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Physical Review B

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Boundary-deconfined quantum criticality at transitions between symmetry-protected topological chains

Saranesh prembabu, ryan thorngren, and ruben verresen, phys. rev. b 109 , l201112 – published 13 may 2024.

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Decades of research have revealed a deep understanding of topological quantum matter with protected edge modes. We report that even richer physics emerges when tuning between two topological phases of matter whose respective edge modes are incompatible. The frustration at the edge leads to novel boundary physics, such as symmetry-breaking phases with exotic non-Landau transitions—even when the edge is zero-dimensional. As a minimal case study, we consider spin chains with Z 3 × Z 3 symmetry, exhibiting two nontrivial symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases. At the bulk 1+1D critical transition between these SPT phases, we find two stable 0+1D boundary phases, each spontaneously breaking one of the Z 3 symmetries. Furthermore, we find that a single boundary parameter tunes a non-Landau boundary critical transition between these two phases. This constitutes a 0+1D version of an exotic phenomenon driven by charged vortex condensation known as deconfined quantum criticality. This work highlights the rich unexplored physics of criticality between nontrivial topological phases and provides insights into the burgeoning field of gapless topological phases.

• Received 10 November 2022
• Revised 22 March 2024
• Accepted 29 March 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.109.L201112

©2024 American Physical Society

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• 1 Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
• 2 Kavli Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA

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Vol. 109, Iss. 20 — 15 May 2024

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SPT edge modes, criticality, and boundary DQCP. Panels highlight what happens to SPT edge modes when tuning to quantum criticality. Based on end-to-end long-range order of boundary order parameters: (a) tuning to trivial phase destroys edge modes and (b) edge modes can persist upon tuning toward a nontrivial phase, like a symmetry-breaking phase [ 28, 37, 53 ]. (c) In this work, we show a richer phenomenology at a transition between two distinct SPT phases protected by Z 3 × Z 3 symmetry [Eq. ( 5 )]; there are distinct symmetry-breaking boundary conditions at criticality. (d) Moreover, there is a direct continuous transition (“DQCP”) between these two by tuning a boundary parameter.

Edge modes and boundary dissolution at SPT criticality. We consider Eq. ( 5 ) with open boundaries. (a) For b < 1 , the boundary spontaneously breaks U o . This degeneracy's finite-size splitting matches the CFT prediction ∼ L − 5 / 3 . Edge modes become exactly degenerate in the CFT limit. (b) At b = 1 , the boundary undergoes a transition between two distinct symmetry-breaking phases. Here, we find a unique ground state. Red dots denote the numerically extracted universal finite-size spectrum (for L = 25 ; here v = 3 3 π ). Remarkably, this matches the spectrum of Potts CFT without boundaries (black lines). This signifies that at this point, the bulk-boundary distinction is blurred (see main text).

Mapping critical Z 3 × Z 3 cluster chain with boundaries to a single Potts chain. There is an exact unitary map from a finite open cluster chain to a finite closed Potts chain with defects. First we apply a Kramers Wannier transformation on odd sites and appropriately parametrize the resulting even sites to have the form of two c = 4 / 5 Potts chains only coupled at their boundaries by the boundary perturbation. Then we “unfold” this doubled system by simply viewing it as a single Potts system on a closed loop with defects and twisted sectors.

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Hide and seek between atoms: Find the dopant

Professor Si-Young Choi, and So-Yeon Kim and Yu-Jeong Yang, PhD candidates, from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) along with Dr. Sungho Choi from the Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) and Dr. Sora Lee and Chiho Jo from LG Energy Solution have made a breakthrough in understanding the stabilization mechanism of surface structures in high-capacity, high-nickel Cathode materials through single-element doping in their collaborative research through quantitative analysis. Their work was published in Chemical Engineering Journal , an international journal in the field of chemical engineering.

In the quest to extend the driving range of electric vehicles, there's a growing need for cathode materials with a higher capacity to store more power. Nickel (Ni) is widely used in electric vehicle batteries due to its high energy density. High-nickel compounds like LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 are common cathode materials, boasting substantial nickel content. However, as the concentration of nickel rises, a concerning phenomenon emerges: nickel ions infiltrate the lithium layer by exchanging positions with similarly sized nickel and lithium ions along certain surfaces. This excessive cation mixing has been linked to diminished battery performance.

To address this issue, recent research has focused on incorporating metal ions as dopants. These metal cations are placed within the transition metal or lithium layers of high-nickel cathode materials. Precise the doping sites is crucial to understand their effect on the structural stability of the cathode materials. However, the small quantity of metal cations added to enhance cathode performance poses challenges in pinpointing their exact locations and studying the stabilization mechanism.

In this research, the team developed a deep learning AI technique to quantitatively analyze cation mixing using atomic structure images. They combined this approach with atomic-scale electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), allowing them to visualize, for the first time, the location of aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), and zirconium (Zr) metal dopants at sub-molar concentrations (mol %) in high-nickel cathode materials. Through this method, they were able to examine how these dopants affect the surface structure and electrochemical properties of the cathode material.

The examination revealed that the introduction of three metal cations into the transition metal layer fortified the bonds between nickel and oxygen atoms, thereby curbing cation mixing and enhancing structural stability. Among aluminum, titanium, and zirconium, all contributed to increased discharge capacity and retention in the high-capacity nickel cathode material with titanium exhibiting the most pronounced effect. This marks the first quantitative assessment and analysis of cation mixing defects, a domain previously restricted to qualitative examination.

POSTECH Professor Si-Young Choi who led the research stated, "We developed a deep learning technology for the quantitative analysis of cation mixing in high-nickel cathode materials, enhancing the effectiveness of atomic-scale structural analysis." He expressed expectation by saying, "Our aim is to lay the groundwork for technologies that analyze highly sensitive materials, thereby advancing the understanding of performance enhancement mechanisms for next-generation cathode materials."

The research was conducted with support from the Nanomaterial Technology Development Program of the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Dual-Use Technology Projects of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and the Energy and Defense Acquisition Program Administration, the National research Facilities & Equipment Center of the Korea Basic Science Institute under the Ministry of Education, and LG Energy Solution.

1. Doping The deliberate introduction of impurities during crystal fabrication to alter the electrical, optical, and structural properties of a material

2. Dopant A purposely added impurity during the doping process

3. HAADF-STEM (High-Angle Annular Dark-Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy) A STEM analysis technique utilizing an annular detector with an internal angle of 70 mrad or more. In HAADF-STEM images, signal intensity correlates with the square of the atomic number, making it particularly useful for analyzing heavy elements. This form of Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) employs a scanning transmission electron microscope with remarkable resolution in the tens of picometers range, facilitating detailed analysis of atomic structures

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• So-Yeon Kim, Yu-Jeong Yang, Eun Gyu Lee, Min-Su Kim, Kyoung-June Go, Minseuk Kim, Gi-Yeop Kim, Sora Lee, Chiho Jo, Sungho Choi, Si-Young Choi. Site selectivity of single dopant in high-nickel cathodes for lithium-ion batteries . Chemical Engineering Journal , 2024; 482: 148869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.148869

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AI-assisted writing is quietly booming in academic journals—here's why that's OK

by Julian Koplin, The Conversation

If you search Google Scholar for the phrase " as an AI language model ," you'll find plenty of AI research literature and also some rather suspicious results. For example, one paper on agricultural technology says,

"As an AI language model, I don't have direct access to current research articles or studies. However, I can provide you with an overview of some recent trends and advancements …"

Obvious gaffes like this aren't the only signs that researchers are increasingly turning to generative AI tools when writing up their research. A recent study examined the frequency of certain words in academic writing (such as "commendable," "meticulously" and "intricate"), and found they became far more common after the launch of ChatGPT—so much so that 1% of all journal articles published in 2023 may have contained AI-generated text.

(Why do AI models overuse these words? There is speculation it's because they are more common in English as spoken in Nigeria, where key elements of model training often occur.)

The aforementioned study also looks at preliminary data from 2024, which indicates that AI writing assistance is only becoming more common. Is this a crisis for modern scholarship, or a boon for academic productivity?

Who should take credit for AI writing?

Many people are worried by the use of AI in academic papers. Indeed, the practice has been described as " contaminating " scholarly literature.

Some argue that using AI output amounts to plagiarism. If your ideas are copy-pasted from ChatGPT, it is questionable whether you really deserve credit for them.

But there are important differences between "plagiarizing" text authored by humans and text authored by AI. Those who plagiarize humans' work receive credit for ideas that ought to have gone to the original author.

By contrast, it is debatable whether AI systems like ChatGPT can have ideas, let alone deserve credit for them. An AI tool is more like your phone's autocomplete function than a human researcher.

The question of bias

Another worry is that AI outputs might be biased in ways that could seep into the scholarly record. Infamously, older language models tended to portray people who are female, black and/or gay in distinctly unflattering ways, compared with people who are male, white and/or straight.

This kind of bias is less pronounced in the current version of ChatGPT.

However, other studies have found a different kind of bias in ChatGPT and other large language models : a tendency to reflect a left-liberal political ideology.

Any such bias could subtly distort scholarly writing produced using these tools.

The hallucination problem

The most serious worry relates to a well-known limitation of generative AI systems: that they often make serious mistakes.

For example, when I asked ChatGPT-4 to generate an ASCII image of a mushroom, it provided me with the following output.

It then confidently told me I could use this image of a "mushroom" for my own purposes.

These kinds of overconfident mistakes have been referred to as "AI hallucinations" and " AI bullshit ." While it is easy to spot that the above ASCII image looks nothing like a mushroom (and quite a bit like a snail), it may be much harder to identify any mistakes ChatGPT makes when surveying scientific literature or describing the state of a philosophical debate.

Unlike (most) humans, AI systems are fundamentally unconcerned with the truth of what they say. If used carelessly, their hallucinations could corrupt the scholarly record.

Should AI-produced text be banned?

One response to the rise of text generators has been to ban them outright. For example, Science—one of the world's most influential academic journals—disallows any use of AI-generated text .

I see two problems with this approach.

The first problem is a practical one: current tools for detecting AI-generated text are highly unreliable. This includes the detector created by ChatGPT's own developers, which was taken offline after it was found to have only a 26% accuracy rate (and a 9% false positive rate ). Humans also make mistakes when assessing whether something was written by AI.

It is also possible to circumvent AI text detectors. Online communities are actively exploring how to prompt ChatGPT in ways that allow the user to evade detection. Human users can also superficially rewrite AI outputs, effectively scrubbing away the traces of AI (like its overuse of the words "commendable," "meticulously" and "intricate").

The second problem is that banning generative AI outright prevents us from realizing these technologies' benefits. Used well, generative AI can boost academic productivity by streamlining the writing process. In this way, it could help further human knowledge. Ideally, we should try to reap these benefits while avoiding the problems.

The problem is poor quality control, not AI

The most serious problem with AI is the risk of introducing unnoticed errors, leading to sloppy scholarship. Instead of banning AI, we should try to ensure that mistaken, implausible or biased claims cannot make it onto the academic record.

After all, humans can also produce writing with serious errors, and mechanisms such as peer review often fail to prevent its publication.

We need to get better at ensuring academic papers are free from serious mistakes, regardless of whether these mistakes are caused by careless use of AI or sloppy human scholarship. Not only is this more achievable than policing AI usage, it will improve the standards of academic research as a whole.

This would be (as ChatGPT might say) a commendable and meticulously intricate solution.

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To Find Relative Earnings Gains After the China Shock, Look Outside Manufacturing and Upstream

We examine US workers' employment and earnings before and after trade liberalization with China. Among workers initially employed in manufacturing, we find substantial and persistent declines in both outcomes, with indirect exposure via input-output linkages exacerbating the negative effects of direct exposure. For workers initially employed outside manufacturing, however, we find that the positive impact of greater upstream exposure via inputs more than offsets the adverse impacts of own- and downstream exposure, inducing relative earnings gains. We also find that spatial exposure is more influential than industry exposure.

Any opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the US Census Bureau, the Board of Governors, its research staff, or the National Bureau of Economic Research. The Census Bureau’s Disclosure Review Board and Disclosure Avoidance Officers have reviewed this data product for unauthorized disclosure of confidential information and have approved the disclosure avoidance practices applied to this release. This research was conducted under DMS project 7517031. DRB Approval Numbers CBDRB-FY21-CES006-002, CBDRB-FY21-327, CBDRB-FY22-CES020-001 and CBRDB-FY23-CES020-004. This paper was previously circulated under the title “Trade Liberalization and Labor Market Gains: Evidence from US Matched Employer-Employee Data,” with a first draft available September 2017. We did not receive any funding for this project. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research, the U.S. Census Bureau, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or other members of its staff.

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Collection  29 March 2022

2021 Top 25 Physics Articles

We are pleased to share with you the 25 most downloaded  Nature Communications  articles* in physics published in 2021. Featuring authors from around the world, these papers highlight valuable research from an international community.

Browse all Top 25 subject area collections  here .

*Data obtained from SN Insights (based on Digital Science's Dimensions) and normalised to account for articles published later in the year.

Research highlights

A low-cost and shielding-free ultra-low-field brain MRI scanner

A low cost MRI scanner may have the potential to meet clinical needs at point of care or in low and middle income countries. Here the authors describe a low cost 0.055 Tesla MRI scanner that operates using a standard AC power outlet, and demonstrate its preliminary feasibility in diagnosing brain tumor and stroke.

• Alex T. L. Leong

The XZZX surface code

The surface code is a keystone in quantum error correction, but it does not generally perform well against structured noise and suffers from large overheads. Here, the authors demonstrate that a variant of it has better performance and requires fewer resources, without additional hardware demands.

• J. Pablo Bonilla Ataides
• David K. Tuckett
• Benjamin J. Brown

Fast non-line-of-sight imaging with high-resolution and wide field of view using synthetic wavelength holography

Here, the authors present Synthetic Wavelength Holography, an approach for Non-Line-of-Sight imaging. By exploiting spectral correlations in scattered light, the authors transform real world surfaces such as walls or scatterers into High-Resolution, Wide-Field-of-View imaging portals that provide holograms of objects obscured from view.

• Florian Willomitzer
• Prasanna V. Rangarajan
• Oliver Cossairt

A space hurricane over the Earth’s polar ionosphere

Hurricanes in the Earth’s low atmosphere are known, but not detected in the upper atmosphere earlier. Here, the authors show a long-lasting hurricane in the polar ionosphere and magnetosphere with large energy and momentum deposition despite otherwise extremely quiet conditions.

• Qing-He Zhang
• Yong-Liang Zhang
• Li-Dong Xia

An optic to replace space and its application towards ultra-thin imaging systems

The need for space between lenses in optical systems results in a trade-off between potential for miniaturisation and achieved resolution. Here, the authors demonstrate a device that propagates light longer than its thickness, a spaceplate, and can therefore replace space in optical systems.

• Orad Reshef
• Michael P. DelMastro
• Jeff S. Lundeen

6 nm super-resolution optical transmission and scattering spectroscopic imaging of carbon nanotubes using a nanometer-scale white light source

The authors present a super-resolution hyperspectral imaging technique using a nanoscale white light source generated by superfocusing light from a tungsten-halogen lamp. They achieve 6 nm resolution, measuring longitudinal and transverse optical electronic transitions in single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Imaging low-mass planets within the habitable zone of α Centauri

Imaging of low-mass exoplanets can be achieved once the thermal background in the mid-infrared (MIR) wavelengths can be mitigated. Here, the authors present a ground-based MIR observing approach enabling imaging low-mass temperate exoplanets around nearby stars.

• T. de Zeeuw

A GeV-TeV particle component and the barrier of cosmic-ray sea in the Central Molecular Zone

Galactic center is one of the most important cosmic-ray sources. Here, the authors show GeV-TeV cosmic ray density in the central molecular zone is lower than the cosmic ray sea component, suggesting presence of high energy particle accelerator at the galactic center and existence of barrier.

• Xiaoyuan Huang
• Yi-Zhong Fan

Engineering of a fluorescent chemogenetic reporter with tunable color for advanced live-cell imaging

Fluorescent reporters spanning the visible spectrum are needed for imaging live cells and organisms. Here the authors report a collection of fluorogenic chromophores that cover the visible spectrum from blue to red using a single engineered and optimised protein tag.

• Hela Benaissa
• Karim Ounoughi
• Arnaud Gautier

Particle-like topologies in light

One way to describe a particle is as a localised, 3-dimensional topological state, such as a skyrmion or hopfion. Here, the authors demonstrate and characterise particle-like skyrmionic hopfions in a free-space structured light beam.

• Danica Sugic
• Ramon Droop
• Mark R. Dennis

Magnetic memory driven by topological insulators

It remains challenging to integrate topological insulators (TI) with magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ) for spintronics applications. Here, the authors achieve a large tunneling magnetoresistance ratio and a low switching current density in a TI-MTJ device at room temperature, very promising for TI-driven magnetic memory.

• Aitian Chen
• Kang L. Wang

Spatially and optically tailored 3D printing for highly miniaturized and integrated microfluidics

The ever-growing need for highly functional, compact, and integrated microfluidic devices often incurs lengthy and expensive manufacturing processes. Here, authors introduce a generalized 3D printing process that enables fast parallel fabrication of miniaturized, high resolution 3D components.

• Jose L. Sanchez Noriega
• Nicholas A. Chartrand
• Gregory P. Nordin

Polluted white dwarfs reveal exotic mantle rock types on exoplanets in our solar neighborhood

While some exoplanets that once orbited Polluted white dwarfs are similar to Earth, most appear to have rock types that are exotic to our Solar System. We thus develop a new classification scheme to describe these new and novel lithologies that appear to be dominant among polluted white dwarfs.

• Keith D. Putirka

High-performance lasers for fully integrated silicon nitride photonics

Achieving high output power and low noise integrated lasers is a major challenge. Here the authors experimentally demonstrate integrated lasers from a Si/SiN heterogeneous platform that shows Hertz-level linewidth, paving the way toward fully integrating low-noise silicon nitride photonics in volume using real devices for lasing.

• John E. Bowers

Undecidability in quantum thermalization

The question whether a given isolated quantum many-body system would thermalize has currently no general answer. Here, Shiraishi and Matsumoto demonstrate the computational universality of thermalization phenomena already for simplified 1D systems, thus proving that the thermalization problem is undecidable.

• Naoto Shiraishi
• Keiji Matsumoto

One-hour coherent optical storage in an atomic frequency comb memory

Quantum memories are key components for quantum communication, but current storage times are still too short. Here, the authors use the atomic frequency comb protocol in a zero-first-order-Zeeman field to coherently store an optical pulse for an hour in a cryogenically cooled rare-earth doped crystal.

• Guang-Can Guo

A Fabry-Pérot cavity coupled surface plasmon photodiode for electrical biomolecular sensing

Surface plasmon resonance is well established for biosensing applications, but commonly limited by complex optical detection. Here, the authors present a plasmonic sensor integrated in a photovoltaic cell, which generates an electronic signal sensitive to the solution refractive index via plasmon interaction

• Giles Allison
• Amrita Kumar Sana
• Hironori Suzuki

Electro-optic spatial light modulator from an engineered organic layer

Spatial light modulators (SLM) provide tailored light fields for many applications. Here, the authors present an SLM device based on an organic electro-optic material that manipulates the properties of individual pixels by electronic signals at speeds up to 50 MHz.

• Ileana-Cristina Benea-Chelmus
• Maryna L. Meretska
• Federico Capasso

Observers of quantum systems cannot agree to disagree

Aumann’s agreement theorem states that observers of classical systems can’t “agree to disagree." Here, the authors show that the same epistemic consistency holds for observers of quantum states, but not for observers of post-quantum no-signalling boxes, hinting at its potential status as a physical principle.

• Patricia Contreras-Tejada
• Giannicola Scarpa
• Pierfrancesco La Mura

Full-color enhanced second harmonic generation using rainbow trapping in ultrathin hyperbolic metamaterials

Though metamaterials enhance nonlinear light-matter interactions due to their resonant features, these materials typically show a narrow spectral bandwidth. Here, the authors report broadband enhanced second-harmonic generation in patterned multilayer hyperbolic metamaterial arrays.

• Guangwei Hu

In-situ spectroscopic observation of dynamic-coupling oxygen on atomically dispersed iridium electrocatalyst for acidic water oxidation

Uncovering the dynamics of active sites in the working conditions is important yet challenging. Here the authors identify dynamic-coupling oxygen on atomically dispersed iridium sites during oxygen evolution reaction using in situ techniques.

• Wanlin Zhou
• Shiqiang Wei

Narrow-band high-lying excitons with negative-mass electrons in monolayer WSe 2

Here, the authors report on evidence of an excitonic species formed by electrons in high-energy conduction band states with a negative effective mass, explaining previous observations of quantum interference phenomena in two-dimensional semiconductors.

• Kai-Qiang Lin
• Chin Shen Ong
• John M. Lupton

Spatial coherence of room-temperature monolayer WSe 2 exciton-polaritons in a trap

Here, the authors show that the interaction between microcavity photons and excitons in an atomically thin WSe 2 results in a hybridized regime of strong light-matter coupling. Coherence build-up is accompanied by a threshold-like behaviour of the emitted light intensity, which is a fingerprint of a polariton laser effect.

• Hangyong Shan
• Lukas Lackner
• Carlos Antón-Solanas

Laboratory measurements of the physics of auroral electron acceleration by Alfvén waves

It was predicted that Alfvén waves can account for the acceleration of precipitating auroral electrons. Here, the authors show laboratory measurements of the resonant transfer of energy from Alfvén waves to electrons under conditions relevant to the auroral zone as a direct test.

• J. W. R. Schroeder
• G. G. Howes

Edge channels of broken-symmetry quantum Hall states in graphene visualized by atomic force microscopy

The broken-symmetry edge states that are the hallmark of the quantum Hall effect in graphene have eluded spatial measurements. Here, the authors spatially map the quantum Hall broken-symmetry edge states using atomic force microscopy and show a gapped ground state proceeding from the bulk through to the quantum Hall edge boundary.

• Sungmin Kim
• Johannes Schwenk
• Joseph A. Stroscio

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