frequency allocation for satellite communication

Satellite frequency bands

Satellite technology is developing fast, and the applications for satellite technology are increasing all the time. Not only can satellites be used for radio communications, but they are also used for astronomy, weather forecasting, broadcasting, mapping and many more applications. 

With the variety of satellite frequency bands that can be used, designations have been developed so that they can be referred to easily. 

The higher frequency bands typically give access to wider bandwidths, but are also more susceptible to signal degradation due to ‘rain fade’ (the absorption of radio signals by atmospheric rain, snow or ice).

Because of satellites’ increased use, number and size, congestion has become a serious issue in the lower frequency bands. New technologies are being investigated so that higher bands can be used. 

L-band (1–2 GHz)

Global Positioning System (GPS) carriers and also satellite mobile phones, such as Iridium; Inmarsat providing communications at sea, land and air; WorldSpace satellite radio.

S-band (2–4 GHz) Weather radar, surface ship radar, and some communications satellites, especially those of NASA for communication with ISS and Space Shuttle. In May 2009, Inmarsat and Solaris mobile (a joint venture between Eutelsat and Astra) were awarded each a 2×15 MHz portion of the S-band by the European Commission. 

C-band (4–8 GHz)

Primarily used for satellite communications, for full-time satellite TV networks or raw satellite feeds. Commonly used in areas that are subject to tropical rainfall, since it is less susceptible to rainfade than Ku band (the original Telstar satellite had a transponder operating in this band, used to relay the first live transatlantic TV signal in 1962).

X-band (8–12 GHz)

Primarily used by the military. Used in radar applications including continuous-wave, pulsed, single-polarisation, dual- polarisation, synthetic aperture radar and phased arrays. X-band radar frequency sub-bands are used in civil, military and government institutions for weather monitoring, air traffic control, maritime vessel traffic control, defence tracking and vehicle speed detection for law enforcement.

Ku-band (12–18 GHz)

Used for satellite communications. In Europe, Ku-band downlink is used from 10.7 GHz to 12.75 GHz for direct broadcast satellite services, such as Astra.

Ka-band (26–40 GHz)

Communications satellites, uplink in either the 27.5 GHz and 31 GHz bands, and high-resolution, close-range targeting radars on military aircraft.

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Spectrum management at nasa.

Jermaine Walker

National spectrum management, national telecommunications and information administration (ntia), federal communications commission (fcc), international spectrum management, international telecommunications union (itu), space frequency coordination group (sfcg), world radiocommunication conference (wrc), spectrum regulation, spectrum allocation, spectrum authorization, spectrum engineering, spectrum compliance.

Spectrum Management is cooperative effort. Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) performs the spectrum management tasks for all of NASA’s missions encompassing human and autonomous spaceflight missions.

SCaN’s Spectrum Management team participates on behalf of NASA at both the national and international levels.

SCaN’s Spectrum Management Team works to:

• Support ground and space network functionality
• Regulate NASA’s use of electromagnetic spectrum.
• Grow NASA’s space communication and navigation capabilities.
• Develop Spectrum policy for the agency

At the national level, the Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Program participates on behalf of NASA as a representative member of the National Telecommunication and Information Administration (NTIA) and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). 

The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) is the President’s principal advisor on telecommunications and information policy issues, and in this role it frequently works with other Executive Branch agencies to develop and present the Administration’s position on these issues. The NTIA was established within the U.S. Department of Commerce in 1978 by an Executive Order. Subsequently, Congress codified its functions in the National Telecommunications and Information Administration Organization Act. The National Telecommunications and Information Administration Organization Act provides that NTIA shall assign frequencies and approve the spectrum needs of new systems for use by the federal government. Federal government users must obtain these frequency assignments before they can operate transmitters. The Administrator of NTIA is the ultimate authority in all spectrum management decisions for the federal government; however, frequency assignment decisions can be appealed to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget.

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent Federal regulatory agency responsible directly to Congress. Established by the Communications Act of 1934, it is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable. Its jurisdiction covers the 50 states and territories, the District of Columbia, and U.S. Possessions. The FCC is directed by five commissioners appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate for five-year terms, except when filling an unexpired term. The President designates one commissioner to serve as chairman. As the chief executive officer of the Commission, the chairman delegates management and administrative responsibility to the Managing Director. Certain other functions are delegated to staff units and bureaus and to committees of commissioners. The commissioners hold regular open agenda meetings as well as special hearings. They also may act between meetings by “circulation”, a procedure by which a document is submitted to each commissioner individually for consideration and official action.

The NTIA and the FCC manage their respective constituents’ uses of the spectrum; however, both must keep in mind the overall best interests of the public. The two spectrum managers have divided the usable radio spectrum (0-300 GHz) into about 800 frequency bands, and have allocated these bands to 34 radio services (e.g., fixed, radio navigation, mobile, broadcasting, and various satellite services). The allocation plan continues to change to meet evolving domestic and international spectrum needs.

The electromagnetic spectrum needs to be shared by all of the world’s citizens, nations from all over the world must meet and come up with standards and regulations for the use of the spectrum. The United Nations’ International Telecommunications Union (ITU) is the foremost recognized international body doing just that.

• SCaN’s International Spectrum Program Manager participates in activities of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) to:
• Ensure Agency compliance with international rules and regulations pertaining to the use of radio frequencies,
• Ensure timely dissemination of technical and regulatory changes to the Field Installation Spectrum Managers for evaluation and implementation,
• Provide planning and implementation of actions required to obtain new allocations or enhanced radio regulations, and
• Provide input documentation and analyses necessary to obtain System Registration at the ITU for those systems that operate internationally.

The Space Frequency Coordination Group (SFCG) was established in order to provide a forum for the solution of frequency management problems encountered by member space organizations through which global space systems spectrum resources are husbanded.

The SFCG is primarily concerned with the effective use of the radio frequency bands that are allocated by the Radio Regulations of the ITU to the Space Research, Space Operations, Earth Exploration Satellite, and Meteorological Satellite services. Within the formal framework of the international Radio Regulations, there is the need for informal agreement among participating space agencies concerning assignment of specific frequencies, and related technical issues. The result of SFCG meetings is the adoption of resolutions and recommendations which express technical and administrative agreements. These agreements may be used by space agencies to make best use of allocated bands and to avoid interference.

The Spectrum Policy and Planning Division within Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) represents NASA at the Space Frequency Coordination Group.

The World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC) of the International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) is held every three to four years for member states with vested interested in radio-frequency spectrum. Since 1993, the purpose of the conference has been to review and revise the international treaty called the Radio Regulations, which governs the use of radio-frequency spectrum, frequency assignments, allotment plans, geostationary satellite orbits and non-geostationary satellite orbits.

Agenda items are established at the preceding WRC and the Conference Preparatory Meeting (CPM) decides which ITU-R Study Group will be responsible for specific agenda items. The ITU Council, which is the governing body of the ITU, decides on the venue two years prior to a WRC. These milestones give member states some time to formulate, negotiate, and decide their position on each of the items before the next conference.

The Spectrum Policy and Planning Division within Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) represents NASA on all spectrum-related items. SCaN brings NASA’s position to the United States delegation, which is comprised of other US federal agencies, non-governmental entities and commercial/private companies. The delegation meets regularly and refines its position. Key members of the US delegation also attend preparatory meetings with other countries and other regional bodies to share their preliminary thoughts on agenda items before the WRC.

Society’s increasing use of radio-based technologies, and the opportunities for development that these technologies provide, highlight the importance of the radio spectrum. The spectrum is used for all forms of wireless communication including: cellular telephone, radio and television broadcasting, GPS position locating, aeronautical and maritime radio navigation, and satellite command and control. Technological progress has continually opened doors to a variety of new radio applications that have spurred interest in, and demand for spectrum. The amount of available spectrum is a fixed resource. Increased demand requires that the radio spectrum be used efficiently and this means that effective spectrum management processes must be implemented. Spectrum management is the oversight of radio frequency spectrum use. The goal is to prevent users from harmful interference while allowing optimum use of the spectrum. There are four phases of spectrum management:

Spectrum allocation is a planning function which involves the designation of portions of the frequency spectrum to specified uses in accordance with international agreements, technical characteristics and potential use of different parts of the spectrum, and national priorities and policies. Spectrum allocation is a distribution of frequencies to radio services. An allocation designates the use of a given frequency band for use by one or more radio communication services. National and international tables of frequency allocations contain lists of these frequency band designations. Currently, the U.S. Table of Frequency Allocations covers the radio spectrum between 9 kHz and 300 GHz.

Spectrum authorization is a licensing function which involves granting access for use under specified conditions to the spectrum resource by various types of radio communication stations. An assignment is a distribution of a frequency or frequencies to a given radio station in order to permit use of the radio frequency or frequencies under specified conditions. This may involve assigning specific frequencies to users, assigning certain frequency bands or sub-bands to users who may be able to transfer such spectrum rights to others, or it may mean authorizing the use of specific categories of equipment (unlicensed devices).

Spectrum authorization activities include analyzing requirements for proposed frequencies in accordance with national frequency allocations and any applicable technical standards in order to select the most appropriate frequencies for radio communication systems. These activities also include actions to coordinate proposed assignments with existing assignments and to protect radio communication systems from harmful interference. An operator is assigned a frequency or set of frequencies in order to provide communications services, and this assignment of frequencies is done in a way to avoid harmful interference with other users of the spectrum. Spectrum authorization strategies ensure proper radio spectrum use, facilitate reuse, and achieve spectrum efficiency.

Spectrum engineering is a regulatory function which involves the development of electromagnetic compatibility standards (technical standards) for equipment that emits or is susceptible to radio frequencies and the development of procedural rules for use of radio equipment. There are technical standards which describe procedures for how spectrum is used – spectrum operating standards; and standards which state conditions of apparatus compliance – radio equipment standards. Spectrum operating standards state the minimal technical requirements for the efficient use of a specified frequency band or bands. Equipment standards involve certification of radio equipment such as transmitters, receivers and antennas in order to determine compliance with radio specifications.

Spectrum compliance is an enforcement function which involves the monitoring of the use of the radio spectrum and the implementation of measures to control unauthorized use. Spectrum monitoring and compliance activities are needed to ensure user compliance with frequency allocations, terms of assignments and technical standards. These activities help users to avoid incompatible frequency usage through the identification of sources of harmful interference, and to resolve interference problems for existing and potential users. Ensuring compliance with national spectrum management regulations maximizes the benefit of the spectrum resource to society.

RADIO FREQUENCIES FOR SPACE COMMUNICATION

• 136 - 138 MHz This band was used heavily by many different types of satellites in the past. Today (2012), most activity is restricted to 137-138 MHz (which is the current allocation) and consists of meteorological satellites transmitting data and low resolution images, together with low data rate mobile satellite downlinks (eg Orbcomm)
• 144 - 146 MHz One of the most popular bands for amateur satellite activity. Most of the links are found in the upper half of the band (145 - 146 MHz).
• 148 - 150 MHz This tends to be used for uplinks of the satellites that downlink in the 137 - 138 MHz band.
• 149.95 - 150.05 MHz This is used by satellites providing positioning, time and frequency services, by ionospheric research and other satellites. Before the advent of GPS it was home to large constellations of US and Russian satellites that provided positioning information (mainly to marine vessels) by use of the Doppler effect). Many satellites transmitting on this band also transmit a signal on 400 MHz.
• 240 - 270 MHz Military satellites, communications. This band lies in the wider frequency allocation (225 - 380 MHz) assigned for military aviation.
• 399.9 - 403 MHz This band includes navigation, positioning, time and frequency standard, mobile communication, and meteorological satellites. Around 400 MHz is a companion band for satellites transmitting on 150 MHz.
• 432 - 438 MHz This range includes a popular amateur satellite band as well as a few Earth resources satellites.
• 460 - 470 MHz Meteorological and environmental satellites, includes uplink frequencies for remote environmental data sensors.
• 1.2 - 1.8 GHz This frequency range includes a very diverse range of satellites and encompasses many sub-allocations. This range includes the GPS and other GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems - Russian Glonass, European Galileo, Chinese Beidou). It also hosts SARSAT/COSPAS search and rescue satellites which are carried on board US and Russian meteorological satellites. It also includes a mobile satellite communication band.
• 1.67 - 1.71 GHz This is one of the primary bands for high resolution meteorological satellite downlinks of data and imagery.
• 2.025 - 2.3 GHz Space operations and research, including 'deep space' links from beyond Earth orbit. This encompasses the Unified S-band (USB) plan which is used by many spacecraft, and which was also used by the Apollo lunar missions. It also includes military space links including the US Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). Many Earth resources (remote sensing) satellites downlink in this band.
• 2.5 - 2.67 GHz Fixed (point-to-point) communication and broadcast satellites, although the broadcast allocation is only used in some Asian and Middle-eastern countries.
• 3.4 - 4.2 GHz Fixed satellite service (FSS) and broadcast satellite service (BSS) downlinks. International TV broadcast uses this allocation heavily.
• 5.9 - 6.4 GHz This is the FSS/BSS uplink for the 3.4-4.2 GHz downlink band.
• 8 - 9 GHz This is used heavily for space research, deep space operations, environmental and military communication satellites. Many satellites/spacecraft carry complementary S and X band transmitters.
• 10.7 - 11.7 GHz Fixed satellite services (FSS)
• 11.7 - 12.2 GHz Broadcast satellite service (BSS) downlinks. This band is used for domestic TV programs.
• 14.5 - 14.8 GHz The uplink for the previous Ku downlink band.
• 17.3 - 18.1 GHz An alternate 'Ku' band BSS uplink.
• 23 - 27 GHz A region that will be used increasingly by a variety of fixed link, broadcast, environmental and space operations satellites in the future as more bandwidth is required than can be provided in the lower bands. The disadvantage of this band is the increased absorption due to water vapour and rain. Not very useful for tropical regions of the Earth.

Home > JOURNALS > SPACEJOURNAL > Vol. 5 > Iss. 11 (2021)

Online Journal of Space Communication

Article title.

Video Course 1: Basics of Satellite Communications: Lecture 2: Frequency Allocations, Spectrum and Key Terms

Joseph N. Pelton Follow

This is an introductory course in satellite communications for the non-engineer. It covers the basic systems technology for all types of satellite systems for telecommunications including Fixed Satellite Systems (FSS), Mobile Satellite Systems, and Broadcast Satellite Systems (BSS) as well as provides a quick introduction to all ITU defined communications and scientific services. This course gives an overview of spacecraft structures, power systems, advances in solar cells, thermal management, radiation and high energy bombardment, stabilization and deployment techniques, TTC&M, and orbital orientation. It also provides the basic concepts and a working understanding with regard to modulation, multiplexing, and coding systems for modern communications satellite transmission systems and ground systems.

Recommended Citation

Pelton, Joseph N. (2021) "Video Course 1: Basics of Satellite Communications: Lecture 2: Frequency Allocations, Spectrum and Key Terms," Online Journal of Space Communication : Vol. 5: Iss. 11, Article 2. Available at: https://ohioopen.library.ohio.edu/spacejournal/vol5/iss11/2

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Frequency Resource Allocation for Satellite Communications System Based on Model Predictive Control and Its Application to Frequency Bandwidth Allocation for Aircraft

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Dynamic Frequency-Band Reallocation and Allocation: from Satellite-Based Communication Systems to Cognitive Radios

• Published: 21 February 2009
• Volume 62 , pages 187–203, ( 2011 )

Cite this article

• Amir Eghbali 1 ,
• Håkan Johansson 1 ,
• Per Löwenborg 1 &
• Heinz G. Göckler 2  

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This paper discusses two approaches for the baseband processing part of cognitive radios. These approaches can be used depending on the availability of (i) a composite signal comprising several user signals or, (ii) the individual user signals. The aim is to introduce solutions which can support different bandwidths and center frequencies for a large set of users and at the cost of simple modifications on the same hardware platform. Such structures have previously been used for satellite-based communication systems and the paper aims to outline their possible applications in the context of cognitive radios. For this purpose, dynamic frequencyband allocation (DFBA) and reallocation (DFBR) structures based on multirate building blocks are introduced and their reconfigurability issues with respect to the required reconfigurability measures in cognitive radios are discussed.

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The underlay spectrum sharing, also referred to as ultra wideband [ 2 ], exploits spread spectrum techniques and users transmit at certain portions of spectrum which are regarded as noise by the licensed users [ 3 ]. This scenario is not the focus of this paper.

Here, a centralized entity, i.e., the DFBR network in this case, controls the spectrum allocation and access. However, the distributed (ad hoc) cognitive networks do not have an infrastructure.

Non-cooperative networks do not share the interference measurements of each node (user) with the others resulting in less spectrum utilization and less communication requirements between nodes.

The frequency slot depends on spatial and temporal parameters such as the number of slots available, user movement, and activity of primary users, etc. [ 5 ] but the operation of the DFBR network is independent of these parameters.

The system in [ 18 ] uses the same architecture as [ 13 ] except that it has infinite-length impulse response (IIR) filters.

Here, the analytic representation [ 35 ] of the real input signal must be processed by the complex DFBR network and the frequency multiplexed result should then be converted to a real signal for retransmission.

The DFBR network in Fig.  7 has complex multipliers α k , β k , γ k and, hence, it is a complex system by nature. However, real (complex) DFBR refers to two variants of Fig.  7 having real (complex) input/output signals. In other words, the complex multipliers are present in both the real and complex DFBRs.

As discussed before, a multiplexing bandwidth can contain a user bandwidth and some extra guardband.

The Farrow structure is composed of a set of fixed linear-phase filters and variable multipliers and it performs arbitrary rational SRC [ 50 – 52 ].

An integer SRC variant of the TMUX in [ 28 ] is proposed in [ 27 ]. However, it can be considered as a subclass of the TMUX discussed in this paper.

If the multiplexing bandwidth is limited to be a power-of-two of a GB, the same idea can be utilized but the amount of extra guardband would be larger.

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Division of Electronics Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

Amir Eghbali, Håkan Johansson & Per Löwenborg

Digital Signal Processing Group (DISPO), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany

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Eghbali, A., Johansson, H., Löwenborg, P. et al. Dynamic Frequency-Band Reallocation and Allocation: from Satellite-Based Communication Systems to Cognitive Radios. J Sign Process Syst 62 , 187–203 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-009-0348-1

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Received : 14 October 2008

Revised : 29 January 2009

Accepted : 29 January 2009

Published : 21 February 2009

Issue Date : February 2011

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-009-0348-1

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