egyptian hieroglyphs assignment

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Ancient Egypt Lesson Plans Hieroglyphics

For teachers.

Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics with free download of art

Lesson 4, Hieroglyphics (Core Knowledge)

Create a cartouch out of construction paper with a message in hieroglyphics on it

Egyptian Figures and Symbols, lesson plan

Hieroglyphics (ROM, the Royal Ontario Museum)

Egypt Lesson Plan 1- Hieroglyphs and Communication Introduction

Ancient Egyptian Hieroglypics, lesson plan and activity (TES, sign up is free)

Overviews & Units, with lesson plans on hieroglyphics as part of most units

Kids Section: Hieroglyphics

Ancient Egypt for Kids

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Free Presentations Egyptian Hieroglyphics

Free Games about Ancient Egypt

Interactive Quiz about Ancient Egypt (with answers)

Explore Ancient Egypt

Geography, history, government.

The Nile River

Gifts of the Nile

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Boats and Square Sails

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Two Lands, Unification, King Menes

The Three Kingdoms

Hieroglyphics, Rosette Stone

Crook & Flail

Government Officials

Law & Court in Ancient Egypt

Soldiers and the Military

Trade and Economy

Paying for Goods

Egyptian Math

Achievements

The Many Uses of Papyrus & Making Paper

Time Keeping and Shadow Clocks

Egyptian Calendars

Ancient Egypt Maps

Ancient Egypt Timelines

The Neighbors: Kush and Nubia

Women could run a business

Children were cherished

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Food - no one went hungry

The Marketplace

Table Manners

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My Daily Life in Ancient Egypt - An Original Story written by a former student of ours (now a teacher!) when she was in Mr. Donn's 6th grade class.

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Egyptian Hieroglyphs: Lesson 1 General Overview

Reading hieroglyphs.

The ancient Egyptians created a highly flexible hieroglyphic system of writing. Hieroglyphs could be arranged in both columns and rows and could be read from the left or from the right, depending on how they were written. This allowed the ancient Egyptians to effortlessly integrate their writing with art, blurring the boundary between art and script. In the example below, the god Amun, imn , is written each of the possible combinations.

Left to Right

Right to Left

Although the task of reading hieroglyphs from the right direction may seem daunting at first, there is a simple trick that will allow you to easily identify the correct direction from which to begin:

Look for a hieroglyph with a face and read toward it.

When the figure is facing to the left, begin reading from the left. If they are facing right, begin from the right. When there are hieroglyphs are stacked on top of each other, the top sign should always be read before lower sign.  Another feature of the Egyptian writing system that you might have noticed is “group writing.” Rather than placing hieroglyphs side-by-side, they were arranged in a way to reduce empty space: taller signs stand alone, while smaller signs are stacked on top of each other.

Transliteration and the Alphabet

Transliteration is the method of converting one script into another, also referred to as transcription. The hieroglyphs in the alphabet are called “uniliterals,” because they represent a single consonant. The ancient Egyptian language also contains biliterals and triliterals, which represent two and three consonants, respectively. The alphabet can be found in the chart below.

It will be helpful to memorize the alphabet not only because they occur often in texts, but also because Egyptologists arrange dictionaries in this order. So if you are unsure of the meaning of a word, but know how to transliterate it, knowing the alphabet will help you find the word faster than flipping frantically between the four different types of “H’s” to find the right one.

The Alphabet

You might have noticed that there aren’t any vowels in the alphabet. They exist in the language, but the hieroglyphic script omitted them, which makes things difficult when it comes to pronunciation.

There’s a lot of current research into pronunciation (e.g. Allen’s Ancient Egyptian Phonology ), but I was never particularly interested in it. If you are, then I suggest grabbing the book I listed, but it’s far beyond the scope of these lessons. For our purposes, I’ll simply describe the general conventions used in an introductory glyphs course.

Add an “e” in between the consonants.

Yup. That’s the basic approach when vocalizing transliterations. There’s some leeway when it comes to names and places (e.g. Amon vs Amun vs Amen), but in general, adding “e” in between consonants is just fine.

Pronunciation

Pronunciation examples, phonograms, ideograms, and determinatives.

Determinative

Memorization

This section will contain either a vocabulary list, sign list, or both. Although it would be great if you memorized the lists, it’s not required at this point. The more you interact with hieroglyphic texts, in these exercises or elsewhere, the more you’ll begin to notice some of the more common signs and words. After a while, you’ll begin to naturally remember them.

Or you’ll get tired of looking them up and memorize them on the spot. Flashcards are great for that!

triliterals

Exercise 1.

Identify the direction the hieroglyphs should be read (right to left or left to right), and then in your head, identify the order in which each individual glyph should be read. If you need help, refer to the “Reading Hieroglyphs” section.

Transliteration and Translation

gm.n.f sw m pr

He found him in the house.

nswt bity nb t3wy nb hʿw nb-m3ʿt-rʿ

King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands, Lord of Diadems, Nebmaatre (Amenhotep III)

The last sequence of hieroglyphs might be confusing. Why 13, 11, and 12 and not 11-13? This is a common feature called “honorific transposition” and often found in names. When a certain god or goddess is being honored, their name is pushed to the front. In this case, Re is being honored, so his name is at the head . We’ll learn more about this feature in the next lesson.

sḏm.n.f mdt imn

He heard the speech of Amun.

ḥmt nswt tiy

Royal wife, Tiye

This one is kinda mean, unless you remembered that the sedge (see problem #1 above) is transliterated as  nswt . Although you’ve been introduced to honorific transposition, I haven’t mentioned it applies to  nswt, among others.

Return to Index –  Continue to Lesson 2

Table of Contents

• Lesson Plans
• Teacher's Guides
• Media Resources

Egyptian Symbols and Figures: Hieroglyphs

Bas-relief and hieroglyphics cover wall in the Temple of Hathor, located in Dendara, Egypt.

Library of Congress

This lesson introduces students to the writing, art, and religious beliefs of ancient Egypt through hieroglyphs, one of the oldest writing systems in the world, and through tomb paintings. Hieroglyphs consist of pictures of familiar objects that represent sounds. They were used in ancient Egypt from about 3100 BCE to 400 CE.

In the first part of this lesson, the class creates a pictorial alphabet of its own and then learns and uses the symbols of the Egyptian hieroglyphic alphabet. In the second part of the lesson, students identify and represent in their own drawings figures from the Book of the Dead, a funereal text written on papyrus and carved on the walls of tombs to help guide the deceased through the afterlife.

Guiding Questions

What are some ways people have used to communicate in the past and the present?

What writing systems have been developed in other cultures at other times?

What can tomb paintings tell us about ancient religious beliefs in Egypt?

Learning Objectives

Identify certain Egyptian hieroglyphs and recognize their meanings and uses.

Examine the relationship between hieroglyphs and ancient Egyptian culture and religion.

Understand the meaning and purposes of the Egyptian Book of the Dead.

Identify ancient Egyptian gods and goddesses and explain their historical social and religious roles.

Lesson Plan Details

The ancient Egyptians created a form of picture-writing known as hieroglyphs around 3100 BCE. Each picture was a symbol representing something they observed in their surroundings. A simple drawing of the sun represented the sun, a drawing of a vulture signified a vulture, a drawing of a rope indicated a rope, and so on. But certain objects, and more particularly ideas, were difficult to represent with a single drawing.

So they resorted to a system of drawing symbols of things that sounded like what they were trying to convey. This was the ancient Egyptian version of a rebus. (A rebus is a representation of a word or phrase that uses pictures that sound like the word or phrase, or its syllables.) An English example of a rebus is a bee and a leaf drawn side by side; when read aloud, they sound like the word "belief." But this approach to writing could become cumbersome and confusing.

Eventually, a system evolved in which a symbol was drawn to represent a specific sound (a consonant). Several symbols were written together to make a word. This is the closest the Egyptians ever came to creating an alphabet. Vowels were not written, but were added (usually eh or ah) by the reader. For this reason, we don't know exactly what ancient Egyptian sounded like.

Hieroglyphs were written vertically (top to bottom) or horizontally (left to right or right to left). To read a horizontal line, one moved toward the faces of the animal symbols. (They all faced in the same direction.) There was no punctuation, and to save space, two small symbols often occupied the space of one larger one. The names of royalty were surrounded with an oval, known as a cartouche. Although there are thousands of symbols, the most commonly occurring are a set of 24, which modern archaeologists use as a working alphabet. They include vowels sounds, although in Egyptian the sound would have been that of a vowel linked with a consonant, such as ahhhhh or uhhhhhh.

The hieroglyphic alphabet can be viewed at the EDSITEment-reviewed website Nova: Pyramids . Print out copies of the list of "letters" for later use.

Hieroglyphs were used at first by a small group of scribes to keep records. Later, they were carved (and then painted) on the walls of tombs and temples, on obelisks, and on sculpture. (Hieroglyph means "sacred carved writing.") They were also written with pen and colored ink on sheets of papyrus. In addition to the glyphs representing sounds (called phonograms), there were a small number that represent entire words or concepts (ideograms).

You can view some ideograms at the EDSITEment-reviewed Metropolitan Museum of Art . Make copies of the ideograms for later use.

NCSS.D2.His.1.6-8. Analyze connections among events and developments in broader historical contexts.

NCSS.D2.His.2.6-8. Classify series of historical events and developments as examples of change and/or continuity.

NCSS.D2.His.3.6-8. Use questions generated about individuals and groups to analyze why they, and the developments they shaped, are seen as historically significant.

NCSS.D2.His.4.6-8. Analyze multiple factors that influenced the perspectives of people during different historical eras.

NCSS.D2.His.5.6-8. Explain how and why perspectives of people have changed over time.

NCSS.D2.His.14.6-8. Explain multiple causes and effects of events and developments in the past.

NCSS.D2.His.15.6-8. Evaluate the relative influence of various causes of events and developments in the past. 

NCSS.D2.His.16.6-8. Organize applicable evidence into a coherent argument about the past.

Activity 1. Decipher the Hieroglyphs

• Tell the students to pretend that they have no form of writing. Then ask them how they can send a message to someone far away. Brainstorm until someone suggests that this can be done with pictures. Ask them what sort of pictures they would draw. These would have to be simple things familiar to the message sender and the receiver. Have the students think about their natural environment. What objects are most familiar? Encourage the students to think of trees, grass, stones, birds, squirrels, flowers and anything that is typical of your environment. (If you live in Arizona, symbols might include cactus and snakes.) Make a list on the board of objects that could be used to send a "picture message." Suggest they include human body parts, like hands, feet, eyes, and ears.

• Now ask how the following message could be depicted with pictures: "The tree is split in two." One would simply draw a tree broken in two. Explain that they can actually make a written language using these pictures to express more complicated actions, such as: "The silly rabbit lost its carrot and had to go to sleep hungry." Ask for their ideas of how this can be done. Then explain the system of using pictures to represent sounds rather than specific images. For example, a picture of a tree could represent the sound (or letter) b. Using the list you've already written on the board, assign a sound to each one. (You might mention that a fun part of this activity is that spelling doesn't matter. It's what you hear that counts.) Make certain you have included the following letter sounds: a, aw, b, d, ee, g (hard), h, i, k (for hard c), l, n, oh, p, r, s, t, th, oo, and uh.
• Now that you have your alphabet, work together to figure out how to write the sentence ("The silly rabbit lost its carrot and had to go to sleep hungry.") using the symbols. Write it on the board.
• Tell the students about Egyptian hieroglyphs, referring to the information in the Introduction. Point out that the Egyptian system was the same as the one they've just invented themselves. Show them the Egyptian alphabet on the EDSITEment-reviewed website Nova: Pyramids .
• The students will be happily surprised to see that the Egyptians used symbols similar to those they chose, although some are different, given the differences in environment. (The environment of Egypt is desert/river valley.) Point out that birds (there are three -- a chick, a vulture, and an owl, as well as feathers) seem to have been important to the Egyptians. So was water (the symbol for n). Explain that b is a foot (did you have one in your list?) and r is a mouth.
• Hand out copies you have previously printed of the Egyptian alphabet to each child as well as blank sheets of paper and pencils. As a group, make up some short sentences. For example, "the moon is big." Ask the students to write a sentence on the paper using the Egyptian letters. Have them share the results. Then do another sentence.
• Now explain about ideograms, referring to the information in the Background Information for Teachers. Show them the ideograms on the EDSITEment-reviewed website Metropolitan Museum of Art .
• Carefully read aloud what each symbol means, encouraging the students to ask questions. Point out that shen and ankh (meaning eternal life) and wedjat (good health) were especially important in Egyptian culture.
• Tell the students that hieroglyphs were often carved on the inner walls of tombs as well as on stone tablets called stellae. Then go the EDSITEment reviewed website Nova: Pyramids .
• On the screen that appears, click Programs A-Z, then scroll down and click Egypt's Golden Empire, on the next screen click Egyptian Experience, click enter, on the next screen click hieroglyph translator, and finally click extract one. This is an actual sentence in Egyptian hieroglyphs taken from a stella. With the students carefully observing, scan across from right to left, slowly reading the translation aloud. (Remember, always read toward the faces of the animal symbols.) Remind the students that this is an English translation of an ancient Egyptian message, since the language might appear a bit stilted to them.
• Now that the students have an idea of how hieroglyphs were used, tell them they will be Egyptian scribes. Make certain that they have their copies of the Egyptian alphabet. Hand out the copies of the ideograms. Pass out large pieces of white paper and markers or crayons. Each child will write his or her name in hieroglyphs (first and last), followed by an ideogram of his or her choice. Remind them to put a cartouche around their name. Explain that the Egyptian scribes worked very slowly and carefully.
• When the project is done, have the students share their hieroglyphs with one another. If time is an issue, you may have the students present their name hieroglyphs and ideograms in small groups while you walk around the room posing questions or giving comments. Then hang them proudly on a bulletin board.

Now that the students have some background about Egyptian writing, art, and religious beliefs, gather a collection of colorfully illustrated books about ancient Egyptian culture from your school library. Many stories are currently available which can be read aloud to the children. The Egyptian Cinderella by Shirley Climo (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1989) is a favorite with this age group. Older children could do research projects on their favorite gods or goddesses, finding stories about them derived from ancient Egyptian mythology. Material on this subject is available at EDSITEment-reviewed websites, including Odyssey Online , and Metropolitan Museum of Art .

Selected EDSITEment Websites

• Frequently Used Hieroglyphs
• Book of the Dead
• Hieroglyph Message and Alphabet

Related on EDSITEment

Egypt's pyramids: monuments with a message, egyptian symbols and figures: scroll paintings, cave art: discovering prehistoric humans through pictures, lascaux: la vie en caverne.

Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs Facts & Worksheets

Ancient egyptian hieroglyphs facts and information activity worksheet pack and fact file. includes 5 activities aimed at students 11-14 years old (ks3) & 5 activities aimed at students 14-16 year old (gcse). great for home study or to use within the classroom environment., download ancient egyptian hieroglyphs worksheets.

Do you want to save dozens of hours in time ? Get your evenings and weekends back? Be able to teach Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs to your students?

Our worksheet bundle includes a fact file and printable worksheets and student activities. Perfect for both the classroom and homeschooling!

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Resource Examples

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Student Activities

Origin and nature of Egyptian hieroglyphs

• Ancient Egyptian alphabet and number system

Sample and decipherment of hieroglyphs

Key facts and information, let’s learn more about egyptian hieroglyphs.

• Hieroglyphs are a well-known, ancient Egyptian formal writing system. They believed that their hieroglyphs were “the gods’ words”. There were about 1,000 different characters or illustrations used. The term “hieroglyph” was given by the Greeks as a form of holy writing.
• In Egyptian language, this system of writing is called medu netjer, which means “the gods’ words”. For religious documents, Egyptians used cursive hieroglyphs, writing them on papyrus or wood. Later, religious scripts evolved from mere hieroglyphs into the Proto-Sinaitic script, then the Phoenician alphabet.
• According to Egyptian mythology, Thoth (an Egyptian god of writing, magic, wisdom, and the moon) created writing to make Egyptians wiser. However, it was believed that Ra, the first god, disagreed with Thoth, arguing that hieroglyphs would make the memory of the human being weaker.
• Ra stated that men would depend on engraving information rather than memorizing it. Thoth did not agree with Ra’s opinion and gave a select number of Egyptians the techniques of writing. The scribes were the chosen people who had the knowledge and skill to use the gift of the gods.
• Scribes wrote and kept accounts of Egyptian society and government.
• The first hieroglyph sentence was written on a vessel found in the tomb of Seth-Peribsen at Umm el-Qa'ab. It is stated that the first hieroglyph sentence goes back to the 28th or 27th century BC. Historians say that there were nearly 800 hieroglyphs discovered in the tomb.
• A cemetery in Abydos was discovered that dated back to 3100 BC.
• Based on burial items, it is believed that a wealthy man, possibly a ruler was lying in the tomb.

Forms of Egyptian script

• The ancient Egyptian script included three major types of signs: logograms were defining words; phonograms were used for sounds; and determinatives, or semagrams, were put at the end of the word to further clarify its meaning.
• The heliographs are often followed by symbols describing words. Rarely, the phonetic complements can be placed at the beginning of words. Other times, they frame the word, meaning they are placed before and after it.

Types based on appearance

• Through time, Egyptian hieroglyphic scripts developed and produced varying versions. Egyptologist then categorised Egyptian writing into three types based on appearance.

Hieroglyphic

• Hieroglyphs are considered to be the oldest genre of the ancient script. It was distinguished by its classic pictorial aspect. This version of the script was found engraved on monuments and funerary burial materials.
• Hieratic inscriptions were supported by priests and temple scribes. This writing was a simpler version of hieroglyphs.
• This type of writing was derived from hieroglyphs, but it developed from a pictorial appearance into a more precise symbolic structure.
• It was written from right to left. It was used for personal papyrus documents, public matters, and paintings, but it was mostly used for religious purposes.
• The demotic script did not have any pictorial aspect. This version of ancient writing was developed in the 7th century BC. It was called shekh shat, which meant “writing for documents”.
• Later, this version of writing replaced hieratic. Hieratic only endured to fulfil religious and funerary purposes. Demotic inscriptions were substantially different from the original hieroglyphics.

Egyptian Numbers

• Ancient Egyptians are believed to be the first human beings to practice scientific skills. They were good at medicine and mathematics, which is proven by their astonishing achievements in architecture and astronomy.
• 1 is a single stroke.
• 10 is a hobble for cattle.
• 100 is a coil of rope.
• 1,000 is a lotus plant.
• 10,000 is a finger.
• 100,000 is a tadpole or frog.
• 1,000,000 is a figure of a god with arms raised above his head.
• They also developed mathematical fractions, which were depicted by the eye of Horus.
• The right side of the eye = 182
• The pupil = 1/4
• The eyebrow = 1/8
• The left side of the eye = 1/16
• The curved tail = 1/32
• The teardrop = 1/64
• The use of the eye of Horus for determining fractions was said to be based on a myth about how Seth attacked Horus and tore his eye into pieces. It was Thoth who put back the pieces of Horus’ eye.

Egyptian Alphabet

• Compared to other ancient systems of writing, understanding hieroglyphics was more complicated since each symbol could represent a word, a sound, a concept, or a syllable. However, ancient Egyptian letters, like ours today, represent a sound.
• Their alphabet did not contain vowels, but they did use the letter ‘A’.
• Letters were written in horizontal rows or vertical columns and in both directions from right to left or vice versa. Thus, the translation of hieroglyphics was quite difficult.
• In most inscriptions, the ‘starting point’ is indicated by a human or animal figure facing the beginning of the line.
• Like spaces, punctuation such as commas and question marks were not used in Egyptian hieroglyphs.
• Cartouche is rarely used to name gods, i.e., Amun-Ra, the Sun god, and Cleopatra.
• Coffin texts were inscribed for the purpose of guiding the deceased into the afterlife and to protect him from the dangers of this journey. Egyptians engraved scripts demonstrating maps of the heavens.

Coffin Text

• The coffin texts existed to simply pass information to following generations, further developing the idea of life after death.
• Egyptians engraved images in the bottom of the coffin, illustrating the life story of the deceased person.
• This was believed to help the dead remember who they were when they are born again in the afterlife.
• The coffin texts nearly resemble the pyramid texts. This hieroglyphic writing led ancient Egyptians to later write the work known as “The Egyptian Book of the Dead”. In the times of the New Kingdom, the Book of the Dead was engraved in one's tomb.

Pyramid Text

• Pyramid texts are known as the oldest of the Egyptian religious scripts. The hieroglyphs are carved on almost every inch of the interior of the chambers within the pyramids.
• The oldest texts go back to 2400–2300 BC. Pyramid texts are designed for pharaohs (kings), unlike coffin texts. A lot of pyramid text depicts Osiris, as he is the god of the afterlife.
• It served the same purpose as coffin text (as was mentioned above), only that these texts were engraved for kings.
• Most texts were called utterances, which were meant to be spoken out loud.

Rosetta Stone and Decipherment

• Napoleon Bonaparte assembled a good amount of researchers and went to Egypt in 1798 CE. The researchers copied several Egyptian texts and images. By 1799, the Rosetta Stone was found. This stone had a hieroglyphic text, and the same text was written in demotic and Greek.
• Despite the discovery, it was not until 1822 that Jean-François Champollion was able to decipher the cryptic script. He cracked the mystery with a comparison between the Greek script and the hieroglyphics.
• With the help of an obelisk from Philae, he studied every pictorial aspect of the ancient writing - the names, symbols, numbers.
• The names of Ptolemy and Cleopatra were written on the obelisk. Champollion came to the conclusion that the Egyptian hieroglyphs didn’t have alphabetic features, rather symbols conveying words, sounds, and ideas.
• It is believed that the inscription on the Rosetta Stone detailed a decree that was passed by a council of priests in relation to the rule of young Ptolemy V in 196 BC.
• Since 1802, under King George III, the Rosetta Stone has been on display in the British Museum.
• Prior to Champollion, English scholar Thomas Young deciphered cartouche as the name of Ptolemy. Moreover, he also figured that the symbols were meant to be read.
• With respect to the decipherment of the Rosetta Stone, the world was finally able to learn about ancient Egyptian civilization.

Materials used for hieroglyphs

• The hieroglyphs found in the first tomb were carved on small pieces of wood. Egyptians also carved on stone, metal, and ceramic. This manner of writing was found in royal tombs.
• Papyrus was used in ancient Egypt as a writing surface in the First Dynasty (3000-2890 BC). A blank roll that survived for thousands of years was discovered in the Tomb of Hemaka.
• Along with using papyrus, Egyptians also made use of wooden writing boards.
• Clay tablets in the Dakhla Oasis were found. These boards dated back to the late Old Kingdom, between 2686-2160 BC.
• They also wrote on leather, bones, and metal.
• Inscriptions have been discovered in the old city of Abydos, Egypt.
• Some of the symbols were numbers, and others were illustrations indicating the myths of their gods, while other details were depicting the pharaoh of that time. The inscriptions were written on pottery and stone vessels.
• Funerary stones have also been engraved by ancient Egyptians. The hieroglyphs found on those stones revealed the achievements of the pharaoh and his relationship with gods. These funerary stones were made to honour the deceased king.
• During the Ptolemaic Dynasty (332-30 BC) and the Roman Period (30 BC-395 AD) in Egypt, Egyptians were influenced by Greek and Roman cultures. Afterwards, Egyptians started to learn and practise the Greek language. After a long period of time, Egyptian hieroglyphs were replaced completely.

• Constructed scripts
• Multilingual Pages

Ancient Egyptian scripts

Origins of egyptian hieroglyphs, decipherment.

• Hieroglyphs representing one consonant

Hieroglyphs representing two consonants

Hieroglyphs representing three consonants.

• Hieroglyphic determinatives
• Hieratic script
• Demotic script
• Coptic alphabet
• Books about Egyptian Hieroglyphs

The ancient Egyptians believed that writing was invented by the god Thoth and called their hieroglyphic script " mdju netjer " ("words of the gods"). The word hieroglyph comes from the Greek hieros (sacred) plus glypho (inscriptions) and was first used by Clement of Alexandria.

The earliest known examples of writing in Egypt have been dated to 3,400 BC. The latest dated inscription in hieroglyphs was made on the gate post of a temple at Philae in 396 AD.

The hieroglyphic script was used mainly for formal inscriptions on the walls of temples and tombs. In some inscriptions the glyphs are very detailed and in full colour, in others they are simple outlines. For everyday writing the hieratic script was used.

After the Emperor Theodsius I ordered the closure of all pagan temples throughout the Roman empire in the late 4th century AD, knowledge of the hieroglyphic script was lost.

Many people have attempted to decipher the Egyptian scripts since the 5th century AD, when Horapollo provided explanations of nearly two hundred glyphs, some of which were correct. Other decipherment attempts were made in the 9th and 10th by Arab historians Dhul-Nun al-Misri and Ibn Wahshiyya, and in the 17th century by Athanasius Kircher. These attempts were all based on the mistaken assumption that the hieroglyphs represented ideas and not sounds of a particular language.

The discovery, in 1799, of the Rosetta Stone, a bilingual text in Greek and the Egyptian Hieroglyphic and Demotic scripts enabled scholars such as Silvestre de Sacy, Johan David Åkerblad and Thomas Young to make real progress with their decipherment efforts, and by the 1820s Jean-François Champollion had made the complete decipherment of the Hieroglyphic script. He realised that the Coptic language, a descendent of Ancient Egyptian used as a liturgical language in the Coptic Church in Egypt, could be used to help understand the language of the hieroglyphic inscriptions.

Notable features

• Possibly pre-dates Sumerian Cuneiform writing - if this is true, the Ancient Egyptian script is the oldest known writing system. Another possibility is that the two scripts developed at more or less the same time.
• The direction of writing in the hieroglyphic script varied - it could be written in horizontal lines running either from left to right or from right to left, or in vertical columns running from top to bottom. You can tell the direction of any piece of writing by looking at the way the animals and people are facing - they look towards the beginning of the line.
• The arrangement of glyphs was based partly on artistic considerations.
• A fairly consistent core of 700 glyphs was used to write Classical or Middle Egyptian (ca. 2000-1650 BC), though during the Greco-Roman eras (332 BC - ca. 400 AD) over 5,000 glyphs were in use.

Used to write:

Egyptian , an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until about the 10th century AD. After that it continued to be used as a the liturgical language of Egyptian Christians, the Copts, in the form of Coptic .

Hieroglyphs representing single consonants

These glyphs alone could be used to write Ancient Egyptian and represent the first alphabet ever divised. In practice, they were rarely used in the fashion.

Determinatives

Determinatives are non-phonetic glyphs which give extra information about the meanings of words, distinguish homophones and serve as word dividers.

By combining the following glyphs, any number could be constructed. The higher value signs were always written in front of the lower value ones.

Sample texts

Transliteration: iw wnm msh nsw , this means "The crocodile eats the king".

Translation

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Sample videos in and about the Ancient Egyptian language

Information about Ancient Egyptian

Ancient Egyptian language and Hieroglyphs | Hieratic script | Demotic script | Coptic alphabet | Links | Books about Ancient Egyptian

Egyptian languages

Ancient Egyptian , Coptic

Semanto-phonetic writing systems

Akkadian Cuneiform , Ancient Egyptian (Demotic) , Ancient Egyptian (Hieratic) , Ancient Egyptian (Hieroglyphs) , Chinese , Chữ-nôm , Cuneiform , Japanese , Jurchen , Khitan , Linear B , Luwian , Mayan , Naxi , Sawndip (Old Zhuang) , Sui , Sumerian Cuneiform , Tangut (Hsihsia)

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Flash Card Series

Additional information, flash card instructions, setting user preferences.

There are several transliteration schemes in use among Egyptology scholars, each using slightly different character sets. In the absence of a single standard, this site offers the user two popular schemes, the scheme introduced by Sir Alan Gardiner in 1954 and the scheme introduced by Jan Buurman, Nicolas Grimal, et al. in 1988, known simply as the Manuel de Codage. Which scheme to use in the flash card exercises may be set in the User Preferences area (Figure 1) of the transliteration flash card pages.

How to Use the Flash Cards

There are three series of transliteration flash cards: 1-consonant, 2-consonant, and 3-consonant. From the flash card menu at the left of the screen, select which series you would like to view and click start . The screen will display the first glyph in the series. Using your pointer, click one of the transliteration characters to select it (Figure 2).

Clicking a transliteration character places that character next to the glyph, taking the place of one of the question marks (Figure 3). Depending on which series you have chosen, you will need to select one, two, or three characters to complete the transliteration.

If you make a mistake, you may click reset to reset the flash card. If you would like a quick peek at the correct answer, you may click peek . When you believe you have correctly transliterated the glyph, click submit to check your answer (Figure 4). The system will tell you if you are correct or incorrect.

A performance indicator at the side of the screen helps you track your progress.

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A Teaching Blog

16 Ancient Egypt Activities for Middle School

Ancient egypt activities, ancient egypt lesson plans .

If you are an Ancient Civilizations teacher and need some ideas for Ancient Egypt, you’re in the right place! We’ve compiled our top free and paid resources to help you have a successful Ancient Egypt unit. The following Ancient Egypt activities listed below are part of our personal unit plan. We want to help you succeed, whether you use these as an outline or to help supplement your existing unit!

Ancient Egypt Activities for Middle School

Introductory vocabulary activities.

We like to start our units with different vocab activities and give students multiple opportunities to practice and learn them. That being said, in the age of distance and online learning, we’ve put together multiple digital activities for Google Drive. These vocabulary activities for Google Drive are fun ways for students to practice the Ancient Egypt vocabulary words in a variety of ways, such as with Quizlet, self-grading Google Forms, and more! 

Ancient Egypt Word Wall

With our vocab activities, we find that word walls are a great vocabulary tool! We have a resource that includes 22 Ancient Egypt vocabulary words ready to print and display on a bulletin board. They’re also helpful for your visual learners, as pictures or images are included on each card! Even better, there’s a 100% editable Google Slideshow included with all of the words and images!

Never used an ancient civilization word wall before? This blog post will teach you how to set up, organize, and use them effectively in your classroom! 

Ancient Egypt Slideshow + Notes Sheet

We find it helpful to share background information at the start of the unit, so students can make connections during other activities. With this  Ancient Egypt Slideshow for Google Slides , teach your students about the GRAPES of Ancient Egypt! This 47-slide Google Slideshow provides a detailed overview of Ancient Egypt, including geography, pharaohs, hieroglyphics, and much more! This no-prep resource also includes both printable and digital note sheets!

Ancient Egypt Unit Introductory Activity

Another way to start off your Ancient Egypt unit is with this activity . This is a simple and no-prep research activity that connects Ancient Egypt’s past to modern times. It guides students through some country research about modern-day Egypt to make the unit more relevant to them and help pique their curiosity about things they will learn during your unit. For your convenience, both digital and PDF versions are provided! 

Ancient Egypt Bell Ringers

If you’re looking to improve your classroom management and help students review material,  these bell ringers are perfect! This set includes 20 Ancient Egypt Bell Ringers for Google Drive that are 100% editable and ready to use. These warm-up prompts cover a variety of topics that come up in an Ancient Egypt unit while also building helpful skills! Topics covered in this resource include mummification, hieroglyphics, the Great Pyramid, and more!

Ancient Egypt Timeline

If you’re looking to make your Ancient Egypt Unit more hands-on and engaging, this printable Ancient Egypt Timeline is the resource you need! In this interactive timeline project, students construct a timeline that features reading passages, maps, and images. The information included in these features covers the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt and the capital cities of Kerma, Napata, and Meroë from Kush. Not only will this activity give students the chance to physically build a timeline, but it will also become a learning tool that they can refer back to throughout the unit!

Nile River Simulation

The Nile River is a major topic in any Ancient Egypt unit, and this no-prep, game-based Nile River Simulation will be a highlight! In this activity, students will choose where to live along the Nile River, farm, trade goods, and learn about geography. This simulation features six different rounds of competition. Each round, students must make decisions and roll the dice to see what they might’ve experienced living along the Nile. Simulations can be fun and meaningful activities but often take lots of work and preparation, which is why we did it for you! No need to set-up anything for this simulation, simply present the slideshow and share the handout with students.

Ancient Egypt 101 from National Geographic

We like to show as many videos as we can just to bring the content to life for the students. One that we’re very fond of is from National Geographic, as they have a History 101 video for Ancient Egypt. It’s about 4-5 minutes, and gives a nice overview of introductory subjects for the unit. It’s quick, it has great animations, and it keeps students engaged! You can view the YouTube video here .

How did the Nile River shape Ancient Egypt? DBQ

The sources included are all about answering how the Nile shaped Ancient Egypt. This DBQ contains resources such as the hymn to the Nile, recreated maps, and photos students have to analyze. It’s perfect for primary and secondary source analysis, and comparing sources. The official link is here if this is something your district would consider purchasing. However, we did find several PDF versions available that some teachers had uploaded, although this technically breaks the DBQ project’s policies.

Egyptian Mythology Instagram Activity

This Egyptian Mythology activity is a great way for students to demonstrate their understanding of the Egyptian gods and goddesses in a creative way! In this activity, students create a selection of Instagram-styled posts for five of the gods/goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Each post includes an image, caption, and relevant hashtags that help explain who that god or goddess is. Please note that this resource does not teach students about Egyptian mythology. Rather, it is a great activity to help students practice or review the information they have learned about Egyptian Mythology.

However, if you are looking for a resource to use to teach your students about Egyptian mythology, check out the slideshow activity below!

Egyptian Mythology Overview

If you need to teach your students about who’s who in Egyptian Mythology, this Intro to Egyptian Mythology can help! This digital resource includes a Google Slideshow featuring 16 of the different gods and goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Following the slideshow, an editable graphic organizer for Google Docs and some printable flashcards will help students review! Gods and goddesses part of the slideshow include Ra, Amun, Ma’at, Thoth, Bastet, Sekhmet, Ptah, Hathor, Nut, and more!

 Egyptian Mythology Worksheet for Early Finishers

A fun, chill activity for an emergency sub plan or early finishers, this activity sheet is perfect while you’re teaching about Egyptian Mythology! Both fun and educational, this no-prep Egyptian Mythology worksheet contains two different activities: a creative matching challenge with clues and an Egyptian Mythology crossword puzzle! Simply make double-sided copies to have on hand whenever there’s extra time to fill.

Ancient Egypt Google Earth Field Trip

Students love using Google Earth, and this creative activity helps connect geography and architecture. This allows students to figure out which clue connects to which landmark or geographical site. It is also available as a printable or digital resource, so use whatever version works best for you. This resource is definitely a highlight of our unit!

Google Maps “Pyramids of Giza”

If you’re looking for something really quick, Google Maps has a resource that can be scrolled through. There’s not necessarily an activity that goes along with this, but it’s great for an overview or if there are a few minutes left in class. We’ve also used this as an early finisher activity that helps students visualize the Pyramids more. 

Great Pyramid Reading Passage + Activities

This no-prep  Great Pyramid of Giza reading passage and activities is perfect for teaching about the Great Pyramid and other Egyptian pyramids! Students will read the passage about the Great Pyramid and how Egyptian pyramids evolved over time. Then they will complete two creative activities about what they learned. Activities include a reading comprehension puzzle and discussion prompt on whether or not the Great Pyramid was worth the cost.

BBC Great Pyramid VR Video

This resource from the BBC takes students into the Great Pyramid of Giza, and allows them to see the different chambers inside. It also provides a 360° panoramic view and captions that explain exactly what’s being shown. Again, this resource doesn’t have a built-in activity, but it does provide students with the most engaging virtual experience we can give.

The Giza Project

This resource from Harvard University is absolutely amazing with all the uses it can provide for an Ancient Egypt unit! Students can visit several locations, look at panoramic views , images, videos, and it can be an amazing tool to design projects. We only scratched the surface when we discovered this resource, so check it out and see what it can add to your unit!

Ancient Egypt Mummy Project

Is it really an Ancient Egypt Unit if you don’t talk about mummies?  The idea of this project is to have students actually present the mummification process. They go step-by-step and the presentation is extremely hands-on. Students enjoy it because they can make up their own backstories, add humor and props, and show off their creativity. We like to call it “Mummification on a Budget”. It’s an experience that students don’t tend to forget, and it livens up the unit. Now this project is more ideal in the classroom than virtually, but it’s still doable, and we have some digital components for you here .

How to Make a Mummy

Mummification is usually the highlight of the unit, just because students are so fascinated with it. This TED-Ed video goes over the major steps in the mummification process. It’s short and sweet at only 5 minutes, and has an Anubis character that brings some humor to the subject. 

Mummies: Secrets of the Pharaohs  

To wrap up our mummy resources, we often show this movie about Ramses the Great and the discovery of his tomb. It’s also a great tool to reinforce what you’ve taught and bring in a new story at the same time. We like to have students watch this after they’ve completed their mummy projects, or right before a holiday break.

Pharaohs Job Fair 

Many districts these days are not providing enough necessary job-related skills in the classroom. We’ve created this resource to teach students about the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt in a different way, using their resumes! Students have to look over and analyze each resume and decide who to hire for specific positions. This activity helps students learn more about these leaders and career skills as they choose who to hire for different jobs. 

Pharaohs Research Project/Choice Project

Giving students choices is a great way to help them personalize their learning and connect their strengths to the content. In this project, students conduct research about a Pharaoh of their choice. Then they create either a 3-D tomb, a rap or song, a magazine, or a talk-show style interview. This resource is originally a group project but can definitely be modified for individual student projects. 

Ancient Egypt Hieroglyphics Decoding

A low-key but very fun challenge for students is to decode a variety of messages written in hieroglyphics. This resource has secret phrases students have to decipher, and helps them visualize what the hieroglyphics look like. This is a great last minute worksheet for students to work on if there’s extra time in class. 

Kingdom of Kush Gallery Walk

Looking for a meaningful way to teach your students about Kushite culture? This  gallery walk about the Kingdom of Kush is exactly what you need! This activity highlights 12 artifacts and information that provides an overview of what is known about ancient Kush. With printable, digital, and editable options and an answer key, you have everything you need for a successful activity! A gallery walk can bring a museum experience into the classroom! It gets students up and out of their seats to observe historical images and read information about them. Students will complete a graphic organizer that has them describe each artifact and reflect on how they contribute to our understanding of the Kushites.

Leaders of Kush Slideshow

Need more engaging resources on the ancient civilization of Kush? This digital Kingdom of Kush resource on the impressive kings and queens of Kush is a must! Present a brief history of 7 different Kushite leaders using the editable Google Slideshow, including Kashta, Taharqa, Arkamani, and more! With the Awards Activity, students will evaluate and award leaders based on their accomplishments. They will explain their choices on their Google Doc, using categories similar to what one might find on an award show like the Grammys or Oscars.

Ancient Egypt Unit Test

Save yourself time at the end of your Ancient Egypt Unit with this  Ancient Egypt Test and Study Guide ! This ready-made test has printable and digital options, and all text is 100% editable. It includes a version for Ancient Egypt and Kush, as well as a version without the Kush questions. Each version includes 2 different testing options for Google Docs and for Google Forms, so you have the flexibility to use whichever version works best for you!

Ancient Egypt Daily Agenda Slides

Need a way to stay more organized during your Ancient Egypt Unit? These Ancient Egypt Daily Agenda Slides Templates will help you save time and better immerse your students in the unit! These slides for Google Drive are editable and each template features a photograph of Ancient Egypt in the background, as well as Ancient Egypt clipart. They can be used to share your daily agenda, bell ringers, and more!

Ancient Egypt Bookmarks

These printable Ancient Egypt Bookmarks are a fun addition to your Ancient Egypt unit! This set includes four different designs that feature images and clipart that are related to Ancient Egypt. The bookmarks are 100% black and white so that students can color in the images or personalize them as they wish! These coloring bookmarks make a great prize, short early finisher activity, or can even help students save time when using their textbooks!

Ancient Egypt Worksheet for Early Finishers

This final resource contains some games for students to work on, like vocab and crossword puzzles. This activity is not super substantial for the unit, but it’s perfect for students who finish classwork early. It can even work as an emergency sub plan to have on hand when needed!

Ancient Egypt for Middle School

When teaching any ancient civilization, it’s always important to have activities that make the content fun and engaging for students. If you liked any of our Ancient Egypt activities, you’ll love our Ancient Egypt Unit Bundle ! This bundle contains 23 resources and is a great way to supplement your textbook or curriculum materials about Ancient Egypt! We’ve had great success with these resources, and our students always have a blast!

As of 2024, we now have all of our Ancient Civilizations unit bundles available on our own website, which you can check out here. We believe the organization to be even better than how you can receive the files on TPT, and it also helps if your school district blocks Google Drive files from TPT!

Looking for ideas and inspiration when planning your Ancient Egypt unit? If so, this free Ancient Egypt resource guide   can help! It showcases each of our Mesopotamia resources to help you decide which options will be best for your students. For more details about how we put fit these resources together and how long we spend on each activity, you can also download our  free Ancient Egypt unit plan !

If you liked this list of 16 Ancient Egypt Activities for Middle School, consider watching the corresponding video here !

Are you looking for some new teaching ideas to engage your students in your social studies class? If so, you’ll love our FREE guide: 5 Creative Projects to Ignite Student Engagement in Your Social Studies Class . These activities have both printable and digital options and can work for any social studies subject!

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World Geography: Egyptian Hieroglyphic Assignment

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Description

The "World Geography: Egyptian Hieroglyphic Assignment" is a creative and engaging activity that allows students to explore the ancient Egyptian writing system of hieroglyphics. In this assignment, students will have the opportunity to spell out their names, the school's name, a friend's name, and a hobby or personal detail using authentic hieroglyphic symbols.

Links to Other Resources

World Geography: Africa PowerPoint

World Geography: Africa Guided Notes

World Geography: Africa Quiz

Key Features:

1. Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Writing:

Students will be introduced to the fascinating world of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, learning about its historical significance and the role it played in Egyptian society. They will gain an understanding of how hieroglyphics were used as a writing system.

2. Hieroglyphic Symbol Key:

A comprehensive key of hieroglyphic symbols will be provided, allowing students to decode and understand the meaning of different symbols. The key will include a wide range of commonly used hieroglyphs.

3. Personalized Name and Phrase:

Students will be guided through the process of translating their name, the school's name, a friend's name, and a hobby or personal detail into hieroglyphics. They will learn how to select and combine the appropriate symbols to accurately represent the sounds and meanings of the words.

4. Creative Presentation:

Students will have the opportunity to present their hieroglyphic translations in a visually appealing format. They can choose to create a poster, a digital presentation, or any other creative medium to showcase their work.

5. Cultural Understanding:

Through this assignment, students will not only develop their knowledge of hieroglyphics but also gain insights into the culture and history of ancient Egypt. They will appreciate the complexity and artistry of the hieroglyphic writing system.

The "World Geography: Egyptian Hieroglyphic Assignment" offers a hands-on and interactive approach to learning about ancient Egyptian culture and writing. It encourages creativity, critical thinking, and cultural appreciation, providing students with a memorable and engaging experience.

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