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CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 English

CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 English: One of the best teaching strategies employed in most classrooms today is Worksheets. CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet for students has been used by teachers & students to develop logical, lingual, analytical, and problem-solving capabilities. So in order to help you with that, we at WorksheetsBuddy have come up with Kendriya Vidyalaya Class 8 English Worksheets for the students of Class 8. All our CBSE NCERT Class 8 English practice worksheets are designed for helping students to understand various topics, practice skills and improve their subject knowledge which in turn helps students to improve their academic performance. These chapter wise test papers for Class 8 English will be useful to test your conceptual understanding.

Board: Central Board of Secondary Education(www.cbse.nic.in) Subject: Class 8 English Number of Worksheets: 164

CBSE Class 8 English Worksheets PDF

All the CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 English provided in this page are provided for free which can be downloaded by students, teachers as well as by parents. We have covered all the Class 8 English important questions and answers in the worksheets which are included in CBSE NCERT Syllabus. Just click on the following link and download the CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet. CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 French can also use like assignments for Class 8 English students.

• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet A Magical Animal Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet A Night To Forget Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Active & Passive Voice Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Adverbs Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Akbar The Great Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet An Education In Science Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Auxilary Verbs Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Body Line Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Brighter Still Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Catastrophe at Chernobyl Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Dialogue Writing Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Direct Indirect Speech Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Elephants That Struck Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Interrogative Sentences Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Literature Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Omission of prepositions Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet One More Chance Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Parentheses Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Poem Passage Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Tenses And Dialogue Completion Assignment 1
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Tenses And Dialogue Completion Assignment 2
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Tenses Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet The Gold Frame Assignment.
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet The Last Class Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet The Street That Got Mislaid Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Three Questions Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Unseen Passage Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Comprehension Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Reading Writing & Grammer Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Reading Writing Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Grammar Prepositions Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Grammar Assignment 1
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Grammer Assignment 2
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Grammer Prepositions Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Grammer Revision Assignment 1
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Grammer Revision Assignment 2
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Grammer Test Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Grammer Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Extracts Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Fill Blanks Assignment
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 English Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Rhythmic Escape Passage Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet SA1 Literature Extracts Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet SA1 Literature Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet SA1 Tenses Assignment
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 English SA1 Assignment 1
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 English SA1 Assignment 2
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 8 English SA1 Assignment 3
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Passage Assignment 1
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Passage Assignment 2
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Passage Assignment 3
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet on Literature Part A Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet on Literature Part B Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet on Literature Part C Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet on Literature Part D Assignment
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Writing Task Part A Assignment 
• CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet Writing Task Part B Assignment
• CBSE Class 9 Biology Worksheet Why Do We Fall Ill Assignment
• Class VIII English revision worksheet 2013 Assignment
• REVISION WORKSHEET CLASS VIII JULY
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Advantages of CBSE Class 8 English Worksheets

• By practising NCERT CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet , students can improve their problem solving skills.
• Helps to develop the subject knowledge in a simple, fun and interactive way.
• No need for tuition or attend extra classes if students practise on worksheets daily.
• Working on CBSE worksheets are time-saving.
• Helps students to promote hands-on learning.
• One of the helpful resources used in classroom revision.
• CBSE Class 8 English Workbook Helps to improve subject-knowledge.
• CBSE Class 8 French Worksheets encourages classroom activities.

Worksheets of CBSE Class 8 English are devised by experts of WorksheetsBuddy experts who have great experience and expertise in teaching Maths. So practising these worksheets will promote students problem-solving skills and subject knowledge in an interactive method. Students can also download CBSE Class 8 English Chapter wise question bank pdf and access it anytime, anywhere for free. Browse further to download free CBSE Class 8 English Worksheets PDF .

Now that you are provided all the necessary information regarding CBSE Class 8 English Worksheet and we hope this detailed article is helpful. So Students who are preparing for the exams must need to have great solving skills. And in order to have these skills, one must practice enough of Class 8 French revision worksheets . And more importantly, students should need to follow through the worksheets after completing their syllabus.  Working on CBSE Class 8 English Worksheets will be a great help to secure good marks in the examination. So start working on Class 8 French Worksheets to secure good score.

CBSE Worksheets For Class 8

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CBSE NCERT Solutions

NCERT and CBSE Solutions for free

Class 8 English Assignments

We have provided below free printable Class 8 English Assignments for Download in PDF. The Assignments have been designed based on the latest NCERT Book for Class 8 English . These Assignments for Grade 8 English cover all important topics which can come in your standard 8 tests and examinations. Free printable Assignments for CBSE Class 8 English , school and class assignments, and practice test papers have been designed by our highly experienced class 8 faculty. You can free download CBSE NCERT printable Assignments for English Class 8 with solutions and answers. All Assignments and test sheets have been prepared by expert teachers as per the latest Syllabus in English Class 8. Students can click on the links below and download all Pdf Assignments for English class 8 for free. All latest Kendriya Vidyalaya Class 8 English Assignments with Answers and test papers are given below.

English Class 8 Assignments Pdf Download

We have provided below the biggest collection of free CBSE NCERT KVS Assignments for Class 8 English . Students and teachers can download and save all free English assignments in Pdf for grade 8th. Our expert faculty have covered Class 8 important questions and answers for English as per the latest syllabus for the current academic year. All test papers and question banks for Class 8 English and CBSE Assignments for English Class 8 will be really helpful for standard 8th students to prepare for the class tests and school examinations. Class 8th students can easily free download in Pdf all printable practice worksheets given below.

Topicwise Assignments for Class 8 English Download in Pdf

Advantages of Class 8 English Assignments

• As we have the best and largest collection of English assignments for Grade 8, you will be able to easily get full list of solved important questions which can come in your examinations.
• Students will be able to go through all important and critical topics given in your CBSE English textbooks for Class 8 .
• All English assignments for Class 8 have been designed with answers. Students should solve them yourself and then compare with the solutions provided by us.
• Class 8 Students studying in per CBSE, NCERT and KVS schools will be able to free download all English chapter wise worksheets and assignments for free in Pdf
• Class 8 English question bank will help to improve subject understanding which will help to get better rank in exams

Frequently Asked Questions by Class 8 English students

At https://www.cbsencertsolutions.com, we have provided the biggest database of free assignments for English Class 8 which you can download in Pdf

We provide here Standard 8 English chapter-wise assignments which can be easily downloaded in Pdf format for free.

You can click on the links above and get assignments for English in Grade 8, all topic-wise question banks with solutions have been provided here. You can click on the links to download in Pdf.

We have provided here topic-wise English Grade 8 question banks, revision notes and questions for all difficult topics, and other study material.

We have provided the best collection of question bank and practice tests for Class 8 for all subjects. You can download them all and use them offline without the internet.

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• NCERT Solutions For Class 8 English
• NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English - Free PDF Download

Entering Class 8 would mean that students are stepping into high school. English is an important and scoring subject in Class 8. Understanding the figures of speech is emphasized in Class 8 English curriculum .

Having adequate knowledge of English is one of the most important aspects as English is officially declared a universal language and prominently used in every work sector. Class 8 is a stage at which students must give importance to learning the nuances of this subject better so that they can brush up their communication skills and acquire foundational knowledge in English literature.

A basic understanding of English also helps as most other CBSE Class 8 subjects are taught in this medium. English is not only important for communication all around the world, but also has many unique and captivating works of literature. There are so many wonderful authors and poets who have written beautiful pieces of literature that convey so much depth and meaning of expressions. To understand these works of literature, one needs to start with each chapter and slowly build the vocabulary and language over time. 

NCERT has prescribed English as a compulsory subject right from the beginning. This allows students to learn the language gradually and develop a love for it. Once students learn to articulate their thoughts in this language, their interests will simply grow manifolds. More words would be added to their vocabulary, enhancing their communication. This would ultimately give a better impression while talking to others and while writing.

NCERT solution for Class 8 English  is curated explicitly by expert English teachers to help students of Class 8 students by simplifying the learning process of both prose and poetry. Essentially, the Class 8 English NCERT solution  is divided into two parts, distinctively dealing with prose and poetry. It also provides valuable insights into critical questions through detailed textual analysis. Subjects like Science, Maths, English will become easy to study if you have access to NCERT Solution for Class 8 Science , Maths solutions and solutions of other subjects. You can also download NCERT Solutions Class 8 Maths to help you to revise the complete syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Detailed Overview of Class 8 English NCERT Solutions

Ncert solutions for class 8 english books available for.

NCERT Solution Class 8 English PDF Download

NCERT Class 8 English curriculum covers two books. The first book is ‘Honeydew’, and the second book is ‘It So Happened’. Both these books are well compiled to enhance the learning process of students. NCERT English Honeydew comprises ten chapters that are prose and eight chapters that are poems. All these chapters are equally important for the examination, and students are advised not to skip any of them.

Here is the List of Chapters That are a Part of This Book.

NCERT Class 8 English solution " English Honey Dew " is available in easily downloadable PDF versions. Students can access these PDFs from online educational websites like Vedantu. PDF versions work like a handbook which can be conveniently used by students whenever they want to go through important topics quickly.

NCERT Class 8 English “It So Happened” comprises ten chapters, all of which are prose. These chapters are selected with great care, and they include many fun and important pieces of literature. Students should focus on all the references made by the authors in these chapters. The ten chapters are listed below.

Details of NCERT Solution of English Class 8 Prose and Poetry

NCERT solution for Class 8 English  provides solutions to important questions related to both Prose and Poetry individually in separate chapters.

Listed below are the details and examples of some important prose and poetry chapters for  Class 8 English .

Chapter 1 Prose: Best Christmas Present

This story has an ironic plot that depicts the harrowing reality of losing a war against the backdrop of Christmas. The narrator of this story delivers an old-written letter to an old lady, Mrs Cronnie that was written by her husband Jim during the war. He had lost his life in that war, unfortunately. This letter is ironically referred to as a Christmas present.

CBSE 8th class English textbook solutions provide a detailed analysis of this chapter and also several exercises like fill in the blanks, finding phrasal verbs, etc. to help students get conceptual clarity.

Poetry: "The Ant and The Cricket"

This poem is a fable with a moral at the end that gives insight into how we should always foresee future circumstances and be prepared for them. NCERT solution Class 8 English  helps students to analyse this poem through various exercises that give them a comprehensive knowledge of the moral of this story. It also helps them to develop their grammatical skills.

Chapter 2 Prose: The Tsunami

The storyline of this chapter deals with the destruction caused by a natural calamity like a tsunami which affects everyone with fear and depression. However, that plot also tries to project how people come together with courage and resilience to help one another in difficult times.  NCERT books solutions for class 8 helps students to learn this chapter in detail through exercises like identifying true & false, filling in the blanks, etc. It also contains questions on character and thematic analysis and MCQs.

Poetry: Geography

Prose 3: glimpses of the past.

This chapter tells us about the major events and changes that took place in our country during the period between 1757 and 1857. The advent of the East India Company in India, the establishment of British reign, the unfairly heavy taxes, bills, and social evils that existed in the then India are explained in this chapter. The martyrs like Ram Mohan Roy are introduced to the students in the ‘Glimpses of the Past’. The oppression, dissatisfaction, and the revolt of 1857 that marked the beginning of India’s freedom struggle are also covered here. 

Poetry 3: Macavity- The Mystery Cat

Written by TS Eliot, Macavity- The Mystery Cat is a poem about a wicked fictional cat, who is also called ‘Hidden Paw’. This long poem portrays all the trickery and notorious acts of the cat, who never gets caught despite all his wrongdoings. 

Prose 4: Bepin Choudhury’s Lapse of Memory

This is a humorous story about a man called Bepin Choudhury. A friend of his plays a trick on him by making him feel that he had a memory loss. Bepin Choudhury comes across people who tell him about an incident that he cannot recall. He feels confused and thinks that he is sick. All the events that led him to find out the truth make up this funny story. 

Poetry 4: The Last Bargain

This poem, The Last Bargain, written by Rabindranath Tagore tells us about a man who seeks a job working in which he will not lose his freedom. He turns down the jobs that offer him immense power, riches, and beauty. Finally, he accepts to offer his services to a child playing on a seashore. The young child offers him nothing in return for his services, so he can remain free even if he works for the child. So, that was his last bargain.

Prose 5: The Summit Within

The story ‘The Summit Within’ tells us about the expedition of Major H.P.S. Ahluwalia to Mount Everest. He is the narrator of the story and shares his experience of climbing the mountain peak. He draws a fine comparison between climbing the mountain peak and climbing the peak within us. In this story, he says how arriving at both these peaks can change us from within. 

Poetry 5: The School Boy

Written by William Blake, the poem ‘The School Boy’ tells us about an unhappy school boy. He loves being close to nature. He loves serene mornings, the beautiful trees, and the chirping birds. Yet, he is unable to be happy in the pleasant mornings, as he has to go to school. In this poem, the poet asks the parents of the young child not to deprive him of the simple joy and freedom. The poet says that with unhappy children, the world will become a sorrowful place, and we will never be able to experience joy. 

Prose 6: This is Jody’s Fawn

The story, ‘This is Jody’s Fawn’, portrays the events in the life of a boy, named Jody, that led him to foster a fawn. Jody’s father was bitten by a snake and to save his life, Jody had to kill a doe. When Jody found out that the doe had a little fawn that was lost in the woods, he felt bad for it. The story tells us how Jody convinced his parents, went to look for the fawn in the woods, how he brought it home, and fed the fawn.

Poetry 6: The Duck and The Kangaroo

Written by Edward Lear, ‘The Duck and The Kangaroo’ is a fun poem that covers the conversation between a duck and a kangaroo. Impressed by the hopping style of the kangaroo, the duck wishes to hop around too. The poem presents their humorous conversation and how these two friends go on a wonderful journey to see the world.

Prose 7: A Visit to Cambridge

This interesting story ‘A Visit to Cambridge’ tells us about the author Firdaus Kanga’s experience of visiting the Cambridge University and interviewing Stephen Hawking. The author was a journalist and had travelled many places in the world. He had never let his disability hinder his way. So, this story is an inspirational piece for many. 

Poetry 7: When I Set Out For Lyonnesse 

In this poem, the poet is a young architect, who arrives at a parish one day, for work. The poet shares his experience when he supervised the restoration of the church. There is more to it, when he returned from the church, there is a glow in his eyes. It seemed that something changed in him with that single visit to the parish. He had a poem drafted on a paper sticking out of his pocket. The poem depicts all the changes that the poet’s visit to the parish brought into his life. 

Prose 8: A Short Monsoon Diary

The prose ‘A Short Monsoon Diary’ covers some beautiful extracts from Ruskin Bond’s diary. The author had written down his experience in Mussoorie during the monsoons, in a day-to-day manner. He describes the beautiful vegetation and wildlife of Mussoorie and how delighted he was to experience such an enthralling trip. 

Poetry 8: On the Grasshopper and The Cricket 

‘On The Grasshopper and The Cricket’ is written by the famous poet John Keats. This poem is inspired by the beauty of nature, as the poet sensed the beauty of every season. The cricket in this poem symbolizes the chilly winters and the grasshopper symbolizes the sultry summer. 

Prose 9: The Great Stone Face-1

The story ‘The Great Stone Face-1’ tells us about a man who lived in the valley. His name was Ernest. There were huge rocks on a mountainside, in the town where he lived. The rocks were so placed that they resembled a face when Ernest looked at the rocks from afar. His mother told him a local legend, according to which, a man looking like the stone face would return to their valley one day. This part of the story tells us about Ernest’s search for the man who had the great stone face, and what all he goes through during his search.

Prose 10: The Great Stone Face-2

This part of the story, ‘The Great Stone Face-2’ unfolds how Ernest was declared to be resembling the great stone face by a new poet who was a resident of his valley. However, Ernest kept hoping that one day, someone nobler, wiser, and better than himself would arrive at his valley, who would be actually like the great stone face.

A brief overview of each chapter covered in the NCERT Solutions Class 8 for ‘It So Happened’ is given below.

Chapter 1: How the camel got its hump?

This chapter tells us about a very lazy camel who did not want to work. He refused to work when the dog, the ox, and the horse went to the camel asking him to work, he did not listen to any of them. He would always say ‘Humph!’ to anyone who asked him to work. The dog, the ox, and the horse had double the work they did for this. When the camel did not even listen to the Djinn of the deserts, he was punished with a hump. So, he could store water and food in his hump and worked for three long days without drinking or eating anything.

Chapter 2: Children at Work

The story ‘Children at Work’ deals with a very sensitive issue. It shows how adverse conditions force children to take drastic measures. In this story, a little boy named Velu had run away from his house, because his drunkard father used to beat him up daily. He arrived in Chennai after running away from his house. There he met a girl named Jaya. She was a ragpicker and gave him food and shelter. Velu too became a ragpicker. However, he decided to find a better job so he could quit this one.

Chapter 3: The Selfish Giant

This is a famous story written by Oscar Wilde. It conveys the message of love and existing together. In this story, a selfish giant never allowed young children to enter and play in his garden. So, it was always like winter in his garden. One day, his perspective changed on seeing a little boy, who was God’s messenger. The selfish giant allowed the children into his garden and played with them. The beauty of selflessness is portrayed in this story.

Chapter 4: The Treasure Within

This story tells us about the journey of Mr. Hafeez from a student not good at his studies to a renowned architect. At first, he was not interested in his studies. One day on the advice of his Principal, he began to study and secured 50 percent in his SSC. The latter part of the story tells us about his journey to becoming a successful architect. 

Chapter 5: Princess September

This story, written by William Somerset Maugham, is about a princess and her pet bird. In this story, the king of Siam named his nine daughters after the months of the calendar. His youngest daughter was thus named September. On his birthday, the King gifted a green parrot sitting in a golden cage to each of his daughters. The princesses were happy to spend time with their parrots. However, one day, Princess September found her parrot lying dead in the cage. She wept heavily in her room. 

A little bird flew to her window and sang to her about the king’s goldfish, gardens, and willow tree. The delighted princess put the bird in the cage so that it would not fly away. However, she learned that the bird was not able to sing or eat if she kept it in the cage. So, she set it free and let it fly away with a promise of coming back to her every day to sing sweetly to her. The princess was later married and lived happily ever after.

Chapter 6: The Fight 

This chapter is about two boys, Ranji and Suraj, who hail from two different states of India. The story unfolds how they become good friends even though they had a fierce fight when they met.

Chapter 7: The Open Window

Written by Saki, ‘The Open Window’ unfolds an interesting story of Framton Nuttel. He went to the town, where his sister lived, for his treatment. She arranged a meeting for him, with Mrs. Sappleton. There Framton meets her niece who tells him about the open window and how her aunt’s husband was killed along with his brothers in a hunting accident. As he met Mrs. Sappleton, she told him that she was waiting for her husband’s return. Framton fled her house, horrified when he saw three men in hunting gears, coming towards the house.

Chapter 8: Jalebis

The chapter ‘Jalebis’ conveys an important message through the story of a young boy, Munna. He spent his school fees on buying sweets, ‘Jalebis’. Later, he learned a lesson that he should not have spent the school fees on sweets as he felt tempted to have them.

Chapter 9: The Comet 1

This chapter unfolds the story of the discovery of a comet by an amateur astronomer Manoj Dutta. The comet was named Dibya Chakshu. The story has more to it when Duttada’s wife Indrani Debi comes into the picture. 

Chapter 10: The Comet 2

This part of the story unfolds how an international conference was organized to prevent the natural catastrophe of the comet colliding with the Earth. A conference of international experts was being organized in a week’s time as it was estimated that there would be a collision between the comet and the Earth in ten months from when it was discovered.

This poetry is about a poet's experience when he witnesses his city from 1000 feet above the ground while travelling on an aeroplane. This poem marks the ecstasy and wonders that poets experience while viewing their country from such a great height.  NCERT Class 8 English solution analyses this poem in extensive detail. Through several short and long answer questions, it helps students to learn and understand this poem thoroughly.

The literature section of CBSE Class 8 English consists of prose and poetry that carries a marks weightage of 20. The distribution is given in the following chart.

Class 8 English Marks Distribution for Prose and Poetry

Benefits of cbse 8th class english textbook solution.

There are several ways in which NCERT Solution for Class 8 English proves beneficial for students like:

Well researched answers.

Deals with both MCQs and descriptive questions adequately.

Provides an understanding of literary devices.

Helps to learn meanings and synonyms of all 8th class English lessons

Easily comprehensible answers for a seamless learning process of students.

It helps students to score the maximum marks.

All the answers are written by English experts, having adequate teaching experience. Their answers are crisp and to the point. One can rely on them with confidence.

The answers strictly follow the NCERT Guidelines as prescribed by the Board. No unnecessary information is mentioned in Vedantu’s NCERT solutions for class 8 English.

All the Solutions on Vedantu are available for free download on the website as well as a mobile app.

Vedantu’s Solutions for Class 8 English can be downloaded and saved as a PDF. These solutions can later be accessed offline on any device. 

Therefore,  NCERT Solution for Class 8 English  is a must-have book that helps students to understand the fundamentals of this chapter adequately.,

Important Related Links for NCERT Class 8

CBSE Class 8 Revision Notes

NCERT Books for Class 8

Important Questions for CBSE Class 8

NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 8

CBSE Class 8 Syllabus

FAQs on NCERT Solutions For Class 8 English

Q1. What is the Marking Scheme of Cbse class 8 English?

Ans: CBSE class 8 English paper is divided into two sections of language and literature. The language unit consists of comprehension questions of a total of 20 marks and consists of 3 reading passages. Next, there is a writing section divided into notice/article writing, short story writing and letter/diary writing comprising 5, 8 and 7 marks respectively. This is followed by the grammar unit which has a weightage of total 20 marks. Similarly, the literature section is divided into short, long, very long and “find the meaning” questions sections. They contain a marks distribution of 8, 6, 4 and 8 respectively.

Q2. What Does the Chapter Glimpse of the Past Deals With?

Ans: The glimpse of the past essentially deals with Indian history of freedom struggle against the imperial rule of the British government. The plot traces down the heritage of Indian history before it succumbed under the British colonial rule. It also deals with important incidents and dates like the 1818 act, revolt of 1857 which exposed the exploitation of the British government. The story is more about the history of India in the times when it faced hardship under the East India Company. It also celebrates the patriotic zeal of several freedom fighters who fought from the forefront.

Q3. What is the Poem Macavity the Mystery Cat About?

Ans: The poem Macavity is written by the famous poem T.S Eliot. It deals with the villainous activity of a wicked cat that ingeniously hides all evidence after committing a crime. It explains how the cat carries out its wicked activity but escapes the notice of the police. He is known as the "hidden paw" which metaphorically shows how subtly and swiftly he carries out his activities without leaving behind any trace. The poem is humorous in tone and has light rhythmic stanzas that effectively portray a ton of fun the mischievous activity of the cat.

Q4. How can I download the NCERT Books for Class 8 English PDF online?

Ans: To download NCERT books for Class 8 English PDF online, you must follow the given procedure.

Visit the page NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English.

You'll discover an array of chapters on the following webpage. From the provided list, choose the chapter of your wish for which you need the PDF explanations or notes and tap on the link.

The link will redirect you to the next webpage where you can download the study material.

Q5. Why should you study English via Vedantu?

Ans: Studying via Vedantu can aid good marks in your examinations. Here, you will get chapter-wise notes, explanations and solutions written in easy language, so you can understand crucial concepts thoroughly. Moreover, you may also practice multiple test papers to test your skills and preparation extent. This technique will allow you to make necessary alterations in your current studying strategy so you can perform well in your exams. Students can access study materials at free of cost from the Vedantu website or from the Vedantu app.

Q6. What is the syllabus for Class 8 English?

Ans: The syllabus for Class 8 English is divided into four different sections. These sections are as follows-

Honeydew Chapters - The section covers a total of ten units.

Honeydew Poems - The section contains seven poems.

It So Happened Chapters - It covers 11 chapters.

The grammatical section includes topics like indirect and direct speech, clauses and order of speech, verb, adverb, noun, etc.

The writing section covers topics like formal and informal letters, data entry, essay writing, etc.

Q7. How to score good marks in English in Class 8?

Ans: To score good marks in English in Class 8, you may follow the given tips.

Solve as many English sample papers as you can a month before the examination. This will assist you to examine your preparation.

Make a proper schedule to solve the previous year's question papers. This will aid time management, so you can finish the exam paper on time.

Q8. Is 8th  Standard’s English Difficult?

Ans: It depends on the students and their hold on the subject. However, with the right focus on their studies, students can understand the important concepts of different subjects easily. At the same time, teachers and parents should help students in making a proper timetable where they can allot time to study different subjects based on their preferences. 

NCERT SOLUTIONS FOR CLASS 8

Cbse study materials for class 8.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Grammar

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Grammar all chapters, revised and modified, are given here with suitable examples and explanation. All the chapters contain illustrations of grammar topic, so that students can understand easily. The explanation of Class 8 English Grammar includes topics sentences, Conjunctions, order of words, Interjection, Subject and Predicate, Articles, Noun and their kinds, Punctuation and Capital letters, Pronoun, Active and Passive voice, Verbs, Direct and Indirect, Adjective, Comprehension, Adverb, Story Writing, Tense, Letter Writing, Preposition and Essay writing.

Chapter Wise Class 8 English Grammar Chapter 1. The Sentence Chapter 2. Order of Words Chapter 3. Subject and Predicate Chapter 4. The Noun Chapter 5. The Pronoun Chapter 6. The Verb Chapter 7. The Adjective Chapter 8. The Adverb Chapter 9. The Tense Chapter 10. The Preposition Chapter 11. Conjunctions Chapter 12. Interjections Chapter 13. The Article Chapter 14. Punctuation and Capital Letters Chapter 15. Active and Passive Voice Chapter 16. Direct and Indirect Speech Chapter 17. Comprehension Chapter 18. Story Writing Chapter 19. Letter Writing Chapter 20. Essay Writing

Reviews play a crucial role in improving study materials, whether they are textbooks, online resources, or any other educational content. Please provide your Review and Feedback for our study material. Feedback and critical evaluation from students, educators, and experts help identify areas that need enhancement and contribute to the overall quality of the study material.

Tiwari Academy deserves sincere praise for its outstanding contribution to Class 8 English grammar education. This online platform has consistently demonstrated a commitment to facilitating effective learning experiences for students, and its efforts in the realm of English grammar are particularly commendable.

English grammar is of paramount importance for students in Class 8, as it serves as the foundation for effective communication, academic success, and future career opportunities. A strong grasp of English grammar is crucial for effective communication. Class 8 is a stage where students start to express themselves more comprehensively, both in written assignments and oral presentations.

Tiwari Academy provides well-structured lessons on various English grammar topics. These lessons are often presented in a clear and organized manner, making it easier for students to follow along and learn at their own pace. The explanations are typically written in a student-friendly language, which simplifies complex grammar rules and concepts.

Chapter wise Main Points of Class 8 English Grammar

• Chapter 1. The Sentence What is a sentence and how to write a correct sentence? Making right to a wrong sentence. Kinds of sentence like Interrogative, Command, Exclamatory sentences etc.
• Chapter 2. Order of Words Proper placement of verb and subject in a sentence. Important points to be learnt like when the Subject is an Interrogative Pronoun, it comes before the verb.
• Chapter 3. Subject and Predicate Proper use of subject and predicate. What are subjects and their identification same for predicate also. The correct order of subject and predicate. Structure of simple sentence using suitable subject and predicate.
• Chapter 4. The Noun– Kinds of Noun Definition and kinds of noun. Examples of all five kinds of noun using suitable sentence. Conversion of verb to noun and noun to verb. Formation of nouns from adjectives, synonyms and antonyms, singular and plural, etc.
• Chapter 5. The Pronoun Definition and kinds of pronoun with suitable examples of each type. Use of pronoun as Nominative case, Objective or Accusative case, Possessive case, Vocative case, etc.

Proper grammar ensures clarity in communication and helps students convey their thoughts and ideas accurately. This skill is essential not only in academic settings but also in everyday life, where effective communication is key to building relationships and resolving conflicts.

Tiwari Academy includes practice exercises and worksheets alongside their grammar lessons. These exercises are crucial for reinforcing what students have learned. Regular practice is key to mastering English grammar , and Tiwari Academy offers a wealth of exercises to help students apply their knowledge, identify areas of improvement, and practice until they are confident in their skills.

Class 8 English grammar is a foundational skill for standardized tests and future career prospects. Many standardized tests, such as SAT, ACT, or various entrance exams, include grammar and writing sections. A strong foundation in grammar can significantly boost a student’s performance on these exams. In the professional world, regardless of the field, effective written and oral communication is highly regarded. Job applications, resumes, emails, and reports must be free from grammatical errors to make a positive impression.

Tiwari Academy’s online accessibility makes it convenient for students to access English Grammar resources from anywhere with an internet connection. This flexibility allows students to study at their own pace and revisit materials as needed, catering to individual learning styles and needs.

Topic wise Class 8 English Grammar all Chapters

• Chapter 6. The Verb Definition and types of verbs. Finite and non-finite verbs with examples. Transitive, intransitive and auxiliary verbs. Difference Between Primary and Modal Auxiliaries, etc.
• Chapter 7. The Adjective Adjective with examples and explanation. Attributive and predicative use of adjectives. Kinds of adjectives like Proper, descriptive, Quantitative, Numeral, Demonstrative, Distributive, Interrogative, Exclamatory, Possessive and Emphasising adjectives.
• Chapter 8. The Adverb Example sentences of Adverb and its modification to a phase or sentence. Kinds of adverbs like simple, Interrogative and Relative Adverbs.
• Chapter 9. The Tense Kinds of tenses and examples of each kind. Present, past and future tense with its further subdivision like simple tense, continuous tense, perfect tense or perfect continuous tense.
• Chapter 10. The Preposition Definition and examples of preposition. Examples based on such sentences where there is confusion in words of preposition. Use of prepositions in suitable sentences.

English grammar plays a vital role in academic success. In Class 8, students often encounter more complex texts and assignments that require advanced writing and reading skills. Proper grammar is essential for writing essays, reports, and research papers, where clarity and coherence are highly valued. A good command of grammar also aids in understanding complex texts, allowing students to comprehend and analyze literature and academic materials more effectively.

Tiwari Academy offers sample papers and solutions for Class 8 English Grammar . These resources can be particularly valuable as students prepare for exams and assessments. Practicing with sample papers allows students to become familiar with the types of questions they may encounter in exams and refine their grammar skills accordingly.

Important Point of the chapters of 8th English Grammar

• Chapter 11. Conjunctions Conjunctions and its types like coordinate and subordinate conjunctions. Kinds of Coordinate conjunctions like Cumulative, Adversative, Alternative and Illustrative conjunctions.
• Chapter 12. Interjection What are interjection words and how to use it? Examples and words used on interjections or exclamatory sentences.
• Chapter 13. The Article How to use articles in proper manner? Use of a, an and the in sentences. Examples of indefinite and definite articles.
• Chapter 14. Punctuation and Capital Letters Punctuations provide the correct manner to read the sentence or a paragraph. Various examples based on Comma, Semicolon, Colon, Full stop, Mark of interrogation or Exclamation, Inverted Commas, Apostrophe, etc.
• Chapter 15. Active and Passive Voice Examples of active to passive voice or passive to active voice. Rules for the change of voice. Application of active and passive voice in different tenses like present, past and future tense.

In simple words, English grammar is incredibly important for Class 8 students, as it not only facilitates effective communication but also contributes significantly to academic success and future career prospects. A solid understanding of grammar empowers students to express themselves clearly, excel in their studies, and thrive in their future endeavours. Tiwari Academy is immensely helpful for Class 8 students studying English Grammar. This educational platform offers a range of resources and support that can enhance a student’s understanding of grammar concepts.

Tiwari Academy is a valuable resource for Class 8 students studying English Grammar. It provides well-structured lessons, practice exercises, sample papers, and online accessibility, all of which contribute to a comprehensive and effective learning experience for students aiming to improve their grammar skills and excel in their English studies.

Writing and Speech section of Grade 8 English Grammar

• Chapter 16. Direct and Indirect Sentences based on direct speech and indirect speech. Identification of reported speech and reporting verb. Conversion of direct speech to indirect speech. Rules for changing direct to indirect speech.
• Chapter 17. Comprehension Comprehension of a passage helps to improve our reading skills. Here, we will learn how to find the answers of questions based on comprehension.
• Chapter 18. Story Writing Story writing is always an interesting work for students of standard 8. Here, we will learn how to write a story taking the help of instructions given for the story.
• Chapter 19. Letter Writing Letter writing can be classified into three kinds as social letters, business letters and official letters. The format of all three kinds of letter are given in simplest form.
• Chapter 20. Essays Writing Essay writing consists of mainly three parts, introduction of the topic, body part which contains almost all the detail about the topic and last part conclusion.

Tiwari Academy’s dedication to simplifying complex grammar concepts is truly praiseworthy. The platform has a knack for breaking down intricate rules and principles into easily digestible lessons. By presenting grammar topics in a clear and straightforward manner, Tiwari Academy empowers students to grasp these concepts with confidence. This approach makes a significant difference in helping students build a strong foundation in English grammar.

Furthermore, Tiwari Academy’s inclusion of comprehensive practice materials is highly beneficial. The provision of worksheets, exercises, and sample papers allows students to apply what they have learned and refine their grammar skills. This hands-on practice is crucial for solidifying knowledge and preparing students for exams and real-world communication.

The platform’s accessibility is another noteworthy aspect. Tiwari Academy’s online presence ensures that students can access their English grammar resources from anywhere, making learning convenient and flexible. This accessibility aligns with modern education trends, catering to the diverse needs and preferences of today’s learners.

Tiwari Academy deserves accolades for its commitment to enhancing Class 8 English grammar education. Through its user-friendly approach, comprehensive practice materials, and online accessibility, the platform empowers students to excel in English grammar, thereby fostering better communication skills and academic success. This dedication to quality education is a valuable asset to students, teachers, and parents alike.

Why It’s Important to study English Grammar in Class 8?

English grammar is really important for 8th grade students. It helps them to communicate well, do well in school, and have better job opportunities in the future.

• Communication : Good grammar helps students talk and write clearly so people understand them easily.
• School Work : It helps students write essays and understand their reading assignments in school.
• Future : Doing well in grammar can help students get good scores on important tests and look professional in future jobs.

How Tiwari Academy Helps in Class 8 English Grammar?

Tiwari Academy is doing a great job helping students with English grammar in 8th grade. They make hard grammar topics easy to understand, give students practice materials, and let them learn online anytime. They deserve a big thanks for helping students do better in English at school and in the future.

• Lessons : The academy offers easy-to-understand lessons on different grammar topics.
• Practice : They give students exercises and worksheets to practice what they learned.
• Exam Help : They provide sample papers to help students prepare for their exams.
• Online Access : Students can learn whenever they want because it’s all online.

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NCERT Books and Solutions for all classes

Assignments Class 8 English PDF Download

Students can refer to Assignments for Class 8 English available for download in Pdf. We have given below links to subject-wise free printable Assignments for English Class 8 which you can download easily. All assignments have a collection of questions and answers designed for all topics given in your latest NCERT Books for Class 8 English for the current academic session. All Assignments for English Grade 8 have been designed by expert faculty members and have been designed based on the type of questions asked in standard 8 class tests and exams. All Free printable Assignments for NCERT CBSE Class 8, practice worksheets, and question banks have been designed to help you understand all concepts properly. Practicing questions given in CBSE NCERT printable assignments for Class 8 with solutions and answers will help you to further improve your understanding. Our faculty have used the latest syllabus for Class 8. You can click on the links below to download all Pdf assignments for class 8 for free. You can get the best collection of Kendriya Vidyalaya Class 8 English assignments and questions workbooks below.

Class 8 English Assignments Pdf Download

CBSE NCERT KVS Assignments for English Class 8 have been provided below covering all chapters given in your CBSE NCERT books. We have provided below a good collection of assignments in Pdf for English standard 8th covering Class 8 questions and answers for English. These practice test papers and workbooks with question banks for Class 8 English Pdf Download and free CBSE Assignments for Class 8 are really beneficial for you and will support in preparing for class tests and exams. Standard 8th students can download in Pdf by clicking on the links below.

Subjectwise Assignments for Class 8 English

Benefits of Solving Class 8 English Assignments

• The best collection of Grade 8 assignments for English have been provided below which will help you in getting better marks in class tests and exams.
• The solved question for Class 8 English will help you to gain more confidence to attempt all types of problems in exams
• Latest NCERT Books for Class 8 English have been referred to for designing these assignments
• We have provided step by step solutions for all questions in the Class 8 assignments so that you can understand the solutions in detail.
• We have provided single click download links to all chapterwise worksheets and assignments in Pdf.
• Class 8 practice question banks will support to enhance subject knowledge and therefore help to get better marks in exam

FAQs by English Students in Class 8

At https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com is the best website that has the biggest collection of free printable assignments for Class 8 English.

We provide here Standard 8 subject-wise assignments which can be easily downloaded in Pdf format for free. Our teachers have provided these Grade 8 English test sheets for English given in your books.

You can click on the links above and get assignments for English in Grade 8, all chapters and topic-wise question banks with solutions have been provided here. You can click on the links to download in Pdf.

We have provided here subject-wise Grade 8 English question banks, revision notes and questions for all difficult topics, and other study material. You can download it all without any charge by clicking on the links provided above.

We have provided the best quality question bank for Class 8 for English available for Pdf Download. You can download them all and use them offline without the internet.

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Faculty Resources

Assignments.

The assignments in this course are openly licensed, and are available as-is, or can be modified to suit your students’ needs.

If you import this course into your learning management system (Blackboard, Canvas, etc.), the assignments will automatically be loaded into the assignment tool. These assignments and quizzes come pre-loaded with specific assigned point values. We recommend changing the point values to match your course design .

This course includes a series of assignments associated with most modules, as well as essay assignments that can be included in the course as you see fit. Some instructors assign multiple rhetorical styles, while others scaffold just one or two large essays throughout the course. For this reason, the essay assignments are listed at the front of the course and can be easily moved into the appropriate places within the LMS. The different rhetorical style essays are each split into at least two parts, with one for prewriting and one for the final draft.  They could also be combined into one assignment or split into several smaller assignments; for example, you could divide each essay into a prewriting, drafting, and final draft stage (which is how the argument essay is currently organized).

The “Writing Process—Revising and Proofreading” module also includes a discussion assignment that has students peer review whichever essay is assigned during that module ( Discussion: CARES Peer Review).

• Narrative Essay
• Compare/Contrast
• Illustration Essay
• Cause and Effect Essay
• Argument Essay

The optional “Essay Reflection” Assignment can also be paired with any of the rhetorical style essays listed above.

The assignments can also be broken down into smaller steps or combined/simplified as desired. Remember, these can be deleted, modified, or replaced within your LMS to meet the needs of your students.

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Classroom Assignment 1 | Class 8 BBC Compacta Solutions PDF Download

Q1:  Complete the following statements as briefly as possible.

(a) People catch smiles just like they ................................................

(b) The poet's smile was triggered when ............................................

(c) The poet realized that he had passed on his smile to another person when ..............................................

(d) The poet wants the whole world to ..............................................

Ans:  

(a)  People catch smiles just like they catch the flu.

(b)  The poet's smile was triggered when someone smiled at him.

(c) The poet realized that he had passed on his smile to another person when that person smiled.

(d)  The poet wants the whole world to start an epidemic of smiles.

Q2: Column A of the table below contains some expressions from the poem. Match them with their  most appropriate meanings given in Column B by drawing lines. Remember, there is one meaning  that does not match with any of the expressions.

• (a) "Smiling is infectious" matches with "One person's smile causes another person to smile."

(b) "Someone saw my grin" matches with "My smile was noticed by someone."

(c) "Don't leave it undetected" matches with "Let's start a 'Smile please!' movement." (though this is a creative interpretation)

(d) "Start an epidemic quick" matches with "Let's make the world sick of our smiles." (again, a creative interpretation)

Q3: Tick (V) the correct option for each of the following statements.

(a) Which of the following quotes on smile BEST summarises the main idea of the poem?

(i)   Option 1

(ii)  Option 2

(iii)  Option 3

(iv)  Option 4

(b) Which ofthe following options gives the correct rhyme scheme ofthe poem?

(iv) abba 

Option (iii) aabb

(i) Option 1

(ii) Option 2

(iii) Option 3

(iv) Option 4 Ans:

4. Would you smile back to somebody who smiles to you? Say 'Yes' or 'No'. Give

reasons, using information from the poem, to support your opinion.

Ans:   Yes, based on the poem, I would smile back because a smile is presented as something positive and contagious, like a ripple effect that can be passed from person to person and has the potential to travel around the world. Smiling back contributes to this chain of happiness and positivity, potentially making many more people smile.

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NCERT Solutions

• NCERT Class 8
• NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English
• Class 8 English Supplementary Chapter 1

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Chapter 1 - How the Camel Got His Hump

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Chapter 1 – How the Camel Got His Hump is available for free download on BYJU’S for CBSE 8th Standard students. The NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English link of Chapter 1 is provided below, which is solved by our panel of expert teachers according to the latest CBSE guidelines.

This chapter, “How the Camel Got His Hump”, is an imaginary tale written by Rudyard Kipling. The fictional story is set at a time when the world had just begun, and different animals were working for humans except for the camel, which was the laziest of all. We learn how an agitated Djinn gave the camel a hump due to his laziness, as he would spend days in an idle manner doing nothing and just said ‘Humph’.

Students of Class 8 can check the English Supplementary textbook – It So Happened for NCERT Solutions, given here. All the textbook and additional exercise questions have been attempted in accordance with the updated CBSE English syllabus. To explore the other subjects of NCERT Solutions of Class 8 , students can check the solutions page and have a wonderful learning experience.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Chapter 1 – How the Camel Got His Hump

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How the Camel Got His Hump

Comprehension Check (Page 3)

Question 1:

What tasks, do you think, were assigned to the dog and the ox?

Different tasks were assigned to different animals. The dog was assigned to fetch and carry sticks since he was carrying a stick in his mouth. The ox was assigned to plough the field as there was a yoke on his neck.

Question 2:

Why did the camel live in the middle of the desert?

Of all the animals, the camel was the laziest animal as he did not want to work and help man. Hence, he lived in the middle of a howling desert because he did not want to work. He ate sticks, thorns and prickles and whenever anybody came to speak to him he just said “Humph!” and nothing more.

Question 3:

What made the dog, the horse and the ox very angry?

The dog, the horse and the ox were very angry because man assigned them the work of the camel too, as he lay lazy in the middle of the desert. This meant that the three of them would need to work double-time in order to make up for the camel’s laziness.

Question 4:

How did the Djinn know the horse was complaining against the camel?

While the other animals were assigned the camel’s work due to his laziness, the horse complained against the camel to the Djinn who was in charge of all the deserts. He told him that the animal which stayed in the middle of the desert with a long neck and long legs had not done a stroke of work since the beginning of the week. Hearing this, the Djinn instantly understood that the horse was referring to the camel for his idleness, who was not helping them in work.

Comprehension Check (Page 5)

The camel was looking at his own reflection in the pool. What does it suggest to you about the camel?

The camel was looking at his own reflection in the pool, which indicated that he was proud of his looks and appearance, especially his back. Perhaps he assumed that he was the most handsome-looking animal and was admiring himself upon seeing his own reflection in the pool.

The camel said, “Humph” repeatedly. How did it affect him?

The Djinn was trying hard to remind the camel about his work which the lazy animal avoided due to his idleness. The camel kept saying “Humph” again and again in a repetitive tone which annoyed the Djinn. In no time, the camel’s back puffed up into a huge hump for repeating the word “Humph” over again and not performing the tasks assigned to him.

What, according to the Djinn, was the use of the “humph”?

According to the Djinn, the camel missed his daily work for three continuous days. Hence, he said that the camel would be able to perform his tasks for three days without eating. The hump on his back would help him to store food and use the energy derived from it without eating food and work for a longer period.

“…he has never yet learnt to behave”. In the light of this, what is the writer’s opinion about the camel?

As per the writer, the camel is a very lazy animal which loves sitting idle and avoids doing work. All day he would spend eating sticks, thorns and prickles. However, after he got the hump, the Djinn asked him to go out of the desert and help the other three animals – horse, ox and dog and also behave like others while working. It was due to his laziness that he missed performing tasks for three days. The Djinn told him that his hump would help him to store food and use the energy derived from it without eating food. It would also help him to finish the pending work, and he would continue carrying the hump and living in the desert forever.

Exercise (Page 6)

Discuss the following topics in groups.

Can this story be factually true?

No, it is not a factually true story. It is an imaginative tale.

What, according to you, is the story about? Consider the following:

• How the world began.
• Why everyone should do his/her share of work seriously.
• How animals are important to humans.
• How the camel got his hump.

(iv) How the camel got his hump.

What did you do over the weekend? Were you generally active or idle? Please check your back before starting to discuss or answer the question.

The last weekend I woke up at 8 a.m. and did some physical exercise in the morning. I helped my mother in doing the household chores. In the evening I played badminton with my sister. Overall, I spent my weekend in an active manner. Yes, I have checked my back, and there is no hump.

There are broadly two categories of workers – those who prefer to do today what they can do tomorrow and those who prefer to do tomorrow what they can do today. Where do you belong?

I belong to the first category of workers, i.e., those who prefer to do today what they can do tomorrow. This implies that I prefer doing my work promptly on time rather than unnecessarily piling it up for the future.

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Counselling

Download Project Zip | Submit to TigerFile

• To learn about symbol tables.
• To learn about natural language processing.
• To use a Markov chain to create a statistical model of a piece of English text.
• To simulate the Markov chain to generate stylized pseudo-random text.

Getting Started

Download and expand the project zip file for this assignment, which contains the files you will need for this assignment.

Review the beginning of Section 4.4 (pages 582–586) on using symbol tables in client code. For reference, here is a partial API of the ST data type.

Review the material on the textbook on parameterized data type and generics (pages 566–570). The Key type parameter for the ST generic class can be any comparable type, such as String or Integer .

Review precept exercises, especially FrequencyTable.java .

Review the String data type. To extract a substring of a given string, review the substring method: s.substring(i, i + k) returns the the k -character substring of String s , starting at i . Note that it includes the left endpoint but excludes the right endpoint. Try some examples using jshell to understand how substring is used.

Review the StdRandom.discrete() methods. There are two overloaded methods named StdRandom.discrete() . You may want to write some small programs to understand how they are used:

• One takes a floating-point array probabilities[] and returns index i with probability equal to probabilities[i] . The array entries must be non-negative and sum to 1.
• The other takes an integer array frequencies[] and returns index i with probability proportional to frequencies[i] . The array entries must be non-negative and not all zero.

This is a partner assignment. Instructions for help finding a partner and creating a TigerFile group can be found on Ed.

The rules for partnering:

• Choose a partner whose skill level is close to your own - only two partners per group.
• Your partner does not have to be in your precept.
• The rules for partnering are specified on the course syllabus . Make sure you read and understand these rules, and please post on Ed if you have questions. In your readme.txt file, you must indicate that you adhered to the COS 126 partnering rules.

Generative AI platforms, popularized recently by ChatGPT, exhibit remarkable proficiency in generating coherent text based on provided prompts. At a high level, the fundamental operation is predicting the next word (or token) in a sentence given the previous words (or tokens). This is known as language modeling.

Generative AI platforms predominantly rely on large language models (LLMs), extensively trained on vast datasets to learn about patterns and relationships within the training data. In the context of this programming assignment, you will develop a program called Chat126, differentiated by its utilization of a small language model - a Markov model - to achieve simpler, though still quite compelling, text generation capabilities.

LLMs have been used for various tasks, such as translating between languages, answering questions, summarizing text, generating coherent and relevant text, planning robot tasks and more. LLMs require significant computational resources to train and operation, whereas Markov models are computationally inexpensive.

Perspective

In the 1948 landmark paper A Mathematical Theory of Communication , Claude Shannon founded the field of information theory and revolutionized the telecommunications industry, laying the groundwork for today’s Information Age. In this paper, Shannon proposed using a Markov chain to create a statistical model of the sequences of letters in a piece of English text. Markov chains are now widely used in speech recognition, handwriting recognition, information retrieval, data compression, and spam filtering. They also have many scientific computing applications including the genemark algorithm for gene prediction, the Metropolis algorithm for measuring thermodynamical properties, and Google’s PageRank algorithm for web search. For this assignment, we consider a whimsical variant—generating stylized pseudo-random text.

Markov model of natural language

Shannon approximated the statistical structure of a piece of text using a mathematical model known as a Markov model. A Markov model of order 0 predicts that each letter in the alphabet occurs with a fixed probability. We can fit a Markov model of order 0 to a specific piece of text by counting the number of occurrences of each letter in that text, and using those frequencies as probabilities. For example, suppose that the input text is "gagggagaggcgagaaa" . Then, the Markov model of order 0 predicts that each letter is an a with probability 7/17, a c with probability 1/17, and a g with probability 9/17 because these are the fraction of times each letter occurs. The following sequence of characters is a typical example generated from this model:

A Markov model of order 0 assumes that each letter is chosen independently. This independence does not coincide with statistical properties of English text because there a high correlation among successive characters in a word or sentence. For example, w is more likely to be followed by e than by u , and q is much more likely to be followed by u than by e .

We obtain a more refined model by allowing the probability of choosing each successive letter to depend on the preceding letter or letters. A Markov model of order \(k\) predicts that each letter occurs with a fixed probability, but that probability can depend on the previous \(k\) characters, which we refer to as a \(k\)-gram. For example, suppose that the input text has 100 occurrences of "th" , with 60 occurrences of "the" , 25 occurrences of "thi" , 10 occurrences of "tha" , and 5 occurrences of "tho" . Then, the Markov model of order \(2\) predicts that the letter immediately following any occurrence of "th" is e with probability 3/5, i with probability 1/4, a with probability 1/10, and o with probability 1/20.

A brute-force solution

Claude Shannon proposed the following brute-force scheme to generate text according to a Markov model of order 1:

To construct [a Markov model of order 1], for example, one opens a book at random and selects a letter at random on the page. This letter is recorded. The book is then opened to another page and one reads until this letter is encountered. The succeeding letter is then recorded. Turning to another page this second letter is searched for and the succeeding letter recorded, etc. It would be interesting if further approximations could be constructed, but the labor involved becomes enormous at the next stage.

Your task is to write a Java program to automate this laborious task, in an efficient manner. Shannon’s approach is prohibitively slow when the length of the input text is large.

Implementation Tasks

• MarkovLM.java
• Chat126.java
• Submit a completed readme.txt file.
• Complete the acknowledgments.txt file.

Create an immutable data type - a markov language model - to represent a Markov model of order \(k\), based on a given input text. Implement the following API:

Constructor

You may assume that the input text is limited to a sequence of characters over the ASCII alphabet, so that all char values are between 0 and 127.

String representation.

Build a string representation of the Markov model, as illustrated in the example below.

Include one line for each \(k\)-gram that appears in the text. Each line contains the \(k\)-gram, followed by a colon; followed by each character that appears in the text immediately after that \(k\)-gram and the number of times it appears, with a space between each component. The \(k\)-grams must appear in lexicographic order; the characters associated with each \(k\)-gram must appear in ASCII order.

Predict next character.

The predictNext() method must return a character that immediately follows the specified \(k\)-gram and do so with probability proportional to the number of times that character follows the specified \(k\)-gram. For example if the \(k\)-gram "ga" appears in the text five times, once followed by the character a and four times followed by the character g , then predictNext("ga") returns a with probability 1/5 and g with probability 4/5, independently for each call.

Circular string.

To avoid dead ends, treat the input text as a circular string : the last character is considered to precede the first character. For example, if k = 2 and the text is the 17-character string gagggagaggcgagaaa , then the salient features of the Markov model are captured in the table below:

Note that the frequency of "ag" is 5 (and not 4) because we treat the string as circular.

Corner cases.

Throw an IllegalArgumentException in freq() and predictNext() if the argument kgram is not of length \(k\).

Throw an IllegalArgumentException in predictNext() if kgram does not appear in the text.

Suggestion: Use short exception messages or split the exception message into two String literals appended using + so the message can placed on two lines. This will avoid Checkstyle long line messages (i.e., over 86 characters).

Performance requirements.

If \(k\) is a fixed constant, then the constructor must take \(n\log{}n\) time (or better); the order() method must take constant time; the predictNext() and two freq() methods must take \(\log{}n\) time (or better), where \(n\) is the number of characters in the input text. To achieve these performance requirements, use one (or more) symbol tables whose keys are String \(k\)-grams and whose values enable efficient implementation of the two freq() methods.

Note - For ST and java.util.TreeMap classes: the order of growth for the number of comparisons for the put() , get() and contains()/containsKey() methods is \(\Theta(log n)).

Text generation client - Chat126

A Markov chain is a stochastic process where the state change depends on only the current state. For text generation, the current state is a \(k\)-gram. The next character is selected at random, using the probabilities from the Markov model. For example, if the current state is "ga" in the Markov model of order \(2\) discussed above, then the next character will be a with probability 1/5 and g with probability 4/5. The next state in the Markov chain is obtained by appending the new character to the end of the \(k\)-gram and discarding the first character. A trajectory through the Markov chain is a sequence of such states. Below is a possible trajectory consisting of nine (9) transitions.

Treating the input text as a circular string ensures that the Markov chain never gets stuck in a state without any next characters.

To generate random text from a Markov model of order \(k\), set the initial state to the first \(k\) characters in the input text. Then, simulate a trajectory through the Markov chain by performing \(T − k\) transitions, printing the random character selected at each step. For example, if \(k = 2\) and \(T = 11\), then the following is a possible trajectory, leading to the output gaggcgagaag .

Write a client program Chat126 that takes two integer command-line arguments \(k\) and \(T\); reads the input text from standard input; builds a Markov model of order \(k\) from the input text; then, starting with the \(k\)-gram consisting of the first \(k\) characters of the input text, prints \(T\) characters generated by simulating a trajectory through the corresponding Markov chain.

You may assume that the length of the text is at least \(k\) and \(T \geq k\).

Performance requirement.

If \(k\) is a fixed constant, then the running time of Chat126 must be proportional to \(n\log{}n + T\log{}n \) (or better), where \(n\) is the number of characters in the input text and \(T\) is the number of characters in the output.

Possible Progress Steps

We provide some additional instructions below. Click on the ► icon to expand some possible progress steps or you may try to solve Markov without them. It is up to you!

Implementing MarkovLM.java

Review precept exercises, especially FrequencyTable , as well as IntegerSort.java .

Create one or more instance variables to support the two freq() methods. One strategy is to maintain two symbol tables—one for the one-argument freq() method and one for the two-argument freq() method.

• For each \(k\)-gram (a string), the first symbol table tells you how many times it appears in the text (an integer).
• For each \(k\)-gram (a string), the second symbol table tells you how many times each ASCII character succeeds the \(k\)-gram in the text (an array of 128 integers).

Character (i.e., char values) can be used as an index into an array. In Java, characters are 16-bit (unsigned) integers; they are promoted to ints in any context that expects one. For example, array['c'] is equivalent to array[99] because the ASCII code for 'c' is 99.

You can avoid hardwiring the constant 128 by using a static instance variable:

This code should appear inside the class block, but before any instance variables or methods. By convention, constant variable names should be ALL_UPPERCASE. The static modifier means that every instance method will refer to the same variable (as opposed to instance variables, for which there is one variable per object); the final modifier means that you can’t change its value, once initialized.

Write the constructor to create the circular version of the input text. Then initialize and populate your symbol tables, using the symbol-table methods contains() , get() , and put() . This will be a substantial amount of code, relative to the other methods in this class.

• Do not save the original text (or the circular text) as an instance variable because no instance method will need this information after the symbol table is initialized.
• There are a number of approaches for emulating the circular text. One way is to append the first \(k\) characters of the input text to the input text.

Test: In the main() , try creating some MarkovLM objects. For example:

Write the toString() method. Use the enhanced for loop to access each key–value pair in your symbol table - see the FrequencyTable.java from precept as another example:

Test the constructor and toString() method : This can help you debug small test cases. In the main() , print some MarkovLM objects. For example:

Sample output from the code snippet above:

You can insert a line break in a String by using the characters \n . For example, if you print "ab\ncd" , ab and cd will appear on separate lines.

Write the order() method. This should be a one-liner.

Using the symbol table instance variables, write the two freq() methods.

Use the main() provided above to test your code before continuing. In the main method, you should add more tests of the constructor, order() , and freq() methods.

Write the predictNext() method. To generate a random character with probability proportional to its frequency you may call either of the two StdRandom.discrete() methods.

It may not be obvious from your final results whether predictNext() is working as intended, so be sure to test it thoroughly. Next, test your complete MarkovLM data type before continuing. (See Testing Your MarkovLM.java Implementation below.)

Implementing Chat126.java

• Read in k and T from the command line; read the input text from standard input.
• Create a MarkovLM object of order k using the input text.
• To generate a trajectory of length T , use the first k characters in the input text as the initial \(k\)-gram and print the initial \(k\)-gram. Then, repeatedly generate and print a new random character according to the Markov model and update the \(k\)-gram to store the last k characters printed.
• Make sure to test your program on large inputs (we provide several), large outputs, and different values of k .

Should my program generate a different output each time I run it? Yes.

How can I read in the input text from standard input? Use StdIn.readAll() . Do not remove whitespace.

My random text ends in the middle of a sentence. Is that OK? Yes, that’s to be expected.

After executing the program, the command prompt appears on the same line as the random text. Is that OK? Yes. It’s because the random text does not end with a newline character. If you want to add a call to StdOut.println() at the end of your program, that’s fine—we promise not to deduct.

What does this message mean: The local variable ‘T’ must start with a lowercase letter and use camelCase? Since T is a constant, you should declare it as final , e.g., final int T = ... . Alternatively, you can rename the constant using a variable name that is more than one character.

For which values of \(k\) should my program work? It should work for all well defined values of \(k\), from 0 up to, and including, the length of the input text. As \(k\) gets larger, your program will use more memory and take longer.

My program is slow when \(T\) is large because I am concatenating the \(T\) characters, one at a time, to form string of length \(T\)). What else can I do? Do you need to form the entire string? Why not print the characters, one at a time, as you generate them?

I get an OutOfMemoryException . How do I tell Java to use more of my computer’s memory? Depending on your operating system, you may have to ask the Java Virtual Machine for more main memory beyond the default. The 500m means 500MB, and you should adjust this number depending on the size of the input text.

Testing Your MarkovLM.java Implementation

We provide a main() as a start to your testing. You will need to provide more tests.

If your method is working properly, you will get the following output:

To test predictNext() , write a loop that calls predictNext() repeatedly, and count how many times a particular character is returned. For example, with model1 above, predictNext("na") should return b about one-half of the time; with model2 above, predictNext("fish") should return o about one-quarter of the time.

Of course, you should try to define and test other models.

Testing Your Chat126.java Implementation

Be sure to test Chat126 with different values of k .

An order-0 Markov model generates a random sequence of letters where each letter appears with probability proportional to its frequency in the input text. For input17.txt there are nine g ’s, seven a ’s, and one c . So we want the probability of generating a g to be 9/17, an a to be 7/17, and a c to be be 1/17. In a sequence of 100 characters, we would therefore expect on average about 53 g ’s, 41 a ’s, and 6 c ’s.

As documented in the assignment specification, in an order-2 model for input17.txt , the next character after "ga" is a with probability 1/5 and g with probability 4/5. So, if you run the following command ten times, you should expect (on average) to see "gag " approximately eight times and "gaa" approximately two times.

Generating Text Using Different Inputs and Orders

Once you get the program working, test it on different inputs of different sizes and different orders. Does increasing the order have the effect you expect? Try your model on something that you have written or some other text you know well. Make sure to test both long inputs (we provide several) and long outputs. Here are a couple of examples (click on the ► icon to expand to expand/collapse):

Good afternoon and welcome to Opening Exercises. What a special pleasure it is to greet Princetons Great Class of 2018! I also offer a warm welcome to our new graduate students, faculty and staff members, and all of you who are returning to campus after the summer.

Today we carry on a tradition that dates back at least to 1802, when Nassau Hall was the site of an opening exercise for Princeton students. The event switched to other sites before moving in 1929 to the University Chapel, where we gather today. Todays interfaith ceremony is far different from the Christian services that greeted students in 1929, but the chapels soaring architecture and inspirational spaces continue to invite all of us, whatever our religious or ethical traditions might be, to reflect on the larger purposes that should guide our community as we begin another year on this glorious campus.

Today you join the ranks of students who have left their marks on the Princeton campus and the world for generations through their intellect, creativity and passion. You, the 1,312 members of the Class of 2018, are an extraordinarily accomplished, inspiring and diverse group. You hail from 46 states, as well as the District of Columbia. You come from 50 countries outside of the United States from Chile to the Czech Republic, from Iceland to India, from Nigeria to New Zealand. You grew to become upstanding, compassionate citizens in Happy Valley, Oregon, and Niceville, Florida. You weathered the ups and downs of life in Boiling Springs, Pennsylvania, and Frostburg, Maryland. And you learned to appreciate the lyrical majesty of language in Ho Ho Kus, New Jersey, and Oologah, Oklahoma.

Example 1 output: random Eisgruber, using order 7 model

Good afternoon and welcome to a universities around you here.

I often ask Princeton is a truly global institution. As scholars who matter most to you. And you here.

I often ask Princeton you have come to our social natures, and, more specifically, with drums and choirs and distinguished teachers, whose contributions will become upstanding.

This Universitys GREAT CLASS OF 2018! Welcome new members play indispensable roles in helping our Universitys GREAT CLASS OF 2018! I also offer insignificant, or puzzling, or uninteresting, or unsympathetic may turn out to be discourse in all disciplines here as rich with meaningful, not just of any story, can make it easy to feel without knowing exactly what he was destined to appreciate the lyrical majesty of language in Ho Ho Kus, New Jersey, and

[Enter DUKE SENIOR, AMIENS, and two or three Lords, like foresters]

DUKE SENIOR Now, my co-mates and brothers in exile, Hath not old custom made this life more sweet Than that of painted pomp? Are not these woods More free from peril than the envious court? Here feel we but the penalty of Adam, The seasons’ difference, as the icy fang And churlish chiding of the winter’s wind, Which, when it bites and blows upon my body, Even till I shrink with cold, I smile and say ‘This is no flattery: these are counsellors That feelingly persuade me what I am.’ Sweet are the uses of adversity, Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous, Wears yet a precious jewel in his head; And this our life exempt from public haunt Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks, Sermons in stones and good in every thing. I would not change it.

AMIENS Happy is your grace, That can translate the stubbornness of fortune Into so quiet and so sweet a style.

DUKE SENIOR Come, shall we go and kill us venison? And yet it irks me the poor dappled fools, Being native burghers of this desert city, Should in their own confines with forked heads Have their round haunches gored.

Example 2 output: random Shakespeare, using order 6 model

DUKE SENIOR Now, my co-mates and thus bolden’d, man, how now, monsieur Jaques, Unclaim’d of his absence, as the holly! Though in the slightest for the fashion of his absence, as the only wear.

TOUCHSTONE I care not for meed! This I must woo yours: your request than your father: the time, That ever love I broke my sword upon some kind of men Then, heigh-ho! sing, heigh-ho! sing, heigh-ho! sing, heigh-ho! unto the needless stream; ‘Poor deer,’ quoth he, ‘Call me not so keen, Because thou the creeping hours of the sun, As man’s feasts and women merely players: Thus we may rest ourselves and neglect the cottage, pasture? Enter DUKE FREDERICK Can in his time in my heartily, And have me go with your fortune In all this fruit Till than bear the arm’s end: I will through Cleanse the uses of the way to look you. Know you not, master, Sighing like upon a stone another down his bravery is not so with his effigies with my food: To speak my mind, and inquisition And unregarded age in corners throat, He will come hither: He dies that hath engender’d: And you to the bed untreasured of the brutish sting it.

Submit to to TigerFile : MarkovLM.java , Chat126.java , completed readme.txt and acknowledgments.txt files . Include in your readme.txt two of the most entertaining language-modeling fragments that you discover.

Challenge for the bored 1.

The current assignment only handles ASCII characters. However, many text collections use Unicode characters, such as those with diacritic marks (e.g.: ā ă ą ç é ē î ï ĩ í ĝ ġ ń ñ ö š ŝ ś û ů ŷ Á Ç) and other characters (e.g., 😀 ł đ ħ œ ⺆).

Extend your solution so that it replaces and/or removes such Unicode characters in your text. Hint - use the API provided in the ToASCII.java class. Try your solution on a text that contains Unicode.

Challenge for the bored 2.

Extend your solution to handle Unicode text, not just ASCII.

Challenge for the bored 3.

Imagine you receive a message where some of the characters have been corrupted by noise. We represent unknown characters by the ~ symbol (and assume the character ~ does not appear in the original text). Devise a scheme based on the Markov model to determine the most likely value for each corrupted character. Assume unknown characters are at least \(k\) characters apart (and appear at least \(k\) characters away from the start and end of the message). Test your new method by writing a client program FixCorrupted.java that takes as arguments the model order and the noisy string. The program prints the most likely original string:

We actually asked ChatGPT this question, and here’s its response (slightly editted):

Markov models and Large Language Models (LLMs) are both used for generating text but operate on different principles.

Markov Models: These are based on the Markov property, which states that the future state of a system depends only on its present state, not on the sequence of events that preceded it. In the context of text generation, a Markov model predicts the next word in a sequence based current k-gram.

Large Language Models (LLMs): These are more sophisticated models based on neural networks, particularly variants like GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) models. LLMs leverage deep learning techniques to capture complex patterns and dependencies in text data. They are trained on large corpora of text and can generate coherent and contextually relevant sequences of text. Unlike Markov models, LLMs do not rely solely on fixed-length context windows but instead learn contextual representations of words and phrases based on their entire input sequence.

While both Markov models and LLMs can generate text, LLMs generally produce more fluent and contextually appropriate text due to their ability to capture long-range dependencies and contextual nuances. However, Markov models are simpler and more interpretable, making them suitable for certain text generation tasks, especially when computational resources are limited.

We are implementing the model Shannon described in his landmark paper. But the one reads until this letter is encountered method in his quote on the assignment page is, ironically, not a statistically accurate example of his model. If we run your program with input wawawaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaawy then w should be followed by a 75% of the time, while the read until model will follow w with a only 15% of the time. What would be involved in simulating this other model? Which one do you think gives more realistic text?

Here’s a website that generates pseudo-random computer science papers . It uses something called a context-free grammar instead of a Markov chain, but otherwise is similar in spirit to what you are doing on this assignment.

Here are Garfield comics generated by a Markov chain.

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