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Inorganic chemistry

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Compositional stability of peat in ecosystem-scale warming mesocosms

Mackenzie R. Baysinger, Rachel M. Wilson,  [ ... ], Jeffrey P. Chanton

Oxidation states of copper in preservative treated wood as studied by X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES)

Samuel L. Zelinka, Grant T. Kirker, George E. Sterbinsky, Keith J. Bourne

Computational analysis of the metal selectivity of matrix metalloproteinase 8

Meloidogyne hapla ">Evaluation of suitable reference genes for gene expression analysis in the northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla

Xiaojing Wu, Hongyan Yu,  [ ... ], Yuxi Duan

Impact of particle size, oxidation state and capping agent of different cerium dioxide nanoparticles on the phosphate-induced transformations at different pH and concentration

Isabella Römer, Sophie Marie Briffa,  [ ... ], Eugenia Valsami-Jones

Computational study on a puzzle in the biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanin: Why is an enzymatic oxidation/ reduction process required for a simple tautomerization?

Hajime Sato, Chao Wang,  [ ... ], Masanobu Uchiyama

Derivation of intermediate to silicic magma from the basalt analyzed at the Vega 2 landing site, Venus

J. Gregory Shellnutt

Helicobacter pylori and Its Associated Urease by Palmatine: Investigation on the Potential Mechanism">Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Its Associated Urease by Palmatine: Investigation on the Potential Mechanism

Jiang-Tao Zhou, Cai-Lan Li,  [ ... ], Jian-Hui Xie

Axial Ligation and Redox Changes at the Cobalt Ion in Cobalamin Bound to Corrinoid Iron-Sulfur Protein (CoFeSP) or in Solution Characterized by XAS and DFT

Peer Schrapers, Stefan Mebs,  [ ... ], Michael Haumann

Polymer Photovoltaic Cells with Rhenium Oxide as Anode Interlayer

Jinyu Wei, Dongdong Bai, Liying Yang

Structural Insight into and Mutational Analysis of Family 11 Xylanases: Implications for Mechanisms of Higher pH Catalytic Adaptation

Wenqin Bai, Cheng Zhou,  [ ... ], Yanhe Ma

Study on the Coordination Structure of Pt Sorbed on Bacterial Cells Using X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy

Kazuya Tanaka, Naoko Watanabe

2 ">Effect on Electron Structure and Magneto-Optic Property of Heavy W-Doped Anatase TiO 2

Qingyu Hou, Chunwang Zhao,  [ ... ], Yue Zhang

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Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry

• Online ISSN: 2191-0227
• Print ISSN: 0193-4929
• Type: Journal
• Language: English
• Publisher: De Gruyter
• First published: October 1, 1985
• Publication Frequency: 4 Issues per Year
• Audience: Researchers in inorganic and metallorganic chemistry in academia and industry

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Inorganic Chemistry - Books and Journals

Springer publishes books and journals on inorganic chemistry, which impart profound knowledge from experts in teaching and research. In contrast to organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry deals with elements that do not contain hydrocarbon compounds, including metals, salts, minerals, acids and bases, gases and other chemical compounds. In our textbooks and reference books, various elements, processes, and applications of inorganic chemistry are presented in an understandable and descriptive way. The review series Structure and Bonding and the journal Silicon are among our particularly well-known titles.

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Bioinorganic chemistry articles from across Nature Portfolio

Bioinorganic chemistry is the study of the structures and biological functions of inorganic biological substances, that is, those not containing carbon, such as metals.

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Mutational dissection of a hole hopping route in a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO)

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are mono copper enzymes with outstanding industrial applicability. Here, the authors investigate the “hole hopping” mechanism in a bacterial LPMO and show that a strictly conserved tryptophan is critical for radical formation and hole transference, as well as reveal a correlation between the efficiency of hole transference and enzyme performance under oxidative stress.

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A hemoprotein with a zinc-mirror heme site ties heme availability to carbon metabolism in cyanobacteria

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Carotenoid cleavage enzymes evolved convergently to generate the visual chromophore

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News and Comment

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In-cell protein stability promotes antimicrobial resistance of metallo-β-lactamases

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Open questions on the biological roles of first-row transition metals

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Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers

Research progress of optimized membranes for vanadium redox flow battery.

Energy storage systems are considered as one of the key components for large-scale utilization of renewable energy which are usually has an intermittent nature for production. Vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), as one of the most promising electrochemical energy storage systems for large-scale application, has attracted great attention in recent years. To achieve high efficiency of VRFB, the polymer electrolyte membrane between positive electrode and negative electrode, is expected to effectively transfer protons for internal circuits, and also to prevent the cross-over of catholyte and anolyte. However, the high cost of membrane materials is currently a crucial factor hindering the large-scale installation of VRFB. In this review, the key aspects related to polymer electrolyte membranes in VRFB are summarized, including functional requirements, characterization method, transport mechanism, and classification of typical membranes. According to the classification, the latest research progresses of polymer electrolyte membrane in VRFB are discussed in each section. In the end, the research and development of next generation membrane materials for VRFB is proposed, aiming to present a future perspective of this component in full battery and to inspire the coming effort for building high efficiency VRFB in grid.

• This article is part of the themed collection: 2024 Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers Review-type Articles

Article information

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Y. Yang, Q. Wang, S. Xiong and Z. Song, Inorg. Chem. Front. , 2024, Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.1039/D4QI00520A

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George Whitesides became a giant of chemistry by keeping it simple

Part of the experience series.

Leaders at Harvard in and out of the classroom tell their stories in the Experience series.

When George Whitesides started as a teenage technician in his father’s Kentucky lab in the early 1950s, the bond was immediate — and lasting.

Today one of the world’s most influential chemists , Whitesides, the Woodford L. and Ann A. Flowers University Research Professor, has worked on a wide array of scientific problems, shifting focus periodically to uncharted territory. Over the course of his long career — Harvard College, Cal Tech, MIT, and more than four decades as a researcher and teacher back at Harvard — he’s explored nuclear magnetic spectroscopy, organometallic chemistry, molecular self-assembly, soft robotics, unconventional data storage, microfabrication, nanotechnology, and the origin of life. He has published more than 1,200 scientific articles and holds more than 100 patents, and his many honors include the National Medal of Science. He’s also known for his ability to spin discoveries into new companies, including biotech giant Genzyme, purchased in 2011 by Sanofi.

In a conversation with the Gazette, Whitesides looked back on his life and career. The interview has been edited for clarity and length.

Your interest in chemistry starts in your father’s lab?

I don’t know where it came from. It was always interesting to me that the world was made of atoms and how those atoms combined, and I was a good chemist from the very beginning, so studying chemistry seemed like a sensible thing to do. I assumed I would end up working in the chemical industry.

It must have been a cut above the typical teenage summer job.

It was much more boring than that. I measured the pour-point viscosity of coal tar. You heat it up and put it in a cup. The cup has a hole of calibrated size in it and this very thick liquid dribbles out of the hole. You measure how long it takes for a given amount of liquid to dribble out and record that, then you can calculate from those data pour-point viscosity. It was part of the process of producing a standardized product and was boring to do, but it was also satisfying and something a high school student could manage.

You were at Phillips Andover before enrolling at Harvard. How was that experience?

I enjoyed Andover. I had a couple of teachers who were very good. I learned how to study and I certainly learned some chemistry. It was pretty standard for students who’d done well in prep schools to get early admission to Harvard, which I got. But I was not a star student. I got advanced placement in one course, maybe analytical chemistry. I took the first hour exam and got an F. I took the second hour exam and got an F. That same thing happened for the third hour exam. I don’t remember exactly how long the string went on, but I went to the teacher and said, “What do I do to salvage this? It’s going really badly.” And he looked at me very briefly and said, “Learn the material.” That was a very useful lesson. So I went away and learned the material.

What was Harvard like in the late 1950s?

It was the usual undergraduate experience. I knew it mostly from the collection of courses that I took. I had a good time while I was here but most of the good time came from courses I took and people who took the same courses. The one woman I met would eventually become my wife, Barbara. Her brother was my roommate, arbitrarily assigned at some point.

After Harvard, you headed to Cal Tech.

I ended up in the lab of a guy named Jack Roberts, who turned out to be a perfect fit for me. He was in physical organic chemistry, which made sense. You looked at previous reactions and you learned how they went. Then, if you had a new reaction or a new process, you asked “What is it analogous to?” And you predicted that if all the pieces were the same, the reaction would probably go roughly the same way. And it often did, which made it a pretty logical discipline.

The nice thing about Roberts was that, unlike many research directors, he never told me what to do. I would come up with an idea and do the research. Then I would write a draft of a paper and send him the draft, and he would look at it, correct it — largely the grammar but sometimes the chemistry — and give it back to me. After I’d done the necessary work, I’d give it back to him. This would usually go on for a couple of cycles and then we’d send it off to the journal.

It’s easy to look back at a career and imagine that one step led to another. But when you’re living it, the next step is often not clear. Were there times when you wondered whether you should be doing something other than chemistry?

No. I thought chemistry was pretty straightforward, very general, very interesting, and a good thing to do. I was enjoying it and making some progress.

“I prefer to think that, to the extent that we’ve been successful, it’s because we do stuff that’s simple and useful and solves problems.”

Your focus has shifted periodically from one major area to another. Were those shifts intentional, evolutionary, or accidental?

It was intentional. My central point of instruction to students is this: If somebody else is working on something, don’t work on it. There’s an old saying in chemistry that if somebody else has developed something and you work on it, you are working for them. If you produce an idea and someone else works on it, they’re working for you.

An example of where this has succeeded is in something called self-assembled monolayers. There is a very highly developed chemistry focused on making and observing the smallest causal structures: nanostructures. This fits in a peripheral way with the general importance of nanoscience in making electronic components. But if there are billions of dollars being spent by industry making electronic components, why should a little university research group do that?

So we worked on an alternative way to do this without expensive equipment. We worked out a technique in which you basically take a gold film and dip it in a solution of appropriate chemical. You reliably get a monolayer film one molecule thick. That can then be manipulated using the tools of physical organic chemistry to give you very, very small structures. We’ve made structures that are a couple of angstroms wide and connected in various ways. The reason that’s important is it makes it possible for organic chemists, inorganic chemists, and biochemists to use this technique to enter nanoscience. It’s a technique that everybody can use. I’m a believer in problems and a believer in easy.

You gave a TED talk on the importance of simplicity. With so much science focused on complex problems, how did you come to that view?

Something that’s simple is easier to work with than something that is complicated, and you’re going to make more rapid progress with a simple technique than a complicated one. I don’t like competition just for the sake of competition, but in a sense it’s obvious that if you work on something somebody else is working on, then it’s a competition and you want to be making more rapid progress. But I don’t choose to compete. I choose to work on problems because I think they’re interesting and important.

Is there a philosophy there?

Yes. Do things that are easy to do rather than things that are complicated. You’ll find our laboratory is just like ordinary chemistry laboratories, while a physical chemistry laboratory that works on nanostructures has elaborate equipment that sometimes takes years to build. I don’t want to build elaborate equipment — that’s not my skill.

Is this approach part of the reason you’ve been successful?

Success is in the eye of the beholder. I prefer to think that, to the extent that we’ve been successful, it’s because we do stuff that’s simple and useful and solves problems.

You also do it frugally. You’ve talked in the past about the importance of frugal science in an era when the price tag for science is rising.

You don’t need much more than an evaporator and a beaker. You buy the chemicals you need or you make them yourself because they’re easy to make. And then, the underlying principles are the principles of physical organic chemistry, which makes it relatively easy to predict outcomes and which contributes to the simplicity. What we do is apply physical organic chemistry through techniques that we develop to solve complicated problems, problems that in other hands require complicated equipment or complicated ideas.

Receiving the National Medal of Science from President Bill Clinton in 1998.

Courtesy of George Whitesides

How does idea-generation work in your lab?

We make a list of the 10 most important things we can think of. I’ll suggest specific problems and the students will come up with ways of attacking them. The initial ideas may be mostly mine, but the important ideas are often mostly the students’. The scientist is not in the business of following instructions. Students should experience coming up with an idea and pursuing it themselves.

What do we work on now? We work on the origin of life. We work on “what is magnetism” and what can you do with it? We work on a series of problems related to small structures. And we work on soft robots. Those are all areas that are important, for one or another reason, to some community in the technical world.

You’ve said that the real product of your lab is the students. Your team has generated 1,200 papers, more than 100 patents, and several commercial enterprises. Why is teaching more important than the generation of knowledge?

They’re both important, but the students go out themselves and teach, so there’s an amplification there. Students come to the group and learn a particular style — or develop their own variant of that style. Then they go off and many get academic jobs. They have students, who they teach in their own way, and it goes on from there.

“One of the wonderful things about science is it gives you an enormous scope in not only what you do, but also how you want to do it.”

You’ve had a hand in starting a number of companies and have clearly put an emphasis on making sure things get commercialized. Do you help launch a company and then step back or do you stay involved?

It’s not straightforward. You have to have an idea, you have to have a market, and you have to have people who can deal with the exigencies of a small company.

One thing that’s never been quite clear is how you take bright young people and teach them to be entrepreneurs. You may have a technology but you won’t know whether it has an application until people take your technology and pay you — or the company — to use that product. That’s not what universities do particularly well, but it is what CTOs, CFOs, and CEOs — the people who run the company — do well. So there’s an entirely different part of the story that’s important, which concerns the identification and recruitment of people who can make a small company prosper. And it can take a long time for that to happen.

There are many variables in that process. Is one more important than the others?

People ultimately run the company, but it’s as complicated a problem as doing the research. Often at a small company that is succeeding you find a good application, a good product identification, and a good CEO. And the CEO may often be the one who comes up with a product identification and all the rest. Money is also critical.

And in the end it’s important — with respect to guiding principles — that since funding for your work comes from your neighbors, a benefit goes out to them in some way?

In jobs, which provide income, or in some other way. People generally don’t like just giving away money if they’re going to get nothing in return. We have a system of taxation — and we could argue about its fairness or lack of fairness — but the fact of the matter is people prefer to see something come from their money.

Lecturing at Harvard in 2005.

File photo by Stephanie Mitchell/Harvard Staff Photographer

Students are sometimes told that failure is good for learning. Do you agree?

Certainly, a failure is good for instruction. If you look at the companies we’ve started that have done well, you would find an equal number that have not prospered. Those failures often come from a bad understanding of how the market works.

We recently developed a method for storing information that doesn’t involve electronics but instead uses dyes. That was based on my sense that information storage is an extremely important area but consumes a lot of energy and is subject to hacking. I thought that if you could provide an alternative which didn’t use energy and was not subject to hacking, people would be very interested in finding applications for it. I have so far been wrong. Nobody has shown an appropriate level of interest.

Might that take time to find its application, or is it just a miss?

A lot of small companies don’t go anywhere for quite a while after they get started. When they finally do, what changed is never entirely clear.

A big question you’re working on that has resisted explanation is the origin of life. Why is this problem so difficult?

For starters, you’re not going to make bugs in a test tube, so how do you tell whether you’ve succeeded or not?

The “RNA world” is a leading hypothesis for a plausible way of going from random chemicals — basically generated in outer space and then raining on the Earth — to the components of a living organism. A prime proponent, John Sutherland , thinks that RNA came first, then the RNA somehow propagated the DNA, and you go from there. It makes perfectly respectable sense on paper but you don’t know that it actually happened that way.

We do know, though, that you can make an RNA that way. If you have pools that are acidic and have sulfur in them — because they’re near volcanic fumaroles — and then it rains on them, the rain forms other chemicals. If these pools sit on hot rocks so that there’s heat to do chemistry with, then chemistry will occur and some of it may well produce RNA. But does that mean that that’s the origin of life? Does that mean that that’s the right hypothesis? No, it doesn’t.

These are very legitimate questions and they’re good scientific questions, but there’s a difference between something that could plausibly happen and something that probably did happen.

Do you have a favorite theory?

We’re working on an approach where our preferred source of energy is lightning and we’re learning all sorts of things about chemistry going on in lightning. Instead of making lightning, we make sparks that are energetic, very hot, and have curious things associated with them. A lot of lightning strikes occur over oceans and all around the ocean there are cavities in rocks, which if they get hot, are good places to think about chemistry happening. Now, whether that is the solution to the origin of life is another question.

“My central point of instruction to students is this: If somebody else is working on something, don’t work on it.”

Have your teaching methods changed over the course of your career?

No. We do our own approach and the students, whether they’re graduate students or undergraduate students, are free to say, “I think that is an interesting way of doing things” or “That’s not for me, that’s not the kind of problem I want to solve.” One of the wonderful things about science is it gives you an enormous scope in not only what you do, but also how you want to do it.

Let’s close with the areas of science you find most interesting right now.

You can make a list of maybe 10 or 15 problems and you’ll find that each requires separate ideas to solve. I won’t make any broad generalization about what’s more interesting and what’s less interesting, but I don’t think I want to leave to my grandchildren a world which is significantly hotter than it is now. I do think that it’s a good thing to think about whether the countless stars with planets around them also have countless intelligences on them. There are a wide variety of problems that can make the list. They’re all interesting but they’re all different and it’s not obvious how to solve or even contribute to many of them.

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‘I realized that I couldn’t say no — not because of personal ambition, but given the moment.’

Harvard’s 29th president shares memories and lessons from his early life and career.

‘If you stay the same in everything you do as things around you are changing, eventually you’re going to hit a wall. You just have to adapt and evolve and change.’

Head football coach Tim Murphy has led the Crimson to nine Ivy League championships, three unbeaten seasons, and a 186-83 record.

‘I’ve never done work that I was not interested in. That is a very good reason to go on.’

Indian economist and philosopher, Amartya Sen, the 1998 Nobel laureate in economics, talks about his life as the son of distinguished Hindu academics and how the inequities all around him in colonial India of the 1930s would shape his intellectual destiny.

‘I wanted to warn future social movements that listening only to one’s own side can generate dangerous amounts of unrealism’

Jane Mansbridge, one of the world’s leading scholars of democratic theory talks about her “jagged trajectory” toward success.

‘I developed a sense of the enormous, great luck in managing to survive, giving me a strong feeling that I had an obligation to pay it forward’

As he prepares to retire after 52 years, Harvard Law School’s Laurence H. Tribe retraces his journey from awkward immigrant math whiz to leading constitutional law scholar and admired professor.

‘When you see death all the time, you go into this mode of increased energy and sharper focus’

Pioneering AIDS researcher Myron “Max” Essex was one of the first to propose that a retrovirus was the cause of AIDS.

‘Integrating oral health and primary care can really help the health of this nation and of the world’

Harvard School of Dental Medicine’s dean of 28 years, Bruce Donoff, steps down in January. He discusses his years in leadership and life lessons learned along the way.

‘To be horrified by inequality and early death and not have any kind of plan for responding — that would not work for me’

In the Experience series, Paul Farmer talks Partners In Health, “Harvard-Haiti,” and making the lives of the poor the fight of his life.

‘I was confused and inspired. I wanted to do everything’

The first woman to earn tenure at the GSD and the first to chair the department of architecture has made a career of making statements.

‘The greatest gift you can have is a good education, one that isn’t strictly professional’

The professor who put forward the idea of multiple intelligences talks about his adventures in learning for the Experience series.

‘What the hell — why don’t I just go to Harvard and turn my life upside down?’

Family, history, and the 1960s all helped to shape the higher ed leader, but it was illness that urged her forward.

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LSU Chemistry Students Recognized at Choppin Honors Convocation

May 10, 2024

At the close of each spring semester, the College of Science and its departments celebrate the achievements of students, faculty, and staff at the Arthur R. Choppin Honors Convocation. This year, LSU Chemistry students were distinguished for their exceptional academic performance, research, and service to the College. Congratulations to the 2024 Chemistry Honorees for their remarkable accomplishments and contributions.

Department of Chemistry Student Awards

Dr. benjamin pierre boussert outstanding student award.

The Dr. Benjamin Pierre Boussert Outstanding Student Award is given to a graduating chemistry major with exceptional academic performance and research accomplishments. 

Peyton Meares

Peyton is a graduating senior and conducted undergraduate research in Professor Rendy Kartika’s laboratory. His research focused on developing new organic reactions under catalytic conditions to create complex molecules, aimed for drug discovery screening. Peyton has successfully defended his Honors Thesis and will graduate with College Honors distinction. After graduation, he plans to pursue his Ph.D. in Chemistry at the University of Texas at Austin, with aspirations to become a research chemist in the pharmaceutical industry.

Sadie Noble

Sadie is a graduating senior and conducted undergraduate research in the lab of Assistant Professor Amy Xu. Her research centered on understanding how proteins behave in crowded, cell-like environments. The insights from her work are crucial for developing a deeper understanding of protein pathology, where undesired protein phase separation can lead to conditions such as Alzheimer's Disease. Sadie has also co-authored a recent paper in the journal Biomacromolecules. After graduation, she plans to pursue a Ph.D. in Chemistry at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Dr. Linda Allen Excellence in Academics and Research Award 

The Dr. Linda Allen Excellence in Academics and Research Award is given to chemistry majors who demonstrated excellence in academics and research. The recipients are selected by faculty members from each division in the Department of Chemistry. 

Tai Hua 

Tai is a junior working in the laboratory of Associate Professor Kenneth Lopata where he has developed an introduction to the dynamics of electrons in atoms subjected to intense laser fields. His work makes challenging topics in time-dependent quantum mechanics accessible to chemists. Upon completing his undergraduate studies, Tai plans to embark on a Ph.D. journey in computational chemistry.

Katy Knecht

Katy is an Ogden Honors College graduating senior and MARC scholar. She joined the research group of Assistant Noémie Elgrishi in Fall 2021, contributing to the lab’s work on water denitrification at the interface of inorganic and analytical chemistry. Katy is also the recipient of the ACS Inorganic Award in 2023. This May, Katy will graduate with honors and the LSU Distinguished Undergraduate Researcher designation. In fall 2024, Katy will be pursuing a Ph.D. in Chemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 

Sarah Napier

Sarah, a graduating senior, has been involved in research in Associate Professor Semin Lee’s lab, where she synthesized novel ligands for molybdenum-based alkyne metathesis catalysts. Sarah presented her research at several conferences and was named a recipient of the ACS Division of Organic Chemistry Award. Following graduation, Sarah will pursue a Ph.D. in Chemistry at Indiana University.  

Starlyn Pickett

Starlyn is a graduating senior who conducted research in the laboratory of Assistant Professor Matthew Chambers. Her research sought to develop stable ligand platforms supporting molybdenum dioxo complexes to mediate photocatalytic hydrocarbon functionalization, with the goal of creating new sustainable methods for petrochemical upcycling using renewable energy. Before applying to Ph.D. programs, Starlyn is interested in acquiring industrial experience.

Ayesha Weerakoon 

Ayesha is a junior conducting research in the laboratory of Professor Donghui Zhang, working on the synthesis of amino acid-derived N-carboxy anhydride monomers and investigates their polymerization behavior. Upon completion of her undergraduate studies, Ayesha aspires to pursue an M.D./Ph.D., aiming to combine medical practice with scientific research as a physician-scientist.

College of Science Recognitions

Student ambassadors - recognition of service awards .

College of Science Student Ambassadors contribute to planning and executing recruitment events for prospective and admitted students. They also conduct personalized family tours and participate on presentation panels. To excel in these roles, the ambassadors must display exemplary verbal and written communication skills and effectively collaborate with their peers, staff, and faculty.

Alexandra Barton

Alexandra is a graduating senior and will be will awarded degrees in Chemistry and Psychology, specializing in Cognitive Neuroscience, from the College of Humanities & Social Sciences this May. 

Katy is a graduating senior of the Ogden Honors College and a MARC scholar. She is also a recipient of a Dr. Linda Allen Excellence in Academics and Research Award. Katy will graduate this May with honors and the LSU Distinguished Undergraduate Researcher designation. This fall, she will pursue a Ph.D. in Chemistry. 

College of Science SCI Lead Student Council

The SCI Lead Student Council, housed within the College of Science Office of Academic Innovation & Engagement, is dedicated to enhancing the professional, leadership, and communication skills of students. SCI Lead emphasizes promoting diversity and inclusion and members engage in a variety of professional and community activities, which are designed to facilitate networking and equip students for their future careers in science.

Lilia Lopez Medina

Lilia is a sophomore conducting research on artificial molecular machines under the guidance of the García-López Research Group. Last summer, she secured an internship at the Western Hemisphere Analytical Lab in Honduras, where she worked under the nutrition and pesticides departments. Her ultimate goal is to pursue a Ph.D. in Chemistry.

Gretchen Schneider

Manager of Public Relations and Communications LSU Department of Chemistry

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