important to be realistic in your estimates.
Net Income: The net income projection is the difference between your revenue and expenses. This number tells you how much profit your company is expected to make.

Sample Income Statement

2. cash flow statement & projection.

The cash flow statement and projection are a forecast of your company’s future cash inflows and outflows. It is important to include a cash flow projection in your business plan, as it will give investors and lenders an idea of your company’s ability to generate cash.

There are a few key items you will need to include in your cash flow projection:

The cash flow statement shows a breakdown of your expected cash inflows and outflows by month. It is important to be realistic in your projections, so make sure to account for any seasonal variations in your business.
Cash inflows should include items such as sales revenue, interest income, and capital gains. Cash outflows should include items such as salaries, rent, and marketing expenses.
It is important to track your company’s cash flow over time to ensure that it is healthy. A healthy cash flow is necessary for a successful business.

Sample Cash Flow Statements

3. balance sheet projection.

The balance sheet projection is a forecast of your company’s future financial position. It should include line items for each type of asset and liability, as well as a total at the end.

A projection should include a breakdown of your company’s assets and liabilities by category. It is important to be realistic in your projections, so make sure to account for any seasonal variations in your business.

It is important to track your company’s financial position over time to ensure that it is healthy. A healthy balance is necessary for a successful business.

Sample Balance Sheet

How to create financial projections.

Creating financial projections for your business plan can be a daunting task, but it’s important to put together accurate and realistic financial projections in order to give your business the best chance for success.

Cost Assumptions

When you create financial projections, it is important to be realistic about the costs your business will incur, using historical financial data can help with this. You will need to make assumptions about the cost of goods sold, operational costs, and capital expenditures.

It is important to track your company’s expenses over time to ensure that it is staying within its budget. A healthy bottom line is necessary for a successful business.

Capital Expenditures, Funding, Tax, and Balance Sheet Items

You will also need to make assumptions about capital expenditures, funding, tax, and balance sheet items. These assumptions will help you to create a realistic financial picture of your business.

Capital Expenditures

When projecting your company’s capital expenditures, you will need to make a number of assumptions about the type of equipment or property your business will purchase. You will also need to estimate the cost of the purchase.

When projecting your company’s funding needs, you will need to make a number of assumptions about where the money will come from. This might include assumptions about bank loans, venture capital, or angel investors.

When projecting your company’s tax liability, you will need to make a number of assumptions about the tax rates that will apply to your business. You will also need to estimate the amount of taxes your company will owe.

Balance Sheet Items

When projecting your company’s balance, you will need to make a number of assumptions about the type and amount of debt your business will have. You will also need to estimate the value of your company’s assets and liabilities.

Financial Projection Scenarios

Write two financial scenarios when creating your financial projections, a best-case scenario, and a worst-case scenario. Use your list of assumptions to come up with realistic numbers for each scenario.

Presuming that you have already generated a list of assumptions, the creation of best and worst-case scenarios should be relatively simple. For each assumption, generate a high and low estimate. For example, if you are assuming that your company will have $100,000 in revenue, your high estimate might be $120,000 and your low estimate might be $80,000.

Once you have generated high and low estimates for all of your assumptions, you can create two scenarios: a best case scenario and a worst-case scenario. Simply plug the high estimates into your financial projections for the best-case scenario and the low estimates into your financial projections for the worst-case scenario.

Conduct a Ratio Analysis

A ratio analysis is a useful tool that can be used to evaluate a company’s financial health. Ratios can be used to compare a company’s performance to its industry average or to its own historical performance.

There are a number of different ratios that can be used in ratio analysis. Some of the more popular ones include the following:

Gross margin ratio
Operating margin ratio
Return on assets (ROA)
Return on equity (ROE)

To conduct a ratio analysis, you will need financial statements for your company and for its competitors. You will also need industry average ratios. These can be found in industry reports or on financial websites.

Once you have the necessary information, you can calculate the ratios for your company and compare them to the industry averages or to your own historical performance. If your company’s ratios are significantly different from the industry averages, it might be indicative of a problem.

Be Realistic

When creating your financial projections, it is important to be realistic. Your projections should be based on your list of assumptions and should reflect your best estimate of what your company’s future financial performance will be. This includes projected operating income, a projected income statement, and a profit and loss statement.

Your goal should be to create a realistic set of financial projections that can be used to guide your company’s future decision-making.

Sales Forecast

One of the most important aspects of your financial projections is your sales forecast. Your sales forecast should be based on your list of assumptions and should reflect your best estimate of what your company’s future sales will be.

Your sales forecast should be realistic and achievable. Do not try to “game” the system by creating an overly optimistic or pessimistic forecast. Your goal should be to create a realistic sales forecast that can be used to guide your company’s future decision-making.

Creating a sales forecast is not an exact science, but there are a number of methods that can be used to generate realistic estimates. Some common methods include market analysis, competitor analysis, and customer surveys.

Create Multi-Year Financial Projections

When creating financial projections, it is important to generate projections for multiple years. This will give you a better sense of how your company’s financial performance is likely to change over time.

It is also important to remember that your financial projections are just that: projections. They are based on a number of assumptions and are not guaranteed to be accurate. As such, you should review and update your projections on a regular basis to ensure that they remain relevant.

Creating financial projections is an important part of any business plan. However, it’s important to remember that these projections are just estimates. They are not guarantees of future success.

Business Plan Financial Projections FAQs

What is a business plan financial projection.

A business plan financial projection is a forecast of your company's future financial performance. It should include line items for each type of asset and liability, as well as a total at the end.

What are annual income statements?

The Annual income statement is a financial document and a financial model that summarize a company's revenues and expenses over the course of a fiscal year. They provide a snapshot of a company's financial health and performance and can be used to track trends and make comparisons with other businesses.

What are the necessary financial statements?

The necessary financial statements for a business plan are an income statement, cash flow statement, and balance sheet.

How do I create financial projections?

You can create financial projections by making a list of assumptions, creating two scenarios (best case and worst case), conducting a ratio analysis, and being realistic.

COMMENTS

Sample Business Plan Income Statement
An income statement summarizes your revenue and costs and shows your net profit in your business plan. Take a look at how a gift shop called Broad Street Emporium uses income statements to manage business finances. The figure shows the company's annual revenues, costs, and profits for the most recent year as well as for the previous year.
Business Plan Financial Templates
This financial plan projections template comes as a set of pro forma templates designed to help startups. The template set includes a 12-month profit and loss statement, a balance sheet, and a cash flow statement for you to detail the current and projected financial position of a business. ‌. Download Startup Financial Projections Template.
Small Business Income Statement Templates
Use this monthly small business income statement template to track and manage your small business finances. Enter the number of customers and the average sale per customer to determine your total monthly sales. Then, enter your operating, payroll, and office expenses to determine your total expenses. The template will automatically calculate ...
How to Write an Income Statement for Your Business Plan
An income statement is your business's bottom line: your total revenue from sales minus all of your costs. Opinions expressed by Entrepreneur contributors are their own. This is part 2 / 11 of ...
Business Plan Essentials: Writing the Financial Plan
The financial section of your business plan determines whether or not your business idea is viable and will be the focus of any investors who may be attracted to your business idea. The financial section is composed of four financial statements: the income statement, the cash flow projection, the balance sheet, and the statement of shareholders ...
Standard Business Plan Financials: Projected Profit and Loss
Continuing with my series here on standard business plan financials, all taken from my Lean Business Planning site, the Profit and Loss, also called Income Statement, is probably the most standard of all financial statements. And the projected profit and loss, or projected income (or pro-forma profit and loss or pro-forma income) is also the most standard of the financial projections in a ...
How to Create a Profit and Loss Statement and Forecast
Sample Plans. Popular Plans. ... Simply put, it tells anyone at-a-glance if your business is profitable or not. Typically, an income statement is a list of revenue and expenses, ... It's normal for the financials of a business plan to be your best educated guess at what the next few years of numbers will be. No one can predict the future, but ...
How to Write a Business Plan: Guide + Examples
Most business plans also include financial forecasts for the future. These set sales goals, budget for expenses, and predict profits and cash flow. A good business plan is much more than just a document that you write once and forget about. It's also a guide that helps you outline and achieve your goals. After completing your plan, you can ...
How to Read and Analyze an Income Statement
The top section lists money coming in during the period, the middle section lists money going out, and the bottom line is the difference between the two. All the math you need to produce or proofread this statement is a little basic subtraction. Now flip open the annual report of any Fortune 500 company and find the income statement.
How to Prepare an Income Statement
Steps to Prepare an Income Statement. 1. Choose Your Reporting Period. Your reporting period is the specific timeframe the income statement covers. Choosing the correct one is critical. Monthly, quarterly, and annual reporting periods are all common. Which reporting period is right for you depends on your goals.
Business Plan Income Statement: Everything You Need to Know
It must include a financial plan section, complete with a projected balance sheet, cash flow, and income statement. In business planning, the word "projected" is often replaced with the word "pro-forma," but it means the same thing. An income statement typically includes the following components: Sales. Direct cost of sales. Production ...
How to Write the Financial Section of a Business Plan
Use the numbers that you put in your sales forecast, expense projections, and cash flow statement. "Sales, lest cost of sales, is gross margin," Berry says. "Gross margin, less expenses, interest ...
Writing Business Plan Financials? Include These 3 Statements
Sections to include in your business plan financials. Here are the three statements to include in the finance section of your business plan: Profit and loss statement. A profit and loss statement, also known as an income statement, identifies your business's revenue (profit) and expenses (loss). This document describes your company's ...
Income Statement Templates
10. Finalize the Income Statement. Add the 'Income Statement' in the header of the income statement report for easier identification. Your income statement is complete now. In case you are using income statement template in a business plan, you will put the expected, forecast numbers in the template to prepare the income statement.
Business Plan Financial Projection [Sample Template for 2022]
How to Prepare a Business Plan Financial Projections Statement. 1. Start by preparing a revenue forecast and a forecast profit and loss statement. Also, prepare supporting schedules with detailed information about your projected personnel and marketing costs.
Sample Balance Sheet & Small Business Income Statement ...
Sample Balance Sheet & Small Business Income Statement (with Examples) Hub. Reports. February 20, 2024. By examining a sample balance sheet and income statement, small businesses can better understand the relationship between the two reports. Every time a company records a sale or an expense for bookkeeping purposes, both the balance sheet and ...
How to Write a Financial Plan: Budget and Forecasts
Financial ratios and metrics. With your financial statements and forecasts in place, you have all the numbers needed to calculate insightful financial ratios. While including these metrics in your plan is entirely optional, having them easily accessible can be valuable for tracking your performance and overall financial situation.
Business Plan
Here is a basic template that any business can use when developing its business plan: Section 1: Executive Summary. Present the company's mission. Describe the company's product and/or service offerings. Give a summary of the target market and its demographics.
How to Prepare a Financial Plan for Startup Business (w/ example)
Revenue - Expenses = Profit / Loss. Consider it as a snapshot of your business that shows the feasibility of your business idea. An income statement can be generated considering three scenarios: worst, expected, and best. Your income or P&L statement must list the following: Cost of goods or cost of sale.
Financial Statements for Business Plans and Startup
Financial Statements You Will Need. A startup budget or cash flow statement. A startup costs worksheet. A pro forma (projected) profit and loss statement. A pro forma (projected) balance sheet. Sources and uses of funds statement. Break-even analysis.
How To Create Financial Projections for Your Business
A projected income statement shows how much you expect in revenue and profit—as well as your estimated expenses and losses—over a specific time in the future. Like a standard income statement, elements on a projection include revenue, COGS, and expenses that you'll calculate to determine figures such as the business's gross profit ...
Business Plan Financial Projections
A healthy cash flow is necessary for a successful business. Sample Cash Flow Statements. FY 1 FY 2 FY 3 FY 4 FY 5; CASH FLOW FROM OPERATIONS: Net Income (Loss) $11,416 : $214,427 : $244,562 : $285,703: $331,329: ... The necessary financial statements for a business plan are an income statement, cash flow statement, and balance sheet. ...

Free Small Business Income Statements, Spreadsheets, and Templates

Printable Small Business Income and Expenses Template

Yearly Small Business Income Statement Template

Monthly Small Business Income Statement Template

Sample Small Business Income Statement Template

Printable Monthly Small Business Income and Expenses Worksheet Template

Freelance Income Statement Template

Daily Income and Expenditure Template for Small Business

Small Business Balance Sheet and Income Statement Template

Small Business Income Statement Template

Startup Business Income and Expenses Template

Simple Small Business Cash Flow Template

Simple Small Business Profit and Loss Template

Small Business Comparative Income Template

What Is a Small Business Income Statement Template?

Manage Income Statements and Drive Success with Smartsheet for Small Businesses

Connect your people, processes, and tools with one simple, easy-to-use platform.

How to Write an Income Statement for Your Business Plan Your income statement shows investors if you are making money. Here's everything you'll need to create one.

Key Takeaways

Why You Need an Income Statement

What Is In an Income Statement

Sales and Revenue

Gross Sales

Interest and Dividends

Other Income

Cost of Goods Sold

Sales, General, and Administrative Costs

Depreciation

Buzzword: EBIT

Important Plan Note

More in Write Your Business Plan

Planning, Startups, Stories

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

The quickest way to turn a business idea into a business plan

Business Insights

How to Prepare an Income Statement

What Is an Income Statement?

Steps to Prepare an Income Statement

2. Calculate Total Revenue

3. Calculate Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)

4. Calculate Gross Profit

5. Calculate Operating Expenses

6. Calculate Income

7. Calculate Interest and Taxes

8. Calculate Net Income

Income Statement Example

A Critical Skill for Business Leaders

Data Tables

About the Author

Business Plan Income Statement: Everything You Need to Know

Understanding an Income Statement

Breakdown of a Business Plan Income Statement

Sales or Revenue

Direct Costs of Sales

Gross Margin or Gross Profit

Operating Expenses

Operating Income

Total Expenses

Depreciation and Amortization

Net Income Before Taxes

Net Income or Net Profit

Interested in partnering with us?

What are business plan financials?

Sections to include in your business plan financials

Profit and loss statement

Balance sheet

Cash flow statement

Subscribe to our newsletter, Midnight Oil

More tips for your startup

Welcome to CO—

Social links

Income Statement Templates

What is Income Statement?

Why use an income Statement

Income Statement Template for Business Plan

Download Free Income Income Statement Templates

Comparison of Single Step Income Statement vs Multi Step Income Statement

Income Statement Formula

What goes on an income statement?

How to Prepare an Income Statement?