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Human Anatomy Worksheets and Study Guides

Human Anatomy Worksheets

This is a collection of free human anatomy worksheets. The completed worksheets make great study guides for learning bones, muscles, organ systems, etc. The worksheets come in a variety of formats for downloading and printing. In most cases, the PDF worksheets print the best. But, you may prefer to work online with Google Slides or print the PNG images.

Do you need a particular worksheet, but don’t see it? Ideas for worksheet topics you want covered are welcome!

Human Anatomy Worksheets

These worksheets cover major organs and organ systems.

Anatomy of the Heart Worksheet

Label the Heart

Label the parts of the human heart.

[ Google Apps worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Anatomy of the Eye Worksheet

Label the Eye

Label the parts of the eye.

[ Google Apps worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ answers PDF ][ worksheet PNG ]

Types of Blood Cells Worksheet

Types of Blood Cells

Identify the types of blood cells.

[ worksheet Google Apps ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

The Main Anterior Muscles Worksheet

Label the Muscles

Label the major anterior muscles.

[ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Anatomy of the ear worksheet

Label the Ear

Label the human ear.

[ Google Apps worksheet ][ Worksheet PDF ][ Worksheet PNG ][ Answers PNG ]

Anatomy of the Lungs Worksheet

Label the Lungs

Identify the parts of the lungs.

Anatomy of a Kidney Worksheet

Label the Kidney

Label the parts of the kidney.

Anatomy of the Liver Worksheet

Label the Liver

Identify the anatomy of the liver.

Anatomy of the Large Intestine Worksheet

Label the Large Intestine

Label the parts of the large intestine.

Anatomy of the Stomach Worksheet

Label the Stomach

Label the human stomach.

[ Google Apps worksheet ] [Worksheet PDF ][ Worksheet PNG ][ Answers PNG ]

External Nose Anatomy Worksheet

External Nose Anatomy

Identify the parts of the nose.

[ Worksheet PDF ][ Worksheet Google Apps ][ Worksheet PNG ][ Answers PNG ]

Anatomy of the Nose Worksheet

Parts of the Nose

Here’s another way of identifying nose anatomy.

The Skeletal System Worksheet

Label Bones of the Skeleton

Identify major bones of the skeleton.

[ Google Apps worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ answers PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Anatomy of a Lymph Node - Worksheet

Label the Lymph Node

Label the lymph node.

Anatomy of a Skull Worksheet

Label the Human Skull

[ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet Google Apps ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Advanced Anatomy of a Skull Worksheet

Label the Skull (Advanced)

Anatomy of of the Brain Worksheet

Label the Parts of the Brain

Identify parts of a human brain.

Lobes of the Brain Worksheet

Label the Lobes of the Brain

Identify the different lobes of the brain.

Anatomical Directions of the Brain Worksheet

Brain Anatomical Sections

Explore anatomical sections using a human brain as a reference.

Arteries of the Brain Worksheet

Arteries of the Brain

Identify major brain arteries.

Anatomy of the Pancreas Worksheet

Label the Pancreas

Label the parts of the human pancreas.

Anatomy of the Spleen Worksheet

Label the Spleen

Label spleen anatomy.

The Digestive System Worksheet

Label the Digestive System

Identify parts of the human digestive system.

The Respiratory System Worksheet

Label the Respiratory System

Label the respiratory system.

Anatomy of a Neuron Worksheet

Parts of a Neuron

Identify parts of a neuron.

Lip Anatomy Worksheet

Label the Lips

Label human lips.

Anatomy of the Skin Worksheet

Label the Skin

Label layers and structures in skin.

The Circulatory System Worksheet

Label the Circulatory System

Label the circulatory system.

The Excretory System Worksheet

The Urinary Tract

[ Worksheet PDF ][ Worksheet Google Apps ][ Worksheet PNG ][ Answer Key PNG ]

Anatomy of the Bladder Worksheet

The Bladder

Female Reproductive System Anatomy Worksheet

The Female Reproductive System

The Teeth Worksheet

Label Human Teeth

Identifying Body Organs Worksheet

Identify Organs #1

Identify Organ Systems by Organ Worksheet 1 Worksheet

Identify Organ Systems #1

Identifying Body Organs Worksheet 2

Identify Organs #2

Identify Organ Systems by Organ Worksheet 2

Identify Organ Systems #2

  • Diagram of the Human Eye [ JPG ]

Human Anatomy Worksheets Terms of Use

You are welcome to print these resources for personal or classroom use. They may be used as handouts or posters. They may  not  be posted elsewhere online, sold, or used on products for sale.

This page doesn’t include all of the assets on the Science Notes site. If there’s a table or worksheet you need but don’t see, just let us know. The same goes if you need a different file format.

Related Posts

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1.4 Anatomical Terminology

Learning objectives.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

  • Use appropriate anatomical terminology to identify key body structures, body regions, and directions in the body
  • Demonstrate the anatomical position
  • Describe the human body using directional and regional terms
  • Identify three planes most commonly used in the study of anatomy
  • Distinguish between major body cavities

Anatomists and health care providers use terminology that can be bewildering to the uninitiated; however, the purpose of this language is not to confuse, but rather to increase precision and reduce medical errors. For example, is a scar “above the wrist” located on the forearm two or three inches away from the hand? Or is it at the base of the hand? Is it on the palm-side or back-side? By using precise anatomical terminology, we eliminate ambiguity. For example, you might say a scar “on the anterior antebrachium 3 inches proximal to the carpus”. Anatomical terms are derived from ancient Greek and Latin words. Because these languages are no longer used in everyday conversation, the meaning of their words do not change.

Anatomical terms are made up of roots, prefixes, and suffixes. The root of a term often refers to an organ, tissue, or condition, whereas the prefix or suffix often describes the root. For example, in the disorder hypertension, the prefix “hyper-” means “high” or “over,” and the root word “tension” refers to pressure, so the word “hypertension” refers to abnormally high blood pressure.

Anatomical Position

To further increase precision, anatomists standardize the way in which they view the body. Just as maps are normally oriented with north at the top, the standard body “map,” or anatomical position , is that of the body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward as illustrated in Figure 1.4.1 . Using this standard position reduces confusion. It does not matter how the body being described is oriented, the terms are used as if it is in anatomical position. For example, a scar in the “anterior (front) carpal (wrist) region” would be present on the palm side of the wrist. The term “anterior” would be used even if the hand were palm down on a table.

This illustration shows an anterior and posterior view of the human body. The cranial region encompasses the upper part of the head while the facial region encompasses the lower half of the head beginning below the ears. The eyes are referred to as the ocular region. The cheeks are referred to as the buccal region. The ears are referred to as the auricle or otic region. The nose is referred to as the nasal region. The chin is referred to as the mental region. The neck is referred to as the cervical region. The trunk of the body contains, from superior to inferior, the thoracic region encompassing the chest, the mammary region encompassing each breast, the abdominal region encompassing the stomach area, the coxal region encompassing the belt line, and the pubic region encompassing the area above the genitals. The umbilicus, or naval, is located at the center of the abdomen. The pelvis and legs contain, from superior to inferior, the inguinal or groin region between the legs and the genitals, the pubic region surrounding the genitals, the femoral region encompassing the thighs, the patellar region encompassing the knee, the crural region encompassing the lower leg, the tarsal region encompassing the ankle, the pedal region encompassing the foot and the digital/phalangeal region encompassing the toes. The great toe is referred to as the hallux. The regions of the upper limbs, from superior to inferior, are the axillary region encompassing the armpit, the brachial region encompassing the upper arm, the antecubital region encompassing the front of the elbow, the antebrachial region encompassing the forearm, the carpal region encompassing the wrist, the palmar region encompassing the palm, and the digital/phalangeal region encompassing the fingers. The thumb is referred to as the pollux. The posterior view contains, from superior to inferior, the cervical region encompassing the neck, the dorsal region encompassing the upper back and the lumbar region encompassing the lower back. The regions of the back of the arms, from superior to inferior, include the cervical region encompassing the neck, acromial region encompassing the shoulder, the brachial region encompassing the upper arm, the olecranal region encompassing the back of the elbow, the antebrachial region encompasses the back of the arm, and the manual region encompassing the palm of the hand. The posterior regions of the legs, from superior to inferior, include the gluteal region encompassing the buttocks, the femoral region encompassing the thigh, the popliteus region encompassing the back of the knee, the sural region encompassing the back of the lower leg, and the plantar region encompassing the sole of the foot. Some regions are combined into larger regions. These include the trunk, which is a combination of the thoracic, mammary, abdominal, naval, and coxal regions. The cephalic region is a combination of all of the head regions. The upper limb region is a combination of all of the arm regions. The lower limb region is a combination of all of the leg regions.

A body that is lying down is described as either prone or supine. Prone describes a face-down orientation, and supine describes a face up orientation. These terms are sometimes used in describing the position of the body during specific physical examinations or surgical procedures.

Regional Terms

The human body’s numerous regions have specific terms to help increase precision (see Figure 1.4.1 ). Notice that the term “brachium” or “arm” is reserved for the “upper arm” and “antebrachium” or “forearm” is used rather than “lower arm.” Similarly, “femur” or “thigh” is correct, and “leg” or “crus” is reserved for the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle. You will be able to describe the body’s regions using the terms from the figure.

Directional Terms

Certain directional anatomical terms appear throughout this and any other anatomy textbook ( Figure 1.4.2 ). These terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures. For instance, an anatomist might describe one band of tissue as “inferior to” another or a physician might describe a tumor as “superficial to” a deeper body structure. Commit these terms to memory to avoid confusion when you are studying or describing the locations of particular body parts.

  • Anterior (or ventral ) describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. The toes are anterior to the foot.
  • Posterior (or dorsal ) describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. The popliteus is posterior to the patella.
  • Superior (or cranial ) describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper. The orbits are superior to the oris.
  • Inferior (or caudal ) describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column). The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen.
  • Lateral describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. The thumb (pollex) is lateral to the digits.
  • Medial describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. The hallux is the medial toe.
  • Proximal describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The brachium is proximal to the antebrachium.
  • Distal describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The crus is distal to the femur.
  • Superficial describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones.
  • Deep describes a position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the skull.

This illustration shows two diagrams: one of a side view of a female and the other of an anterior view of a female. Each diagram shows directional terms using double-sided arrows. The cranial-distal arrow runs vertically behind the torso and lower abdomen. The cranial arrow is pointing toward the head while the caudal arrow is pointing toward the tail bone. The posterior/anterior arrow is running horizontally through the back and chest. The posterior or dorsal arrow is pointing toward the back while the anterior, or ventral arrow, is pointing toward the abdomen. On the anterior view, the proximal/distal arrow is on the right arm. The proximal arrow is pointing up toward the shoulder while the distal arrow is pointing down toward the hand. The lateral-medial arrow is a horizontal arrow on the abdomen. The medial arrow is pointing toward the navel while the lateral arrow is pointing away from the body to the right. Right refers to the right side of the woman’s body from her perspective while left refers to the left side of the woman’s body from her perspective.

Body Planes

A section is a two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut. Modern medical imaging devices enable clinicians to obtain “virtual sections” of living bodies. We call these scans. Body sections and scans can be correctly interpreted, only if the viewer understands the plane along which the section was made. A plane is an imaginary, two-dimensional surface that passes through the body. There are three planes commonly referred to in anatomy and medicine, as illustrated in Figure 1.4.3 .

  • The sagittal plane divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. If it divides the body into unequal right and left sides, it is called a parasagittal plane or less commonly a longitudinal section.
  • The frontal plane divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion. The frontal plane is often referred to as a coronal plane. (“Corona” is Latin for “crown.”)
  • The transverse (or horizontal) plane divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross sections.

This illustration shows a female viewed from her right, front side. The anatomical planes are depicted as blue rectangles passing through the woman’s body. The frontal or coronal plane enters through the right side of the body, passes through the body, and exits from the left side. It divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves. The sagittal plane enters through the back and emerges through the front of the body. It divides the body into right and left halves. The transverse plane passes through the body perpendicular to the frontal and sagittal planes. This plane is a cross section which divides the body into upper and lower halves.

Body Cavities

The body maintains its internal organization by means of membranes, sheaths, and other structures that separate compartments. The main cavities of the body include the cranial, thoracic and abdominopelvic (also known as the peritoneal) cavities. The cranial bones create the cranial cavity where the brain sits. The thoracic cavity is enclosed by the rib cage and contains the lungs and the heart, which is located in the mediastinum. The diaphragm forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and separates it from the more inferior abdominopelvic/peritoneal cavity. The abdominopelvic/peritoneal cavity is the largest cavity in the body. Although no membrane physically divides the abdominopelvic cavity, it can be useful to distinguish between the abdominal cavity, (the division that houses the digestive organs), and the pelvic cavity, (the division that houses the organs of reproduction).

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

To promote clear communication, for instance, about the location of a patient’s abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, health care providers typically divide up the cavity into either nine regions or four quadrants ( Figure 1.4.4 ).

This illustration has two parts. Part A shows the abdominopelvic regions. These regions divide the abdomen into nine squares. The upper right square is the right hypochondriac region and contains the base of the right ribs. The upper left square is the left hypochondriac region and contains the base of the left ribs. The epigastric region is the upper central square and contains the bottom edge of the liver as well as the upper areas of the stomach. The diaphragm curves like an upside down U over these three regions. The central right region is called the right lumbar region and contains the ascending colon and the right edge of the small intestines. The central square contains the transverse colon and the upper regions of the small intestines. The left lumbar region contains the left edge of the transverse colon and the left edge of the small intestine. The lower right square is the right iliac region and contains the right pelvic bones and the ascending colon. The lower left square is the left iliac region and contains the left pelvic bone and the lower left regions of the small intestine. The lower central square contains the bottom of the pubic bones, upper regions of the bladder and the lower region of the small intestine. Part B shows four abdominopelvic quadrants. The right upper quadrant (RUQ) includes the lower right ribs, right side of the liver, and right side of the transverse colon. The left upper quadrant (LUQ) includes the lower left ribs, stomach, and upper left area of the transverse colon. The right lower quadrant (RLQ) includes the right half of the small intestines, ascending colon, right pelvic bone and upper right area of the bladder. The left lower quadrant (LLQ) contains the left half of the small intestine and left pelvic bone.

The more detailed regional approach subdivides the cavity with one horizontal line immediately inferior to the ribs and one immediately superior to the pelvis, and two vertical lines drawn as if dropped from the midpoint of each clavicle (collarbone). There are nine resulting regions. The simpler quadrants approach, which is more commonly used in medicine, subdivides the cavity with one horizontal and one vertical line that intersect at the patient’s umbilicus (navel).

Chapter Review

Ancient Greek and Latin words are used to build anatomical terms. A standard reference position for mapping the body’s structures is the normal anatomical position. Regions of the body are identified using terms such as “occipital” that are more precise than common words and phrases such as “the back of the head.” Directional terms such as anterior and posterior are essential for accurately describing the relative locations of body structures. Images of the body’s interior commonly align along one of three planes: the sagittal, frontal, or transverse.

Review Questions

Critical thinking questions.

In which direction would an MRI scanner move to produce sequential images of the body in the frontal plane, and in which direction would an MRI scanner move to produce sequential images of the body in the sagittal plane?

If the body were supine or prone, the MRI scanner would move from top to bottom to produce frontal sections, which would divide the body into anterior and posterior portions, as in “cutting” a deck of cards. Again, if the body were supine or prone, to produce sagittal sections, the scanner would move from left to right or from right to left to divide the body lengthwise into left and right portions.

This work, Anatomy & Physiology, is adapted from Anatomy & Physiology by OpenStax , licensed under CC BY . This edition, with revised content and artwork, is licensed under CC BY-SA except where otherwise noted.

Images, from Anatomy & Physiology by OpenStax , are licensed under CC BY except where otherwise noted.

Access the original for free at https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-introduction .

Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2019 by Lindsay M. Biga, Staci Bronson, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Kristen Oja, Devon Quick, Jon Runyeon, OSU OERU, and OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Introduction

Chapter objectives.

After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

  • Distinguish between anatomy and physiology, and identify several branches of each
  • Describe the structure of the body, from simplest to most complex, in terms of the six levels of organization
  • Identify the functional characteristics of human life
  • Identify the four requirements for human survival
  • Define homeostasis and explain its importance to normal human functioning
  • Use appropriate anatomical terminology to identify key body structures, body regions, and directions in the body
  • Compare and contrast at least four medical imaging techniques in terms of their function and use in medicine

Though you may approach a course in anatomy and physiology strictly as a requirement for your field of study, the knowledge you gain in this course will serve you well in many aspects of your life. An understanding of anatomy and physiology is not only fundamental to any career in the health professions, but it can also benefit your own health. Familiarity with the human body can help you make healthful choices and prompt you to take appropriate action when signs of illness arise. Your knowledge in this field will help you understand news about nutrition, medications, medical devices, and procedures and help you understand genetic or infectious diseases. At some point, everyone will have a problem with some aspect of their body and your knowledge can help you to be a better parent, spouse, partner, friend, colleague, or caregiver.

This chapter begins with an overview of anatomy and physiology and a preview of the body regions and functions. It then covers the characteristics of life and how the body works to maintain stable conditions. It introduces a set of standard terms for body structures and for planes and positions in the body that will serve as a foundation for more comprehensive information covered later in the text. It ends with examples of medical imaging used to see inside the living body.

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Want to cite, share, or modify this book? This book uses the Creative Commons Attribution License and you must attribute OpenStax.

Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-introduction
  • Authors: J. Gordon Betts, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, Peter DeSaix
  • Publisher/website: OpenStax
  • Book title: Anatomy and Physiology 2e
  • Publication date: Apr 20, 2022
  • Location: Houston, Texas
  • Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-introduction
  • Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-introduction

© Dec 19, 2023 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

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2.1: Lab Exercise 1- The Language of Anatomy

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Lab Summary: In this lab, you will practice using anatomical terminology, identifying body regions, planes, cavities, and serous membranes. This exercise will help you learn the “ABCs” of A&P, which uses a language all its own! The information in this lab is also applicable to your lecture course for chapter 1. You will use this information throughout your study of A&P and classes involving human bodies. For example, if you know the location of the axillary region, you will know where an axillary temperature is taken. In another example, if you know the definition and application for the term proximal, you will know that a proximal fracture (break) in the femur is closer to the hip than the knee.

Your objectives for this lab are:

Describe the anatomical position, and explain its importance when using anatomical terminology

Use proper anatomical terminology to describe

  • body regions and the location of these regions to each other (ex. The otic regions are posterior and lateral to the tip of the nose)
  • orientation and direction (anterior/ventral, posterior/dorsal, medial lateral, proximal, distal, inferior/caudal, superior/cranial, superficial, deep)
  • body planes (sagittal, transverse, frontal/coronal)

Name the body cavities and indicate the important organs in each. Cavities to concentrate on are

  • Dorsal, cranial, and vertebral
  • Ventral, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, pleural, pericardial
  • Location of visceral vs parietal membranes
  • Pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal membranes

Anatomical Language

Anatomists and health care providers use terminology to precisely talk about the anatomy of the human body that can seem overwhelming at first. The purpose of this language is not to confuse, but rather to increase precision, efficiency, and to reduce medical errors. For example, if you tell a friend that you have a scar “above the wrist” is it located on the forearm two or three inches away from the hand? Or is it at the base of the hand? Is it on the palm-side or back-side? By using precise anatomical terminology, including anatomical position, regional terms, directional terms, body planes, and body cavities, we can eliminate ambiguity and increase precision.

Anatomical terms are made up of roots, prefixes, and suffixes. The root of a term often refers to an organ, tissue, or condition, whereas the prefix or suffix often describes the root. For example, in the disorder hypertension, the prefix “hyper-” means “high” or “over,” and the root word “tension” refers to pressure, so the word “hypertension” refers to abnormally high blood pressure.

Anatomical Position

Anatomists have standardized the position of the body when it is referenced using descriptive terms to increase precision in language. Just as maps are normally oriented with north at the top, the standard body “map,” called anatomical position, is that of the body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward (see Figures 1.3 or 1.4 for an example). Using this standard position helps reduce confusion and increase precision while describing parts of the human body. It does not matter how the body being described is oriented (ex: a doctor describing their patient who is sitting on an exam table), the terms are used as if that person is in anatomical position. For example, a scar in the “anterior (front) carpal (wrist) region” would always be present on the palm side of the wrist. The term “anterior” would always be used even if the hand were palm down on a table.

A body that is lying down is described as either prone or supine. Prone describes a face-down orientation, and supine describes a face up orientation. These terms are sometimes used in describing the position of the body during specific physical examinations or surgical procedures and you may hear the terms used to describe the position of the cadavers used in this course.

Activity 1.1: Learning Regional Terms

The human body’s numerous regions have specific terms to help increase precision in language (see Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Notice that the term “brachium” or “arm” is reserved for the “upper arm” and “antebrachium” or “forearm” is used rather than “lower arm.” Similarly, “femur” for “thigh” is correct, and “leg” or “crus” is reserved for the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle.

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In the next activities, you will answer questions using the terms you learned in this activity.

Activity 1.2: Applying Directional Terms

Anatomists use a standard group of terms to describe directions concerning the human body (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). Do remember that these terms are relative! These terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures. For instance, an anatomist might describe one band of tissue as “inferior to” another or a physician might describe a tumor as “superficial to” a deeper body structure. Learning these terms now is critical to avoid confusion when you are studying or describing the locations of particular body parts in this course and in any future study of the human body.

  • Anterior (or ventral ) - Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. For example, the toes are found on the anterior portion of the foot.
  • Posterior (or dorsal ) - Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. For example, the spinal column is posterior to the sternum.
  • Superior (or cranial ) - Describes a position above or higher than another part of the body. For example, the eyes are superior to the mouth. Superior and cranial can often be used interchangeably though cranial is used to specifically refer to a structure near or toward the head. In quadrupeds the terms sometimes cannot be used interchangeably.
  • Inferior (or caudal ) - Describes a position below or lower than another part of the body. For example, the pelvis is inferior to the abdomen. Inferior and caudal can often be used interchangeably though caudal is used to specifically refer to a structure near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column). In quadrupeds the terms sometimes cannot be used interchangeably.
  • Lateral - Describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. For example, the thumb is lateral to the other digits.
  • Medial - Describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. For example, the big toe is the most medial toe.
  • Proximal - Describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. For example, the upper arm is proximal to the wrist.
  • Distal - Describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. For example, the foot is distal to the thigh.
  • Superficial - Describes a position closer to the surface of the body. For example, the skin is superficial to the bones.
  • Deep - Describes a position farther from the surface of the body. For example, the brain is deep to the skull.
  • Contralateral - Describes structures found on opposite sides of the body (right vs. left side). For example, the right foot is contralateral to the left arm.
  • Ipsilateral - Describes structures found on the same side of the body. For example, the right hand and right shoulder are ipsilateral.

Behaviorism_1.gif

Procedure for Activity 1.2: Applying Directional Terms

Part 1 Procedure: Anatomical Position Using the definition of anatomical position (found in the background information) and proper anatomical language, take turns with your lab partner to give simple, one-movement verbal instructions to transition from the given starting positions (listed in the table below), so that the other person ends up in anatomical position. Write your detailed step-by-step instructions in the provided table. 

Part 2 Procedure: Labeling Anatomical and Regional Terminology

  • Obtain tape and paper (or sticky notes) and two of the following models (a torso model, mini muscle person torso, skeleton)
  • Directional terms: Superior, lateral, caudal, proximal, superficial, dorsal
  • Regional terms: axillary, brachial, femoral, coxal, cephalic, olecranal, popliteal, antecubital, acromial, ocular, thoracic
  • Once you are done, have another group check your accuracy and make any necessary corrections.
  • Then, have your instructor or TA check your accuracy.

Part 3 Procedure: Applying Anatomical and Regional Terminology Use appropriate anatomical and regional terminology to fill in the blanks in the questions below.

  • The eyes are _______________________________, _________________________, and _______________________________ to the tip of the nose.
  • The antecubital region is _________________________to the olecranal region.
  • The bones are _____________________ to the muscles that move them.
  • The patellar region is _______________________ to the tarsal region.
  • The sternal region is ________________________ to the mamillary regions.
  • The most distal region of the leg is the ____________________________ region.
  • The umbilical region is _________________________ to the mental region.
  • The most superficial organ of the human body is the _____________________.
  • The crease that forms when you flex (bend) your leg at the hip is called the _____________________ region.
  • When you clap, the two regions of the hand that meet to make sound are the ___________________ regions.

Activity 1.3: Learning Body Sections & Planes

Body Planes

A section is a two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut. Modern medical imaging devices enable clinicians to obtain “virtual sections” of living bodies which we call these scans. Body sections and scans can be correctly interpreted, however, only if the viewer understands the plane along which the section was made. A plane is an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body. There are three planes commonly referred to in anatomy and medicine (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)).

  • Sagittal plane - Divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. If it divides the body into unequal right and left sides, it is called a parasagittal plane.
  • Frontal plane - Divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion. The frontal plane is sometimes referred to as a coronal plane.
  • Transverse plane - Divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross sections.

Behaviorism_1.gif

Body Cavities and Associated Serous Membranes

The body maintains its internal organization by means of membranes, sheaths, and other structures that separate compartments. The dorsal (posterior) cavity and the ventral (anterior) cavity are the largest body compartments (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)). These cavities contain delicate internal organs, and the ventral cavity allows for significant changes in the size and shape of the organs as they perform their functions. The lungs, heart, stomach, and intestines, for example, can change their shape considerably during expansion or contraction without distorting other tissues or disrupting the activity of nearby organs since they are found in cavities.

Behaviorism_1.gif

The dorsal and ventral cavities are each subdivided into smaller cavities (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)). In the dorsal cavity, the cranial cavity houses the brain, and the vertebral (spinal) cavity encloses the spinal cord. Just as the brain and spinal cord make up a continuous, uninterrupted structure, the cranial and spinal cavities that house them are also continuous. The brain and spinal cord are protected by the bones of the skull and vertebral column and by cerebrospinal fluid, a colorless fluid produced by the brain, which cushions the brain and spinal cord within the dorsal cavity.

The ventral cavity has two main subdivisions: the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. The thoracic cavity is the more superior subdivision of the anterior cavity, and it is enclosed by the rib cage. The thoracic cavity contains the lungs (each found in a pleural cavity and surrounded by pleural membranes) and the heart (found in a pericardial cavity and surrounded by pericardial membranes). Many organs in the ventral cavity have both a visceral serous membrane and a parietal serous membrane. The visceral membrane lies directly on the organ; the parietal membrane is more superficial, and, thus, closer to the external body wall. Between the two membranes is a thin, lubricating fluid. The diaphragm forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and separates it from the more inferior abdominopelvic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity, containing the peritoneal membranes, is the largest cavity in the body. Although no membrane physically divides the abdominopelvic cavity, it can be useful to distinguish between the abdominal cavity, the division that primarily houses the digestive organs, and the pelvic cavity, the division that primarily houses the organs of reproduction.

Procedure for Activity 1.3: Learning Body Sections & Planes

  • Obtain a large torso model.
  • Using the information in Activity 1.3 and the torso model, fill in the table below. If there is more than one organ in a cavity, list at least two organs.
  • Then, answer the multiple-choice questions below.

For each of the following questions there could be one or more than one correct answer.

Choose the body plane(s) that would allow you to see both lungs at the same time:

A) Midsagittal

B) Parasagittal

D) Transverse

2. Choose all possible body plane(s) that would allow you to see the brain and the spinal cord:

A) Sagittal

C) Transverse

3. Choose the body plane(s) that would allow you to see the brain but not the spinal cord:

4. Choose the body plane(s) that would allow you to see the right eye but not the left eye:

 5. The serous membrane around the heart that sits directly on the heart itself is called _________.

A)  visceral pleura

B)  visceral pericardium

C)  visceral peritoneum

D)  parietal pericardium

E)  parietalpleura

Additional Learning Resources:

  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4vayAF4atI&feature=youtu.be
  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UJ4sylQsEM&feature=youtu.be

Practice anatomical terminology and labeling of regions, cavities, and membranes here:

  • https://wps.pearsoned.com/bc_marieb_hap_9_oa/218/55856/14299219.cw/index.html (choo se chapter 1)
  • https://wps.pearsoned.com/bc_martini_fap_8_oa/93/23992/6141952.cw/index.html (choose chapter 1)
  • http://academic.pgcc.edu/~aimholtz/AandP/PracPrac/2050_Lab1/Lab1_Terminology.html (Terminology)
  • http://academic.pgcc.edu/~aimholtz/AandP/PracPrac/2050_Lab2/Lab2_RegionsAndCavities.html (regions and cavities)
  • https://webanatomy.umn.edu/ch1-topics (regions and cavities)

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Label the Heart Worksheet by Alexis Forgit | TPT

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Heart Anatomy Drawing at GetDrawings | Free download

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