research paper on water conservation in india

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WATER CONSERVATION IN INDIA

2020, isara solutions

Water is one of the important renewable natural resource, no one can survive without it either humans or animals. India has 18% of the world’s population and only 4% of the world’s water resources, which are depleting rapidly. The aim of the study is to highlight the strategies and solutions of water conservation in India. The demand for water is expected to grow from 42 billion cubic meters (bcm) currently to around 220 bcm in 2025. Water is one of the most important inputs essential for crops. Both its shortage and excess affects the growth and development of the plants, yields and quality of produce. There are numerous methods to reduce such losses and to improve soil moisture. These are mulching, cropping, planting of trees, utilization of fog or dew by net-surfacing traps or polythene sheets, contour farming, transfer of water from surplus areas to deficit areas by inter-linking water systems through canals, desalination technologies such as distillation, electro-dialysis and reverse osmosis, use of efficient watering systems such as drip irrigation and sprinklers will reduce the water consumption by plants. The secondary data are the base of this study. The most important step in the direction of finding solutions to issues of water and environmental conservation is to change people's attitudes and habits; this includes each one of us.

Related Papers

Mamta Kumari

India has 16% of the world's population and only 4% of the world's water resources, which are depleting rapidly. The demand for water is expected to grow from 40 billion cubic metres (bcm) currently to around 220 bcm in 2025. Water is one of the most important inputs essential for crops. Both it's shortage and excess affects the growth and development of the plants, yields and quality of produce. There are numerous methods to reduce such losses and to improve soil moisture. These are mulching, cropping, planting of trees, utilization of fog or dew by net-surfacing traps or polythene sheets, contour farming, transfer of water from surplus areas to deficit areas by inter-linking water systems through canals, desalination technologies such as distillation, electro-dialysis and reverse osmosis, use of efficient watering systems such as drip irrigation and sprinklers will reduce the water consumption by plants. The most important step in the direction of finding solutions to issues of water and environmental conservation is to change people's attitudes and habits; this includes each one of us. ____________________________________________________________________________

International Journal of Recent Research Aspects ISSN 2349-7688

In India it has been observed that due to spatial and temporal variations of precipitation it has been that boundless is varying from (1100mm to 90 mm). The annual per average per capita of water availability has been reduced from 5000 cubic meter in year (1950 to 1545 cubic meter) in year 2011 and it has been estimated to reduced further around (1341 to 1140 cubic meter) In year 2025 and 2050 , respectively. Agriculture sector provides the 56.4% of total employment to increasing population in INDIA alone it consumes more than 90% of total groundwater draft in irrigation. Over the years the groundwater supply has become important source of irrigation because of its independent access and timely availability of water .This outrageous dependency of groundwater has led to depletion of groundwater table in 64% of districts of country between 2002 to 2016. Due to collective effort of government at various levels by utilizing irrigating potential includes both surface and groundwater have been increased to 87mha while the ultimate irrigation potential has been increased at 140mha. In context of rapid depletion of water resources we can make sure that we can use water efficiently by using drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation which are the subtype of sub-surface irrigation and the preservation of sub soil water act 2009 which prohibits the early plantation of rice for unproductive water evaporation and therefore its irrigation demand and in 2015 the government of India has launched the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojna (pmksy) scheme which includes the micro irrigation schemes as an integral component which are beneficial for farmers and as well as beneficial for water conservation for future uses. The government of India now days they are promoting water conservation technologies to farmers so that farmers can get inspired to learn such kind of technologies through various institutional supports systems which helps farmer to learn the conservation of water for future uses and by overusing and misusing of groundwater supply and totally depending on groundwater supply for irrigation has caused around (10-25 mm) per year between 2002 to 2016 so to recharge the groundwater table we can start doing the rain water harvesting for irrigation by constructing rainwater reservoir, check dams, subsurface dams ,recharged wells , farms ponds, multilayer farming ,ditches, mulches in which water will start water will start seepin through the voids present in the soil in which water will seep like the capillary mechanism in soil and proper construction of canals for irrigation would be required otherwise it could lead to the overflown of water in canals which is supplied from dams and overflown of water in canals cause damage to the cops and it will also lead to the mismanagement of water or wastage of water and with help of latest technology we can now days monitor the water requirement for crops by using water flow meter which helps to indicate that how much water required for irrigation, soil sensors with help of these sensors we can determine how much moisture is present in water and can also see the current state and situation of soil and with the help of these technology we educate farmers to use it in the proper and efficient manner and with the help of combination of ancient and modern water conservation techniques we can learn the proper management of water which is been used to for irrigation purposes as well as domestic purposes.

Indian Journal of Economics and Development

Jaskaran Dhiman

Water the critical resource of agriculture, has not been well managed in India, despite the country being an agricultural powerhouse. It has some 195 MH of land under cultivation of which some 62 per cent is rain-fed and 37 per cent, irrigated. Agriculture uses 85 per cent of the water resources with low efficiency. The rain-fed area is the critical area of cultivation with the largest concentration of rural poverty spanning several agro ecological regions. Water management is related to three important challenges in the agricultural front today namely raising productivity per unit of land, reducing poverty, and responding to food security needs. In the light of the new call to achieve " more crop per drop " , this paper discusses pertinent issues related to irrigation in India and the strategies and arrangements to address water scarcity for irrigation. The study finds that problems are largely institutional, structural, and administrative. Overcoming them is crucial for agricultural development in general and water management in particular.

Lectito Journals

India is a country of villages with 68.84% of the total population living in rural areas. The villagers are lagging in their developments due to the scarcity of water. Hence in this study, it was decided to find out the technique of water conservation which will sustain in rural areas and to compile the results by applying the model which will work for this. Considering the topographical features of a small plot of area two hectares of Kaneri watershed situated in Kolhapur District, Maharashtra, the structures for water conservation had been implemented in it in June 2011. The structures included gully plugs on existing water stream followed by the farm pond at its end along with farm terraces and continuous contour trenches surrounding the water stream. The practical evidence proved the positive impact of water conservation structures on water conservation and groundwater recharge. For assessing this impact technically for ungauged Kaneri watershed, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) Model was used in the study and both the results were compiled. From the model results, the sediment yield and water yield showed expected impact on the watershed. Thus, the SWAT model proved to be an effective tool in assessing the impact of changes in land management on runoff and sediment yield.

Water is the source of life and development of earth. It is a regional resource and is essential for human life, development and environment, but it is a finite and vulnerable resource which has quantitative limitations and qualitative vulnerability. However shortage of water is becoming a global issue due to the increasing population, economic growth and climate change. Rapid urbanization and new found passion for consumerism along with the population influx has bought about an uncertainty with regards to India's food and water supplies and it is not a surprise that some Indian river basins are already experiencing physical water scarcity. Worldwide, agriculture accounts for 70% of all water consumption. It also face the enormous challenge of producing atmost 50% more food by 2030 and doubling production by 2030. However this has to be achieved with less water, mainly because of growing pressures from urbanization, industrialization and climatic change.

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)

IJRASET Publication

Water conservation is a practice needed for survival. In India, various techniques are used to save water, which are practical and climate-responsive. From the age of the Indus valley civilization, till today many practices are seen in different parts of India. The traditional practices used for conserving water and even cooling buildings in ancient times. Forts surrounded water bodies for protection from enemies. Indians continue to build structures to catch and store the monsoon rains. Some unique water conservation techniques are still practiced in India and are efficient. These are sometimes better than the presentday water-saving techniques. The paper summarizes the transformation over the years in the construction and advancements of water conservation practices in India. In dry regions, these practices have helped people survive tough times.

Akshay Kurdekar

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology (IJRASET)

Everybody knows about the importance of water. Water is the only source which distinguish our planet compare to all the others. The demand of water increasing day by day due to population growth and economic development. While the global supply of available of fresh water is more than adequate to meet all the current and fore see able water demands, its spatial and temporal distribution are not. The severity of water have direct impact in future. All of us must find ways to remove these constraints. Both central and state governments has various programmes for water conservation and management. Water conservation programs increase irrigation potential and try to improve the water and food security situation in country. In India due to rapidly growing population increase the drinking water consumption and decrease rain fall. Due to poor management, ignorance, lacking of technologies and in the absence of responsibilities by the people the water problem arise in India. Here is the major focus on factors responsible for water pollution and waste water treatment, so that focusing the remedy for major water pollution and waste water treatment will help to conserve water and will be helpful for effective management of our precious water. There are numerous methods to reduce water losses and improve water conservation and management like harvesting rain water, fog and dew, mulching, contour farming, and some technologies like nitration, ion-exchange and chlorination method. I. INTRODUCTION Water needs no introduction, the importance of water is known to one and all. Water plays an important role in the human progress. Every drop of water is precious, but we continue to waste it. India has 17.7 % of total world population and only 4% of water resources, which are depleting rapidly. 97% of water on this planet is salty and which is not fit for human consumption. Out of 3% of fresh water 1% of water is locked up in the form of ice, so only 2% of water is available for domestic and industrial use. Water could be a limiting factor in day to day human activities, so we should learn to live within the limits of available resources. Therefore its sustainable management is essential to protect the water. This include human personal household needs, community activities, agriculture and animal life sustenance. Although total earth water (71%) is constant, it goes through continuous hydrological cycle such as transpiring by vegetation, evaporation, precipitation, run of infiltration and other natural process. In recent years water table is facing serious threat due to rapid growth of population, climate change, global warming and some other natural calamities. Water withdrawal across all sectors including public use, domestic use, irrigation, thermos electric power increased dramatically. The rain fall has been changed during current years and the catchment of the rain water is decreasing. These days with increasing demands of water requirement, preservation of water resources has been increased. So human need to take care of water resources uses patterns and sustainable management and conservation at great importance.

Water Science and …

Bhupinder S Farmaha , Rajan Aggarwal

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Understanding the water conservation and management in India: an integrated study

• Original Article
• Published: 09 September 2021
• Volume 7 , article number  77 , ( 2021 )

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• Amartya Pani 1 ,
• Ishani Ghatak 2 &
• Pulak Mishra 1  

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India is a sub-continent with different physiography, climate, and agro-ecology. This variability supports changes in rainfall and water resources across the country. Due to various developmental activities such as agriculture, industry, and services, the ever-increasing demand for surface water and groundwater resources is declining at an alarming rate. However, in India, water management and conservation projects occur in a clustered and irrational manner, often at the discretion of individuals or democratic organizations. This has prompted the country to re-examine and reevaluate the National Water Policy strategies and adopt artificial recharge of aquifers elongated with natural solutions. Given this background, this paper accentuates the necessity for a rigorous and integrated effort to decentralize water conservation and management activities by reestablishing the antiquity of conservation practices for natural resources in India. In addition, the present paper attempts to understand how changes in behavioral practices related to water have affected water availability through making synergies between surface water, groundwater, and energy to achieve water efficiency and accessibility in the long run. Specific policies, planning, and program level interventions in different water conservation practices are discussed to address the study's objective. Also, the role of climate variability on the spatio-temporal deviations in input (water) management of agriculture and domestic use in light of the existing discord between technology and policy is reviewed.

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Acknowledgements

We want to express our special thanks to Waterman of India, Rajendra Singh, a conservationist, and environmentalist for his outstanding and thought-provoking interactive lecture in Kshitij, IIT Kharagpur, 2018, which further motivated us in the drafting of the present paper. We thank the anonymous reviewers and the journal’s Editor-in-Chief for their valuable comments, which greatly improved the paper.

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Pani, A., Ghatak, I. & Mishra, P. Understanding the water conservation and management in India: an integrated study. Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. 7 , 77 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-021-00556-2

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Received : 19 August 2020

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Published : 09 September 2021

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-021-00556-2

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