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Identifying the Highest Paying Jobs

• 25 Highest Paid Occupations

The Bottom Line

• Salaries & Compensation

25 Highest Paying Jobs in the U.S.

Government data show that healthcare dominates the salary ladder

Ariel Skelley / Getty Images

Healthcare jobs top the list of the highest-paid jobs, and the sector’s future is bright . According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) , employment in healthcare occupations is projected to grow 13% from 2021 to 2031. This should add about two million new jobs. This growth is due to "the need to replace workers who leave their occupations permanently,” according to the agency. For comparison, the BLS projects overall job growth in the U.S. of 5.3% between 2021 and 2031.

Here's a snapshot of the highest-paid jobs. Be sure to read on for the details of each.

Key Takeaways

• Healthcare professions top the list of highest-paid jobs with projected growth of 13% by 2031.
• Twenty-two of the 25 highest-paying occupations are healthcare positions.
• Corporate chief executives are in the highest-paid profession outside of the healthcare field.
• The average projected growth rate for all jobs between 2021 to 2031 is 5.3%.
• Being your own employer, or owning your own practice, will significantly affect salary potential. However, that is not considered here outside of chief executive officers (CEOs).

Rankings are based on salary data from the BLS. Instead of using median salaries for each occupation, which signify the annual wage of a typical employee in that role, the BLS uses mean , or average salaries in the annual report, National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates.

1. Cardiologist: $353,970

Cardiologists are surgeons who "diagnose, treat, manage, and prevent diseases or conditions of the cardiovascular system," according to the BLS. Some specialize in procedures designed to intervene in heart conditions, including balloon angioplasty and stent placement. Others center their work around echocardiography, the use of electrodes to examine and treat the chambers of the heart, or electrophysiology, which involves the heart's electrical system.

Cardiologists are often scheduled to work during normal business hours, but that can turn into a 50- to 60-hour work week based on patient load and heart-related events over which doctors have no control. Even with regular scheduling, somebody has to be available or on duty for evenings, weekends, and holidays.

• Education: Following completion of an undergraduate degree program—preferably in chemistry, mathematics, engineering, or psychology—an aspiring cardiologist must complete four years of medical school and six to eight more years of general internal medicine training and specialized cardiology training through a residency. Being a qualified cardiologist also requires passing a certification exam administered by the American Board of Internal Medicine. On average, it can take 14 years to become a cardiologist.
• Job Outlook: Overall, employment is expected to grow 3% from 2021 to 2031, according to the BLS.

2. Anesthesiologist: $331,190

The BLS defines anesthesiologists as physicians who “administer anesthetics and analgesics for pain management prior to, during, or after surgery.” This highly specialized career is second on the list of highest-earning professions.

Work hours for an anesthesiologist can be long and unpredictable since they follow the schedule of the operating room. Anesthesiologists need to be there for both scheduled surgeries and emergency procedures, adding to the unpredictable nature of the work day.

• Education: Following four years of medical school, aspiring anesthesiologists in the U.S. typically complete a four-year residency in anesthesiology and possibly even more, depending on the subspecialty; they must also pass a licensing exam.
• Job Outlook: Overall, employment is expected to grow 1% from 2021 to 2031, according to the BLS.

3. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon: $311,460

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons treat a wide range of diseases, injuries, and defects in and around the mouth and jaw. Among the more common problems they’re likely to manage are wisdom teeth, misaligned jaws, and tumors and cysts of the jaw and mouth. They may also perform dental implant surgery.

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons work for hospitals, large medical centers, and dental practices. They may be professors at dental schools or supervisors of residents in training. Many oral and maxillofacial surgeons open their own practices. They work very long hours performing intricate and complex surgeries. Oral surgeons may also need to be on call for emergencies that require immediate treatment.

• Education: Typically, oral and maxillofacial surgeons require an undergraduate degree, a four-year dental degree, and at least four years of residency. After their training, surgeons often take a two-part exam to become certified in the United States by the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.
• Job Outlook: From 2021 to 2031, employment is expected to increase by 5%, according to the BLS.

4. Emergency Medicine Physician: $310,640

As the title implies, emergency medicine physicians must make on-the-spot medical decisions to prevent death or serious injury. They have to act immediately to evaluate, stabilize, and care for patients who have often suffered trauma. They may supervise emergency medical staff in an emergency department.

Emergency medicine physicians are often called to work irregular or long hours to care for patients, especially in emergency situations. They may work overnight or on weekends to care for a constantly shifting patient load.

• Education: Following a path similar to other physicians, a would-be ER doctor must earn a bachelor's degree, gain entrance to medical school, complete that four-year degree, complete a four-year residency as an ER physician, pass a licensing exam, and ultimately earn Emergency Medicine Certification.
• Job Outlook: The BLS projects 3% job growth between 2021 to 2031 for ER doctors, or the addition of 1,300 positions during the decade.

5. Orthopedic Surgeon, Except Pediatric: $306,220

Orthopedic surgeons "diagnose and perform surgery to treat and prevent rheumatic and other diseases in the musculoskeletal system," according to the BLS.

Most orthopedic surgeons work in a hospital setting or in private clinics. This can involve both scheduled and emergency surgery, resulting in a sometimes hectic schedule and long hours. For example, back or neck surgeries can sometimes take an entire day without breaks.

• Education: Orthopedic surgery is a medical specialty that begins with earning a bachelor's degree, followed by admission to medical school and postgraduate training in orthopedic surgery. Residency in a surgery center or clinic is followed by a state-administered exam and successful board certification in the state where the surgeon plans to practice.
• Job Outlook: The BLS projects 3% job growth between 2021 to 2031 for orthopedic surgeons.

6. Dermatologist: $302,740

Dermatologists diagnose and treat diseases relating to the skin, hair, and nails. They may perform both medical and dermatological surgery functions.

Dermatologists can either work in private practice and/or attend clinics at major teaching hospitals and institutions. Dermatologists rarely work unscheduled or erratic hours. The majority work a set schedule and have normal work hours of between 30 and 40 hours a week.  

Education: Like other physicians, dermatologists typically need a bachelor’s degree as well as a degree from a medical school, which takes four years to complete. Depending on their specialty, they also need three to nine years of internship and residency and must pass certification exams. Specialization requires additional training in a fellowship of one to three years.

Job outlook: The number of dermatologist jobs is expected to increase by 3% from 2021 to 2031, according to the BLS.

7. Radiologist: $301,720

A radiologist is a physician who diagnoses and treats diseases and injuries using medical imaging techniques, such as X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine, and ultrasound. They may perform minimally invasive medical procedures and tests.

Most of a radiologist's work is done in an office setting and involves interpreting images, reading reports, and going over the results and diagnosis with other physicians. Most communication is done through a patient's physician, who is responsible for applying the results and making treatment decisions.

• Education: Becoming a radiologist requires about 13 years of education and training, including a bachelor's degree, four years of medical school, residency, a fellowship, and ultimately licensure and board certification.
• Job Outlook: Overall employment of radiologists is projected to grow 4% from 2021 to 2031.

8. Surgeon, Other: $297,800

A surgeon is responsible for operating on patients with injuries or illnesses. Duties include reviewing patient X-rays and communicating with the patient about the procedure, preparing for surgery, and completing surgeries with the assistance of other surgeons, nurses, and surgical technicians.

On average, a general surgeon works 50 to 60 hours per week (not including time available for on-call duty). Depending on the practice, surgeons can be on call nearly 24 hours a day, seven days a week.  

• Education: All physicians, including surgeons, must first complete an undergraduate degree program, usually in a science area such as biology or chemistry. This is followed by four years of medical school and a three-year residency. After that, a multi-year internship in the surgery department of a hospital is required, plus licensing and certification.
• Job outlook: The number of surgeons is expected to increase by 3% from 2021 to 2031, according to the BLS.

What Fields Have the Highest Paying Jobs?

While doctors have high incomes, it's difficult to succeed in the medical field, and there are many other paths to a high income. Here are the top ten occupational categories by average annual salary, according to the BLS:

• Management Occupations, including executives: Annual average income $137,750
• Legal Occupations , including lawyers and paralegals: Annual average income $133,820
• Computer and Mathematical Occupations : Annual average income $113,140
• Healthcare (including doctors, nurses, and technicians): Annual average income $102,060
• Architecture and Engineering Occupations : Annual average income $99,090
• Business and Financial Operations Occupations : Annual average income $90,580
• Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations : Annual average income $87,870
• Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations : Annual average income $75,520
• Educational Instruction and Library Occupations : Annual average income $66,400
• Construction and Extraction Occupations : Annual average income $61,500

9. Obstetrician-Gynecologist: $296,210

Doctors who specialize in vaginal, ovarian, uterine, and cervical reproductive health and childbirth are known as obstetrician-gynecologists or OB-GYNs. This is a medical specialty that focuses on providing medical care related to pregnancy or childbirth. These doctors also diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases of people with female reproductive systems, particularly those affecting that system.

While the work schedule usually involves seeing patients on a regularly scheduled basis, attending to a patient giving birth can occur at any time of the day or night and requires being on call for these events throughout a career.

• Education: Becoming an OB-GYN requires a bachelor's degree, graduation from medical school, and the completion of an obstetrics program and a gynecology residency program, which typically lasts four years. After two years of clinical practice, these physicians have to pass a licensure exam.
• Job Outlook: The number of OB-GYN jobs is expected to increase by 2% from 2021 to 2031, according to the BLS.

10. Pediatric Surgeon: $290,310

Pediatric surgeons diagnose and perform surgery to treat fetal abnormalities and birth defects, diseases, and injuries in fetuses, premature and newborn infants, children, and adolescents. This can include many pediatric surgical specialties and subspecialties.

In most cases, pediatric surgeons get jobs at children's hospitals, community hospitals, or university medical centers. They work with a team of professionals that includes pediatricians, nurses, and surgical technicians.

• Education: Pediatric surgeons are medical doctors who have completed at least four years of medical school, five years of adult general surgery training, and two additional years of fellowship training in pediatric surgery, with licensing and certification.
• Job Outlook: The number of pediatric surgeons is expected to increase by 3% from 2021 to 2031, according to the BLS.

11. Ophthalmologist, Except Pediatric: $270,090

Ophthalmologists diagnose and perform surgery to treat and help prevent disorders and diseases of the eye. They may also provide vision services for treatment, including glasses and contacts.

Ophthalmologists generally work in private practice—seeing patients in their offices as well as performing surgery. Usually, this means working regular hours with relatively few emergencies.

• Education: Becoming an ophthalmologist requires a bachelor's degree, preferably science-based, and completion of a four-year medical school program. This is followed by an internship and residency of between three and eight years. Finally, upon passing the state medical board exam, a medical license to practice ophthalmology is issued.
• Job Outlook: The number of ophthalmologists is expected to increase by 6% from 2021 to 2031, according to the BLS.

12. Neurologist: $267,660

Neurologists diagnose and treat those with disorders of the brain and nervous system, such as Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and epilepsy.  

Neurology surgeons, like all surgeons, may stand for long periods throughout the day. Other working conditions may vary by specialty.

• Education: The general path to becoming a neurologist includes a degree from a four-year college, an MCAT exam, a medical school degree, residency, board certification, and a fellowship, followed by licensure.
• Job Outlook: The number of neurologist jobs is expected to increase by 3% from 2021 to 2031, according to the BLS.

13. Orthodontist: $267,280

Orthodontists specialize in corrective measures for the teeth and often receive referrals from patients’ general dentists. These doctors frequently take X-rays, apply braces, create mouth guards, and perform other procedures as needed.

Some orthodontists work for large orthodontic offices; others own their own practice, which requires strong management skills.

• Education: After earning a college degree, future orthodontists need to complete a dental school program that involves classroom and clinical experience. They must then complete a specialized residency program and sit for a licensing exam.
• Job Outlook: By 2031, the BLS expects the number of orthodontic jobs in the U.S. to reach 6,300, reflecting a 5% increase from 2021.

14. Physician, Pathologist: $267,180

Pathologists are physicians who diagnose diseases and conduct lab tests using organs, body tissues, and fluids. Pathology includes the work done by medical examiners.

Most clinical pathologists are employed by clinical laboratories of general hospitals and clinics, though some work in university research clinics. Pathologists often work full-time hours. Due to the nature of their industry, facilities that run 24-hour laboratories will have pathologists on staff overnight and on weekends.

• Education: Pathologists require extensive education and training, including four years of undergraduate training, four years of medical school, and three to four years in a pathology residency program, plus passing licensing exams.
• Job Outlook: Total employment among pathologists is expected to increase 4% from 2021 to 2031, according to the BLS.

15. Psychiatrist: $249,760

Psychiatrists help treat mental health issues, though there are many sub-specialties. Some work in child and adolescent psychiatry, while others specialize in forensic (legal) psychiatry, addiction psychiatry, or consultation psychiatry, which occurs in a medical setting. Others specialize in psychoanalysis, where the psychiatrist helps the patient remember and examine past events and emotions to understand their current feelings better.

Psychiatrists can be found in any number of work environments: private practice, hospitals, community agencies, schools, rehabilitation programs, and prisons.

• Education: Unlike psychologists, psychiatrists are medical doctors. After receiving an undergraduate degree, they have to complete medical school, followed by a residency program. This is followed by certification from the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology.  
• Job Outlook: Among physicians, psychiatry is expected to be one of the fastest-growing specialties over the next several years. The BLS predicts that employment will grow 9% from 2021 to 2031.

16. General Internal Medicine Physician: $242,190

Internists, who often serve as primary-care doctors or in hospitals, specialize in the care of adult patients. As with other general-practice physicians, internists see many patients and need to treat a range of ailments, from asthma and diabetes to high cholesterol and hypertension.

• Education: After receiving a college degree and successfully completing medical school, internists typically complete a residency program where they rotate through multiple healthcare specialties. Like all physicians, they need to be licensed.
• Job Outlook: Employment among general-medicine internists is expected to grow 2% between 2021 and 2031, according to the BLS.

17. Family Medicine Physician: $235,930

The BLS defines this category as physicians who "diagnose, treat, and provide preventive care to individuals and families across the lifespan." These medical doctors often refer patients to specialists for advanced treatments.

Some primary-care doctors specifically work with adults (internists) or children (pediatricians). Those who treat patients of all ages—from childhood to advanced age—are known as family physicians. Because of their varied patient population, family practice doctors generally manage a wider range of medical conditions.

• Education: After graduation from medical school, family medicine physicians complete a residency program. Doctors are required to complete a certain number of months in each training area before applying for board certification.
• Job Outlook: According to the BLS, employment among family medicine doctors is expected to grow 3% from 2021 to 2031.

18. Physician, Other $231,500

Physicians work in both clinical and nonclinical settings. Clinical settings include physicians' offices and hospitals; nonclinical settings include government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and insurance companies.

Education: Physicians typically need a bachelor’s degree as well as a medical degree, which takes an additional four years to complete. Depending on their specialty, they also need three to nine years in internship and residency programs. Subspecialization can include additional training in a fellowship of one to three years. They also need to be licensed.

Job Outlook: Overall employment of physicians and surgeons is projected to grow 3% from 2021 to 2031, slower than the average for all occupations.

19. Chief Executive: $213,020

Chief executives represent the highest-paid profession outside of the medical or dental fields. As the highest-ranking employee of a company, the CEO’s job is to make critical decisions regarding the management team , steer the organization toward new markets or product areas, and interface with the board of directors.

While highly paid, many chief executives have daunting schedules. A Harvard Business Review survey found that the average CEO spends 62.5 hours per week on the job, with about half their time spent in the office and half traveling.

• Education: Chief executive officers are generally well-educated professionals. Worldwide, according to a study by Study.eu, 98% have at least a bachelor’s degree; 64% hold at least a master’s degree or equivalent (including MBAs); and 10% have earned a doctorate.
• Job Outlook: The number of people working as top executives is expected to grow by about 6% from 2021 to 2031.

20. Nurse Anesthetist: $202,470

Nursing tends to pay well in general compared with most other career paths, and nurse anesthetists do particularly well. Per the BLS, nurse anesthetists “administer anesthesia and provide care before, during, and after surgical, therapeutic, diagnostic, and obstetrical procedures.”

While their role is similar to that of an anesthesiologist, they don’t complete the same level of training. That means becoming a nurse anesthetist takes less time and money than going to medical school and becoming a physician. Certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) may work in a broad array of different settings, including hospital surgical suites, obstetrical delivery rooms, ambulatory surgical centers, doctor’s offices, and pain-management centers.

• Education: Candidates have to graduate with a master’s degree from an accredited program, which typically takes 24 to 51 months. Some go on to complete a fellowship program, particularly if they’re specializing within the field. To become a CRNA, candidates also need at least one year of full-time experience working as a registered nurse in a critical-care setting.
• Job Outlook: It’s hard to find a job that will grow faster than nurse anesthetists over the next several years; the BLS expects employment to grow 40% between 2021 and 2031.

21. Pediatrician (General): $198,420

Pediatricians—physicians who specifically treat children—make less than internists and general practitioners but are still among the highest-paid professionals. These general practitioners perform checkups and exams for younger patients, treat common ailments, and administer immunizations. They often refer patients to a specialist when their health issues are more complex.

Pediatricians require strong critical-thinking skills, especially given the large number of patients they often serve, as well as excellent interpersonal skills and empathy.

• Education: After medical school, pediatricians enter residency programs that allow them to develop their skills in a clinical environment. They must pass licensing exams to practice, and most receive board certification to boost their prospects in the job market.
• Job Outlook: There are currently around 36,800 pediatricians practicing in the United States. The BLS expects that number to grow by 1% or 400 practitioners between 2021 and 2031.

22. Airline Pilot, Copilot, and Flight Engineer: $198,190

Working in the aviation industry can mean a lot of time away from home, but it also leads to a nice paycheck in many cases. The BLS lumps airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers into one category.

The pilot, or captain, typically has the most experience operating a plane and oversees the other members of the flight crew. The copilot is the second in command during the flight and helps the captain with responsibilities in the cockpit.

Flight engineers do preflight checks, monitor the plane’s cabin pressure, assess how much fuel is being burned, and perform other important duties. However, because of the increased amount of automation in new aircraft, there are fewer jobs for flight engineers than there used to be.

• Education: Airline pilots usually must have a bachelor’s degree and an Airline Transport Pilot certificate from the Federal Aviation Administration. They often start out as commercial pilots and accrue thousands of hours of experience in the cockpit before gaining employment with an airline.
• Job Outlook: There are roughly 87,600 individuals employed as airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers in the United States. The BLS expects that number to rise by 6% between 2021 and 2031.

23. Dentist (All Specialties): $175,160

Dentist specialists who are not oral surgeons or orthodontists also are compensated quite well. The BLS lumps these other specialists into one group. Among the practitioners included in this category are endodontists, who perform root canals and other procedures dealing with the inside of the tooth, and periodontists, who treat the gums and bones around the teeth.

• Education: Most dental programs require a bachelor’s degree with coursework in biology and chemistry. Like other dental professionals, specialists must take the Dental Admission Test to be accepted into an accredited dental program. After dental school, specialists typically complete two to three years of additional training in the field of their choice.
• Job Outlook: The BLS expects employment in the specialties listed above to increase 6% between 2021 and 2031.

24. Dentist (General): $167,160

Dentists often show up in lists of the best jobs in healthcare. In addition to attractive pay, the combination of relatively low stress and flexible scheduling adds to the appeal of this field.

In a typical week, a general dental practitioner might find themselves analyzing X-rays, filling cavities, extracting damaged teeth, and administering sealants. It’s a job that requires a strong grasp of best practices in the field, attention to detail, and the ability to develop a good rapport with patients.

• Education: While not always required to do so, dentists often select biology or other science majors as undergraduates. After college, they take the Dental Admission Test (DAT) to get into a dental school, where they learn about subjects such as local anesthesia, anatomy, periodontics, and radiology. They also receive clinical experience under the supervision of a practicing dentist.
• Job Outlook: The BLS expects overall employment among dentists to increase by 6% from 2021 to 2031, with more than 154,600 in the field.

25. Computer and Information Systems Manager: $162,930

Computer and information systems (IS) managers oversee functions such as electronic data processing, information systems, systems analysis, and computer programming. They evaluate the information technology (IT) needs of a business or government body and work with technical staff to implement computer systems that meet those objectives.

Successful managers need to develop sound plans that mesh with the goals of the organization, as well as the ability to motivate employees who are under their supervision.

Before becoming IS managers, individuals generally have several years of experience under their belt in a related field. In general, larger organizations require more seasoned IT managers than smaller companies or startups do. According to the BLS, a chief technology officer (CTO), who supervises the entire technology function at a larger organization, will often need more than 15 years of IT experience.

• Education: Most computer and information systems managers have received a bachelor’s degree in a computer-related major. Some have graduated from management information systems (MIS) programs, which add business coursework to the normal computer programming and software development classes. To advance into a managerial role, IT professionals sometimes work toward a master's of business administration (MBA) or other graduate degree. An MBA program usually takes two years of full-time study to complete, although some employees take courses part-time while they continue to work in an IT capacity.
• Job Outlook : The BLS projects that total employment will jump 16% between 2021 and 2031, much faster than the economy-wide average for job growth.

What Is the Highest Paying Job in the World?

The highest-paying job in the world, in a traditional sense, holds the number-one spot in this article: cardiologist. It is also one of only three jobs listed above $300,000 a year. The list, however, does not take into account mega-CEOs like Warren Buffett and Jeff Bezos, who make considerably more than that.

Who Gets the Highest Salary in the World?

The CEOs of massive companies always top the list. In 2023, that was Elon Musk, Tesla CEO, with a compensation of $2,400 million.

How Can I Get a High-Paying Job?

Most high-paying jobs require advanced degrees such as a doctorate of philosophy (PhD) or medical degree (MD or DO). Although some of the jobs on this list require only an undergraduate degree, the reality is that it's increasingly more difficult to land a coveted position when competing against job candidates with higher-level degrees.

When it comes to high-paying salaries, it’s hard to beat a career in healthcare. Specialists tend to earn the largest paychecks, but general practitioners and even nonphysician roles, such as nurse anesthetists, certainly bring in attractive salaries. If the medical field isn’t for you, careers such as engineering and management can also lead to lucrative jobs.

Note that compensation beyond salary can bring high remuneration in fields not on the Bureau of Labor Statistics top jobs list. With bonuses, pay for Wall Street mutual fund managers can easily exceed $1 million . And of course, the bulk of the world's wealthiest individuals are entrepreneurs or heirs of entrepreneurs. Healthcare isn't the only route. So if you're uncomfortable with jobs involving blood (or flying), there are other choices.

Correction—April 10, 2024: This article has been corrected to explain that to become a cardiologist, students need to attend six to eight years of residency after medical school, not four.

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What's the best state for you », u.s. news & world report announces the 2023 best jobs.

Software developer ranks No. 1; health care jobs remain prominent.

U.S. News Announces the 2023 Best Jobs

Washington, D.C. – U.S. News & World Report, the global authority in rankings and consumer advice, today announced the 2023 Best Jobs . The rankings offer a look at the best jobs across 17 categories – from sectors such as business , health care and technology – to help job seekers at every level achieve their career goals. Outcomes take into account the most important aspects of a job, including growth potential, work-life balance and salary.

While nearly 40% of the top 100 Best Jobs are in health care or health care support roles, a technology job – software developer – captured the No. 1 spot this year.

“Software developers are becoming increasingly critical for the growth and sustained success of businesses across industries,” says Janica Ingram, careers editor at U.S. News. “The 10-year outlook for the occupation is strong and expected to grow at an above-average rate. It is predicted to be in high demand, because of the rising number of products and services that leverage software. Low unemployment and a high median salary also contribute to the appeal of this career.”

Following software developer in the overall rankings is nurse practitioner at No. 2, medical and health services manager at No. 3 and physician assistant at No. 4. In addition, pilot debuted in the top 50 this year at No. 47 due to its higher scoring in work-life balance, salary and future prospects.

“It is unsurprising that jobs in health care continue to dominate the Best Jobs rankings. This year’s cold and flu season reiterates the everpresent human need for health care practitioners,” says Ingram. “The higher-than-average salaries, low unemployment rates and strong future prospects for many of these roles certainly reflect that.”

Health care jobs also continue to rank high among the Careers With the Most Job Security , with the industry capturing 13 of that list’s top 20 jobs. Nurse practitioner captured No. 1, while dentist took the No. 3 spot, physician assistant landed at No. 4 and orthodontist came in at No. 5.

The 2023 Best Jobs rankings offer job seekers detailed information on training and education requirements, median salary, and job satisfaction across diverse sectors, including social services , education , construction , and creative and media . For individuals interested in pursuing science , technology , engineering and math, also known as the STEM fields, U.S. News compiles the Best STEM Jobs . Best Jobs Without a College Degree and Highest Paying Jobs Without a Degree are also offered for those who did not attend or finish college.

To calculate Best Jobs, U.S. News draws data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics to identify jobs with the greatest hiring demand. Jobs are then scored using seven component measures: 10-year growth volume, 10-year growth percentage, median salary, employment rate, future job prospects, stress level and work-life balance. For further details on how the rankings were calculated, see the methodology .

For more information, visit Best Jobs and share the rankings on Facebook and Twitter using #BestJobs .

2023 U.S. News Best Jobs Rankings

*See the full list of the Best Jobs here .

100 Best Jobs

• Software Developer
• Nurse Practitioner
• Medical and Health Services Manager
• Physician Assistant
• Information Security Analyst

Best Technology Jobs

• Web Developer
• Computer Systems Analyst

Best Health Care Jobs

• Physical Therapist 
• Veterinarian

Best Business Jobs

• Medical and Health Services Manager 
• Financial Manager
• Market Research Analyst 
• Logistician
• Management Analyst

Media Contact : Santierra Hutson; [email protected] ; 614-704-3292.

About U.S. News & World Report

U.S. News & World Report is the global leader in quality rankings that empower consumers, business leaders and policy officials to make better, more informed decisions about important issues affecting their lives and communities. A multifaceted digital media company with Education, Health, Money, Travel, Cars, News, Real Estate and 360 Reviews platforms, U.S. News provides rankings, independent reporting, data journalism, consumer advice and U.S. News Live events. More than 40 million people visit USNews.com each month for research and guidance. Founded in 1933, U.S. News is headquartered in Washington, D.C.

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100 highest-paying jobs in America

Fewer companies plan to give raises in 2024 compared to the previous year as the scramble to retain employees eases. Of all the companies surveyed by Payscale Inc. for its  2024 Compensation Best Practices , 79% report they would offer salary increases, which is a drop from 86% in 2023, and significantly lower than 92% in 2022. Average pay increase is also down 0.3% compared to 2023.

Pay hikes that were higher than usual became common during the coronavirus pandemic as companies sought to keep workers and replace those who had left.

As of February 2024, unemployment in the United States was at 3.9%.

What are the top-paying jobs in the country? Stacker ranked the 100 highest-paying jobs in America using May 2022 data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics , which was updated on April 25, 2023.

Engineers in a variety of fields make this list, as do educators, particularly those working in postsecondary settings. As expected, medical professionals post a strong showing, as well as managers. There are surprises, too. For example, would you have guessed that an art director earns, on average, more than a financial analyst?

Jobs are ranked according to their median annual wage; the median hourly wage and total employment nationwide are also included. Positions that report only hourly wages due to the nature of the work were excluded from this analysis. Additionally, any jobs that listed "all other" in the occupation name also were excluded as these are groupings of jobs, and the data may not accurately reflect every one.

Stacker breaks down what the jobs entail, what skills are required, and how interested people can get a start in the field. Click through to find out which professions offer the best-paying positions.

#100. First-line supervisors of police and detectives

- Median annual wage: $96,290 - Median hourly wage: $46.29 - Total employment: 131,860 people

People in this line of work are tasked with training staff in proper police procedures , supervising and coordinating criminal investigations, and resolving internal organizational problems. A majority of first-line supervisors work in local government , but the best-paying gigs are in the federal executive branch.

#99. Mechanical engineers

- Median annual wage: $96,310 - Median hourly wage: $46.31 - Total employment: 277,560 people

The field of mechanical engineering is quite broad. People who work in the profession can specialize in many projects, from creating medical devices to designing elevators—even something akin to those nifty paternosters in Germany . Bachelor degree programs heavy in mathematics and science serve as a base for many future mechanical engineers.

#98. Industrial engineers

- Median annual wage: $96,350 - Median hourly wage: $46.32 - Total employment: 321,400 people

Industrial engineers integrate the various components that go into making a product, among them machines and materials. They typically need a bachelor's degree in industrial engineering or such related fields as mechanical or electrical engineering. Where they work can depend on the project.

#97. Makeup artists, theatrical and performance

- Median annual wage: $96,370 - Median hourly wage: $46.33 - Total employment: 2,970 people

The movie and video industries hire the greatest number of makeup artists and are among those that pay them the most. Another promising business for makeup artists: amusement parks. As could be expected, many work in New York, California, and Florida.

#96. Forestry and conservation science teachers, postsecondary

- Median annual wage: $96,500 - Median hourly wage: Not available - Total employment: 1,270 people

The field of foresters and conservation scientists is expected to grow by 5% through 2031 so teachers will be needed to help those future employees learn their skills. Montana, Maine, Wisconsin, Oregon, and Colorado have the highest concentration of teaching jobs .

#95. Environmental engineers

- Median annual wage: $96,530 - Median hourly wage: $46.41 - Total employment: 45,440 people

Environmental engineers are vital in creating projects that protect the environment, such as pollution control systems. Their work isn't complete the moment a project plan is finalized, though. Environmental engineers must also obtain permits for work, perform quality-control checks, and monitor progress, along with other duties. Entry-level jobs in this field require a bachelor's degree, with preference given to graduates of schools with an Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology program.

#94. Marine engineers and naval architects

- Median annual wage: $96,910 - Median hourly wage: $46.59 - Total employment: 7,450 people

Engineers in this field design and develop marine vessels , ranging from small submarines to huge aircraft carriers. Besides understanding all the ins and outs of a vessel, marine engineers must also be skilled in performing environmental tests for the optimal operation of their vessels. Most engineers and architects have a bachelor's degree and a strong background in calculus and physics.

#93. Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers

- Median annual wage: $97,490 - Median hourly wage: $46.87 - Total employment: 7,390 people

In addition to finding potential mining sites , these engineers design mines for the safe extraction of minerals. Future mining and geological engineers study for a bachelor's degree in engineering programs, with various states requiring specific certification training.

#92. Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific products

- Median annual wage: $97,710 - Median hourly wage: $46.97 - Total employment: 290,830 people

Salespeople in this field often need technical or scientific knowledge in biology, engineering, chemistry, or electronics. They typically sell goods—equipment or software, for example—for wholesalers or manufacturers, a job that requires at least two years of postsecondary education.

#91. Physical therapists

- Median annual wage: $97,720 - Median hourly wage: $46.98 - Total employment: 229,740 people

The demand for physical therapists is projected to grow much faster than average, at 17% through 2031. Those entering the field will need a doctor of physical therapy degree and have a state-issued license.

#90. Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary

- Median annual wage: $97,770 - Median hourly wage: Not available - Total employment: 11,150 people

Postsecondary teachers in atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences lead courses in physical sciences , except for physics and chemistry. Before earning the master's or doctorate degree necessary to teach on the postsecondary level, aspiring professors typically take on an undergraduate course load with a strong focus on geometry, calculus, algebra, and statistics.

#89. Computer programmers

- Median annual wage: $97,800 - Median hourly wage: $47.02 - Total employment: 132,740 people

The once hot field of computer programmers is on the decline as part of the shrinking tech industry. Programmers or software engineers represented nearly 20% of the 170,000 or so tech industry layoffs in 2023, according to data provided to Vox by Revelio Labs. Employment in the field is expected to decline 10% between 2021 to 2031.

#88. General and operations managers

- Median annual wage: $98,100 - Median hourly wage: $47.16 - Total employment: 3.4 million people

General and operations managers formulate policies, manage daily operations, and assist across the board in a company's day-to-day activities . Many managers are skilled in customer relationship management (CRM) software and enterprise resource planning (ERP) software.

#87. Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

- Median annual wage: $98,560 - Median hourly wage: $47.39 - Total employment: 169,910 people

Managers in this field plan, direct, and coordinate the transportation, storage, and distribution of products. Though no advanced degree is necessary, individuals working in this field usually have particularly strong verbal and problem-solving skills.

#86. Sociologists

- Median annual wage: $98,590 - Median hourly wage: $47.40 - Total employment: 2,980 people

Sociologists usually need at least a master's degree to enter the field, which involves studying social behavior and societies. They conduct research , work for state governments or in universities or other educational settings, or are self-employed.

#85. Statisticians

- Median annual wage: $98,920 - Median hourly wage: $47.56 - Total employment: 30,780 people

Statisticians use mathematical or statistical theory to break down numbers into useful, helpful information. While various fields employ statisticians, many work in science, medical, and pharmaceutical fields, and the federal government employs several thousand statisticians. A master's degree is usually required , though some statistician jobs require only a bachelor's.

#84. Special effects artists and animators

- Median annual wage: $98,950 - Median hourly wage: $47.57 - Total employment: 35,990 people

Special effects artists and animators typically study computer graphics, art, or a similar field to develop the skills they will need for the work. They usually need a bachelor's degree to work and are hired in such fields as the movie or video industries, by software publishers, or by advertising agencies or public relations companies.

#83. Elevator and escalator installers and repairers

- Median annual wage: $99,000 - Median hourly wage: $47.60 - Total employment: 24,380 people

Workers in this field install, maintain, and fix not only elevators and escalators, but also moving walkways and other lifts. A high school diploma or the equivalent is typically needed, though nearly all learn their skills in an apprenticeship. Most states require a license.

#82. Facilities managers

- Median annual wage: $99,030 - Median hourly wage: $47.61 - Total employment: 116,980 people

Facilities managers are responsible for the operations of buildings , which might include a campus and the surrounding grounds. The largest employers are often local governments; management companies; real estate companies; elementary and secondary schools; and colleges, universities, and professional schools.

#81. Bioengineers and biomedical engineers

- Median annual wage: $99,550 - Median hourly wage: $47.86 - Total employment: 19,210 people

Biomedical engineers design and create a variety of equipment, computer systems, and software to improve everything from medical research in fields like human tissue growth to the creation of artificial organs. Workers in this field obtain a bachelor's degree in biomedical engineering or bioengineering, and typically have experience in other fields, like physiology or even circuit design.

#80. Software quality assurance analysts and testers

- Median annual wage: $99,620 - Median hourly wage: $47.89 - Total employment: 196,420 people

Software quality assurance analysts and testers are charged with identifying any problems with computer applications or programs and reporting on defects. The analysts typically need a bachelor's degree to enter the field. They work for software publishers or in manufacturing.

#79. Database administrators

- Median annual wage: $99,890 - Median hourly wage: $48.03 - Total employment: 80,520 people

Database administrators store and organize data, test and implement computer databases, and work to resolve any performance issues. They might also install security measures to safeguard against cyber attacks. Top-paying industries for database administrators include computer manufacturers, central banks, wholesalers and retailers, and the manufacturers of navigational and other control instruments.

#78. Medical scientists, except epidemiologists

- Median annual wage: $99,930 - Median hourly wage: $48.04 - Total employment: 110,550 people

To enter this field and study human diseases and human health , workers typically obtain a doctorate after commonly earning a bachelor's degree in chemistry, biology, or another related field. Besides lab work, medical scientists often create their own grant proposals.

#77. Education administrators, postsecondary

- Median annual wage: $99,940 - Median hourly wage: $48.05 - Total employment: 167,060 people

Postsecondary education administrators have varying duties depending on school size . For example, at smaller schools, these administrators may handle athletics and oversee academics and faculty research. Most postsecondary education administrators have a master's degree in a field like social work or marketing, but it is not unheard of for small schools to occasionally hire administrators with only a bachelor's degree. That said, a dean of a school, for example, needs a higher level of education—typically a doctorate—to take on that role.

#76. Materials engineers

- Median annual wage: $100,140 - Median hourly wage: $48.15 - Total employment: 21,510 people

Materials engineers develop, process, and test specially designed materials for specific functions. They can focus on one general area like alloys or plastics and obtain a bachelor's degree in materials science or a closely related engineering field to pursue the career.

#75. Health specialties teachers, postsecondary

- Median annual wage: $100,300 - Median hourly wage: Not available - Total employment: 207,700 people

Postsecondary health specialties teachers educate students in fields like therapy, veterinary medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry . A master's or doctorate degree is a requirement to teach one of the above courses at postsecondary institutions, along with an understanding of medical software like the Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System .

#74. Nuclear technicians

- Median annual wage: $100,420 - Median hourly wage: $48.28 - Total employment: 5,880 people

Nuclear technicians help physicists and engineers in nuclear research and the production of nuclear energy. They usually need an associate's degree to enter the field and go through thorough on-the-job training. Job prospects are dimming, with the field projected to decline 17% from 2021 to 2031. Nuclear energy is not only controversial, but nuclear reactors are expensive to build.

#73. Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors

- Median annual wage: $100,660 - Median hourly wage: $48.40 - Total employment: 21,520 people

Individuals working in the health and safety engineering space can be found specializing in industrial safety and health, fire prevention and safety, and product safety . Texas, California, and New York are the states with the highest employment for health and safety engineers, not including mining safety engineers and inspectors. Alaska, New Mexico, and Delaware are also good locales to begin a career in this field, as they have the highest concentrations of jobs.

#72. Education administrators, kindergarten through secondary

- Median annual wage: $101,320 - Median hourly wage: Not available - Total employment: 285,910 people

School administrators —among them superintendent, assistant superintendents, and principals—typically need a master's degree before being hired. They also often have five years or more of experience, including in the classroom.

#71. Construction managers

- Median annual wage: $101,480 - Median hourly wage: $48.79 - Total employment: 303,220 people

Construction managers do more than supervise projects; they are also in charge of budgeting, explaining contracts, and selecting subcontractors to work on specific assignments. Although most construction managers have a bachelor's degree, there is a lot of on-the-job training that comes with working in this field.

#70. Power plant distributors and dispatchers

- Median annual wage: $101,650 - Median hourly wage: $48.87 - Total employment: 9,380 people

In power plant operations, distributors and dispatchers are in charge of systems that generate electric power and distribute it. Usually a high school diploma or an equivalent is required to enter the field. Those in the field receive long term on-the-job training.

#69. Financial risk specialists

- Median annual wage: $102,120 - Median hourly wage: $49.10 - Total employment: 55,800 people

Financial risk specialists analyze market risks to an individual's or a company's assets, and can make recommendations to limit exposure. They typically enter the field with a bachelor's degree and work for central banks and other financial institutions. Employment in the field is expected to grow 9% until 2031, higher than the average for all occupations.

#68. Computer systems analysts

- Median annual wage: $102,240 - Median hourly wage: $49.15 - Total employment: 505,210 people

With so many workplaces dependent on the internet and email, computer systems analysts are essential for staying up to date with emerging industry trends, configuring new hardware and software , and training company users. Bachelor's degrees in information sciences can help future analysts study everything from software development to database design .

#67. Veterinarians

- Median annual wage: $103,260 - Median hourly wage: $49.64 - Total employment: 78,810 people

Veterinarians do more than take care of sick animals. These doctors perform surgeries, advise owners on best care practices , and, sometimes, euthanize ill pets. Before starting a practice, a veterinarian needs to earn a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree and must pass the North American Veterinary Licensing Examination .

#66. Electrical engineers

- Median annual wage: $103,320 - Median hourly wage: $49.67 - Total employment: 182,210 people

Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and oversee the manufacturing of electrical equipment for military, industrial, scientific, or commercial use. Electrical engineers need a bachelor's degree and usually have a background studying physics and math.

#65. Administrative services managers

- Median annual wage: $103,330 - Median hourly wage: $49.68 - Total employment: 236,570 people

Administrative services managers plan so that organizations operate efficiently. They might be responsible for mail distribution or other office support or for such functions as records and information management. They usually need a bachelor's degree and experience in a related field. The job outlook is for 7% growth between 2021 and 2031, about average for all occupations.

#64. Data scientists

- Median annual wage: $103,500 - Median hourly wage: $49.76 - Total employment: 159,630 people

Data scientists analyze data, looking for insights, and use machine learning to make decisions. Usually a bachelor's degree in mathematics, statistics, or computer science is needed to be hired and some employers prefer master's or doctorate degrees.

#63. Engineering teachers, postsecondary

- Median annual wage: $103,550 - Median hourly wage: Not available - Total employment: 36,010 people

Postsecondary engineering teachers educate students in chemical, electrical, mechanical, and several other engineering fields . A doctorate degree is usually a prerequisite for roles in this field, along with coursework in math and English.

#62. Biochemists and biophysicists

- Median annual wage: $103,810 - Median hourly wage: $49.91 - Total employment: 32,500 people

These scientists study the physical and chemical principles of living things through a variety of methods, including isolating and analyzing DNA and researching drug effects. Most biochemists and biophysicists earn a doctorate degree in biochemistry before beginning their work in the field.

#61. Commercial pilots

- Median annual wage: $103,910 - Median hourly wage: Not available - Total employment: 48,750 people

To become a commercial pilot for airplanes or helicopters, a trainee must obtain a commercial pilot certificate from the Federal Aviation Administration. Airline pilots also need an Airline Transport Pilot certificate. Commercial pilots can also become instructors , teaching through the use of simulators and dual-controlled aircraft.

#60. Economics teachers, postsecondary

- Median annual wage: $103,930 - Median hourly wage: Not available - Total employment: 11,640 people

Postsecondary economics educators teach courses in economics . Mostly, postsecondary teaching positions require a bachelor's in economics or a related field, and a doctorate in economics.

#59. Materials scientists

- Median annual wage: $104,380 - Median hourly wage: $50.18 - Total employment: 7,620 people

Materials scientists master the structures and chemical properties of various natural and synthetic materials , including metals, semiconductors, alloys, and polymers. Sometimes, they also work to develop new materials. Before studying substances at molecular and atomic levels, these scientists regularly beef up on chemistry during undergraduate studies before earning a master's or doctorate degree.

#58. Medical and health services managers

- Median annual wage: $104,830 - Median hourly wage: $50.40 - Total employment: 476,750 people

Health care executives and health care administrators, commonly known as medical and health services managers, direct and coordinate medical and health services . The administrators make sure staff are up to date on training and represent workers at board and investor meetings. A master's degree is common among these managers, along with certifications from the Professional Association of Health Care Office Management.

#57. Art directors

- Median annual wage: $105,180 - Median hourly wage: $50.57 - Total employment: 54,470 people

The creative genius of art directors affects the visual style of various print media publications, product branding, and even movies and television. After earning a bachelor's degree in art or design, aspiring art directors occasionally pursue a master of fine arts degree. With the proliferation of social media platforms like Instagram , art directors—and art directors in the making—share their work to wider audiences, thus strengthening the reach of their work portfolios.

#56. Chemical engineers

- Median annual wage: $106,260 - Median hourly wage: $51.09 - Total employment: 20,380 people

At their core, chemical engineers are problem-solvers . In particular, they use fundamental principles of chemistry, biology, physics, and math to address any problems that might pertain to the production of things like food, fuel, and other products. Most chemical engineers have a bachelor's degree and earn a professional engineering license.

#55. Fundraising managers

- Median annual wage: $107,390 - Median hourly wage: $51.63 - Total employment: 26,240 people

Fundraising managers oversee campaigns to raise money for organizations. They usually are required to have at least a bachelor's degree and sometimes a master's degree and may need five years or more of work experience in a related field. The field is expected to grow 8% between 2021 and 2031.

#54. Industrial production managers

- Median annual wage: $107,560 - Median hourly wage: $51.71 - Total employment: 211,710 people

An industrial production manager ensures that workers meet goals, writes production reports , and keeps workflow on schedule. Most managers earn a bachelor's degree and occasionally pick up extra certifications, such as a Certified in Production and Inventory Management designation.

#53. Electronics engineers, except computer

- Median annual wage: $108,170 - Median hourly wage: $52.00 - Total employment: 106,640 people

Deploying knowledge of electronic theory and materials properties , electronics engineers not focusing on computers are responsible for electronic systems in commercial, scientific, industrial, and military use. Strong math and English backgrounds are useful in this field, as well as a bachelor's degree.

#52. Sales engineers

- Median annual wage: $108,530 - Median hourly wage: $52.18 - Total employment: 59,700 people

In selling science and tech products and services to businesses, sales engineers must have top-notch interpersonal skills. A bachelor's degree in engineering is common for these workers, and on-the-job company training is often a prerequisite to getting started.

#51. Law teachers, postsecondary

- Median annual wage: $108,860 - Median hourly wage: Not available - Total employment: 14,830 people

Postsecondary law teachers specialize in teaching law courses after obtaining a law degree or doctorate. Many law professors also have a background studying government or political science.

#50. Information security analysts

- Median annual wage: $112,000 - Median hourly wage: $53.85 - Total employment: 163,690 people

Information security analysts plan and implement security measures to protect computer networks and systems. Most companies require a bachelor's degree or an MBA in information systems. Analysts can also obtain further credentials by becoming a Certified Information Systems Security Professional .

#49. Mathematicians

- Median annual wage: $112,110 - Median hourly wage: $53.90 - Total employment: 2,070 people

Mathematicians are involved in mathematical research related to science, management, and other fields. Some mathematicians design surveys or polls and come into the field with at least a master's degree.

#48. Economists

- Median annual wage: $113,940 - Median hourly wage: $54.78 - Total employment: 16,370 people

Economists research trends, analyze data, and evaluate economic issues . Their work is largely based on statistics and information gathered by surveys or the use of software and mathematical models. A master's degree or doctorate is common in the field, but some government workers can enter with just a bachelor's degree under their belts.

#47. Actuaries

- Median annual wage: $113,990 - Median hourly wage: $54.80 - Total employment: 25,010 people

Actuaries use statistics, mathematics, and financial theory to analyze risk and uncertainty . They then present these findings to government officials, shareholders, and company executives. Earning a bachelor's degree with coursework in economics, statistics, and corporate finance is not uncommon on the path to becoming an actuary.

#46. Nuclear power reactor operators

- Median annual wage: $115,870 - Median hourly wage: $55.71 - Total employment: 5,450 people

Only six states—South Carolina, Tennessee, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Mississippi— regularly employ nuclear power reactor operators , but finding a job in this position pays handsomely. Contrary to what Homer Simpson may do in his TV job, these workers adjust control rods, which affects the amount of electricity generated from a nuclear reactor. They also monitor the reactors, along with turbines and generators, and keep records of equipment performance. While education level varies for workers, candidates need to obtain a Nuclear Regulatory Commission license.

#45. Training and development managers

- Median annual wage: $120,000 - Median hourly wage: $57.69 - Total employment: 39,550 people

Managers of training and development oversee staff, align training with company needs, and develop and implement training programs . Some positions require a master's degree, and managers often take courses to enhance their skills, like those offered by the International Society for Performance Improvement .

#44. Nurse midwives

- Median annual wage: $120,880 - Median hourly wage: $58.12 - Total employment: 7,950 people

Nurse midwives are advanced practice registered nurses , offering specialty patient care. Midwives diagnose and coordinate every aspect of the birthing process, which they are qualified to do after receiving the necessary certification. To maintain a status as a certified nurse midwife, the American Midwifery Certification Board requires recertification every five years.

#43. Nurse practitioners

- Median annual wage: $121,610 - Median hourly wage: $58.47 - Total employment: 258,230 people

Nurse practitioners diagnose and treat illnesses while also promoting good health and disease prevention. Nurse practitioners can be primary or specialized care providers for specific patients, including geriatric, pediatric, or mental health patients. Along with a master's degree, nurse practitioners often require various certifications, such as those offered by the American Nurses Credentialing Center .

#42. Nuclear engineers

- Median annual wage: $122,480 - Median hourly wage: $58.89 - Total employment: 12,250 people

Nuclear engineers seek the best benefits from nuclear energy and radiation . In particular, nuclear engineers apply nuclear energy and radiation to medical purposes. Most jobs in nuclear engineering require a master's degree or doctorate from an Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology -accredited program.

#41. Optometrists

- Median annual wage: $125,590 - Median hourly wage: $60.38 - Total employment: 40,640 people

Optometrists perform more tasks than prescribing glasses and giving eye exams. They also diagnose diseases, injuries, and vision disorders . All optometrists obtain a Doctor of Optometry Degree and complete the National Board of Examiners in Optometry exam.

#40. Physician assistants

- Median annual wage: $126,010 - Median hourly wage: $60.58 - Total employment: 140,910 people

Physician assistants perform a wide variety of tasks , including treatment, completing physicals, counseling, and prescribing medication. In some cases, when a physician only has limited availability, a physician assistant can serve as a primary care provider in their place. In addition to earning a bachelor's degree, many physician assistants are registered nurses or EMTs.

#39. Aerospace engineers

- Median annual wage: $126,880 - Median hourly wage: $61.00 - Total employment: 61,580 people

Aerospace engineers design spacecraft, aircraft, satellites, and even missiles . A bachelor's degree is a prerequisite, and specific requirements may also exist within specific concentrations of aerospace engineering. For example, aerospace engineers working on national defense projects may require particular security clearance and prove U.S. citizenship.

#38. Computer network architects

- Median annual wage: $126,900 - Median hourly wage: $61.01 - Total employment: 173,920 people

These specialized architects design intranets , local area networks, and wide area networks. After completing a bachelor's degree program—usually in computer science, information systems, or engineering—aspiring computer network architects usually log 5-10 years of work in information technology systems before transitioning into computer network architecture.

#37. Software developers

- Median annual wage: $127,260 - Median hourly wage: $61.18 - Total employment: 1.5 million people

Software developers, who are responsible for designing computer applications or programs, usually need a bachelor's degree in computer and information technology or a similar field. Some employers require a master's degree.

#36. Advertising and promotions managers

- Median annual wage: $127,830 - Median hourly wage: $61.46 - Total employment: 22,010 people

These managers create posters, giveaways, coupons, and contests to create interest in a person or product. Market research is a crucial part of the workflow of advertising and promotions managers. Many in the field hold a bachelor's degree in advertising or journalism.

#35. Political scientists

- Median annual wage: $128,020 - Median hourly wage: $61.55 - Total employment: 5,660 people

Political scientists study political systems and research governments, policies, and trends in both U.S. politics and foreign relations. Many political scientists hold a master's degree or doctorate in political science or focus postgraduate studies in public administration or public policy.

#34. Astronomers

- Median annual wage: $128,330 - Median hourly wage: $61.70 - Total employment: 2,160 people

Astronomers study how energy and matter interact and interpret how astronomical phenomena can be applied to practical problems . Astronomers can also develop new scientific equipment or software data. For jobs in astronomy, a doctorate in astronomy is required.

#33. Medical dosimetrists

- Median annual wage: $128,970 - Median hourly wage: $62.01 - Total employment: 3,190 people

Medical dosimetrists devise radiation treatment plans as members of a radiation oncology team . They use computer sciences and mathematics to calculate the doses needed and oversee the plans' implementation. They typically work in hospitals or doctors' offices. Some medical dosimetrist education programs require applicants to be a registered radiation therapist .

#32. Public relations managers

- Median annual wage: $129,430 - Median hourly wage: $62.23 - Total employment: 64,280 people

Public relations managers often need at least a bachelor's degree and sometimes a master's degree as well as related work experience. Some specialties for which demand has grown: crisis management and celebrity management. Experts in the field are predicting continued expansion and a need for services.

#31. Human resources managers

- Median annual wage: $130,000 - Median hourly wage: $62.50 - Total employment: 181,360 people

Overseeing interviewing, recruiting, and hiring of staff are essential tasks completed by human resources managers. They also handle staff issues, mediate disputes, and discipline workers. Aside from a bachelor's degree, many human resources managers also get certifications from the Society for Human Resource Management and other organizations.

#30. Sales managers

- Median annual wage: $130,600 - Median hourly wage: $62.79 - Total employment: 536,390 people

Sales managers prepare budgets, keep track of customer preferences, project sales, and create special pricing plans . Most sales managers have at least a bachelor's degree and typically hold some kind of experience as sales representatives.

#29. Compensation and benefits managers

- Median annual wage: $131,280 - Median hourly wage: $63.11 - Total employment: 16,850 people

A company's benefits can affect employee happiness, so the role of compensation and benefits manager sets structures, determines competitive wages, and chooses outside partners to work with, including insurance brokers and investment managers. Most managers hold a bachelor's degree and can earn further certification through associations like the HR Certification Institute .

#28. Purchasing managers

- Median annual wage: $131,350 - Median hourly wage: $63.15 - Total employment: 75,070 people

Purchasing managers oversee buyers, purchasing officers, and other workers who deal with products, purchasing materials, and services for a company. Most purchasing managers hold a bachelor's degree with previous experience in procurement. Further certifications are available through the American Purchasing Society and other organizations, as well.

#27. Petroleum engineers

- Median annual wage: $131,800 - Median hourly wage: $63.37 - Total employment: 20,540 people

Petroleum engineers are in charge of extracting oil and gas from below the Earth's surface. These engineers design specialized equipment and inventive ways to inject water, gases, steam, or chemicals into an oil reserve to push out more oil or gas. To become a petroleum engineer, one usually earns a bachelor's degree in engineering, sometimes followed by obtaining a professional engineering license.

#26. Air traffic controllers

- Median annual wage: $132,250 - Median hourly wage: $63.58 - Total employment: 21,250 people

Air traffic controllers ensure that an aircraft maintains safe distances, issue landing and takeoff instructions, and inform pilots of weather hazards . There are several paths to becoming a controller, including earning degrees offered by Federal Aviation Administration Air Traffic Collegiate Training Initiative programs. Three years or more of work experience in the field could also be considered as qualifiers for a job as an air traffic controller.

#25. Computer hardware engineers

- Median annual wage: $132,360 - Median hourly wage: $63.64 - Total employment: 74,640 people

Computer hardware engineers are important in making sure processors, circuit boards, networks, and routers work effectively . These engineers also design new hardware and update existing equipment to work with new software. Most computer hardware engineers earn a bachelor's degree from an Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology -accredited program.

#24. Pharmacists

- Median annual wage: $132,750 - Median hourly wage: $63.82 - Total employment: 325,480 people

Pharmacists dispense prescriptions, provide immunizations such as flu shots, and conduct health and wellness screenings . Pharmacists earn a Doctor of Pharmacy degree and licenses by passing a series of exams before they can work in the field.

#23. Database architects

- Median annual wage: $134,870 - Median hourly wage: $64.84 - Total employment: 62,470 people

Jobs in this field involve designing databases , setting standards for their use, and integrating new systems when needed. Database architects usually need a bachelor's degree in a field such as computer and information technology. Many work at computer design companies or at insurance companies or schools or universities, institutions that have large databases.

#22. Lawyers

- Median annual wage: $135,740 - Median hourly wage: $65.26 - Total employment: 707,160 people

People have varying opinions on lawyers , but on a job description level, the role of a lawyer is to provide legal counsel and representation to individuals, companies, or government agencies during legal disputes or events concerning the law in some capacity. While lawyers are most often associated with their work in the courtroom, they also perform several out-of-the-courtroom duties. For example, lawyers file wills, contracts, and deeds. All lawyers in the United States earn a law degree—usually a Juris Doctor from an American Bar Association -accredited school—and pass a state's bar exam to practice.

#21. Computer and information research scientists

- Median annual wage: $136,620 - Median hourly wage: $65.69 - Total employment: 33,780 people

These multifaceted research scientists invent new computing languages and tools , improve software systems, and solve complex computing problems. Most research scientists earn a master's degree in computer science.

#20. Industrial-organizational psychologists

- Median annual wage: $139,280 - Median hourly wage: $66.96 - Total employment: 1,280 people

Applying key psychological theories to human resources, sales, and business departments to improve efficiency has made industrial-organizational psychology one of America's fastest-growing jobs , according to ABC News. Most psychologists specializing in industrial organization hold a master's or doctorate degree.

#19. Financial managers

- Median annual wage: $139,790 - Median hourly wage: $67.21 - Total employment: 740,780 people

A financial manager is tasked with developing strategies to meet a company's long-term financial goals . These managers seek ways to reduce costs and maximize profits. Most financial managers earn a bachelor's degree and regularly come with five years of experience in accounting, or even as financial analysts. An advanced degree—such as a Master of Business Administration—can also fortify a financial manager's qualifications.

#18. Marketing managers

- Median annual wage: $140,040 - Median hourly wage: $67.33 - Total employment: 328,570 people

Marketing managers identify potential customers, assess product demand, and research services offered by competitors . Along with holding a bachelor's degree, marketing managers usually have experience in advertising, sales, promotions, or marketing.

#17. Physicists

- Median annual wage: $142,850 - Median hourly wage: $68.68 - Total employment: 18,840 people

Physicists develop scientific theories to explain the natural world and often present these findings in scholarly journals . They usually have a strong background in computers, math, and engineering, and they often hold doctorate degrees or postdoctoral training.

#16. Natural sciences managers

- Median annual wage: $144,440 - Median hourly wage: $69.44 - Total employment: 82,570 people

Natural sciences managers direct research and development by monitoring project progress, providing technical assistance, and reviewing methodologies used. Many managers earn a doctorate or a Professional Science Master's degree.

#15. Podiatrists

- Median annual wage: $148,720 - Median hourly wage: $71.50 - Total employment: 9,320 people

Podiatrists are physicians specializing in medical care for foot, ankle, and lower leg problems . Among a podiatrist's tasks are removing bone spurs, performing surgeries, or prescribing orthotics. There are several requirements for becoming a podiatrist, including earning a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine degree, followed by completion of a three-year residency.

#14. Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates

- Median annual wage: $151,030 - Median hourly wage: $72.61 - Total employment: 28,230 people

These law enforcers provide courtroom arbitration, advice to legal counsel, and the administration of justice in a court of law. In criminal cases, judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates can issue sentences; in civil cases, they determine defendant liability. All three types of judges can also perform wedding ceremonies. Many judges hold doctorate degrees and are graduates of law school.

#13. Dentists, general

- Median annual wage: $155,040 - Median hourly wage: $74.54 - Total employment: 120,740 people

General dentists examine and treat the teeth and gums . This includes removing and filling cavities, teaching patients about proper oral hygiene, and removing damaged or infected teeth. A general dentist must earn a Doctor of Dental Surgery or Doctor of Medicine in Dentistry/Doctor of Dental Medicine degree from a program accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation .

#12. Architectural and engineering managers

- Median annual wage: $159,920 - Median hourly wage: $76.88 - Total employment: 197,180 people

Architectural and engineering managers optimize research and development of new products, processes, or designs . Along with experience as an architect or engineer, these managers typically earn a bachelor's degree and one of several master's degrees such as a Master of Business Administration, a Master of Engineering Management, or a Master of Science in Technology Management.

#11. Computer and information systems managers

- Median annual wage: $164,070 - Median hourly wage: $78.88 - Total employment: 533,220 people

Computer and information systems managers—also called IT managers or IT project managers—lead the installation and maintenance of computer hardware and software , ensure network security, and continually search for system upgrades. Some managers earn a bachelor's degree in computer or information science, after which they may also earn a Master of Business Administration.

#10. Orthodontists

- Median annual wage: $174,360 - Median hourly wage: $83.83 - Total employment: 6,310 people

An orthodontist treats oral cavity anomalies and fixes imperfect tooth positioning by installing braces and realigning teeth. After completing dental school, aspiring orthodontists must then pass the National Board Dental Examination and then obtain a license to specialize in orthodontics.

#9. Chief executives

- Median annual wage: $189,520 - Median hourly wage: $91.12 - Total employment: 199,240 people

Chief executives direct their company's finances and budget, negotiate contracts, and appoint managers . Many chief executives hold a Master of Business Administration, Juris Doctor, or other advanced degrees.

#8. Pediatricians, general

- Median annual wage: $190,350 - Median hourly wage: $91.51 - Total employment: 33,430 people

General pediatricians are doctors who specialize in the care of children. While this can include diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease, pediatricians also provide general care, including checking children's growth and development. To work in pediatrics, a bachelor's degree and medical degree are required, as well as a completed internship or residency.

#7. Nurse anesthetists

- Median annual wage: $203,090 - Median hourly wage: $97.64 - Total employment: 46,540 people

Yes, a nurse anesthetist administers anesthesia , but that's just the beginning of what the job entails. These nurses also assist surgeons, physicians, and dentists, and help patients recover from anesthesia. Along with earning a master's degree, nurse anesthetists can earn certification from the National Board of Certification and Recertification for Nurse Anesthetists .

#6. Family medicine physicians

- Median annual wage: $211,300 - Median hourly wage: $101.59 - Total employment: 100,940 people

A family and general practitioner diagnoses, treats, and prevents common diseases instead of focusing on a specialized category of medicine. These physicians must complete all medical school and postsecondary education requirements.

#5. Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers

- Median annual wage: $211,790 - Median hourly wage: Not available - Total employment: 89,580 people

Pilots do more than navigate aircraft; they also master specialized flight software and maintain flight logs , all while performing customer service to hundreds of passengers per day. Pilots must pass a series of exams and complete training before getting to take off.

#4. General internal medicine physicians

- Median annual wage: $214,460 - Median hourly wage: $103.11 - Total employment: 67,220 people

General internists diagnose and treat afflictions pertaining to internal organ systems. Common ailments treated include hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes. Like other physicians, they must complete medical school and necessary postsecondary training.

#3. Ophthalmologists, except pediatric

- Median annual wage: $219,810 - Median hourly wage: $105.68 - Total employment: 12,580 people

Ophthalmologists treat vision problems, prescribing glasses and contacts and performing laser surgery. They also treat eye injuries, and diagnose eye diseases and perform surgery to treat those. Some specialize in glaucoma, corneal disease, and other such areas.

#2. Neurologists

- Median annual wage: $224,260 - Median hourly wage: $107.82 - Total employment: 11,340 people

The training to become a neurologist —doctors who diagnose and treat diseases of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves—is rigorous. The educational requirements are demanding and include a bachelor's degree, a medical degree, a residency, and often a fellowship in a specialty such as brain injuries or geriatric care. Neurologists might treat strokes, epilepsy, Lou Gehrig's disease, Parkinson's disease, or brain tumors.

#1. Psychiatrists

- Median annual wage: $226,880 - Median hourly wage: $109.08 - Total employment: 26,500 people

Psychiatrists are specialized physicians who diagnose, treat, and prevent emotional and mental disorders. While a psychiatrist can provide therapy and counseling similar to how a psychologist can, the big differentiating factor between them is that a psychiatrist can prescribe medication. Besides completing medical school requirements, psychiatrists should be certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology .

Data reporting by Paxtyn Merten. Story editing by Jeff Inglis. Copy editing by Lois Hince. 

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20 Highest Paying Engineering Jobs – 2024

May 10, 2024

So, you’ve decided that you want to be an engineer ! You probably already know that as a field, engineering is a well-paid profession in general. But you also may want to know specifically what the highest paying engineering jobs actually are. Below, we’ve compiled a list of the specialties where you’ll find the highest-paid engineers, along with their median salaries and job growth outlooks.

Highest Paying Engineering Jobs: A Good Return on Investment

There are many reasons why you may want to be an engineer, and return on investment is certainly a valid one. In 2023, the average cost of college tuition in the U.S. was around $26,027 per year for state schools, and around $55,840 for private colleges and universities. [i] Engineers not only earn lucrative salaries, but the job growth outlook is positive for most engineering professions, with an estimated average of 5% growth (or higher!) over the next 10 years for most specialties.

Additionally, unlike a law or medical degree, engineers don’t necessarily need to attend graduate school to work at the job of their dreams – oftentimes, a bachelor’s degree in engineering will suffice and some of the highest-paid engineers never go to graduate school at all. Earning a Master’s degree in engineering can sometimes unlock even more doors in terms of career opportunities and salaries, but oftentimes employers place just as much value on practical experience gained from internships. Top feeder schools are also a crucial consideration in job availability. Though many engineering employers are happy with degrees from most undergraduate universities, not to be overlooked is the power of networking and the social capital that an engineering feeder school can provide.

A Few Considerations When Seeking the Highest Paying Engineering Jobs

As you consider your future major and career, remember that it’s not all about money and return on investment – you may also want to factor in the difficulty of the degree you’re trying to attain. As an engineering major, you’ll need to take advanced courses in physics, mathematics and chemistry (plus many more major-specific courses, depending on your engineering field of choice and specific program). In general, engineering is widely acknowledged to be one of the hardest science majors , and there are varying degrees of difficulty within the field itself.

Engineering majors have some of the highest rates of attrition, with approximately 50% of engineering majors changing fields or even dropping out before graduating. [ii] As you dream about some of the world’s highest paying engineering jobs, remember that fit and happiness are also crucial! You probably won’t want to drop out or transfer, so it’s vital to choose a major and job that’s actually right for you (not just for your wallet).

Highest Paying Engineering Jobs (Continued)

As you peruse our list below, it’s also important to remember that as with many professions and fields, the cost of living will greatly influence a particular engineer’s salary: in other words, if it’s more expensive to live in a location, you can bet that your salary will be comparatively higher than for the same job in an area with cheaper living expenses. Additionally, keep in mind that since the pandemic, more employers are offering workers the ability to work remotely, and this developing trend can also affect salaries. [iii] Ultimately, while location, education, and certification are all important factors in determining your expected salary, your particular field of engineering will probably be the most significant factor in your ultimate income. So, if you’re a born engineer and you know it’s your calling, here is our list of the highest paying engineering jobs.

Highest Paying Engineering Jobs

1) director of engineering.

• Median Salary : $151,138 [iv]

As a director of engineering, you’ll be in charge of other engineers, their projects, and operations within engineering teams. This kind of directorial job will certainly necessitate a degree in engineering, but it will also require management, administrative, and leadership skills and experience as you help engineering teams set and achieve their goals by smoothly cooperating. (Hint: you may need to spend time working in the field as an engineer before you advance to a position like this one.)

2) Computer Hardware Engineer

• Median Salary : $138,080
• Job Growth Outlook: Faster than 5%

As a computer hardware engineer, you’ll most likely work in a lab setting where you’ll design, develop, test, and research various computer systems and parts. Computer hardware engineers can be found in manufacturing settings and in companies that develop and implement computer systems design.

3) Petroleum Engineer

• Median Salary : $135,690
• Job Growth Outlook: 2% (about average)

Petroleum engineers work in the fields of energy, mining and extraction, sometimes for private companies and sometimes for the government. Petroleum engineers are some of the highest-paid engineers out there and can expect to be in the field (such as oil sites, mines, etc.) for a large portion of their work.

4) Aerospace / Aeronautical Engineer

• Median Salary : $130,720
• Job Growth Outlook: 6%

In this exciting field, aerospace engineers will design, innovate, implement, test, and research flight and machines that fly. You can expect a wide variety of dynamic career options in defense, commercial flight, and even space travel (the primary different between aerospace and aeronautical engineers is that aerospace engineers work with flight within our atmosphere and flight in space; aeronautical engineers primarily work with flight within our atmosphere)! If you are interested in being an aerospace engineer, be sure to check out our list of Best Colleges for Aerospace Engineering .

5) Computer Software Engineer

• Median Salary : $130,160
• Job Growth Outlook: 25%

A software engineer is a particular kind of computer engineer or scientist who specifically develops programs and applications within computers. If a hardware engineer works with the computer itself (systems and parts), a software engineer is concerned with things you can do on a computer. In this field, you can expect an exciting career in the private sector designing apps, improving interfaces, performing quality assurance and even creating games!

6) Nuclear Engineer

• Median Salary : $125,460
• Job Growth Outlook: 1% (little to no expected change in growth)

In this important field, you’ll work with projects that implement and control nuclear energy (most likely in a government capacity); you may also find yourself working with the safe management and disposal of nuclear products and waste. Although this field is expected to stay at its current growth rate (unlike many engineering occupations, which are expected to grow at a greater pace than other fields), it’s still one of the highest paying engineering jobs.

7) Robotics Engineer

• Median Salary : $115,523

This is a type of mechanical engineering that specifically designs, tests, and produces robots. As a robotics engineer, you may find yourself working in fields as broadly ranging as defense, medicine, and transportation (and many more), and you could both create products or be involved in research – this field is widely versatile!

8) Chemical Engineer

• Median Pay : $112,100
• Job Growth Outlook: 8%

Chemical engineers work with manufacturers, helping produce and innovate products via chemical processes. As a chemical engineer, you can expect to work primarily in a lab, and, like many engineering careers, internship experience in chemical engineering is often valued in job candidates.

9) Electrical / Electronics Engineer

• Median Pay : $109,010
• Job Growth Outlook: 5%

Electrical and electronics engineers design, create, innovate, evaluate and assist in manufacturing electrical products, machines, and parts across a variety of fields and sectors. As an electrical engineer, you’ll need a bachelor’s degree and many employers also value practical experience (like that you’d earn in an internship) when hiring their employees.

10) Data Engineer

• Median Salary : $108,020
• Job Growth Outlook: 35% (substantial growth, compared to other fields)

In this rapidly expanding field, data engineers work in the realms of machine learning, data processing, and computer storage, collecting and using data for analysis across a wide variety of fields. Cybersecurity, metadata, data protection and cloud computing all fall under the purview of data engineers.

11) Materials Engineer

• Median Salary : $104,100

Materials engineering is a broader sector within the engineering field that often overlaps with industrial and mechanical engineering. As a materials engineer, you’ll understand the composition of materials – plastics, polymers, metals, composites, etc. – and determine how best to use them in various settings like manufacturing, laboratories, and factories. If this is the career path for you, be sure to also check out our list of Best Colleges for Materials Science and Engineering !

12) Health and Safety Engineer

• Median Pay : $103,690
• Job Growth Outlook: 4% (about average)

Health and safety engineers work in a variety of fields: manufacturing, laboratories, clinical settings, government, etc. Ultimately, it is the job of a health and safety engineer to make sure that products, worksites and public spaces are safe for human operations and activities. As a health and safety engineer, your specific engineering skillset will vary depending on your job, but you can bet you’ll need a strong knowledge of the engineering systems needed to implement and maintain safe products and sites for users.

Highest Paid Engineers (Continued)

13) biomedical engineer.

• Median Salary : $100,730
• Job Outlook: Faster than 5%

Some of the highest-paid engineers work in the medical field. Biomedical engineers design medical equipment, software, and various devices for the healthcare field. Within biomedical design and engineering, you can often expect to work in a team-based environment, seeking input on projects from stakeholders in the medical fields. Also check out our page on Best Colleges for Biomedical Engineering .

14) Mining and Geological Engineer

• Median Salary : $100,640
• Job Growth Outlook: 0% (little to no expected change in growth)

As a mining and / or geological engineer, you’ll work either in a lab, office, or field designing safe and efficient practices and systems to extract minerals, oil, and other natural resources. You may also find yourself working in government and collaborating with environmental engineers, trying to achieve greater sustainability in natural resource extraction. This particular branch of engineering is not expected to grow as rapidly as other sectors within the field, but it is still a lucrative occupation.

15) Marine Engineer / Naval Architect

• Median Salary : $100,270

Marine engineers and naval architects design, build, innovate, and test water-going ships of all shapes and sizes, usually for government defense and / or private companies. While this particular field of engineering isn’t expected to grow substantially in the next decade, a job in marine engineering will still earn you a lucrative salary.

16) Environmental Engineer

• Median Salary : $100,090

Environmental engineers use engineering to aid in sustainability initiatives, conservation, and any systems that affect or interact with the natural world. As an environmental engineer, you can find a job in the government sector or in a private capacity, implementing sustainable initiatives for companies or even collaborating in fields that harvest natural resources (like drilling). Be sure to also look at our list of Best Colleges for Environmental Engineering .

17) Mechanical Engineer

• Median Salary : $99,510
• Job Growth Outlook: 10% (faster than average)

Some of the highest paying engineering jobs are in mechanical engineering. Mechanical engineering is a broader discipline that can be found in many fields: aerospace, biotechnology, robotics, manufacturing, and many more. Ultimately, the mechanical engineer helps design, test, and implement machine products and systems. In this rapidly growing field, you’ll most likely need to attain a license to operate in either government or private jobs.

See our list of Best Colleges for Mechanical Engineering

18) Industrial Engineer

• Median Salary : $99,380

Industrial engineers can work in a variety of fields, from healthcare to business to manufacturing. Ultimately, the industrial engineer improves systems, whether those systems are material-, economic-, or people-based. Supply chain analysis, productivity analysis, and data analytics are all under the umbrella of this lucrative branch of engineering.

19) Civil Engineer

• Median Salary : $95,890

Civil engineers work in a range of jobs, designing and improving infrastructure like roads, bridges, highways, airports, seaports, railways, parks, city grids – basically any and all public spaces! Although they aren’t necessarily the highest-paid engineers, these careers are still very lucrative.

20) Agricultural Engineer

• Median Salary : $88,750

Agricultural engineers design and improve agricultural systems and products, implementing better agricultural processing and often improving sustainable efforts in the agricultural field. While closely related to the environmental engineering field, agricultural engineers tend to work more closely with living systems (crops, animals, organic materials like wool). With greater public interest in sustainability, we can expect both agricultural and environmental engineering jobs to grow substantially in the next ten years.

Highest Paying Engineering Jobs – Works Cited

[i] Hanson, Melanie. “Average Cost of College & Tuition,” Education Data Initiative. 18 November, 2023. https://educationdata.org/average-cost-of-college#:~:text=The%20average%20cost%20of%20attendance,or%20%24223%2C360%20over%204%20years .

[ii] Shuman, Larry J., Cheryl Delaney, Harvey Wolfe, Alejandro Scalise. Engineering Attrition: Student Characteristics and Educational Initiatives. Engineering Education: Assessment Methodologies and Curricula Innovations. 20 June 1999.

[iii] Haan, Katherine. “Remote Work Statistics & Trends in 2024,” Forbes Advisor, 12 June 2023. https://www.forbes.com/advisor/business/remote-work-statistics/

[iv] Salary figures and job growth outlook predictions are estimates from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023 Occupational Outlook Handbook . Please note that these are averages that include median data from mid- and late-career salaries, along with salaries from entry-level positions. In other words, these numbers can give you a rough estimate of what you may earn by mid-career in each major.

Jamie Smith

For the past decade, Jamie has taught writing and English literature at several universities, including Boston College, the University of Pittsburgh, and Carnegie Mellon University. She earned a Ph.D. in English from Carnegie Mellon, where she currently teaches courses and conducts research on composition, public writing, and British literature.

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Highest-paying jobs right out of school

Seven different engineering roles made the list.

Jobs numbers weaker than expected for April

Jack Otter and the ‘Barron’s Roundtable’ panel discuss how there were fewer jobs added than expected in April.

There is immense pressure to secure a good-paying job right out of school. 

As college graduation nears for students across the nation, FOX Business took a look at what entry-level jobs will pay the most. 

It comes just as U.S. job growth slowed notably in April.

It might not be surprising that a primary care physician topped the list with a median salary of $130,000. But the following top positions included a pharmacist, software architect, product manager and software engineer — all of which have a median salary between $100,000 and $120,000. 

APRIL JOBS REPORT BREAKDOWN: WHICH INDUSTRIES HIRED THE MOST WORKERS LAST MONTH?

A variety of consultants and engineering roles also occupied the top 15 spots, according to Glassdoor's analysis. 

To determine which positions will be the most lucrative, Glassdoor analyzed U.S. median salaries provided by employees with three or fewer years of relevant job experience. Each job mentioned had at least 75 salaries submitted to the firm between May 1, 2023, and April 30, 2024.

The data was compiled at a time when there are signs of a potential labor market slowdown, U.S. Bank reported, citing a modest decline in job openings in recent months. 

Signage for a job fair on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, N.Y. Sept. 3, 2021. (Reuters/Andrew Kelly / Reuters Photos)

In April, employers added 175,000 jobs , the Labor Department said in its monthly payroll report. The figure missed the 243,000 gain forecast by LSEG economists and marked the worst month for job creation since October. 

U.S. Bank reported that the job figure is a "possible sign of slower economic growth." 

US ECONOMY ADDS 175K JOBS IN APRIL, MUCH WEAKER THAN EXPECTED

While the unemployment rate inched higher to 3.9%, it has remained below 4% for 28 consecutive months, which U.S. Bank noted has been "the longest month-to-month stretch of below 4% unemployment" since 1967 to 1970.

A man walks past a "now hiring" sign outside a restaurant in Arlington, Va., June 3, 2022. (Olivier Douliery/AFP via Getty Images / Getty Images)

While wage gains are above average, the bank also warned that "the pace of wage growth is slowing."

Here are the top 15 entry-level jobs analyzed by Glassdoor that offer the highest median salary in 2024: 

• Primary Care Physician: $130,000
• Pharmacist: $120,000
• Software Architect: $120,000
• Product Manager: $110,000
• Software Engineer: $100,000
• Data Engineer: $93,472
• Attorney: $90,000
• Hardware Engineer: $85,000

Fifty-one percent of American employees are willing to take a 20% pay cut if it means a better work-life balance, according to a Ford survey. (Getty Images/Photo illustration/FOX News Digital / Fox News)

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• Information Security Specialist: $83,000
• Chemical Engineer: $82,000
• Management Consultant: $82,000
• Actuarial Consultant: $81,150
• Electrical Engineer: $80,500
• Design Engineer: $78,000
• Mechanical Engineer: $75,500

FOX Business' Megan Henney contributed to this report. 

25 Best Jobs That Pay $100K or More

Build a rewarding career in these fields while earning more than six figures a year.

Getty Images |

Bring in a six-figure salary with these jobs.

A six-figure salary is a career milestone that many Americans strive to achieve. Despite inflation, $100,000 per year is still a substantial salary that puts you well ahead of the median American household, which earned $74,580 in 2022, according to the U.S. Census Bureau data .

If your career goal is to break the six-figure income mark, consider pursuing one of these 25 best jobs that pay $100,000 or more. While many require postgraduate education or additional certification, the lucrative earning potential could be worth the investment.

Note that all the jobs on this list are taken from the U.S. News 100 Best Jobs ranking . Data comes from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

(Getty Images) |

25. Pharmacist

Industry: Health care Median salary: $132,750

Pharmacists are health care providers who specialize in the preparation and dispensing of medications. Contrary to popular belief, a four-year college degree isn't required to apply to most pharmacy schools. However, a Pharm.D. degree typically takes at least four years to complete.

Learn more about pharmacists .

24. Computer Systems Analyst

Industry: Technology Median salary: $102,240

Computer systems analysts, also known as systems architects, work with companies and independent clients to design and improve their computer procedures and processes. While many employers prefer job applicants with a bachelor's degree in a relevant field like computer science, you could still get your foot in the door by taking online courses or joining a boot camp that can equip you with the skills you need.

Learn more about computer systems analysts .

23. Obstetrician and Gynecologist

Industry: Health care Median salary: $239,200

An OB-GYN, short for obstetrician and gynecologist, specializes in pregnancy, childbirth and reproductive health. More specifically, obstetrics is the surgical field that deals with childbirth, and gynecology focuses on female reproductive health. While OB-GYN can be a highly stressful career, it's also incredibly rewarding as you're bringing life into the world and guiding women through their personal health journeys.

Learn more about obstetricians and gynecologists .

Getty Images | Science Photo Libra

22. Anesthesiologist

Anesthesiologists are highly trained physicians responsible for administering anesthesia so patients don't experience pain when undergoing surgery. While it may seem straightforward, anesthesiology is a profession of extremely high stakes. Even a tiny mistake when administering anesthesia can leave a patient paralyzed for life or result in death.

Learn more about anesthesiologists .

21. Construction Manager

Industry: Construction Median salary: $101,480

Construction managers, also known as general contractors or construction project managers, coordinate and supervise construction projects from development to completion. Some of their duties include managing budgets, providing progress reports, collaborating with architects and engineers, selecting subcontractors, and ensuring projects comply with safety codes.

Learn more about construction managers .

Getty Images | Westend61

20. Optometrist

Industry: Health care Median salary: $125,590

Optometrists diagnose and treat eye diseases, disorders and vision problems. To become an optometrist, you must first earn a bachelor's degree. Then you'll need to pass the Optometry Admission Test, or OAT, to get into an optometry school and complete a four-year Doctor of Optometry program.

Learn more about optometrists .

19. Art Director

Industry: Creative and media Median salary: $105,180

Art directors, also known as creative directors, are responsible for overseeing the visual aspects of a project, whether it's an advertising campaign, commercial, magazine cover, product packaging, television show, film or website. They often work with a team of other creatives, such as video editors, graphic designers, fashion stylists, makeup artists and animators to bring a project to life and meet the client's expectations.

Learn more about art directors .

18. Psychiatrist

Industry: Health care Median salary: $226,880

Psychiatrists are highly trained physicians who diagnose and treat mental, behavioral and emotional disorders. Because psychiatrists often deal with complex cases of mental health issues, they must undergo many years of education and training to properly diagnose and treat patients. Most psychiatrists have completed four years of college and four years of medical school, followed by four years in a psychiatry residency program.

Learn more about psychiatrists .

17. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons specialize in performing surgeries on the face, mouth and jaw. The most common procedures these surgeons perform include tooth extractions, corrective jaw surgery, cleft lip surgery and dental implants. The main difference between a dentist and an oral and maxillofacial surgeon is the amount of training required. After completing dental school, oral and maxillofacial surgeons will have to undergo an additional four to six years of residency.

Learn more about oral and maxillofacial surgeons .

Getty Images | Tetra images RF

16. Political Scientist

Industry: Social services Median salary: $128,020

Political scientists study how politics work and how governmental systems operate by conducting public opinion surveys, analyzing election results, and developing and testing theories. They often work in offices of government departments, universities or nonprofit organizations.

Learn more about political scientists .

15. Nurse Anesthetist

Industry: Health care Median salary: $203,090

Nurse anesthetists are advanced practice nurses who administer anesthesia before, during or after a medical procedure. The main difference between a nurse anesthetist and an anesthesiologist is the amount of education required. Nurse anesthetists are registered nurses specializing in anesthesiology with a master's degree and at least a year of critical care experience. Anesthesiologists are physicians who have gone through medical school.

Learn more about nurse anesthetists .

14. Sales Manager

Industry: Sales and marketing Median salary: $130,600

Sales managers are responsible for overseeing an organization’s sales team. They recruit and train new members, set sales goals, analyze sales data and collaborate with other departments within the organization to achieve revenue targets. While a bachelor's degree is not required, most sales managers have a four-year college education, often in business or a related field.

Learn more about sales managers .

13. Industrial Psychologist

Industry: Science Median salary: $139,280

Industrial psychologists apply the principles of psychology and psychological research methods to improve the overall work environment. They could work in academia, talent management, recruiting or government. To enter the field, you must have a master's degree in industrial/organizational psychology, also known as I/O.

Learn more about industrial psychologists .

12. Veterinarian

Industry: Health care Median salary: $103,260

Veterinarians are medical professionals who diagnose, treat and care for animals. They typically have a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, or DVM, degree and have received their license by passing the North American Veterinary Licensing Examination. If you like working with animals and want to earn a lucrative income, veterinary medicine can be a career path worth exploring.

Learn more about veterinarians .

Industry: Social services Median salary: $135,740

Lawyers are licensed professionals who advise clients on legal matters. To become a lawyer in the United States, you must finish three to four years of law school after completing your bachelor's degree. You must also pass an exam – either the LSAT or the GRE – to be admitted to a law school. Following graduation, aspiring attorneys must pass a multiday bar exam for the state where they want to practice.

Learn more about lawyers .

10. Marketing Manager

Industry: Sales and marketing Median salary: $140,040

A marketing manager's main role is to help an organization acquire new customers by overseeing their marketing strategies. The duties of a marketing manager could include planning and executing marketing campaigns, performing market research, preparing advertising contracts, researching customer preferences and meeting with stakeholders. Note that the exact job duties could vary depending on the industry in which a marketing manager is employed.

Learn more about marketing managers .

Industry: Business Median salary: $113,990

Actuaries use mathematical and statistical methods to assess and manage financial risks, typically in the fields of insurance, pensions and investments. Their main duty is to analyze and quantify various uncertainties associated with future events, such as mortality, accidents or market trends.

Actuaries typically have a bachelor's degree in a related field, such as mathematics, statistics or actuarial science.

Learn more about actuaries .

Getty Images | iStockphoto

8. Data Scientist

Industry: Technology Median salary: $103,500

Data scientists use technology to glean insights from complex data sets and address problems within an organization. The primary objective of data scientists is to generate actionable information that helps organizations make better, informed and data-driven decisions. While many data scientists have a four-year degree, it's not required. Many companies also hire candidates who are self-taught or have completed a data science boot camp.

Learn more about data scientists .

7. Information Security Analyst

Industry: Technology Median salary: $112,000

Information security analysts help protect an organization’s computer systems from data breaches, cyberattacks and unauthorized access. Some of their responsibilities include identifying potential security risks, implementing security measures like firewalls and encryption, monitoring systems for suspicious activities, and providing security training programs to employees.

Information security analysts typically have a bachelor's degree in computer and information technology, engineering, or math.

Learn more about information security analysts .

6. Medical and Health Services Manager

Industry: Business Median salary: $104,830

Medical and health services managers work behind the scenes to keep health care facilities like emergency rooms, nursing homes and hospitals running smoothly. They hire and train staff, develop budgeting and reports, and oversee the administrative aspects of the organization. Most medical and health services managers have at least a bachelor's degree in a related field such as health administration.

Learn more about medical and health services managers .

5. Physician Assistant

Industry: Health care Median salary: $126,010

Physician assistants are health care professionals who work in collaboration with physicians and surgeons to examine, diagnose and treat patients. PAs can work in various settings, including hospitals, clinics and emergency rooms, as well as different specialties. After earning a bachelor's degree, you could become a PA after graduating from an accredited PA program.

Learn more about physician assistants .

4. IT Manager

Industry: Technology Median salary: $164,070

Information technology managers, also known as computer and information systems managers, are professionals responsible for overseeing all computer-related activities within an organization. Typical duties of an IT manager include upgrading existing software or hardware and ensuring that information systems align with organizational goals. IT managers typically have a bachelor's degree in computer science or information technology.

Learn more about IT managers .

3. Software Developer

Industry: Technology Median salary: $127,260

Software developers design, create and maintain software applications and are in one of the most lucrative and highly sought-after professions. There are different types of software developers based on their areas of expertise, including front-end developers, back-end developers and full-stack developers.

While many employers prefer candidates with a four-year college degree in computer science or a related field, many also value practical experience and will consider those without traditional degrees but who have a strong portfolio and solid coding skills.

Learn more about software developers .

2. Financial Manager

Industry: Business Median salary: $139,790

As the name suggests, financial managers oversee financial operations, make strategic financial decisions and provide guidance to achieve an organization's financial goals. Some of their duties include creating financial reports, generating profit projections, analyzing industry trends and monitoring cash flow.

Financial managers typically have a bachelor's degree in finance or business and have typically accumulated at least five years of experience working in a related field.

Learn more about financial managers .

1. Nurse Practitioner

Industry: Health care Median salary: $121,610

A nurse practitioner, also known as an advanced practice registered nurse, is a nurse with a graduate degree in advanced practice nursing. Nurse practitioners can diagnose illnesses, perform physical exams, authorize treatment plans and prescribe medication. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, nurse practitioner is the fastest-growing job in the country – tied with wind turbine technician – with projected employment growth of 45% by 2032.

Learn more about nurse practitioners .

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I make over $2,500 a month from focus groups. Here's how I decide which ones are worth my time and how to find the highest-paying ones.

• Filipe, a 30-year-old entrepreneur, makes an average of $2,845 a month participating in online focus groups.
• He started his own business teaching others how to make money from focus groups, after quitting his retail job for more flexibility.
• Focus groups are consumer studies by big brands who pay well for opinions on their products or services.

This as-told-to essay is based on a conversation with Filipe, a 30-year-old who goes by only his first name online and who runs his own business, One Click Hustle . Business Insider has verified his identity and income. The following has been edited for length and clarity.

I first got started with online focus groups back in 2020. A friend posted an Instagram story about how research participants were needed for a study.

I had no idea what it was, but I clicked on the link and filled out the survey.

These days I make between $2,000 and $3,000 each month participating in focus groups. Over the past six months, I've made an average of $2,845 a month. I then created my own business, teaching others how to make money from focus groups.

I wondered why I would be paid to share my opinion

About two days after I filled out that initial survey in 2020, I got a call from a recruiter. She confirmed my answers and told me a little more about what the research study was. It was going to be about social media, and I would be paid $175 for spending 90 minutes on a Zoom call.

It was me, four other participants, and a moderator. The conversation just flew by, and it honestly felt like just a normal chat geared toward social media.

Two weeks later, I got a check in the mail for $175 and I was like, "Okay, so this was legit!" While it didn't necessarily sound like a scam, I wondered how and why I would get paid to do something as fun as sharing my opinion on a specific topic.

I quit my retail job in search of more flexibility

At the time, I was working as a store manager. I had a decent job with benefits and stability, but the work had started to take a toll on my mental health, and I wanted more flexibility and freedom.

I went on a leave of absence and started to search online for ways to make money through side hustles. I got back into doing focus groups and started applying to new studies. I came across a course on YouTube that was very good at teaching me the fundamentals of participating in research studies.

While I also tried other side hustles like e-commerce, DoorDash, and Shipt, they didn't feel as worth it. I noticed that I was consistently bringing in $2,000 to $3,000 a month from focus groups alone, so I eventually transitioned to concentrate solely on doing focus groups.

I made over $2,500 working only 33 hours in a month

In January, I participated in 28 focus groups for a total of 1,195 minutes or around 20 hours. I tend to spend about 35 minutes per day, Monday through Friday, just applying to focus groups. In those 35 minutes, I can usually apply to 10 to 15 focus groups.

In January, I spent 2,000 minutes, or about 33 hours, applying for focus groups and participating in them. Despite working far less than full-time hours, I made $2,568 from these focus groups, or about $77 per hour.

Last month, in March, I participated in 18 focus groups for a total of $2,770 or an average of $154 per focus group.

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With focus groups, you can get paid in a variety of ways. I've gotten paid through virtual Visa gift cards, direct deposits, in-person checks, cash, PayPal, checks in the mail, Zelle, and Amazon gift cards.

I keep track of it all in a spreadsheet that I created, and that really helps me visualize how much I'm making every single month and make my budget.

How focus groups work

Focus groups are consumer studies by big brands (like Apple, Google, Burger King, Chase, and Facebook) who want to figure out if their ad, service, or product will resonate with the consumer market — and they'll pay big money for your opinion.

They organize one-on-one or group interviews that vary in length. Some might take a full day, while others are 90 minutes. Some of the shortest ones are just 10 or 20 minutes.

It really varies, but the average pay rate is 90 minutes for $150. The benchmark I set to decide whether a focus group is worth participating in is generally at least $50 for 30 minutes to an hour.

There are also specialized research studies that pay even more, which look for people working in specific fields, such as doctors, nurses, and dentists. One of my friends in Texas is a dentist, and he found a focus group that paid $260 for an hour of his time.

Qualifying for a focus group is a numbers game. The more applications you fill out, the more you'll book. It's almost like applying to jobs; it's probably not as competitive as job applications, but the same idea applies — you need to apply to a lot to get into a few.

Some of the applications are really easy to complete and only take a minute or two, while others take five or, at most, 10 minutes to fill out. They ask demographic questions tailored to a specific focus group, as well as which products and services you use.

The actual focus group is a very moderated conversation. Whether you're in a group or a one-on-one call, a moderator asks you questions and makes sure that everyone feels comfortable. They guide the conversations in the way that their client (the big company) wants the conversations to go.

In my experience, the first 30 minutes are questions that help them understand who you are and what you like to do. Then, they start to guide the conversation over to the main topic. Sometimes, they show you ads or ad concepts and ask you a lot of questions about them. It's standard to sign an NDA because you'll be seeing ads for products or services that haven't been released yet.

One of the coolest focus groups I've done was a four-part study on food. While I can't say specifics, the first three parts were questions about food, and the fourth and final part involved a trip to Chicago that was entirely paid for by the company.

I'm a huge foodie, and I love Chicago; it's one of my favorite cities, especially in terms of food. The focus group in Chicago was a four-hour in-person group with other study participants. It was a lot of fun and one of the best experiences.

If you're consistent, you could make several hundred dollars a month

When I first started, I was spending a lot of time searching for good focus groups. There are a lot of websites that offer low-paying surveys, so those are very common to find, but actual focus groups that pay more are much harder to find. It took a lot of searching throughout a long period of time to find these studies.

The best free ways to find focus groups are by searching "focus groups near me" or "taste tests near me" on Google, Craigslist, and social media. It's important to beware of potential scams, though. Avoid applying to surveys found on those sites if they don't share the incentive amount or if the amount is oddly high, like $750 for an hour.

My biggest tips for people who want to get started on focus groups

Apply to 10-15 surveys per day and stay consistent! It's a numbers game, and so the more surveys you fill out, the more you're going to book.

Don't get discouraged if you fill out a bunch of applications and don't hear back. You will not book every single group. Each focus group has a specific criteria and quota to fill, and it can take weeks to get a response. Just keep at it; they're going to come.

Stay organized. Once you start getting booked, keep track of the dates of the studies in a spreadsheet so you don't miss them, and note when the payment is meant to come in. I actually caught a few instances where companies forgot to pay me for studies I had completed several months prior. They were reputable companies with a huge volume of focus groups, so things probably slipped through the cracks. Each time, I reached out to the company, and they promptly paid me what I was owed.

If you stay consistent and put in an hour a day just to apply and participate in focus groups, you could walk away with a few hundred dollars at the end of the month. I know people who do this part-time while working full-time jobs, and they're making $1,000 to $2,000 consistently, month after month.

If you have an interesting side hustle and would like to share your story, email Jane Zhang at [email protected] .

• Main content

New grad? In these cities, the social scene and job market are hot

As a post-pandemic hiring frenzy fades, Class of 2024 college graduates face a cooling but still solid U.S. job market.  

But the job, and the quality of life, young adults have after graduation may hinge on where they choose to live and work.

With that in mind, Realtor.com this week unveiled a list of top rental markets for recent college grads based on factors such as job opportunities, rent availability and affordability, the share of other grads in the area and cultural amenities.

The No. 1 market? Austin, Texas, followed by Bloomington, Minnesota, and Pittsburgh.

Grads with job offers or plans to live near family may already have a destination picked out, but "others who are still considering their options and want to explore a new area may want to consider this curated list of cities in their job and home search,” says Realtor.com Chief Economist Danielle Hale.  

Is the job market getting harder for college grads?

Nationally, hiring is expected to dip 1.9% for 2024 grads versus their counterparts the prior year, according to the National Association of Colleges and Employers .

What happened to the tech job market in 2024?

Tech and finance companies have been laying off more workers because of excessive hiring during the pandemic and the Federal Reserve’s historically high interest rates , which are aimed at curbing inflation but also squeeze profits at financial companies.

Consulting firms like EY are delaying start dates for new grads in response to a slowdown in demand for their services, LinkedIn says.

And there are two applicants for every job vacancy, compared with just one in 2022, according to LinkedIn.

Why is the job market harder in 2024

Across the U.S., the number of job openings edged down to 8.5 million in March, the lowest since February 2021. And hiring has slipped below pre-pandemic levels. After job gains averaged 269,000 a month in the first quarter, employers added just 175,000 in April in a possible sign of a coming slowdown.

To identify the top job markets for college grads, Realtor.com ranked 313 cities and towns in the 50 largest metro areas with a population of more than 75,000.

Some broad themes emerge: Midwest markets appear more affordable; vacancy rates are higher in the South due to a surge of multifamily construction; and tech hubs like Austin, Texas, have many entry-level jobs.

"The top rental markets for college graduates are not found in the biggest urban markets," Hale says.

As you check the rankings, keep in mind some key averages for the communities studied:

The average rent-to-income ratio is 29.7%; rental vacancy rate, 6.3%; share of entry-level jobs, 23.9%; and share of recent college grads, 3.4%; unemployment, 4.2%; job posting index, 121; commute time, 30 minutes; number of entertainment, shopping and lifestyle establishments per 1,000 households, 23.9.

Here are the top seven cities for freshly minted college grads in Realtor.com's ranking:

Austin, Texas

◾ Rent-to-income ratio : 21.4%

◾ Share of graduate-friendly occupations (no prior experience required) : 29.6% (tops in category)

◾ Share of recent college grads : 3.3%

◾ Average commute time : 26 minutes

◾ Yelp culture and lifestyle business per 1,000 households : 21.5

◾ Rental vacancy rate : 9% (tops in category)

◾ Unemployment rate : 3.3%             

◾ Job postings index (based on average of 100) : 125

Bloomington, Minnesota

◾ Rent-to-income ratio : 19.9% (most affordable in category)

◾ Share of graduate-friendly occupations (no prior experience required) : 26.7%

◾ Share of recent college grads : 2.5%

◾ Average commute time : 23 minutes

◾ Yelp culture and lifestyle business per 1,000 households : 22.4

◾ Rental vacancy rate : 7.9% (tops in category)

◾ Unemployment rate : 3.1% (Lowest in category) 

◾ Rent-to-income ratio : 21.7%

◾ Share of recent college grads : 4.4% (tops in category)

◾ Average commute time : 25 minutes

◾ Yelp culture and lifestyle business per 1,000 households : 24.6

◾ Rental vacancy rate : 6.3%

◾ Unemployment rate : 3.5%             

◾ Job postings index (based on average of 100) : 131

Raleigh, North Carolina

◾ Share of graduate-friendly occupations (no prior experience required) : 28.8%

◾ Share of recent college grads : 2.9%

◾ Yelp culture and lifestyle business per 1,000 households : 17.1

◾ Rental vacancy rate : 8.7%

◾ Unemployment rate : 3.4%

◾ Job postings index (based on average of 100) : 119

Overland Park, Kansas

◾ Rent-to-income ratio : 20.7%

◾ Share of graduate-friendly occupations (no prior experience required) : 24.5%

◾ Average commute time : 22 minutes (lowest in category)

◾ Yelp culture and lifestyle business per 1,000 households : 18.1

◾ Rental vacancy rate : 7.5%

◾ Job postings index (based on average of 100) : 124

Richmond, Virginia

◾ Rent-to-income ratio : 24.6%

◾ Share of graduate-friendly occupations (no prior experience required) : 25.8%

◾ Share of recent college grads : 3.7%

◾ Average commute time : 24 minutes

◾ Yelp culture and lifestyle business per 1,000 households : 24.4

◾ Rental vacancy rate : 4.9%

◾ Job postings index (based on average of 100) : 127

Scottsdale, Arizona

◾ Rent-to-income ratio : 24.4%

◾ Share of graduate-friendly occupations (no prior experience required) : 22.1%

◾ Yelp culture and lifestyle business per 1,000 households : 25.2

◾ Rental vacancy rate : 8.1%

◾ Unemployment rate : 4%

◾ Job postings index (based on average of 100) : 166 (tops in category)